Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Published by: Water Supply and Sanitation Working

Group Advisor: Director General for Human Settlement, Department of Public Works Board of Trustee: Director of Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Director of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Water Supply Development, Department of Public Works Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Department of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Department of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Zaenal Nampira, Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy, Raymond Marpaung, Dyota Condrorini Design/Illustrator: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Agus Syuhada Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 http://www.ampl.or.id e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity.

From the Editor Your Voice Main Feature Why NSC is necessary? Interview Deputy for Infrastructure Development Bappenas Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna Regulation Governmnet Regulation No. 38/2007 on Distribution of Government Affairs management between National, Provincial, and Kabupaten/Kota Governments Insight Sanitation as Common Responsibility In anticipation of Conference on Climate change Perspectives of WSS Network Management Lessons Learned from Water Supply and Household Latrine Development Our Guest H. Bambang Murtiyoso on Wayang Story Reportase Learning a lesson from Tanjung Tiga Village Water Supply management in two villages Mirror WSS Developmnet in Kabupaten Boalemo Around WASPOLA Around WSS Program Love Water Program Abstract Reducing Detergent Content using clay soil IATPI Clinic CD Info Book Info Website Info WSS Bibliography Agenda

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Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

F R O M T H E E D I TO R
Indonesia is located in the tropic with two seasons. Dry and wet. Each of the seasons comes alternately within a year every year. As a blessing from God men must be thankful to Him. It is quite unfortunate, though, that each of the two seasons always brings us disaster. Water scarcity in dry season. Water seems to disappear from the earth surface. Men are in difficulty to find water source. In rainy season flood is almost a certainty. Floodwater is continuously lying in wait, it may come anytime. And Jakarta is a place that cannot escape from the problem of flood. Flood occurs in all the places where such disaster comes time after time. It is also usual that land slide and strong wind follow the rainy days. It's not infrequent that this natural phenomenon also takes its tolls. All this happens because we never realize that we have to thank God for His blessing and behave ourselves. We fail to protect water spring in anticipation of dry season and in the same way we neglect environmental conservation in anticipation of wet season. It seems that water is the source of disaster. Though essentially it is not water by itself that causes us to suffer, it is the consequence of man's carelessness. After experiencing a relatively long dry season that causes drought in many places, November is the time for rainy season. Flood, landslide, and whirlwind take turn to threat us all. In addtion to raw water, which is in great demand regardless of the season, another human basic demand is sanitation. The availability of good raw water source does not guarantee a good sanitation, or vice versa. Sanitation development, particularly domestic waste including human waste treatment system, is an effort that needs involvement of many parties, government, community and private sector. It is for this purpose that a National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007 is to take place. This major event is discussed in Percik's main feature XX edition. This national conference is scheduled for 19-20 November 2007 in Jakarta and will bear a theme "Resources Mobilization for Sanitation Development Acceleration." National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007 is one of the government efforts to build the stakeholders cooperation and commitment to sanitation sector development. In the eyes of the decision makers sanitation hopefully, will be a priority. NSC 2007 is Indonesian preparatory step in anticipation of International Year of Sanitation 2008. In this edition Percik presents you an interview with Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, Deputy for Infrastructure Development, Bappenas particularly on the subject of NSC 2007. In his opinion sanitation has attracted the government attention, but it is

The shallowing of Ciliwung river cause flood in rainy season. Source: Bowo Leksono.

not yet a priority. The fact is, sanitation is given a very limited budget to allow a satisfactory development. On average the kabupaten and kota annual budget allocation for sanitation varies between 0.5 - 1.5 percent of the total. While the community demand to sanitation access is real and cannot wait. It is deemed necessary to guide the community's initiative and self reliance. The Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and Sanimas are programs that are considered successful and have led the community to improved household sanitation system. It seems we have to learn something from the success made by Kabupaten Muara Enim in South Sumatra. One of the villages, namely Desa Tanjung Tiga has succeeded in motivating the community to build household latrine without any subsidy. Not less interesting as it is something entirely new that WSS issue is disseminated through shadow puppet show. This was initially mentioned during "Central Java Dalang Meeting 2007" held by Centra Java Regional Office of Indonesia Dalang Association in Semarang 27 October 2007. Dalang is the narrator in a shadow puppet show. The relevant article is presented in a column Around WASPOLA. We are aware that what we present to you in this magazine is still far from being perfect. Therefore, your comments and suggestions for improvement are most welcome. And we hope this media will always become useful reference and information for all of us.

Percik October 2007

YOUR VOICE
Request for Percik Back Edition
Dear Editor, I'd acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik, which God willing will always be very useful. I have previously received and kept earlier editions of Percik from meetings in Bappenas and Tarkim in Jakarta. But when I brought them for display in a Community Exhibition many visitors get so interested. If it'd be possible I'd appreciate it once again that you be kind enough to send me back edition of Percik for dissemination. Thank you in advance Ria Ismaria Dear Ms Ria Ismaria, We would also thank you for disseminating the information contained in Percik. We will do our best, God willing, to send you some back numbers of Percik. Please send your mail address to us. Editor Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb Dear Ms Astrid, Thank you very much for your kind attention. Basically the criteria for an article for Percik are the same with the general rule followed by any other magazine. The content should not be too academical, meaning that it must be easily Dear Mr. Bintang, Thank you very much for your attention. Please apologyze for the delay in Percik mailing lately. There have been some technical difficulties in the printing. We hope that next time the mailing

Sending article to Percik

Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb. Once I read Percik in the Regional Library. I find it quite valuable for reference in the related subject. As usual, if I read a magazine, what interest me most are the articles. Interesting to read, study, and to contribute an article too. My question is, what are the criteria for an article in Percik? Wassalam Astrid Meutia Semarang

understood by the readers. At least two pages long or equivalent to 8,000 characters and of course discusses a subject matter within the realm of what the magazine is intended for. It'd be preferable if photographs are attached. The article can be sent by mail or e-mail. Please include your bank account. There will be compensation for a published article. Editor

Irregularity
I may say that I am one of the loyal Percik readers since its very beginning. There is a lot of useful information derived from it. But how come that lately the arrival time table is irregular? Bintang
Perum Islamic, Tangerang

EditorialCartoon
Created by Rudi Kosasih

will become timely as usual. Editor

How long?

Just testing whats it like in 2010...

There aren't many magazines that deal specifically with water supply and environmental sanitation. It is undeniable fact that there are lots we can obtain from this magazine. But, how long will this publication last?
Naniek Pangestuti Bogor

rudiKOZ

Dear Ms Naniek, Thank you very much for your thoughtful concern. We are happy and proud that this magazine is useful to its readers. Let's pray this magazine will last a lifetime and beyond. Editor.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Percik October 2007

M A I N F E AT U R E

WHY NSC IS NECESSARY?

to MDGs 2015. While according to statistics of 2006 sanitation service coverage has increased up to 69.34 percent, the numbers do not tell us anything about the quality of the facility, whether it is functioning well, or is being used accordingly, whether it meets hygiene and technical standards, etc. There is a strong signal that the real coverage is much lower than the data indicate. This is evidenced from the widespread prevalence of poor sanitation related diseases. Similar issue also occur in other sanitation service, i.e solid waste and drainage system of which the coverage is also way below satisfactory level. Several measures have been taken to answer this challenge. In spite of sanitation development, the impact is insignificat relative to the magnitude of the problem. Considering the big demand for sanitation and on the other hand there is only limited resources available, it is deemed necessary to call for a common effort involving the government and all the existing development partners (community, private sector, NGO, and donor institution). Realizing the above fact, the government together with the stakeholders decided to take an important step toward acceleration of sanitation development. The step is the National
Technology Choice in Sanitation Development. Source: ISSDP.

he National Sanitation Conference 2007 was initiated by the stakeholders who are deeply concerned about sanitation condition in Indonesia, especially as it relates

Sanitation Conference 2007. It is hoped that this conference will serve as means for exchange of information, stakeholder conperation, and eventually synergy and strategic step toward sanitation development in Indonesia. Resources Mobilization for acceleration of sanitation development This subtitle will be the major theme of the conference. This subject was summarized from a series of discussions and meetings involving all of the various components of Water Supply and Sanitation Development Working Group (WSS-WG). After a review by WSS Steering Committee, it was agreed that "Resources Mobilization for Acceleration of Sanitation Development" will promote the processes taking place during the conference to translate into efforts of improving the performance of sanitation development in Indonesia. In this connection, WSS-WG and consultant team of Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) came to an agreement that the agenda of the conference will dis-

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M A I N F E AT U R E
cuss pertinent issues including social campaign, funding, stakeholder involvement, technology choice, and institutional development. These are the issues governing sanitation development in Indonesia and therefore agenda will focus on these matters. Finally, it is expected that the conference will come up with a recommendation that the decision makers are willing to translate it into follow up actions especially in the light of improving sanitation condition of this country. Funding strategy For the last 6 years since the beginning of regional autonomy, the responsibility for sanitation development has been in the hands of the region. Yet the budget allocation remains very low, somewhere around 1 percent of the total annual budget. urban ty. In the meantime the continuously development

demands for acceptable sanitation faciliTherefore there is strong plea for

Social campaign in sanitation development. Source: ISSDP.

more money invested to improve sanitation system to cope with the urban development. The general issue faced by the region (especially kota) is the limited financial capacity for all development requirements, including sanitation. For this it is deemed necessary to look for breakthrough to investigate potential sources of funding for sanitation development. Pursuant to the existing rule and regulation it is possible for inviting sanitation development cooperation with higher level of the government hierarchy, i.e provincial government and central government. Further, sanitation system development may be condusted by the community or the provate sector. Other prossible source is loan. Through conducting a group discussion on "Strategy of Funding Technology choice Sanitation service provision will not immediately solve all the existing problems. Poor septic tanks, using drainage ditch for both wastewater disposal and solid waste dumping pusposes, poor solid for Sanitation Development" the conference hopefully could come up with fresh ideas in digging potential funding sources for sanitation development in order to provide insight on funding sources for investment in sanitation in accordance with the demand of city development. More than that, from this discussion it is expected to produce outcome in the form of fiancial models for sanitation development planning in Indonesia. waste management combined with low technical capacity all are part of sanitation problem in Indonesia. Sanitation is no longer the concern of individual, it is a common issue involving the government (central as well as regional), NGO, private sector, and the community. An empowerment and facilitation scheme is required to improve participation and involvement of all stakeholders, particularly the community, in planning, operation, and O&M of sanitation facility. Therefore, the regional government in its capacity of development agent must be able to develop sanitation based on demand responsiveness approach by way of change in development paradigm from supply driven to demand driven.

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Technology choice for sanitation provision may vary widely, from the simplest to the most sophisticated, conventional as well as inconventional. There is a close linkage between technology choice and investment with resources capacity particularly financial and human resources as well as the social economic condition of the community. Insufficient resources tend to lead to on-site system development, and as resources impprove the development will gradually shift to offsite system. An exchange of knowledge and information in disucssion"Technology Choice and Sanititation Development" is expected to lead to a better understading toward concrete measures in mobilizing resources. This discussion is also expected to provide inputs for the formulation of national policy for utilization of appropriate technology in sanitation development. Finally, it is expected to provide directives for technology option in urban sanitation planning (medium term plan, RKPD and APBD) in the light of community access to improved and sustainable sanitation service. Institutional capacity building Sanitation development in Indonesia is a cross sectoral program which involves the central level agencies consisting of Bappenas, and the
2. Effectiveness of public service operator performance o o o o o o o o o No. 1. Sub Theme Separation of regulator from operator for regional level sanitation management and development o o o o o Scope Government mission in public service provision Types of sanitation service under the regional govt responsibility Reg'l govt role and position in sanitation management The need for separation of sanitation service regulator from the operator Political commitment needed for separation of regulator from operator Summary and recommendation Ideal format of public service operator Relationship between service operator and the regional government Standard service of public service operator Tariff level and service tax Best practice of operator's financial management Operator accountability to regional government Best practice in the regional government and the community control mechanism over the operator's performance Summary and recommendation o o o Reference Law No.12/ 2004 Government Regulation No. 16/2005 Government Regulation No. 23/2005

development, supervision of waste disposal system, health and social impact to the community, to the extent of the business implication arising from its development. Looking at the above presentation it is necessary to have a clear definition of each agency's role and responsibility, interagency coordination, institutional capacity building, and a definite decision from the regional chief of administration. To coordinate the various agencies responsible for sanitation service provision a WSS-WG has been established from the central down to regional levels. The establishment of this Working Group has promoted a synergy in sanitation service development. It also instills each of the departments or agencies to commit itself to the decision taken collectively. In connection with the need for institutional capacity building it would be worth considering the role of regulator and operator in sanitation service provi-

sion. The regulatory function shall stick with the involved department or agency. While for operator it is necessary to name the most suitable institution to run an effective, efficient and productive for the community. To answer the challenge related to the institutional issue a group discussion will be held in NSC covering the following scope: Social campaign in Sanitation

Development Using river for defecation and waste disposal, and at the same time also source of domestic water supply is common in Indonesia. To make it even worse one must also add the careless littering in the streets and public facility, so that all in all indicates how poor it is our hygiene behaviour, especially within the low income communities. To improve hygiene bahaviour we need an effective social campaign strategy beyond the mere slogans posted in public areas.

Departments of Public Works, Health, Home Affairs, Finance, Industry, and State Ministry for Environment. At the regional level, due to lack of standard format of regional institutional structure, there are variations as to which agency is responsible for sanitation development and management. This of course requires a good coordination because sanitation service provision involves a number of aspects, such as infrastructure

o o

Government Re g u l a t i o n No. 16/2005 Government Re g u l a t i o n No. 23/2005

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The necessary initial step to be taken is provision of clear understanding to decision makers about the importance of social campaign in sanitation development. To start an effective public campaign for the stakeholders we must have a clear idea on the principles and factors governing the social campaign. To this end, the NSC agenda includes a group discussion on "Social Campaign in Sanitation Development". Through this discussion an exchange of experience between regional government, NGO, and other countries in sanitation management, especially in social campaign for behavioural change, is expected to take place. The group discussion is also
Institutional development for sanitation. Source: ISSDP.

intended to identify the roles expected from the central government and mass media and the community participation in sanitation management. Finally the discussion is expected to generate public discourses that will lead to problem solution. Stakeholder involvement Sanitation should have been one of the government priorities as an integral part of hygienic settlement development. It is even closely linked with betterment of living condition that promotes human development index. On the other side, there are several constraints such as lack of knowledge, low priority, limited government financial capacity all together become the prime cause to the poor sanitation performance in Indonesia. Some of the indications are as the following: high prevalence and mortality rate from waterborne diseases; low sanitation (solid and liquid waste) service coverage; high community complain rate aimed at poor sanitation handling

and management; low management capacity combined with uncertainty as to which agency is to hold the responsibility for the management. The challenge being faced in sanitation development may be summarized into how to better manage the development in order to arrive at: improved service quality and coverage, for both solid and liquid wastes; reduction of prevalence and mortality rate from waterborne diseases, especially for children; achievement of MDGs target by the government, i.e provision of basic sanitation service to half of the population currently without access to such service by 2015; clean, healthy, pleasant and harmonious environment extensively established. To face this challenge it is necessary to have a policy and strategy breakthrough involving the participation of the community, community institution, private sector and donor institution. To support it,

it calls for a better understanding and common perception about sanitation development and management by stakeholders, either government, private sector or the community. One of the steps to answer the above challenge is to develop a communication network and multistakeholder partnership. This network may include water supply and sanitation which hopefully will trigger the acceleration of improved sanitation development in Indonesia. The profound intention of this effort is to generate concrete measures oriented to problem solution and multistakeholder cooperation involving the civil society, public sector, corporate sector, mass media, university, NGO and local government. In formulationg of concrete measures particularly in terms of mobilising the available resources into multistakeholder participation format, a discussion on "Stakeholders' Involvement in Sanitation Development Acceleration" is decided as an agenda of this conference.
ISSDP Team

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THE TEAM
BEHIND THE CONFERENCE

o make the national event into motion, a committee has been appointed to manage the activities for the implementation of National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007. The committee is one form of WSS-WG cooperation with members coming from Bappenas, and the Departments of Public Works, Health, Home Affairs, Finance, Industry, and State Ministry for Environment. To make the preparation and implementation of this conference easier the committee is divided into 5 sections, protocol and invitation, subject matters for discussion, campaign and advocacy, field visit, and proceedings and documentation. Each of the committees has been doing its job in accordance with the tasks of the respective section. The protocol and invitation has prepared a list of invitations and other papers needed for the implementation of this conference. This section is also responsi-

ble to make sure that this national event is attended by national and regional leaders to indicate the stakeholders' attention to sanitation sector development. The section dealing with subject matters for discussion serves as the processing unit of this conference and is responsible for designing the agenda and preparation of materials for review and discussion in the conference. The outcomes from the conference depend to a great extent on the blending of materials prepared by this section. One of the parameters to measures the conference's success is improvement of sanitation profile in Indonesia. It is where campaign and advocacy plays its important role. In addition to disseminating the information about National Sanitation Conference, the team has to provide the real truth that attracts the community's attention about sanitation and the decision makers could better understand and become aware of it.

To take care of the role this team have made several preparatory activities consisting of two press conferences and two talkshows in two different TV stations. In action, campaign and advocacy through printed matters on relevant sanitation related issues. These efforts hopefully have been able to awaken the community's and the other stakeholders' awareness. Reading a success story of a well managed sanitation service will of course more meaningful if it is followed with a field visit. The presence of a section taking care of field visit in the conference secretariate will facilitate the NSC participants' eagerness to see for themselves and to dig first hand information from the sites. Through this event it is expected that some inspirations and of course as a real example for the stakeholders that in reality sanitation can be managed well and is beneficial to the community. How big and important an event is, will be of no use if it is not properly documented. Without proper documentation the event would only be in the memory of those who are present, but not an important happening for the general community to know about and take lessons from. It'd be more meaningful if the event is provided with a systematic reporting so that those who are interested would be easy to read and take benefit from the event. It is in this field the documentation and proceeding section plays its important role that is, to make the National Sanitation Conference 2007 and its outcome a reference for sanitation sector development in the future. ISSDP Team

The team behind the NSC. Source: ISSDP

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I N T E RV I E W

Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, M.Sc

IT'S BEEN GIVEN ATTENTION BUT STILL WANT PRIORITY

The poor sanitation in Indonesia is because there are many who consider that sanitation is the responsibility of individual family, and the problem is considered over if a family has constructed a good sanitation facility. In fact, in daily life the government, community as well as other parties each has its share to the poor environmental sanitation condition. For this, it is necessary to organize a specifically designed conference for sanitation sector improvement. What does the sanitation condition in Indonesia presently look like and what linkage has it with the National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007? The following is an interview with Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, MSc., Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas. National Sanitation Conference, to unite all stakeholders related to sanitation development. Through this forum it is hoped to generate an exchange of information, building commitment and cooperation among stakeholders. What is the world's attention to sanitation? Globally, the international communitys attention is improving. Several sanitation related conferences have been held in various countries, at national and at regional levels. The peak of international attention is an agenda on International Year of Sanitation 2008 by the UN. This launching is based on deep concern of the international community from the slow quality improvement attempts regarding sanitation by many nations and therefore it is necessary to build commitment and real action by all nations, civil society, NGOs, and other international institutions. What about Indonesia? In Indonesia, the efforts towards improvement of service quality and coverage have been tried. In addition to introduction of various sanitation development approaches, several activities which are essentially an advocacy to sanitation have also been tried. This NSC 2007 is also part of these efforts. In addition it is also intended as preparatory

n general, the theme or material seleted for a conference is something great of what is still "in". Why a sanitation conference? Actually, the theme of this conference is something extraordinary considering it is directly related to the community wellbeing. In addition, Indonesia is one of the nations committed to MDGs, and one of the targets is provision of safe and acceptable sanition to the community. One of the main issues in this context is MDGs target achievement. Based on a report entitled A Future within Reach and Asia-Pacific MDGs Report 2006 released by UNDP,

Indonesia belongs to those countries suffering from setback in MDGs target achievement. The report places Indonesia together with Bangladesh, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, and Philippines. The challenge for Indonesia to reach target number 7 i.e. reducing by half in 2015 the number of population currently without access to water supply and basic sanitation, is extremely difficult. To catch up with this delay requires involvement of all stakeholders including the government, private sector, community, donor institution, NGO and university. For this purpose it is necessary for a forum such as

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I N T E RV I E W
activity to support the International Year of Sanitation 2008. What is the community's and the decision makers' opinion regarding sanitation? In general, the majority of the population still think that sanitation is individual concern and quality of service does not belong to something worth considering. Many families have no latrine in their home or defecation anywhere in the open. They still do not see that poor sanitation habit of only anyone in the community will adversely affect the health of others in the neighbourhood. How the diarrhoea epidemic in Kecamatan Sepatan in Tangerang recently is a reflection of this matter. While for the decision makers it is an obvious fact that the knowledge about the importance of sanitation is still needed in one way or the other. This is reflected from the limited attention to sanitation development in terms of budget allocation. On average, sanitation budget for cities all over the country is between 0.5 to 1.5 percent of the total annual budget. What must the community and the decision makers do? The community as the service user must be willing to be involved in the whole development process. The community must be willing to convey its aspiration and demand because this kind of information is in great demand for planning and designing sanitation development that meets the community demand. The community is expected to get involved in development phase and later in sustaining the O&M of the facility. What are the consequences of sanitation problem? Failure to properly manage sanitation leads to physical as well as non physical consequences. Physically it may come in the form of loss in opportunity cost as a result of sanitation related diseases, particularly losses from the opportunity to work. The daily worker's absence means he misses the day's wage. For school children it means reducing school attendance for sickness. The above condition also inflicts other kind of loss such as additional cost for the community to see a doctor for treatment. A study summarizes that the rate of disease prevalence from poor sanitation condition in Indonesia is very high. Thyphoid is 800 cases for every 100,000 people. This is the highest in Asia. Diarrhoea 300 for every 1,000 people. Other losses relate to surface water contamination from organic materials. BOD content makes water smells bad. The implication is higher water treatment costs. The biggest loss is the declining Indonesian reputation in the eyes of the world community. In addition to dirty city environment Indonesia is considered as a nation that pays no heed to healthy living. As a whole, based on a study by ADB, the economic losses related to poor sanitation is estimated at Rp42.3 trillion per year or somewhere around 2 percent of GDP. Is the government aware of the problem or is it not? Actually the government is well aware of this matter. Pursuant to Law No. 32/2004 on Regional Autonomy, articles 13 and 14 mention that the regional government is responsible for sanitation service provision. But in reality the budget for this sector is extremely low. So in essence this sector has been in the government's attention but unfortunately it isn't a priority. What are the steps to be taken to convince the community that sanitation is important? Basically no one wants a problem. Based on this fact, in promoting sanitation to the community the first thing to be put forward is the disadvantages or problems to be faced if sanitation is in poor

BRING WHAT

You can Give

To address sanitation the involument of issue all stakeholders are needed, as well as material. Dont be afraid to give something wrong, everythink must be useful and dont walt until someone start. Just go ahead and do it! Achieve the target of MGDs

Source: ISSDP

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I N T E RV I E W

Other parties outside the government may also be actively involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution that is close to the community may become the government partner in facilitating the community to adopt the appropriate approaches for sanitation development.
condition. As it is with the community, the information about the disadvantages must be presented in more detail to the decision makers, the government and the legislative as well, to make them fully understand about the importance of sanitation. The following step consists of building a linkage between sanitation with other sectors' development. Based on the existing sanitation programs, domestic as well as overseas, there are lessons learned that improved access to sanitation is significantly correlated with improvement of economic well-being of the communities. What does it look in reality? Various advocacy efforts have been made through WSS development programs such as Sanimas (Sanitation by the Community), WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities), CLTS (Community Total Led Sanitation), Pro Air and others. In the implementation of these programs, advocacy and community preparation to improve the awareness and to excite the demand for improved sanitation is conducted prior to physical development. What are the parties to be involved in resolving sanitation problem in Indonesia? The first party to be involved is the community. This is because the poor sanitation directly influences their life so that the effort to improve sanitation condition must involve the whole community. The other party is the government from the central level down to the regions. The government plays facilitating role, and must put a heavier weight to improvement of community access to basic sanitation and reduce the rate of environmental pollution. However, the government role cannot be separated from legislative intervention both at the central and regional levels, particularly in terms of budget allocation. This means that members of DPR/DPRD must also be involved in solving sanitation problems in Indonesia. Other parties outside the government may also be actively involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution that is close to the community may become the government partner in facilitating the community to adopt the appropriate approaches for sanitation development. Beside that, the corporate sector may also be involved in facility development to bring the service closer to the

BRING WHAT

You can Give

Source: ISSDP

community. The CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiated by the pivate sector has indicated that private companies are willing to get involved in the improvement of community access to sanitation. The press can also be involved in sanitation program. Information dissemination through mass media (printed, TV and radio) is quite effective in improving community awareness to the importance of sanitation. What does the NSC 2007 agenda consist of? The 3-day National Sanitation Conference will consist of the following agenda: Full-day seminar, to discuss aspects in promoting sanitation management and to formulate action plans related to integrated efforts in sanitation management in Indonesia. Field visit, to locations around Jakarta that have been successful in dealing with neighbourhood scale sanitation problem, in terms of solid or liquid waste. Sanitation expo, this is a support activity, displaying various innovation and environmental engineering, NGO and private sector as forum for training and information exchange in communication, technology and best practices related to sanitation. In addition, a declaration of stakeholders' commitment to undertake efforts for speeding up community demand fulfillment in terms of acceptable sanitation and a plea to other stakeholders to join in the acceleration efforts. Bowo Leksono

10 Percik 2007 October

R E G U L AT I O N

Government Regulation No. 38 of 2007 on Division of Administration Affairs between the Central, Provincial and District Government

overnment Regulation (GR) is a legal product of the lower order and is intended to provide tech-

nical guidance to implement the law or any regulation of the higher order. After a Law is declared effective it does not readily implementable without the help of a technical guidance on how it shall be put into implementation. One of the long awaited implementation guuidance is GR No. 38 on the division of administration affairs beween the central and regional (provincial and kabupaten/kota) governments. This GR provides guidance for the implementation of Law No. 32/2004 on Regional Government Administration and Law No. 25/2007 on Investment. Before the issuance of the present GR the implementation of regional authority is based on GR No. 25/2000 the substance of which is given in Law No. 22/1999. For more than 2 years since the issuance of Law No. 32/2004 which substantively contains regional administration, yet the regional government is in short of guidance to run the administration as it is required to do. Several administrative affairs overlap one another and coordination between provincial and kabupaten governments is difficult to establish. With the issuance of the present GR it is hoped that the regions would be able improve their public service performance. What remains to be seen is whether this GR provides sufficient answers asked by the regions to run regional autonomy? Implementation of regional autonomy Basically, regional autonomy is intended to help to make the management of government affairs simpler and easier by distributing part of the over
Source: WASPOLA

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R E G U L AT I O N

extended responsibilities to the regional level. Several government affairs that are directly related to community wellbeing must be relinquished to the region in order to produce an optimum result. Therefore, full decentralization (regional autonomy) is made into effect to transfer part of the central government authority into the hands of the region. The practice till recently was that decentralization was limited to adiminstrative affairs. All affairs relinquished to the regions are part of central government resposnsibility for regions to finish and be accountable for. The implementation of the various affairs must be undertaken based on a fixed norm, standard, procedure and criteria. What the regions need to do is to go ahead with the implementation based on what has been fixed. The same is true with financing, infrastructure and recruitment of employees. Everything has been made available by the central government. Everything will become a routine job of the region.

The impact of the GR issuance With the issuance of the present GR it is obvious that it has some effect to the region's authority. I could be lighter and heavier, depending on the characteristics of an individual region. This GR provide centainty for the region to enforce its authority. The authority includes duties and responsibilities to run the public management. Article 2 (4) of the GR specifies that there are 31 sectors which the central and the regional governments share the development responsibilites. The sharing is still in preparation, pending issuance of more detailed technical guideline from the ministerial/head of non department agency, and also the issuance of a regulation from the respective regional government. WSS related regulation Of the 31 sectors, several of them are related to water supply and environmental sanitation, including health, housing, spatial plan, environment, woman empowerment and child protection, rural community development, forestry, and energy and mineral resources. While the regional government (provincial, kabupaten/kota) is authorized to issue regulations in accordance with the regional condition, such as provision of technical recommendation for deep well groundwater extraction, and water extraction and construction of wall protecvtion to a ground water basin. Also in determining groundwater conservation area, water extraction quantity, data and information management regarding groundwater and mineral resources. In relations to environment the authority includes environmentasl impact control and natural resources conservation. Especially with environmental impact control, water quality control and pollution prevention, the regions have an extensive authority. This includes management and classification of water source, water quality monitoring, pollution control and prevention, supervision, etc. While in relations to Environmental Impact Assessments (AMDAL), includes AMDAL valuation in relations to the type of business based on the standard, norm, and procedure as determined by the government. While the region is authorized to undertake supervision of management and environment monitoring according type of business with AMDAL obligation. The extent of regional authority is also given in the sub-section on biodiversity resources conservation, including enforcement of law on environment.
Bowo Leksono

Sources: WASPOLA

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S A N I TAT I O N
AS A COMMON RESPONSIBILITY
By: Dilla Prameswari*

he provision of acceptable sanitation to the community is pressing and cannot wait any longer. Sanitation problem may not be taken as individual problem and the government may stay clear of the responsibility. This is because sanitation significantly relates to the prevalence of several diseases such as diarrhoea, infection of upper respiratory tract, dengue fever, and tuberculosis. Mortality rate from these diseases is staggering. Poor access to water supply and sanitation, poor hygiene behaviour are responsible for the death of 1.8 million

people a year from diarrhoea around the globe, 90 percent of them are children below 5 years old. For Indonesia, according to Demographic Survey in 2003 about 19 percent or 100.000 children below 5 years age died from diarrhoea. In 2006 it is recorded that 423 out of 1,000 children suffer from diarrhoea once or twice a year. While in fact, according to WHO, 94 percent of diarrhoeal case can be prevented by access to clean water, basic sanitation, hygiene behaviour and domestic scale water treatment.

It is now about halfway in the time table when we have to reach the MDGs 2015, yet water supply and sanitation condition in Indonesia is still far from being satisfactory. UNDP report on Human Development achievement in Indonesia is falling behind. By 2015 the Indonesian MDGs target is set at 69 percent of the population will have access to water supply and 72.5 percent to acceptable basic sanitation. In reality it will be only at 58 percent and 65 percent respectively. Centralized waste treatment facility is present only in 10 cities, 62.29 percent of urban poopulation and 24.37 percent of the rural flush their exrement into septic tank. The number of household with acceptable drainage system stands only at 57.18 percent. This is one reason for the high frequency of diarrhoeal outbreak and the occurrence of flood. Almost 80 percent of urban families use septic tank to contain human excrement. However, the tanks are built without considering the technical requirements for healthy environment. As a result, millions of our population is always threatened by e. coli contamination. Department of Health records indicate that diarrhoea is the second in the list of major infant mortality after preumonia. Poor water quality causes 300 diarrhoeal cases for 1,000 people. Poor sanitation is blamed for e.coli bacteria pollution in the community

Source: ISSDP

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basic sanitation combined with hygiene behaviour comprise the preventive measures against the threat of disease prevalence. These preventive measures are a more effective avoidance system and at the same time reducing government expenditure for disease treatment purposes. As was stated by Zainal Nampira, Head of Subdirectorate of Hygiene Water Department of Health (Kompas 22 June 2007) infant mortality rate decreases by 3 to 4 percent if access to water supply increases by 10 percent. In the meantime, a 10 percent increase in budget for Health sector will only decrease mortality rate by 1.5 percent. This means, preventive measure through environmental sanitation is the best way instead of waiting till someone else falls prey. Rather than spending the budget for building hospital, procurement of medicines, hiring doctors and nurses, it would be better if we reduce the prevalence of disease through water supply system, building of septic tank, and provision of sufficient nourishment. This does not mean denying the health facilities, but calls for a change in the way health is defined.
Student, Env. Engg. Div., Technical Faculty Diponegoro University, Semarang
*)

Source: Reski DD

water supply. The presence of e.coli bacteria is an indicator of pollution from human excrement. City dwellers use e.coli contaminated groundwater for their domestic consumption, while the rivers where PDAM derives its raw water is also polluted with the same bacteria. In Jakarta a study made by BPHLD (Regional Environment Management) indicates that in 80 groundwater samples taken from 75 kelurahans (villages) contain e.coli and fecal bacteria above the safe treshold value. And 78 percent of rivers in Jakarta are also contaminated by e. coli. Low priority In the meantime, sanitation development is placed at a low priority by the decision makers. This is evidenced from the minute amount of budget allocated for this sector. It is not a surprise therefore that sanitation condition in Indonesia is poor. In 2002 budget for sanitation sector was 1.8 percent of the total nationa budget, while at regional level averages were 3.3 percent and 5.7 percent for Province and Kabupaten/Kota respectively. The go-

vernment still considers that sanitation is the individual family's responsibility, not a public investment. The effort to increase sanitation budget at central government, such as in Public Workls is always cut short in favour of other priorities, while the provincial and kabupaten/kota put higher priority on road and water supply, then follows sanitation and waste trailing behind. Preventive measure In reality the availability of acceptable

Source: Exclusive

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IN ANTICIPATION OF CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Denpasar, 3-14 December 2007
This article attempts to provide a brief picture on the importance of climate change issue and its connection to water supply and environmental sanitation. The importance of Conference on Climate Change How important is the conference can be seen from important guests, among others Al Gore the Nobel Laureate for Peace, Ban Kim Moon the UN Secretary General, and Kevin Rudd the Australian Prime Minister. Their presence together with 12,000 participants representing 189 nations of the world is motivated by the fact that the world is being faced with increasingly years the warmer global temperature. has Records indicate that within the last 100 temperature increased by 0.7 degree Celcius and it is estimated that unless production and consumption acceleration could be brought down by year 2100 world temperature will increase by 3 degrees Celcius. This condition will influence world climate at various different consequences from sea level increase that will submerge land areas, islands and even countries in the Pacific and the Atlantic; threat to food resilience due climatic 200 years ago CO2 content in the atmosphere was around 280 ppm, and today it has gone up to 383 ppm. If this condition continues, according to Tim Flannery in his book We Are The Weather Makers (2006) the CO2 content will reach 560 ppm. What will happen? Air temperature will increase up to 4.5 degrees Celcius. Sea level will increase up to 90 cm. Developed countries with about 15 percent of the total world population contribute almost half of greenhouse emission (particularly CO2) into the atmosphere. As a reflection, the foot path (CO2 emission produced from life style) of 19 million New York population) is bigger than the footpath left by 766 million people of fifty (50) less developed nations. Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) involving appoximately 2,500 experts and 800 scientific authors confirm the reduction of snow and ice cap of the world. In the northern hemisphere ice cap in spring is reduced by 2 percent by the decade of 1966. In the Arctic region, since 1978 the ice cap has been less 2.7 percent per decade.
Big industries contribute carbondioxide the cause of global warming. Source: www_8thfire_net

n a short while Indonesia will be recorded in history to host a Conference on Climate Change.

I m p o r t a n t Fa c t s

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inconsistencies; increase of prevalences of water related diseases (Further please see box on Impact of Global Warming). Causal factor Global warming takes place as a result of accumulation of pollutant gases called green house gasses working as natural gas cover that at a certain concentration protects the earth and keep it warm and comfortable to live in. The greenhouse gases are carbondioxide (CO2), dinitroxide (N2O), methane (CH4), sulfurhexaflouride (SF6) and perflourocarbons (PFCs). However, with the increase of CO2 gas as a result of burning of fossil fuel by industries, transport, forest fire and conversion of land use pattern, global warming takes place. This condition is aggravated by thinning of ozone layer from excessive use of aerosols. The thinner ozone layer is the more the short wave solar radiation enters the earth. pattern. A long fought struggle It was Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, who first expressed concern of global warming phenomenon in 1894. In essence he mentioned that CO2 is an important element in controlling the earth temperature. Increase in CO2 content will increase earth emperature. Excessive use of fossil fuel will cause increase in CO2 and increase of earth temperature. This concern did not get sufficient response until UN General Assembly initiated establishment of Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) with task to negotiate a draft material for Convention on Climate Change. The result was brought to UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was agreed to become UN Framework Covention on Climate Change. Beginning from 1995 it was for the first time Conference of the Parties (COP) was held in Berlin. From then on the conference is held every year until it is Indonesia to hold the 13th UN Stakeholders Conference on Climate Change (or United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC) and at the same time the third Stakeholders Meeting on Kyoto Protocol (Meeting of Parties/MOP on Kyoto Protocol) at Nusa Dua, Bali 13-14 December 2007. house emission called carbon trading. Developed nations that Kyoto Protocol Of the series of conferences the Kyoto Conference in 1997 produced the most important document called Kyoto Protocol. The document mentions clearly the direction for the implementation of Conference on Climate Change. And in addition, it also introduced new business practices through transaction of greenare unable to fulfill their responsibility can buy carbon from another country. Carbon credit is cash money from the amount of carbon reduced. Indonesia signed the protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2004. There are three (3) important steps within Kyoto Protocol relate to reduction of greenhouse gas emission (i) emissions This produces green house effect. Earth becomes warmer, sea level increases and changes of climatic

The Impact of Global Warming

a. Climate change Increase of world temperature Heavier rainfall. Rainfall increases by 2-3 percent per annum and a shorter rainy season in Indonesia, increasing flood risks. Sahara and other deserts become drier. Hot waves happen more frequently. Winter becomes colder b. Agriculture and forestry Change in the pattern of precipitation, evaporation, spill water, and soil moisture. Increase temperature, short rainy season, because rainfall intensity increases. Risk of explosion of plant pests and diseases Threat to food resilience. Decrease in productivity and production level due to disruption of water cycle brought by changes in precipitation pattern and increase in the anomaly of extreme weather. Bappenas data (2004) estimate that Indonesian agriculture productivity will decrease at a rate equivalent to 6 billion US dollars per annum Forest fire. The air is dry, intense sunshine and wind blow causing forest fire. c. Marine life o Increase of world average sea level estimated at 0.77 mm per annum during the period 1991-2004 The impact of sea level increase for Indonesia is the shrinking of fertile agricultural lands along the coastal peneplain o Warmer sea water adversely affects marine biodiversity. d. Disease o Increase prevalence of water related vector disseminated diseases o Global warming will disrupts the pattern of climate, one of the impacts is flooding. During flood several diseases such as diarrhoea, leptospirosis will spread more extensively o Climate change causes dengue fever and malarial mosquitoes more dangerous. Their life cycle will be shortened. Their population may easily explode. e. Animal life o Change of habitat. The extinction of coastal regions may adversely affect biodiversity and population migration. o Reduction of amphibial population globally f. Fresh water crisis o Polar and high mountain ice caps thaw, seasonal cycle will drastically change, and the world will suffer from fresh water shortage.

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trading, this is a transaction between the party capable of reducing carbon emission with one that is unable to carry out the responsibility. This mechanism operates among developed nations. A developed nation unable to carry out the responsibility can be exempted from the responsibility if it pays another developed nation if the latter can cut an equal amount of carbon emission, (ii) implementation. joint A developed nations The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) offers a more effective recommendation reducing emission. In energy sector, reducing fossil fuel subsidy, carbon tax for fossil fuel use, obligation to use renewable fuel and subsidy incentive. In transport sector reduction of fossil fuel and replacing it with biofuel and non motorized transport system, using more mass transport system. The Kyoto Protocol introduces three (3) mitigation schemes, i.e emissions trading, joint implementation, and clean development mechanism. More recently there is a new scheme emission mitigation and land degradation. This scheme offers reforestation and prevention of deforestation as means for prevention of global warming. Panning for funds from Waste Management Handling Strategy In general there are two strategies for handling global warming problem as agreed in the UN Framework Covention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), they are (i) mitigation consisting of finding ways to curb greenhouse emission rate; (ii) adaptation consisting of ways to overcome the consequences from climate change through appropriate adaptation measures to mitigate the adverse effects or making use its beneficial effects. As it happens we weren't quite aware that a waste hill is producing greenhouse gases particularly CO2 and methane. As a reflection the waste hill of Bandung produces 300 thousand tons of CO2 per year (LPPM ITB). While the existing waste can be incinerated to produce electricity so that gas emission is zero. This is what later becomes an opportunity to obtain funding from CDM scheme. The amount of CO2 emission reduction can be exchanged with a certain amount of cash. If one ton is equivalent to USD10 then the exchange value for Bandung CO2 emission equals Rp27 billion a year. Reduction of methane gas emission through burning the gas can also be converted into money through CDM scheme. The way to do it is through natural fermentation i.e compaction of the waste. The methane gas so produced is then burned out. Burning of methane gas is also producing carbondioxide, but methane is 23 times more dangerous than is carbondioxide. So that 1 cu.m methane is equivalent to 23 cu.m carbondioxide, or burning 1 cu. m methane will reduce 22 cu. m carbon gas emission. The reduction of carbon emission can be exchanged with Certified Emission Reduction (CER) that may be sold to developed nation. An industrialized nation buying this certificate means that the respective nation is considered as having reduced her emission equivalent to the value of the CER certificate. Of course there is up to now a controversy behind the use of waste for power generating plant. In the process, it produces dioxin and acid gases from the incineration. Both are dangerous to environment and to human health. However, research indicates that dioxin is only produced at an incineration below 800 degrees Celcius. While acid gases can be prevented by operating reactor circulating fluidized bed (RCB).

that is unable to meet the target of reducing emission may initiate a cooperation with other party in implementing industry at a reduced carbon emission, (iii) clean development mechanism (CDM). The opportunity for cooperation between a developing nation free from the responsibility of reducing carbon emission with a developed nation with obligation to carbon emission.

Tips for Reducing Gas Emission

o o o o Do not burn your waste in the yard around the house. The smoke contains CO2 and dioxin. Put 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle into practice so that waste produced is minimized. Do not use plastic bag. In the world, from 500 billion plastic bags produced only 3% is recycled. Use bags made from paper or recycleable material. Do no throw away tissue and used paper. This measure may reduce forest clearing for tissue and pulp industries. Each ton of recycled paper you save 19 tree stands. (Source: Gatra)

Indonesian condition According to Global Fluid Dynamics and Goddart International Space Study, it is estimated that the temperature in Indonesia will increase by 2 to 4.2 degrees Celcius in 2050-2070. However, there are presently several phenomena indicating that Indonesia has been affected by the global warming. Among others (i) thinning of snow cap covering Jayawijaya mountain in Papua, (ii) air

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temperature in some big cities like Jakarta, Medan, Denpasar is increasing around 0.2 to 3 degrees Celcius, (iii) higher rainfall intensity combined with a longer dry season, (iv) there are approximately 20 islands sunk below the surface from sea level increase at a rate of 0.5 cm per annum, (v) water scarcity is beginning to take place. Surface runoff in Citarum river basin in West Java is the consequence of warmer temperature and changes in land use pattern. In the long run Indonesia will be faced with critical condition such as increase of sea level at the long stretches of Indonesian coastline. water. It is feared that hundreds of islands may be buried underChaotic climatic pattern may cause changes that lead to harvest failure and hungry people. Dependency upon fossil fuel is increasing in Indonesia. prediction by According to Energy International
Lapisan es di kutub mencair sebagai akibat meningkatnya perubahan iklim dunia. Source: www_rcom_marum_de

In urban areas, waste material production is increasing the sources of carbondioxide and methane gas emission due to lack of proper final disposal ground. All TPAs are practicing open The 3R principle, dumping technique.

Indonesian government, both in terms of central-region and central-central. As an illustration, climate change should be dealt with for instance through adoption of cropping patern, diversification of crops and minimize dependency upon water consuming lowland rice which at the same time also a major contributor of methane emission. On the other hand, the government is allocating fund for rice field expansion including forest clearing. Climate change must not only be seen in terms of environmental issue. This makes the adaptation is focused solely on the environmental aspect. While in fact global warming has a significant linkage with economic issue. The effort to mainstreaming global warming into national development has not been successful. Indonesian funding capacity is inadequate but the effort to getting fund from clean development mechanism (CDM) scheme has not been tried. Indonesian CDM potential ranges from USD81,5 million to USD126 million, yet up to now only 9 Indonesia CDM projects are listed in CDM Executive Office.
ous sources OM from vari-

Agency (2007) Indonesian dependency upon fossil fuel increases from 69% (2002) to 82% (2006). The effort to develop environmentally friendly sources of energy is contraind by many factors and is given very minimum incentive.

the potential method in bringing down waste production has not been given the attention from the regional governments. Inconsistent measures taken by the

Carbon Emission in Indonesia

o Carbon emission in US 20.01 tonnes per capita per annum, Australia 19.36, Canada 18.4, Japan 9.37, China 3.6, Brazil 1.83, Indonesia 1.4 (of which forest fire is the major contributor), India 1.02 and Bangladesh 0.27 Research findings from Wetlands International and Defl Hydraulics (2007) Netherlands, places Indonesia as the third biggest contributor in carbon emission after US (6,300 MtCO2e) and China (5,000 MtCO2e). Indonesia contributes around 3,000 MtCO2e Indonesia contributes approximately one third of global emission from deforestation. Sources of yearly greenhouse emission in Indonesia. Deforestation and land conversion contribute 85%. Forest clearing, degradation of peaty lands and forest fire being the biggest contributors Energy sector (industry, power plant, transport) contributes approximately 10%. Although the value is relatively small but its growth rate is quite significant. Agriculture, especially rice growing contributes 4% Waste material, though only 1% but it is the sixth world biggest emission contributor from waste origin.

o o

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PERSPECTIVES IN WSS NETWORK MANAGEMENT

By Abdul Gani *
the source of life, no life exists without water. Therefore a sustainable water supply is a strategic and relevant issue in the context of meeting the community demand of today and in the future. MDGs 2015 target achievement, i.e reducing by half the number population currently without access to acceptable water supply and sanitation facility by 2015 has been discussed in many fora, seminars, workshops, etc. But, is there any innovative way out capable of eliminating the stumbling block hindering synergy for WSS sector development performance? This fact demands our mutual attention and to assume responsibility. As an effort to find the solution it is important that the role and concept of Network Management to help in improvement of WSS sector development performance. WSS sector is part of national development agenda towards Healthy Indonesia 2010. Several programs -physical and non physical- have been launched for implementation. Various promotional activities, political campaigns have been done by various interest parties, including Non Government Organization (NGO). Under the coordination of Bappenas in collaboration with WASPOLA the policy for community based WSS development has been put into effective implementation since the last few years. Through the involvement of the user community in decision making process the implementation is substantively based on the real demand of the community, the so-called demand driven approach. Several basic issues related to WSS development in Indonesia, are among others ineffective investment, community generally believes that water is social good, limited implementation capacity in the part of the government, lack of government atttention to WSS development, and other aspects that contribute to this sector's poor performance. Taking these issues as

ater supply and environmental sanitation is a basic and vital demand for human life. Water is said to be

Activities in TPA. Source: Bowo Leksono.

point of departure the effort to find an alternative and innovative solution will become the important topic of discussion between the government and the stakeholders. The involvement of stakeholders is a certainty if we wish to have an operational mandate through provision of the biggest room for access to WSS data and information as basic source of knowledge upon which to contribute and participate with the

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learning from one another, access to data and information, membership equality, empowerment of members, development of synergy and equal partnership, and as means for exchange of opinion for innovative solution to a problem. Network development As it is with any beginning the network will need a well prepared planning based on a discernible, logical and clear idea to all concerned. According to a paper entitled A Management Guide for Formal Network - GTZ, the step worthy of consideration in network development is that because a network is a concrete demand rather than a mere necessity, it should be done based on need assessments, find the specific demand, form a core team consisting of highly committed and loyal individuals, look for support from major stakeholders and decision makers, find a sufficient resources to start ip with the network, promote it and find financial support for sufficient fund availability and finally prepare a concept paper. How to prepare network proposal After the network conceptual framework is agreed upon the next big job is how to transform the idea/program into a systematic and effective proposal. There are several important elements that should be borne in mind in the network proposal development, such as conciseness, though without missing any important information and relevant aspects about the network, prefereably not more than 10 pages. Prepare an executive summary and logframe. State the network concept in well structured, systematic and comprehensive manner. Select the best team for proposal development, membership in odd number, not more than 5. The proposal should at least contain

WSS Network meeting held recently in Jakarta. Source: Bowo Leksono

government in the process of determining the direction of transparent, accountable and effective policy formulation. One alternative solution being considered, discussed and finally agreed upon is the formation of a means to contain information, communication and practical knowledge known as WSS Network. Network concept Network is a simple concept consisting of two elements, i.e node and internode linkage. In a social network the focus of attention on man, group and organization. Network may come at a wide variety of definitions. One of them is a group who intend to build cooperation and at the same time as part of our life. Some practitioners divide network into 3 categories, they are social network, community of practitioner, and formal network. For the context of this article the discussion will be limited to formal network. It is defined as interrelationship of several individuals, institutions, or organizations that are driven together based on design and necessity. It is called formal network if the network has a vision, mission and objectives as well as membership rela-

tions mechanism that is stated in writing and operates based on a permanent working program. The network membership usually consists of ones with similar vision, mission and objectives who agree to do a common activity, such as regular meeting. Based on CapNet (Capacity Building network on water sector) there are several important elements in the formation of a network, among others that the network must not compete one another but each member must learn and contributes and strengthens and improves itself. Network will be useful to improve skill and knowledge if there is a sharing process among the individual members. The network may become focal point for sharing with international community in access to international sources of knowledge and other resources. A network should be open and inclusive to increase commitment, ownership, leadership through participation and decentralization. What benefit could be obtained A network will be sustainable if it is beneficial to the membership, such as

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several aspects as the following, organizational, resources, management system, fincancial, time schedule and risk analysis and expected output. Selection of partners who are likely to respond the network proposal. Promoting factor The success will depend on consistent, transparent and accountable management. It is followed with sense of belongingness, and sufficient competence among the membrship. Open, inclusive and multidiscipline will help to promote successful management. Decentralization of operation, commitment and intensive communication, responsive to actual demand and effective fulfillment of membership need. Empowerment of network partnership and creation of network uniqueness in achieving its objectives. Dynamic organizational structure and prevention from being too highly bureaucratic. WSS Network Sustainability On 8 October 2007 at Hotel Sari Pacific the formation of Water Supply and Environemtal Sanitation Network was declared. This represents the consummation of the discourses and discussions initiated by the institutions and individuals who are deeply concerned and commited to make a network to contain all segments of the community to involve in WSS related decision making/development policy formulation. What are the next things to do sustain the life of the network viable and capable of providing contribution to help and motivate performance improvement? There are several aspects to be born in mind, as the following: Put the secretariate into operation In its capacity as activity and management centre the network must begin with procedural and operational system based on the agreement made by the members. Hire a competent individual to establish communication and capable of taking follow up action of the members' agreement. Develop a formal job description and the secretariate's scope of work and budget for at least the first semester. Strengthening of membership, maintain, and improve the membership quality through regular and well planned program activities. These activities also serve as means to attract more new members. Start with a program that directly contributes to the achievement of the network strategic objectives. Develop a discussion forum on topics that the members are interested in and obtain support from the stakeholders, distribute newsletter, facilitate workshop, seminar, courses, and similar activities to improve membership quality. Management and organizational development Start with selection of key personnel to fill the position in the steering committee, executive management, to inspire and motivate, develop the network strategy plan proposal and deduce it into operational plans. Work out plan for political and financial support to get the implementation rolling. Keep the network mechanism and rule of the game within the track leading to its vision, mission and charter of establishment. Learning process and partnership It is necessary for the secretariate and network members take lessons from network experience at national, regional and international levels. This is important in view of the network sustainability. Then we have to look for opportunity to develop network program cooperation with institutions, government, private sector, and the community. Evaluation and monitoring WSS Network existence and development will depend on monev analysis to measure the network's organizational performance. It would be commendable if WSS network is provided performance indicator as measuring tool as instrument for the network program improvement in the future. Quality assurance WSS network program and implementation must always refer to the principle of quality assurance. Data and information provision and dissemination required by the stakeholders is done through a verification and validation processes by which the quality of WSS network is assured. We have to ascertain that the data presented are valid and not contradicting with data issued by other sources. References: Cap-Net, Guide to Project Proposal Development, Network for Capacity Building, 2005 CK Net -INA, Kumpulan Materi Presentasi (Compilation of Presentation Materials), IHE Indonesia, 2007 David J. Skyrme, Knowledge Networking: Collaborative Enterprise Plant Tree Publisher, 1999 Michael Glueck, A Management Guide for Formal Network, New Delhi-GTZ, 2006 Rick Davis, Network Perspectives in the Evaluation of Development Intervention, Monev Consultant, Cambridge, UK, 2003 *) Performance Management & Benchmarking Specialist IHE Indonesia Email: akugani_2006@yahoo.co.id

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM WATER SUPPLY AND HOUSEHOLD LATRINE DEVELOPMENT IN DASAN GERIA VILLAGE
(Social Development Program from State Ministry for Backward Regions Development)
By Ir. Wiji J, Santoso

ater supply and environmental sanitation (WSS) development has started in many parts of the world since 1980s. Stakeholders and researchers from

oped, has to bear the burden of water supply problem. It would certainly cause its economic condition into disarray. There is at least one of two problems the community has to face, 1) reduced productivity because half of their time is spent to get water, or 2) they have to spend part of their income to buy water. This problem may become worse, if for example the community does not apply hygiene behaviour because water supply is limited. The cost for medicare will increase, which may come from consuming unhealthy water, or because of poor environmental condition. This means, the burden becomes heavier, especially with the fact that raw water source is scarcer, while the number of population keeps on growing. Dasan Geria village One of the undeveloped villages carrying the above burden is Dasan Geria of Kecamatan Linggar, West Lombok, NTB. The village is located near a forest and not too far, approximately 9 km southeast of Mataram, from the provincial capital. In additon to economic problem the carry over of the economic crisis of 1990s, the community has always been suffering from water shortage. They have to go to the river to get water for bathing, washing, cooking and drinking. Whereas it is a general rule that as the population grows, raw water quality decreases. If for cooking and drinking water supply is hardly enough, what would it be for sanitation. The community would choose the easiest way. In the beginning they (especially women) feel ashamed and would stealthily defecate in the garden. But gradually they are used to discharge excrement in an open place such as river or roadside even within sight of passers-by.

the government, university, and NGO (local, regional, national) as well as international institution have, applying various different methodologies, conducted studies, studies, trials, monitoring and evaluation of WSS facilities. These efforts have come to one general conclusion, that poor WSS service has caused losses, economically as well as socially. Ironically, the one suffering the most is the marginal or poor families, women and children. Imagine, a village which is classified as poor and undevel-

Source: Exclusive.

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History of water supply development and maintenance by the community In 1990s the village of Dasan Geria for the first time received government subsidy for water supply facility development. The almost flat areas of the village in the south the government provided subsidy for digging pit wells. The undulating northern part the subsidy was to build a water supply system consisting of reservoir and pipe conveyance network. The raw water was taken from the river. Today, the said reservoir is in its woorst condition and the water is not worthy for consumption. In 2004 the community was again given a water supply facility through WSLIC-2 project. The system consists of gravitational piping system from a water source located farther upstream in the forest. In addition the project provided the community a rolling fund for sanitation development. Bansos KPDT program At the end of 2006, Mitra Samya (Institute for Participatory and Democratic Studies) conducted an institutional building for Community Health Institution at Dasan Geria village. This Ministry for Undeveloped Village Improvement social support (Bansos KPDT) program activity was intended to improve the capacity of the community and its WSS management team in community health management. In addition to improvement of community awareness to hygiene behaviour, this program also provides physical support. Through the application of participatory approach the development is aimed at improvement of the poor class and womanfolks in terms of access and control. It is this spirit that later developed into the underlying principle of community health, productivity and welfare improvement initiatives in the village. The main objectives are 1) improvement of hygiene behaviour, 2) improvement of health and provision of safe, easily accessible and low cost water supply, 3) development of effective and sustainable management through community empowerment. This Bansos KPDT for water supply and environmental sanitation was tried for implemention in two sites, in Kabupaten West Lombok, NTB and in Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Central Java. In general the objectives are to improve community welfare and health condition through improved community institution, hygiene behaviour and WSS development. The primary target groups are poor community and women of undeveloped villages. The expected results are 1) community contribution in WSS system O&M, 2) improved environmental condition through behavioural change of the community. The indicator of achievement is evidenced from improveSABS management Badan Pengelola SABS, team,village governPemdes, Masyarakat ment, community of Dasan Geria Dasan Geria Program implementation The Bansos KPDT program is implemented through facilitattion and the application of participatory approach for community empowerment. Preparatory activities took place from December 2006 till January 2007 consisting of socialization, identification of the general condition of the locality, and techniSource: Exclusive.

ment of clean water supply, and basic sanitation services coverage, and establishment of active community facilitators and cadres for sustainable WSS management.

Deputi Bidang Deputy for KPDT Social & Cultural Pembinaan Institution Lembaga Sosial dan Establishment Budaya KPDT

Bappeda Bappeda Propinsi Province NTB NTB

Kepala Health Head of Dinas agency West Kesehatan Lombok BaratLombok (Kasi PKA-PL)

Head of Bupati/ Pemda District/ West Kabupaten Lombok District Lombok Barat government

Lembaga Swadaya NGO Masyarakat (Mitra (Mitra Samya) Samya)

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23

INSIGHT
cal survey. Socialization is an important part to explain the program, objectives to reach, and several preconditions to be met such as contribution from the beneficiary community. Socialization started from village administration officers, cadres, community leaders, and the general community. Construction process Construction works started after the physical and non physical preparations were completed. The actual work started with land excavation, putting reservoirs back into order, repair and placement of piping system, and construction pillars for public taps and installation of water meters. Although it was not as smooth as planned all the works could proceed and finally completed. The construction lic taps are distributed in three zones (within 2 hamlets), of south and norh Dasan Geria. The distribution is made according to the availability of pit wells, pump wells, reservoir, and most important of all is population density. In the south Geria there are 7 public taps and in the north 13 locations. In south Dasan Geria there is one sector located quite remote and on a hilltop, Penyangkaran. In this area the project built three public taps plus another from the community's own initiative. Each pillar has 2 water taps and a 2 meter by 2 meter concrete floor for washing. This facility is designed for use in turn by 10-15 families. As for home connection this was given to families who requested such a facility and Output of the activity It is almost one year now the community of Dasan Geria has had water supply system from Bansos KPDT. The facility consists of piping network for 20 public taps and 20 home connections. To guarantee efficient and effective water use all connections are provided with water tap and water meter. The placement of pubwho are willing to pay a higher water tariff. Regarding sanitation, Bansos KPDT also provided the community with stimulant subsidy for household latrine construction. There were initially 95 families mostly from the poor class who were ready to build a latrine but were constrained from short of building materials Benefit from Bansos KPDT After completion of the Bansos KPDT program implementation the water shortage related problem was receding. The community does not have to go to reservoirs or to the faraway river to get water, a tap close at hand provides water they need. In addition to being near, water quality is much better and fresher because it comes from a source deep in the forest. Now the community doesn't have to worry even if the one collecting water is a woman, an old man or a child. Water taking is made easier, from water taps built near the houses. They don't schedule was delayed for reasons of rainy days and it happened that it was the time for election of office headman. Heavy rainfall had forced the skilled workers to wait until it was good enough to resume work. Some of excavations were covered with mud. The biggest handicap was the agenda for headman election. In such a transition the workers decided to wait till after the election. Tension was mounting during the presentation of vision and mission of the headman candidates, because one of the candidates threatened to plunder the Bansos subsidy materials unles the work was temporarily discontinued. subsidy. In the distribution of the sanitation subsidy, Samsudin (Chairman of WSS Management Team) together with fellow officers put it as precondition that the target beneficiary dig a septic tank before collecting the subsidized materials. The precondition had been discussed and was agreed upon previously in a village level meeting.
Source: Exclusive.

were selected to be the beneficiary of the

24 Percik 2007 October

INSIGHT
have to go far or to the river. Now with the public taps and home connections in place, it is hoped that water use could be more effective and efficient. It is hoped that water distribution does not limit itself in North Geria but also extends to South Geria and its surroundings. One notable tradition of West Lombok community during religious festivity (such as the recent Muhammad the prophet's birthday) they like to do as lively as possible. Now that water is always available they do not feel ashamed anymore when someone asked to go to toilet. They already have household toilet at home, part of the development was provided by Bansos KPDT. As part of the evaluation in the second week of April 2007 three (3) KPDT inspectors visited Dasan Geria village to take a look of the establishment, talked to the village administration, community leaders, management team and the comNotes on lessons learned There were several important lessons learned from the Bansos KPDT program implementation at Dasan Geria village, such as identification of possible threats and opportunities that come up during the entire development schedule, from the eraly the completion of contruction, and the preventive measures in anticipation of the difficulty. The result was that the community remained consistently committed to the working team to conmunity. The visit summarized that the community happily thank God for the WSS facility. While, on the other hand the stakeholders, including the regional government, village administration, and Mitra Samya hope that the facility that has been developed with every effort would be well maintained to last forever. For this the community and the management team should work hand in hand in the O&M. tinue with the program implementation. It is not easy to implement a participatory program at a time when the community is preparing an election for village headman. This agenda was to some extent delayed the Bansos KPDT program, the community commitment to continue with the implementation deserved the highest esteem. It means that it takes patience to maintain coordination and cooperation, each party must be able to refrain themselves from taking any measure that would deflect the community interest. Bansos KPDT makes water use more effective and efficient. After the illegal connections straightened out and each facility is provided with water meter and a tap, water availability in the distribution container increases. The community is now aware that water tap must be turned off after each use, otherwise, by the rule one has to pay for each drop of spent water even though it isn't used. It turns out that Bansos KPDT facility is capable of making the village more beautiful. The reservoirs located on the roadside are now nicely built. The consumers do not take water right from there, but at the public tap located near their home. Village administration may be involved in WSS management. For a sustainable service it is necessary to form a management team elected through a community meeting and upon approval by the village administration. Legal aspect, such as issuance of a letter of decision by village administration will significantly endorse the management team performance. The position of the village headman as advisory team may directly or indirectly facilitate village administration in supervising WSS management by the community.
Source: Exclusive.

Percik October 2007

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OUR QUEST

THE OPPORTUNITY OF WSS ISSUES IN WAYANG ART SHOW

H. Bambang Murtiyoso, S.Kar., M.Hum

lthough his appearance represents modesty yet this does not undermine his discretion. Wearing middle east hat and batik shirt, this white bearded man attracted the attention of dozens of traditional art workers attending the dalang meeting in Semarang, C. Java on 27 October 2007. As a traditional art worker and scholar particularly wayang, Bambang Murtiyoso is a unique personality. He is a thinker and innovator in wayang stories. Though he is now above 60 years old he appears quite energetic. In front of the public he presents himself in humoristic manner. In between the agenda of the meeting Percik took an opportunity to sit with him and talked about the world of shadow puppet. According to Bambang wayang will never die, it will always exist. "For as long as the world is there, and for as long as wayang art is performed on screen, the dalang has always a job to do," says the instructor of Indonesia Institute of Arts Surakarta. It means, continued Bambang, any type of story can be brought into wayang show. It is up to the dalang to wrap and present it as attractive as possible so that the audience does not feel bored and eventually accept it. In this case the dalang and the story writer must be creative enough. He further mentioned that wayang story is essentially the portrait of real human life and its problem. Therefore it is quite possible to pick it for insertion, or even pick it for the main story. The more so, water and sanitation is mankind basic demand. So, it is of the highest opportunity to be brought to the screen. "Who would not need water and who wouldn't like to have his surrounding environment clean," said the traditional art performer. Does not deviate from pakem Wayang show is performed based on a standard rule (called pakem), depicted from Mahabarata epics. Anyone who performs a show outside the standard is considered deviating from the pakem. "Well, if every dalang has to perform his wayang show based solely on the standard pakem, wayang will never improve and

Source: Bowo Leksono

will be forgotten by its audience," said Bambang. According to him, pakem should be treated as the basic guideline, and thus we mustn't put it away altogether. It should be recognized, that it is not easy to write an entirely contemporary story. "It takes creativity and wide perspective in the part of the dalang. This is a problem of packaging to make the audience interested," he said. The community or wayang audience has obviously the capac-

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OUR QUEST
initiator of Sandosa wayang (Sandosa = wayang in Indonesian language instead of the traditionally Javanese language). However, all the above must be adjusted to the environment where the show is performed. Actually there are several wayang stories which by standard pakem bring forward environmental issues. Take for example, "Pendowo Matirto" that speaks about the importance of spring water, then "Babad Wonokromo" speaking about damages to forest, or "Romo Tambak" about seacoast related issue. All the existing stories can be updated if the dalang has the capacity to wrap it in a nice packaging. "If the dalang has no tendency to learn of course his intelectual capacity is always at low level, and wayang will never improve," said Bambang. It is recommendable, according to Bambang, that WSS issue in wayang is presented in the "Goro-goro" or "Limbukan" part. This is considered the most effective part to convey any kind of message to the community. The characters in this part are the ones representing the grassroot community. "Dalang can expres it in popular terms to make it easy for the community to understand". There are already many creative wayang formats developed over the years, they are wayang Sandosa, wayang ukur, wayang suket, wayang multimedia, wayang kampung, etc. just to name a few. "It is quite appropriate as it is also quite possible the WSS related issue to be wrapped into creative wayang performance. This will become a major breakthrough," Bambang concluded.
Bowo Leksono

Source: Exclusive

ity to capture and digest something different. Especially in this modern time in which we are living now. The traditional wayang will have to compete with modern media such as TV. If the performer is not creative enough, he will be pushed aside and forgotten. But if the traditional art performer is creative, said Bambang, he will become a model. The community, particularly young people, will always like wayang. "Sometimes a dalang wraps the community message without creativity and not intellegently, only for the purpose of making a lot of attendance," he continued. Creative wayang Most dalangs of today tend to disregard the aspects related to story preparation. The same with musical arrangement. This is the tendecy of the world of today. It is actually not only WSS related messages that could be inserted to wayang story. Almost any other message may be inserted. It depends, once again, on the creativity of the dalang and other party related to wayang screening artisan. How to wrap it into an attractive story. Shadow puppet, or any other puppet show in Indonesia, is a means for community enlightenment. And this has been going on for centuries. As an example, during the last few decades wayang was used to convey development messages. In the New Order era, wayang was effectively used for this purpose. Even political matters can also enter wayang performance," said the

Source: Bowo Leksono

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R E P O RTA G E
In Muara Enim, or to be precise in Kecamatan Lembak, there appeared a facilitator in the person of a dentist named dr. Agustine Siahaan whoc is head of the local Puskesmas. Through her spirit and perseverance that all villages of Kecamatan Lembak are now free from defecation in the open. Mobilizing all Puskesmas personnel to go to the villages, establishing teams for community motivation to change and conducting a continuous training and socialization. In each village they selected one natural leader, as a motivator entrusted by the community and with the support from the village headman and his staff he is to lead the commnity towards change. In the beginning only three villages were selected as examples. And as it progresses dr. Agustine the dentist thought to act all out for this program. Community health is basic factor for human life. The support from each village administration which in fact is the Puskesmas extension' hand is one triggering factor into success. Finally, after seeing the success in other place one by one of the villages was trying to apply the CLTS approach. Tanjung Tiga is no exception which by nature is considered as highly motivated to change toward hygiene behaviour. The role of natural leader is a determinant factor. To play this role one must be sufficiently knowledgible, and more importantly he must be a really trustworthy and exemplary individual. And in Tanjung Tiga it is Nusyirwan Imran was selected as an exemplary person to lead the community toward hygienic life and clean environment. Also the contribution village midwife. This health worker is always in great demand in the village and as such she could act as spearhead to make the CLTS approach a success, especially in monitoring and evaluating the community. And the full support of Tanjung Tiga village headman, other officers of the village administration, and members of the vil-

LESSONS LEARNED FROM TANJUNG TIGA VILLAGE

A notice board that reads "You are entering latrine obligation area" posted at a village border in Muara Enim, South Sumatra. Source: Bowo Leksono.

chievement can not only be reached through competition or a match. It can also take place through change from bad behaviour into noble and worth imitating habit. The village of Tanjung Tiga has almost nothing to be proud of. The community consists mostly of rubber growers. No more than that. But the village of Kecamatan Lembak of Kabupaten Muara Enim, has carved an achievement one can be proud of. Through the CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation) approach the one year old village has managed to build household latrine in all households within 2 weeks from one month time alloted for the program. This achievement was made in 2006. CLTS is an approach to

behavioural change and rural sanitation development by placing the community as the leading actor. Besides, CLTS also triggers the community to realize that sanitation is their responsibility and therefore it can only be resolved through their own awareness and effort, and nothing to do with subsidy of any kind. Promoting factor The success in applying CLTS approach does not lie with latrine development in each household. Therefore the indicator is not based on the quantity of latrine built in a society but on making behavioural change not to defecate in the open. This is exactly what CLTS is aiming at.

28 Percik 2007 October

R E P O RTA G E
towards hygienic life. The classical barrier of financial problem could be solved through donor to make available the construction material which poor families could repay it on credit. So that latrine development could take place and completed in time. Even the latrine model and form it all depnds on the community to decide. Through village community meeting, Tanjung Tiga agreed to build concrete latrine consisting of goose nack with opptional wall and roof in accordance with the indiividual capacity. The next problem Sanitation problem is not standing alone independent of others. It is closely knit with water supply provision. It is of no use to build a luxury toilet without access to water supply, the community will continue with the old habit of defecation in the open, or in a place where water source is within reach. This is what is experienced by the community of Tanjung Tiga. They are an irony of development and are becoming more so. On one side they are the pride for their success in developing 100 percent household latrine. But, water supply remains a handicap. The way toward solution to water supply problem of this village was initiated by WSLIC-2 project. There are 10 deep wells constructed in various sites within the village. To make water flow to the houses they use electric pumps run by gensets. Electricity from public company has not been connected though the network has been in place for some time. It is quite possible that the community might go back to anti hygiene behaviour: defecation in the open on a place near the water. It is here the government attention and role is called for. How the government could appreciate a community that has carved an achievement. Bowo Leksono

Source: Bowo Leksono

lage council all have motivated the community to build latrine in their home. Moreover, even before the introduction CLTS approach the community had already had some faint idea of how nice it'd be to live a hygienic life. A team elected In promoting CLTS approach, the Dusun Tiga village assisted by the community facilitator formed 6 teams. Each team consisted of 10 to 15 members. Four teams from the community and two teams from the village administration plus Village Council members. The teams were specifically intended to help in latrine development of those who, for physical and or economic reasons, are unable to do the job, such as widow and old couple. The teams competed with each other in building their latrines. They were triggered by their own neighbours. What is most important to them is the principle of communal work and helping others to help themselves. After tapping their rubber trees, in daytime, the people work together to build the latrines in the afternoon. The result was within 2 weeks there were 107 latrines in place from one month the initial target. Today, there are in all 168 latrines built by 217 families. Without subsidy CLTS is not aproject, much less a subsidy distribution program as it used to be in the past. CLTS is an approach for application in lieu of the project approach of the past has met with failure because the latter program only taught the community to be dependent on the subsidy from the central government. There was not protest from the Tanjung Tiga community when they found out that this project was without any subsidy. They were even very enthisastic in chning their behaviour

Source: Bowo Leksono

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R E P O RTA G E

WATER MANAGEMENT IN TWO VILLAGES

Source: Bowo Leksono

uring dry season, the communities of Kedung Kandang and Lesanpuro in the city of Malang are suffering from water shortage. Just like any other dry area of this country. At the beginning of dry season the people have to walk back and forth along 3 km distance to get water. And especially for the communities of RW 05 of Kedung Kandang and RW 05 of Lesanpuro there is not a single water source other than that. Geographically they are located on a hill and therefore it is unlikely for them to build a private pit well. This was a sad annual ritual before 1990s. After those years, a PDAM water tank regularly came daily to peddle water for Rp13,000 per cubic metre. The truck commuted back and forth sometimes as many as 10 times a day till midnight.

Until some day in 1999 PDAM cut short the operation till only 4 PM. Water supply is becoming less and consequently each family had less water supply. Finally the communities with support from village administration submitted a request to the government for a deep well. In 2001 the request was granted. For about six months the work in boring the well together with reservoirs and distribution network at a total cost of Rp 300 million was completed. One Kedung Kandang family granted his land for the site of the construction. Early 2002 the families in both RWs have had water supply in their home. For Lesanpuro the total length of pipe is 4,000 m while at Kedung Kandang 3,000 m. With facilitation from the municipality and village administration a team con-

sisting of reliable community figures of each RWs was immediately formed to take care of the management. This team drafted the water use regulation and accounting. Up to now the management team is called HIPAM (Hipunan Pengelola Air Minum, Association of Water Supply Management). The technical arrangement of water distibution refers to PDAM, but at a lower cost both in terms of water tariff and cost for home connection. For one cubic metre the community has to pay Rp 1.500. Cost for home connection varies between Rp 500,000 to 750,000. Waiting list Today, HIPAM has made 370 home connections to provide water demand of 1,200 families in the two RWs. There is

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R E P O RTA G E
"The biggest monthly expenditure is electricity around Rp 2 million. While the team member only gets Rp 40 to 60 thousand a month so that net income is around Rp 1.5 million," said Lasuri. Up to now HIPAM could save more than Rp 100 million. "Not long ago it was drained to pay for major repair that cost Rp 20 million," said Lasuri. The HIPAM management do not close their eyes with the fresh money collected from the community. Quite often the management helps in social activities such as mosque repair or improvement, bridge, disaster victims, or tithe. But the management hasn't made any reinvestment. "We do not have the courage to take risk. Our money is saved in a bank account and is insured," said Lasuri. HIPAM runs the management in open manner. The community may at any time check income and expenditures from the management. Once in three months the management teams from both villages meet at an alternate place, regularly, and in addition some irregular meeting as necessary. The term of office for the team members is three years. But the community still wants the present team to remain in office. "We keep on preparing candidates for replacement by sending participants to trainings and study visits to other areas," revealed Lasuri. For the HIPAM management team being part of a team working for the good of the community is an honour in spite of small income. Bowo Leksono

HIPAM officers in a meeting in one of the community's dwelling. Source: Bowo Leksono

still 30 percent in the waiting list, but the management have decided that for the time being to postpone request for new customers. This measure is taken because of limited water supply. During dry season water pump cannot operate continuously for 24 hours a day," said Lasuri, Chairman HIPAM fro RW 05 Kedung Kandang. However, continued Lasuri, this does not mean that the families cannot get water at all. They have been obtaining water from a neighbour with home connection. "We are building another well, but it is not finished yet because we are in short of fund," he said According to Ramli, vice secretary of HIPAM Kedung Kandang, the work of digging the new well is presently at 51 meters, we still have to go much deeper, because to be operational the first well is 178 m deep. We are still waiting for assistance from central Public Works that we requested since 2006," he revealed. Thanks God, so far the HIPAM management hasn't met any significant problem. The community, although most of are from the lower bracket in terms of economic and education but they are devoted among each other and maintain the spirit of togetherness, could reduce the possibility of a problem. All problems are resolved through discussion for solution, such as contribution payment delay. With water flowing into the house some of the farmer community of both villages could make additional income. Tempe and soya bean curd industry. Monthly income Each moth the management collects an income somewhere around Rp 5-6 million. This income is used for electricity bill, repair, team members' salary, and other contingencies.

Water supply distribution installation for two villages. Source: Bowo Leksono

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MIRROR

WSS DEVELOPMENT AT KABUPATEN BOALEMO

the night with villagers has been continuing," said the Bupati who is presently in his second term of office. Subsidy for sanitation In reality hygiene life has not been practised by the majority of Boalemo population. From Percik's observation in several corners of Boalemo township there are many people use river with its turbid water for washing, bathing and defecation (MCK). Boalemo, a new Kabupaten that was officiated in 12 Oktober 1999 is continously working to to tidy it up, developing various public service facilities including water supply and environmental sanitation for its population. The seriousness of Boalemo
Iwan Bokings, Bupati of Boalemo and his staffs visiting poor families. Source: Public Relation Boalemo Government

leaders in improving community welfare has made the source of subsidies for WSS development open before them. From Bappeda record during FY 2006/2007 there are 14 villages given asssistance for sanitation development. "Each village was given Rp 22 million," said Subandrio Umar, Head of Subdirectorate of Physical and Infrastructure Development, Bappeda. The subsidy was provided from SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency). In FY 2007/2008 the number of villages will increase to 20, and the amount of subsidy remains the same. Access to water supply The majority of the community get their water supply from a spring managed by the community. Only about 10 percent of the community are connected to PDAM service, and that is limited only in 3 kecamatans in town. "There are not families connected to PDAM service. Most of the people get water from a spring which they manage it by themselves. This policy is meant to prevent profit taking,"said Subandrio. There are 34 water springs to serve the community water demand in 7 kecamatans of kabupaten Boalemo. The community where water flows elects a water management team who manages water supply facility adopting the PDAM system. Each spring serves the need of several villages. As for maintenance, it is covered by the community contribution plus subsidies from the government and donor organization. It's hoped that these subsidies will eventually lead to development of a facility that guarantees sustainability.
Bowo Leksono

bility to lead the community to welfare in the real sense of the meaning. It is not easy to find such a leader. More frequently the personal and group interest comes forward leaving the community demand way behind. And community demand in connection with the need of life is very complicated. Poverty is one of the main reasons. This leads to poor health condition. It demands a specific approach and development policy from decision makers. The incessant strive for regional autonomy has given birth to little kings, some of them are even considered as development inhibitor. But this judgment becomes futile if the incumbent is able to prove himself that he pays a deep concern to the poor. The community of Boalemo, a Kabupaten in the Province of Gorontalo, should be thankful for a leader who is always close to the people. "One of my habits here is to spare one night at the end of the month to stay with the poorest famility in the kabupaten," said Iwan Bokings, the Bupati of Boalemo when Percik paid him a courtesy visit in his office. During the monthly activity the Bupati and his staff teach the community how to live a hygienic life. Practically all the MCK facilities are made better or constructed before the arrival of their leaders from the kabupaten. "Since the beginning I took the office, the habit of spending

ssuming a leading position is not a pride. In addition to trusteeship, an officer or leader is carrying in his hands a responsibility to the community. A responsi-

32

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A R O U N D WA S P O L A

Socialization of National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

GORONTALO SUPPORTS NSC U

p to now WSS development has been given the least attention by both the stakeholders and decision makers. The central and regional government support is not strong enough to make WSS development a priority, while on the other hand the community has a very limited access to WSS development planning and implementation. These few findings were revealed from the socialization of NSC 2007 at the city of Gorontalo, The socialization and simultaneously a means to identify the regional demand in connection with NSC 2007 was conducted by WASPOLA together with the national WSS-WG on 20 September 2007. The visiting team consisted of Tri Nugroho Utomo from the Directorate of Housing and Settlement Systems, Bappenas as team leader, Dormaringan Saragih (Knowledge Management Coordinator WASPOLA), Huseyn Pasaribu (local Government Support Specialist), accompanied by Nasstain Gasbah (Local facilitator) and mass media representatives. The team was met by Ir. Gusnar Ismail, Vice Governor of Gorontalo, accompanied by Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda Chairman, Ismail Madjid, Bappeda

Chairman of Gorontalo Municipal Government, MTP, and Regional WSSWG. Law enforcement is insufficient In addition to low priority it is also full of various self interests. "Water supply coverage has reached the level of 70 percent, but we have a big problem from the fact that water source is located in Kabupaten Bone Bolango, that means outside our border," said Ismail Madjid in his opening speech of the workshop on "Finalising WSS Strategy Plan Formulation," held by WSS-WG of Gorontalo city at the Office of Bappeda. This problem is made worse by the poor WSS data management and the number of sanitation facilities not functioning. This calls for serious decision makers' attention to improve this condition. Development approach must be changed from supply driven to demand driven. "Since some time ago we've had commitment from 7 ministers, but the realization and the law enforcement against violators do not work as expected," said Syarifuddin from Agency for Environment and concurrently member of WSS-WG Gorontalo city. In addition, said Syariduddin further, the policy must be backed up with law enforment commitment. "Many housing development firms have their plan sanitation facility as part of a house but in reality it is not fulfilled, yet no action is taken against them."

Socialization of NSC at the Strategy Plan formulation workshop in Gorontalo city. Source: Dormaringan.

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A R O U N D WA S P O L A
to the larger communities," he said. Similar statement was made by Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda Chairman, who at the same time submited report on the WASPOLA facilitated policy implementation result to the vice governor. NSC is scheduled for implementation on 19-21 November 2007 and will be opened by the President. This conference is series of global agenda to develop global commitment to sanitation development. East Asian countries will meet in Japan in December 2007 to discuss the strategic steps for speeding up sanitation development in EASAN (East Asia Sanitation) conference. The conference is part of the activities to anticipate "Intenational Year of Sanitation 2008" launched by the United Nations. While NSC is one of the government's efforts to develop stakeholders commitment and cooperation in sanitation sector, it is hoped that through the NSC the sanitation profile in the eyes of the decision makers will improve. NSC will be attended by implementors from the regional government, NGO, the community and also representatives from friendly nations. dormaringan saragih/AP/NTU

Audience of WSS-WG with Gorontalo City Bappeda Chairman. Source: Exclusive

Similar statement was made by Deston, village headman of Dembe I. According to him, we do not have any government regulation that compels each house must be provided with an acceptable basic sanitation. "I find it difficult to take steps against violators, I have no power to do it," said Deston firmly. All the anxieties were responded by Ismail Madjid by confirming that the mnucipality's commitmet to sanitation development is beginning to bear fruit. It is hoped that in the Strategy Plan workshop the stakeholders could propose a concrete program for sanitation improvement. "We have to be able to propose a concrete WSS development action plan, and everyone can see it. The principle of transparent budgeting must be honoured," said Ismail further. Region's enthusiasm to attend NSC 2007 To speed up sanitation development, the government must commit itself and adopt the pro poor attitude. This will become an important issue in NSC 2007. This activity is closely and enthusiatically observed by the regional governments, particularly the Province of Gorontalo. It was quite obvious that during the audien-

cy meeting of NSC delegate with deputy governor of Gorontalo, "We will block the calendar so that it becomes the governor's agenda. We will tell the audience about our strategy and ways of handling sanitation problem here in this province," said vice Governor, Gusnar Ismail. The provinces of Gorontalo and Banten, said Gusnar further, are planned to make presentation on sanitation development policy and strategy in their respective region. "We have developed best practice and lessons to be conveyed

Sanimas project drainage ditch at Kelurahan (village) Kayu Bulan, Gotrontalo city. Source: Exclusive.

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A R O U N D WA S P O L A

WSS ISSUES
IN SHADOW PUPPET SHOW

A
epics.

s a fold art, wayang kulit (or leather puppet) has been performed centuries before the

birth of this nation, or more precisely since the time Majapahit kingdom. The story is depicted from the Mahabarata After the downfall of HinduBuddha kingdoms, the shadow puppet show was used by Walisongo (nine religious leaders) as medium for Islamic teaching. By using the Mahabarata epics as vehicle the nine religious leaders inserted Islamic teachings into the story. The result is that this folk art is considered an effective medium for socialization of various aspects of human life. During the New Order area when the government emphasized the development programs the shadow puppet was used a medium for campaign, as it also quite that the folk art was used as campaign vehicle by political party. However, it would be something entirely new if WSS related issues are brought to the screen of shadow puppet show. And this was mentioned for the first time in the Central Java Dalang *) Sarasehan (Friendly Meeting) 2007 held by Dalang Association of Indonesia (PEPADI) C. Java Regional Chapter, Saturday 27 October 2007 in Semarang. The Initial Idea It was Susilo Adi, member of Central Java provincial WSS-WG and concurrently a vice secretary of Pepadi Central Java, who was struck with the idea that WSS issue might be attractive enough to be inserted to wayang story. "Community awareness to how important WSS is currently at low level. I believe, through wayang show the WSS issue may, to some extent, be extensively disseminated," said Susilo Adi. At that time Bambang Pujiatmoko, a WASPOLA consultant, was there to make presentation about WSS issues. "The WSS issues are not individual concern, it demands a common solution. We may hope that through the work of artists such as dalang the community could learn a lot about the issues," he said. In front of dozens of dalangs and men of arts in wayang industry, Bambang made an inquiry if a daily issue of the community can be brought into wayang story. An issue of how chaotic it looks when men are struggling for a pail of water or how bad a consequence is poor environmental condition to infant mortality rate. According to Bambang, folk art such as shadow puppet is a power that could be used to motivate public campaign. "The dalangs or folk art workers are more capable of bringing the message into the heart of the spectators through local wisdom containing story," he said. It seemed that during the sarasehan the WSS issues hadn't been accepted as something attractive. The art workers still need further references on important problems related to human life to be
Presentation of WSS related issues in the Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting 2007 in Semarang. Source: Bowo Leksono.

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absorbed into wayang stories. Bambang hopes that shadow puppet would become an important vehicle to dissemination of WSS related information for community enlightenment and finally motivation to real action towards soving WSS problems. Dalang creativeness Basically any aspect of human life can be brought into the work of art of any kind. There is no story more attractive than one about humanism. It is quite appropriate if WSS issue decorate the world of shadow puppet show. The problem now rests with the attractiveness of its presentation. Not all puppet show is attractive to spectators unless it is nicely packaged and presented. Prof. Dr. Jazuli, a dalang observer who was also a speaker in the meeting considers it quite possible for any kind of story screened on a shadow puppet show. "It depends on the dalang creativeness. On how they act beyond the means of simply earning a living, but how their interpretation flows and is adjusted to local community problems," he said. According to Jazuli, a dalang won't get a job order unless he is creative enough. This creativeness is based on his medium of expression and moral messages contained in his story. "Let's hope the artisan does not work simply to earn a living," he stressed. Jazuli says that there are many ways to make a dalang creative so that he is always being sought by the community and he will never become outdated. In addition to extra hard work he also must have a broad view. Relevance of WSS Issue Supadi, Chairman of Central Java Regional Pepadi, confirmed that it is quite relevant to include WSS theme in the shadow puppet show. This is because that essentially shadow puppet is in neutral position. "This means that any story will do, as long as it is for the good of all then it is worth presenting." Supadi considers that environmental issue will always be relevant because environmental issues will never cease to be faced by the community. "A creative dalang, using for instance a currently popular term will be able to make the issue attractive," he said. Still according to Supadi, inclusion of environmental issue is a big opportunity. Not only for the good of the community by also for the art itself because it adds to the richness of the story. Supadi is optimistic whatever theme can be brought into the world of puppet show, including WSS issue. What may be needed is the dalang's discourses and insight related to this issue.
Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting. Source: Bowo Leksono

There are many ways to do it. One of

The problem now rests with the attractiveness of its presentation. Not all puppet show is attractive to spectators unless it is nicely packaged and presented.

them is collaboration with other kind of art so that shadow puppet is not only a means for entertainment but also for enlightenment. This must be considered as the secret and dalang's strategy," said Jazuli. A similar statement was made by Bambang Murtiyoso. According to him most dalangs work on the story from the wayang story. This is obvious indication that they lack experience and knowledge about the real life," said the lecturer from Indonesian Arts Institute, Srakarta. According to Bambang, the world of shadow puppet of today is only selling jokes through its music and lyric. "It is feared that shadow puppet will be far removed from human spiritual enlightenment," said he.

Bowo Leksono

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QUESTIONING WSS FACILITY OWNERSHIP

By Purnomo* dan Dormaringan**

everal legal rulings on asset, commonly called goods, particularly in relation to government property have been issued and effective. The latest is the Government Regulation (GR) No. 06/2006 on the Management of Government/Regonal Government Owned Asset as the spelling out of Law No. 1/2204 on State Treasury. The Government Regulation is further spelled out through Permendagri Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation) No. 17/2007 on Technical Guidelines for Regional Government Asset Management to supersede Permendagri No. 152/2004 on Management of Regional Asset. The GR is also spelled out through Permendagri No. 04/2007 on Management of Village Asset. In general such a regulation defines a particular asset as belonging to central government, regional government, village asset, manner in which the asset was procured, in what way it is to be used, what are the parties involved, recording process, valuation, transfer and depreciation of asset, etc. The availability of such a regulation provides a fresh wind to the assest ownership particularly one that is procured from government budget. But, as it comes to Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CB-WSS), which nota bene developed and constructed through multistakeholder (central and regional governments, village adminsitration, donor organization, and community) contribution the issue will be entirely different. To whom does a CB-WSS facility belong? To name explicitly the owner of a facility is so important, because it is generaly understood that this will directly affect sustainability and effective use of the facility in the future. An attempt is made to answer this question or at least inventory taking by a workshop on legal study of CB-WSS management conducted by WSSWG in this case by the Dept. Home Affairs in cooperation with WASPOLA 6-8 in Denpasar, Bali, September 2007. What really happens in the field Following the operationalizing the National Policy for Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CB-WSS), the central government, regional government, donor organization, and NGO singly or severally have conducted CB-

WSS system (facility) development adopting the said Policy. Generally speaking, soon after project completion it is now a question to whom does the facility really belong to. The questionable ownership status is traceable to the varied funding sources for the development. In some cases the ambiguity may adversely affect the management sustainability. While in fact the responsible agency involved in the project implementation, pursuant to the existing regulation, does not have a clear idea about the importance of determining the ownership status. In other words, determining the real owner of an asset is not considered important and has no relevance to its sustainability. The real effect of the uncertain ownership relates to who is really responsible for CB-WSS system management. This means questioning of whether the authority vested on the Management Team (KPS/UPS, etc.) still complies with asset management regulation or it has been altered or even it is legally contradictory.

Workshop on legal study of community based WSS facility management at Denpasar, Bali 6-8 September 2007. Source: WASPOLA

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It is believed that this fact implies the lack of willingness to invest in CB-WSS system at central and regional either from government, private, donor or the community itself. While on the other hand we are in dire need to speed up with the service's coverage Asset management of a WSS facility, is it necessary? Basah Hernowo, in his presentation recently stated that asset management is not quite a habit among the buraucracies and the service operators. While in fact asset management commitment demands continuous supply, recording system, maintenance and replacement. "Asset management is a closed and unbroken cycle. We can start from small to work for a bigger one," he said. In its cycle asset management covers asset planning system, stock review, growth and procurement of new asset, O&M accountancy, performance monitoring and asset condition, rehabilitation study, repair and replacement work, rationalization or asset removal, procedural audit and asset management system, and identification for minimising life cycle costing of new assets. In this context that asset management is very important, because asset management promotes management process orientation to (1) customer focused, (2) system oriented, (3) continuing service, (4) sustainable, (5) easy to access, and (6) flexible. "Through asset management we know what sells well and what does not sell. Which one is potentially profitable in short term and in long term, and which one is causeing losses in short term and in long term," said Basah. Village level asset management, how can it be? The question about asset management is generally asked at corporate level.

Source: Exclusive.

But a village level WSS facility? In fact there are cases it is more complicated than it is with a corporation. In terms of financing, institution, management capacity and also ownership. Unfortunately this institution is legally weak. An alternative approach is through cooperative. Cooperative has a clear mechanism, the regulation is also clear and its organizational chart clearly mentions the responsibility for management asset. Another alternative is Village Level Enterprise which legally operates under Village Regulation, it is incorporated through a notarial document that specifies the asset as belonging to the village and the party responsible for its management is also mentioned therein. Each alternative may be acceptable under a particular legal condition. If the issue is analysed from institutional aspect, what about the managerial capacity. Parsadaan Girsang provides his comprehensive and rational opinion. According to him, a village as the basic unit of government administration sys-

tem reserves the right to manage an asset pursuant to Government Regulation No. 72/2005 especially in the management of asset related to implementation of democracy, improvement of service, acceleration of community level improvement process. A sufficient village financial position (either from national budget, regional budget, ADD, etc.) is an opportunity. This is where CB-WSS facility can be managed and financed (including its asset). CB-WSS asset can be obtained from various sources, such as the village revenue, village budget, subsidy, etc. If at any time a CB-WSS needs a patch of land, and it was obtained from community contribution, eventually this piece of land belongs to the village because selfhelp and contribution is essentially a motivation to make the community willing to help village development. The problem is that most of the assets have not been specified to whom they belong. Including the ones at the kecamatan, kabupaten/kota levels. To find

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out to whom one asset belongs, it can be seen from who is reponsible to take care of it and from where the financing is obtained? In practice there is ambiguity in the transfer and sometimes the parties involved do not record it as an asset. The management alternatives then 1) managed by village administration, 2) managed by village community through selfhelp and communal work. In the context of WSS management there are other alternatives that may be offered, 1) the facility is the village's asset, 2) WSS management by village administration, 3) management by the community supported by village budget, 4) major repair to be taken care of by village budget upon approval from village administration, 5) facititation and supervision by regional government. Another critical review was given by Arsan (BAKD) based on the village's position. Village with its administration is the real autonomous administration. Therefore all assets belonging to a village is separately recorded from the central or regional government asset, and is administered pursuant to Kepmendagri No. 152/2004. Recommendation The two day workshop has produced positive contribution or opportunity for further review for a more orderly WSS asset management and to identify the potential risk in the future. Gary D. Swisher, WASPOLA Team Leader, strongly emphasized this in his closing speech. The workshop produced the following recommendations: In village level the community based water supply and environmental sanitation management institution may appear in any different format, such as UPS, Yayasan (Foundation), Cooperative, KPP, LPM, and so on. It would be better, though, if the village level management institution is included to the existing structure/institution, rather than continuously independent or even separate from the village administration structure. To strengthen village level WSS asset management institution it is necessary to provide it with training and technical assistance. The WSS facility management team members are elected from the community, at least 30 percent of them are women who sit in various positions including the core team. The income derived from the WSS facility management must be used for O&M and further development of the respective and all such requirements must be explicitly mentioned in the village level regulation. It is recommended that the regional government issues regulation that serves as legal umbrella for such a village level regulation. It is necessary to have a WSS facility ownership guideline. This is to be followed up with socialization of management and ownership. It is recommended that in asset management the involvement of village administration and village council must be clearly and specifically defined. And besides, it is also necessary to take inventory of the asset, their sources of financing and the asset transfer mechanism. Follow-up action plan The findings and at the same time also opportunities extracted from this workshop are interesting subjects for further review. We realize that given the presently existing laws and regulations some of the problems will remain unanswered so that it is deemed necessary to develop sufficient regulation to serve as guidance for those working at the operational level. For this purpose the central WSS-WG together with WASPOLA consider it important to make an advanced and integrated legal study involving a wide range of stakeholders. Futher, the provision of regulation in the future must also be able to answer the question regarding management and assurance of (public) asset that does not belong to social capital. These matters have not been given sufficient regulation in the same proportion as the similar regulation now considered invalid. Other matters for review in the future includes the question of indemnity of which the only regulation simply considers government, central and or regional asset, while community asset has not been given a fair proportion.
*)

Local Government Specialist in WASPOLA, focusing on legal study and regulatory development (purnomo@wboj.or.id) **) Knowledge Management Coordinator for WASPOLA (dsaragih1@worldbank.org)

Source: Bowo Leksono

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Forty institutions Agreed to Establish Indonesia WSS Network

who have been observing that up to now WSS is still placed in a gloomy dank corner that misses the attention let alone commitment of decision makers. From a review of WSS funding during FYs 2003-2005 WSS development budget represents only 0.01 to 1.37 percent of regional government budget. It is not surprising that up to now 100 million of Indonesian population living in 30 thousand villages do not have access to water supply. Water supply coverage is presently at 58 percent and most of the poor are denied the service. Sanitation coverage is somewhere around 69.34 percent, most of it is in the urban, the remainder is the rural not covered by the service (SUSENAS, 2006) The poor WSS performance and the myriad of problems encumbering it, is the consequence of the fact WSS lies far away from the development mainstream so that WSS misses the attention let alone commitment of decision makers both at national and at regional levels. On the other hand, the government policy regarding this sector is way from being integrated. Many programs are overlapping each other, each stakeholder works on his own completely independent from the other. While at the community level the awareness of hygiene behaviour is at the lowest level. It is necessary to establish more strategic coordination and integration of the various stakeholders to build a common strength. For this purpose there is a

he establishment of WSS Network is based on the deep concern of some stakeholders

Fast breaking after the Indonesia WSS Network meeting. Source: Bowo Leksono.

need for a network for communicating the demand and interest so that each party has a means for contribution to accelerate the achievement of WSS development objectives. To this end on 8 October 2007 forty institutions consisting of government agencies, international organizations, NGOs, WSS related projects, university, PDAM, regulatory body and professional associations came to a common agreement for the establishment of an open and independent WSS network. It is foreseen that in the future the network will act as mediator in bringing the potentials from the various stakeholders into harmony and synergy, in dissemination of information, technology, methodology and best practices, both at national and

international fora. To carry out the above mentioned function the activites are focused on establishment of information service centre, capacity sharing of network members with outside parties, development of partnership to strengthen support, policy formulation, funding pattern, campaign strategy and study for WSS related problem solving. A steering committee was elected from 9 institutions representing the various segments namely the government, NGO, donor organization, university, corporation, WSS sector project/program management. The institutions are WSSWG, Air Kita-Europromocap IWAT, Plan Intrnational, JAS/GTZ, University of Trisakti, PDAM Bogor City, IHE, ISSDP and WASPOLA.
WH

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Discussion in Anticipation of the National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

"Keep on Doing Something for Sanitation"

anitation still remains unintersting for the decision makers to look into, at the central level as does also at the regions. What makes it even worse is that mass media gives the subject a very meager information so that the community knowledge about it is even scantier. That's why the community is not aware of the importance of sanitation. Many cases such as diarrhoea and the outbreak of avian flu is evidence of poor sanitation in Indonesia. Who is to blame in this case? Considering the pressing demand for sanitation, it is no more important to know who is to blame in this case. It'd be better that everyone take a concrete action rather than blaming each other. "It is a blatant lie if a political will is needed for the present sanitation management. It is too difficult to expect it.

Therefore, what is important is that we must do something for the sanitation,"said Prof. Dr. Emil Salim, environmental expert during a discussion in expectation of NSC 2007, Wednesday 3 October 2007. The former State Minister for Environment said that several government departments involved in sanitation sector must as soon as possible develop a plan as far down as RT and RW involving the informal leaders. "It has been proven that during the time flood the one making the movement first Emil Salim is not the government, but these informal leaders." It is hoped that from NSC 2007 which was initially scheduled for 19-21 Noveember 2007 involving all stakeholders would improve the awareness, especially of the decision makers, on the importance of sanitation management. BW

Cultivating the habit of planting around mosque

n dry season, water scarcity. In rainy season, flood. Ironical indeed. But that's Indonesia. There are lots of rain forest but many of them are damaged. These damages are the main reason for the flood. "Vast areas of rain forest were carelessly cut down without any scientific consideration,"said MS Kaban, the Forestry Minister at the launching of planting selected seedlngs around mosque held at Bung Karno Sport Centre, Senayan, Jakarta on 18 September 2007. The event was initiated by National Islamic Teachers' Council Jakarta at the opening ceremony of Land for The Poor Program,

attended by thousands of Islamic Teachers' Council members from all over the country. Also present Mr. Tarmizi Taher, former Minister for Religious Affairs and currently the Chairman of National Mosques' Council. MS Kaban appeals that mosque as means for human resources development it must be made a relaxing place, cool and pleasant. "One of them is by persuading the followers to cultivate tree planting. And it is also an act of devotion," he said. Further MS Kaban asks the followers to support the tree planting movement in conformance with Planting Indonesia Movement launched by the President in

April 2006. "Indonesia has a wide variety of economically valuable, ornamental and environmentally protective trees," he said. For this purpose the Forestry Minister calls the attention of all Islamic followers to make our country green again by planting trees in the area surrounding the mosque. "If our environment is grown with plants we wouldn't be in short of water and no more flood because the trees serve as water retainer." In this event the minister himself distributed selected tree seedlings to the representatives of National Islamic Teachers' Council. BW

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Roadshow of UNICEF Water and Evironmental Sanitation (WES) Program

s part of a series of cooperation between Indonesian Government with UNICEF in water supply and environmental sanitation development in the Eastern Region of Indonesia (NTB, NTT, S. Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua and West Papua) funded from a grant fund from the Ntherlands government, a series of roadshow was undertaken in the six provinces, starting from Maluku (17-18 September 2007), followed by South Sulawesi (20 September 2007), NTT (24-25 September 2007), Papua (1 October 2007), West Papua (3 October 2007) and finally NTB (3-4 October 2007). The roadshow was intended to explain the cooperation activities to a long list of kabupatens from which a short list will be decided for actual program implementation. The selection was made through participatory approach. In addition, the roadshow was also intended as means of dissemination of the community based WSS development policy and at the same time to obtain inputs for WSS development in the future. The roadshow was conducted by the respective provincial WSS-WGs in collaboration with national WSS-WG and UNICEF. This program consists of three (3) components, namely (i) water supply provision, (ii) improvement of sanitation system in 180 primary schools, and (iii) improvement of WSS system in urban slums of five (5) provincial capitals. To make sure of the sustainability of the program, it is required that each part-

The participants of Roadshow of UNICEF Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) Program. Source: Dormaringan.

ner province / kabupaten prepare contribution budget to form and manage provincial/kabupaten/kota WSS-Working Group, financing one workshop/training, and program replication at least in one village. In the deliberation several issues came out, among others the need to consider the specific characteristics of each region such as Maluku as being an insular region, participatory approach, strengthening of both government and community institutions, improvement of monev quality, transport diffulty makes investment more costly. There is a big interest of kabupatens to become partners in the implementation, as is evidenced from willingness to join the program although it has to pay it from regional budget. This is stated by Kabupaten Manokwari and Fakfak of West

Papua. At the end of the roadshow it was agreed that 25 kabupatens are approved to being partners of the program, they are (i) four (4) from Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat, Buru, Maluku Tenggara, Maluku Tenggara Barat; (ii) five (5) from South Sulawesi Province: North Luwu, Selayar, Takalar, Soppeng, and Barru; (iii) four (4) from Papua province: Jayapura, Jayawijaya, Puncak Wijaya, Biak Numfor; (iv) four (4) from West Papua province: Sorong, South Sorong, Bintuni Bay, and Raja Ampat; (v) four (4) from NTT: Bellu, Rote Ndao, East Sumba, South Timor Tengah; (vi) four (4) from NTB: West Lombok, Central Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima. While city slums will be selected from Makassar, Mataram, Kupang, Ambon and Jayapura. GR/RDD/WASPOLA

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POVERTY FIGTHING CAMPAIGN

overty is a major problem in developing nations including Indonesia. Everyday 50,000 people die from wants and the widening gap between the poor and the rich. In 2000, the leaders from 189 nations of the world have committed to a global plan to reduce poverty by half in 2015. This commitment is known as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For this purpose it is necessary to organize a campaign to call the participation in fighting poverty and to support the achievement of the millenium development goals. In commemoration of World Poverty Alleviation Day 17 October 2007 a campaign was held, bearing a theme "Wake Up and Give Voice to Poverty Fighting and Fulfillment of Millenium Development

Goals". All the stakeholders were informed and asked to participate in providing the biggest support within only 24 hours, a world record breaking in terms of number of supporters to end with poverty and achievement of MDGs targets. The increasing number of supporters indicates our support to achievement of the goals. This campaign is a unique opportunity for channeling aspiration through one voice, one intention, and in one day. And for all of that the community and government concrete action is of the utmost importance. Wake up and voice out is an initiative from various segments of the community, university, mass media, NGO, religious organization, private sector, regional government, and others. BW

Foto: Bowo Leksono.

Workshop on "Strengthening of Waste Management Institution in Jakarta"

t seems that waste problem in this country is never ending. Therefore it is necessary to immediately make the draft Waste Law into an effective law. However this draft law still requires a lot of improvement, such the level of minimum service standard in waste management. Also the community obligation and right in separating waste at its very source, payment of waste management fee, and educational right for the community in waste management. That was revealed in a workshop entitled "Strengthening of Waste Management Institution in Jakarta" Thursday 25 October at the BPPT Office, Jakarta. The workshop was held as a collaborative effort of JIPSYLFF, Dana Mitra Lingkungan (Environmental Prtnership Fund), Agency for Environmental

Cleaning Jakarta, and BPPT. In addition to the above the workshop also disclosed the need for institutional aspect related regulation so that stakeholders are more focused. What is happening now is that the agency handling waste is still combined with the office taking care of different matters. Specification of role and who is in charge for what affairs. As for budget control mechanism it is necessry for a transparent financial management. It is also neceesary to involve the community in the financial management. And not in the least importance is to consider the proportional budget for cleaning relative to other purposes. In budget control it is necessary for a control system by a specific agency for this purpose, waste budget specification, socialization of budget and audit report to

the community. In relation to public campaign consideration should be taken to cooperation between cleaning management with the community. Improvement of community awareness through education is also important. As menas for information dissemination it is adviseable to use media such as website maintained by the cleaning agency. Another topic includes vertical and horizontal coordination underlining the multipartite communication weaknesses and hence, must be improved. It is not surprising that lack of inter-agency coordination and overlapping activities where each agency is working on its own independent of others, eventually all of it calls for improvement toward effective waste management system. FN

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Educating the Community To Become Environmental Leader

ership". According to Anggie, he demand for (clean) leadership is meant the indiraw water has always viduals who care and active been a complicated about the fate of the surproblem especially in urban rounding environment. "It's areas. Population density has not only that, this program made the settlement areas also requires community repseemingly smaller. Social resentatives who have initiaproblems become unavoidable. tives and willing to work," she Water related problem and said. The participation in all clean environment are waiting of the sessions was quite for ther turn to join in. promising. This was a good Beginning from early first step. The partricipants November 2007 till recently were so active and enthusiasFORKAMI (Communication Leadership training in relations to improvement of community tic because they could involve Forum for Quality Water awareness to water. Source: FORKAMI. themselves in the solution to Supply Management) held a their own environmental leadership training in four (4) tal or medicinal, to make environment problems. Therefore, the capacity of the RWs, i.e. RW 02, 04, 10 and 12 of beautiful and pleasing. participants is considered excellent and Kelurahan (village) of Cipinang Melayu, RW 04 constructed garbage bins and could become leader in their respective East Jakarta. socialization of bioporous infiltration neighbourhood. Anggie said that in genThis facilitation was conducted in the pits. The bins were to be placed in RW 09 eral the initial FORKAMI program has framework of "Community Leadership in because this RW is located in a rather elebeen doing quite well in developing the Awareness Raising on Water (CLEAR vated area, therefore there is no danger of participants' commitment to form action WATER). FORKAMI has made commuflood and the bins will be washed away by group and attracting the participants' nity facilitation such as this one a regular the flood. On the other hand, the danger interest to actively involve in the agenda. "The objective is to improve the of flooding can be gradually mitigated Community Leadership Training within community's concern and awareness in through bioporous pits around each the Framework of Community water conservation," said Ms Anggie Rifki dwelling. Leadership in Awareness to Water. the FORKAMI internal coordinator. While RW 10 chooses socialization of According to FORKAMI's agreement clean environment, making available with the community each RW will be proPriority Problem garbage bins in each house, procurement vided Rp 1 million stimulant fund. "This Although in terms of type and comof garbage cart, and employment of cartis a small gift, indeed, but we hope the plexity all the RWs are facing almost the man to transport their waste material. community will be able to raise fund and same problems, but the priority for resoRW 12 thinks of something different. It selfhelp contribution to improve their lution is left to individual RW to decide. plans to start with treatment of iron conown environment," said Anggie. For RW 02 making its office beautiful is taining raw water to produce iron free All in all, this FORKAMI program tarconsidered the most important. In addifresh water. geted to the community is capable to untion to public domain, it can serve as dertake its water processing by itself so example of clean suurounding for indiMaking environmetal leader that the awareness to water quality to savidual family and the community to look In the beginning some members of tisfy its own daily need is improving. Boat. For that reason, the community respthe community were suspicious with the resentative wish to plant trees, ornamenwo Leksono FORKAMI program using the term "lead-

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PROGRAM
with the community to improve the quality of water supply and sanitation facility of 25 thousand villagers in Bekasi, West Java. Love Water is part of Community Watershed Partnership Program (CCPP), a global program for community based water resources protection, is a strategic alliance of USAID and the CocaCola Company (CCC) focusing on prevention of water related diseases. "Since our company is related to water, it is quite proper for us care to raw water availability," said Triyono Prijosusilo, Deputy Chief Executive Operating Committee PT Coca Cola Indonesia to Percik. Implementation of Love Water Love Water program was officially launched in March 2006 on World Water Day. The program started implementation in two areas, namely (i) community empowerment at Kampung Wangkal of Kalijaya village and Sukadanau primary school in Bekasi and (ii) capacity building of students and teachers of four (4) high schools in Bekasi, i.e SMAN 2, SMAN 6, SMA YPI 45 and SMA Al Azhar Kemang Pratama. The activities are focused on raw water related issues. Anyone can do such water protection activities and in the name of our common interest. Such as economising water use, planting trees, digging infiltration pit, refrain from littering, and so on. The community role and participation is quite meaningfull in environmental protection. Triyono said that Love Water Program provides the community and the students with standard provisions to be self reliant in improving the environmental condition. "This program will be implemented for two years," he concluded. Various Activities The Love Water program has conducted several activities, some of them are sanitation improvement and betterment of living condition. This is undertaken through education of the pupils of Sukadanau Primary School, Cikarang Barat, Bekasi. For two primary schools in Sukadanau, i.e SDN 01 and SDN 02 the Love Water Team built wash hand facilities for 1,294 schoolchildren and 31 teachers from both schools. There was also a community based training at Kampung Wangkal. This training was conducted by adopting PHAST (Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation), an extension approach widely practiced by the Department of Health. Besides the above activities there was also another effort to improve water well in the community and digging of drainage ditch. Previously the community took water from shallow wells regardless of whether or not the wells hygiene requirement. To protect the wells from surface water contamination, especially during flooding time in rainy season, an improvement to the

One of Love Water agenda is repair of the shallow well belonging to a family in the community. Source: Exclusive.

LOVE WATER
PROGRAM
ommunity empowerment is not solely the government responsibility. Although the government has a limited capacity it does not mean that government is exempted from the job of facilitation and policy formulation. One of the

policies is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) that is being implemented recently. The private sector is expected to play a significant role to help the government to empower the community. There many aspects of life in which the community needs the helping hands of the private sector. One of them is water supply and environmental sanitation (WSS) that still miss the stakeholders' attention. A program called "Love Water" has gradually been implemented in the grassroot level for the intention that in the long run it can turn a clean environment and health community into reality. Love Water is a collaborative program by Coca Cola Foundation Indonesia (CCFI) and USAID/Indonesia together

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PROGRAM
groundwater quality is made. The Love Water Team facilitated the community in building walls to 22 wells, placement of concrete slab around the wells and construcyion of drainage ditches to prevent as much as possible contamination away from the wells. Other activities were clean and healthy Wangkal village, clean, healthy and green competition, and construction of public MCK. There are 26 women and cadres selected for training in composting. The training consists of waste separation (organic from inorganic), practicum and compost making method. Go Green School (GGS) program which is intended to introduce the Green School concept in order to develop an environmentally sensitive school which is evidenced from the community willingness to take lessons from the environmentally sensitive school. This program is conducted through Love Water safari, training and particularly by the Go Green School students, Water Testing Day, and

Training in film making for high school students and village youth. Source: Exclusive.

Love Water Jamboree, and movie making clinic by Go Green School and Kampung Wangkal community. Specifically for movie making clinic

the Love Water Team held a movie making training simultaneously at SMA YPI 45 and at Kalijaya village. Forty GGS students and 25 Kampung Wangkal youths took part in this training. The Love Water team also works in collaboration with the instructors of Science, Estethique and Technology Foundation under the leadership of the famous movie director Garin Nugroho. The participants were taught how to make a documentary video about water, daily activities and clealiness of their surroundings. While the public campaign was undertaken through simulation, extensification of understanding about water source protection, water quality, and promoting behavioural change and health and cleanliness. This public campaign consists of radio talkshow, visit to media, commemoration of World Water Day, promotion of Air Rahmat, and helping the flood victims. Last but not least is participation in Wash Hand with Soap (WHWS) movement. BW

Comptetition in decorating garbage bins by pupils from primary school. Source: Bowo Leksono.

46 Percik 2007 October

ABSTRACT

REDUCING DETERGENT CONTENT USING CLAY SOIL

C
lay soil contains a wide variety of minerals. One of them is called haloisit. A study with this mineral revealed that it can help reducing pollutant content from detergent of alkylbenzene sulfonate group. The rate of reduction is between 30 to 70 percent, depending on acidity of the solution, the more acid the solution the bigger is the reduction. The time of contact for the reduction to take effect is approximately 24 hours. The reduction occurs through a process called adsoption of the detergent with the surface of solid particles of the clay. The application of this research is to detergent containing domestic wastewater. Detergent polluted water is
Detergent content in domestic wastewater can be adsorbed by clay soil. Source: Bowo Leksono.

poured directly into the soil. As it penetrates the soil and detergent comes into contact with clay partticles the adsorption process takes place and finally the detergent content reduces significantly. The soil material for this dumping is not predominantly pure clay soil, but a mixture of various soil particles of different sizes. This is intended to increase soil porosity to more water to penetrate at a sufficient velocity. After making contact the wastewater will penetrate deeper and finally reaches groundwater table. This wastewater will no longer pollute groundwater because the pollutant content is now significantly reduced. Using soil for wastewater treatment medium is known as natural trearment method. It's hoped that natural treatment can be applied extensively because it is financially economical and using locally available material. There have been many researches

There have been many researches conducted using soil as adsorbent of certain type of pollutants, organic as well as inorganic.

conducted using soil as adsorbent of certain type of pollutants, organic as well as inorganic. By nature the soil is potentially the medium where physical, physicochemical and biological processes take place. There is a wide range of possibilities that the processes are highly effective in reducing pollutants carried by the liquid waste.
Condensed fron thesis by Ali Masduqi entitled "Adsorption Kinetics of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate) in Clay Soil by way of Batch System," at the Faculty of Environmental Engineering, ITB,

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I AT P I C L I N I C
Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column. This column deals with question and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.
Question can be forwarded through Percik magazine Contributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com), Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Question :
Why is it that wastewater treated biologically, while water supply (drinking water) through physico-chemical process? Isn't it physico-chemical treatment a faster method to treat wastewater? Astari, Bengkulu

ment. This will significantly reduce theeir willingness to pay for such a treatment. As an alternative, technology choice is made based on a high performance and effectiveness at a reasonable cost within which the community is willing to pay, and the most appropriate choice is biological process.

WASTE TRANSPORT FEE

Question :
Why do they collect the subject transport fee twice, i.e by waste collector (with his cart) and once again when we pay electricity bill? Daeng Mangiri, Donggala

Answer :
Waste transport fee collection is determined locally based on the system applied in the area (collection - transport - treatment). The fee paid to collector is to pay the said collector for his job collecting and transporting waste to transfer station, and the fee paid at the electricity bill counter is to pay for the cost related to transport the wasste to final disposal facility.

WHAT
Question :

CHLORINE IS GOOD FOR

What is the purpose of chlorine treatment to a swimming pool? Is the water safe if swallowed without purpose? Ardiyanto, Brebes

Answer :
Water in the swimming is treated with desinfectant to kill or
Source: Exclusive.

inactivate pathogen microbes in the water. This is done in connection with hygiene and sanitation aspect, as many organic compounds (for instance excretion from human body such as sweat, urine, etc.) may serve as nutrient for pathogen microbes. This can be prevented by mixing 8-10 mg/l hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2 into the water, a process called superchlorination. With the application of high dosage such as this the inactivation of pathogen microbes becomes more effective. However, the swimming pool water is no good when administered, the high chlorine content is irritative to our body.

Answer :
Physico-chemical process takes a relatively shorter time to complete and it is also easier to handle, but it is more costly. In water supply industry, raw water must be treated quickly, to produce a big quantity and high quality processed water, because it relates to human basic need. No matter how expensive water tariff may become, human demand remains. On the other hand, the community will be will be psychologically burdened if they have to spend more money for wastewater treat-

48 Percik 2007 October

CD INFO

The Meaning of a Change

it misses the communal awareness. The result, various diseases are threatening. Poverty is frequently the cause for poor health condition. But it does not mean the solution ends up there. Here again community awareness in resoving its own problem. A documentary video show entitled "The Meaning of a Change" represents the lessons learned from hygiene behaviour explicitly leads to healthy living and community empowerment. The 30 minute video show is based on the life of in the hamlet of Banyuurip of Surat village, Kediri, East Java. Starting from water lack of access to water their life is adverse affected.

change toward hygiene behaviour means a lot to the community. However, quite often

The habit of defecation in the open is the main cause for diarrhoea diseases. This is one record of low household latine use. From an estimated 20 families, only three have a household latrine. The rest, are freely but full of anxiety defecating in the garden or backyard. WSLIC-2 (Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communties-2) serves to bridge and facilitates community behavioural change. Later it is further strengthened by CLTS (Community Total Led Sanitation). The video was produced by the Directorate of Sanitation Dept. of Health is a document that the parameter of healthy life does not lie in the quantity of physical infrastructures, rather it is in behavioural change.
BW

Fantasy Earth
N
o one knows when the waste problem can be resolved. Perhaps it'd be better if we never take it as problem, but as God's creation we are obliged to take care of it. If we believe in the Prophet's teaching that "cleanliness is part of the creed" than waste shouldn't be a problem because to live a hygienic life is our own basic principle. This means that anytime and anywhere we are obliged to keep the environment clean. There is no need to speak of dirty rivers in the cities, even far away in a remote hamlet we can see a river full of garbage. Piles after piles of waste are moored along riverbanks and around bridge support columns. It is quite unfortunate, indeed. At least this is the real picture taken by high school student's camera that was arranged into a documetary movie. The 7 minute movie is entitled "Fantasy Earth" was taken not far The movie contains an interview with a community living around the riverbanks. According to them, they have never been in touch with waste disposal facility that is common in urban areas. And that is why they feel quite comfortable by just throwing their waste anywhere they like. The movie does not only show the community's waste problem, the manufacturing plants encroaching on the rural areas are also the object of this movie. Those factories arbitrarily discard their wastes into the water body flowing into ricefields and community dwellings. Indeed, a clean and healthy earth is only a fantasy. The film produced under the independent spirit of Bozz Community is one of the finalists in Yogyakarta Documentary Film Festival (FFD) 2007 organized by the Documentary Community. BW

from where the photographer lives. "There are many things around us that can be made into a film. If you are sensitive enough to what's going on in the environment, you don't need to go far away to take a good picture" says Nanki Nirmanto, the film maker.

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BOOK INFO

Sharing Experience in Waste Handling

T ITLE TREATMENT OF DRAINAGE WASTEWATER AS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
Author: Mutawakil, S.E Publisher: Jakarta, Penebar Swadaya, 2006 Pages: vi + 52 pages waste can turn into con bloc, concrete brick, paving bloc, fertilizer or compost. The relatively concise book does not only describe the technical aspect of waste material treatment but also its market opportunity. In addition to that, this book also discusses the financial aspect and the benefit of using products derived from waste material. The author considers it necessary to exchange knowledge and experience in waste material handling, particularly the one excavated from the ditch. If only the community and the government were working collaboratively the path towards clean environment might be paved more easily at at the same time new job vacancies might be generated. It's hoped this book could serve as guidance to change the community opinion about waste. Let's do away with the opinion that making the environment clean is bringing no financial benefit, replace it with some profitable real activity. Make not waste or filth from ditch a problem but take it as responsibility to turn it into business opportunity. Anyone can make himself an entrepreneur from things used to be considered a problem. Who is next to try? BW

nvironmental cleanliness is still a polemic within the community. One accusing the other over whose responsibility is for what. It's whether the government or the community, since the public and the private territory meet each other in one contact area. This 52 page book describes how the abundance of waste and obtainable at not cost can be processed to produce something useful. The author cites an example a processed drainage ditch

A Reflection of MDGs Target Achievement

ndonesia is one of the signatories of the Millennium Declaration, an agreement for MDGs achievement in 2015. In principle Indonesia acknowledges the contents of the declaration. This 92 page book is published for the purpose of repositioning the MDGs target and the accelerated achievement action plan. As we all know that in reality Indonesia's achievement is lagging way behind a satisfactory level. The UN takes note of it in its Human Development Report 2005 Indonesia's Human Development Index is only 0.697. This figure places Indonesia at 110th position from 170 nations, far below that of Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. This book also provides a general picture of the efforts made in reaching several MDGs targets in Indonesia, particularly improvement of environmental condition of slum areas, access to water supply and sanitation, and poverty alleviation through urban infrastructure development. By 2015 the proportion of the population who still have no access to water supply and sanitation facility must be significantly reduced. But it seems that since 2000 there is an imbalance between population growth and economic development so that improvement of access does not seem to be significant. The government is continuously working towards the achievement,

TITLE: HOUSING, WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Author: Mulya Amri, Ade Tanesia, Adi Abidin, Rohman Yuliawan, Biduk Rokhmani Publisher: Jakarta, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum RI, 2005 Pages: 92 pages

though how slow it may seem. Actually there are various stakeholders such as the private sector and others to be asked work in synergy to solve demand of this basic need. In general we may say that MDGS target achievement, particularly as it relates to urban facilities, housing, water supply and sanitation, Indonesia is far from satisfactory. In connection with fulfillment of government responsibility in community welfare improvement, what needs to be done is to contain all the political and decision making processes within a single and only goal of achieving the welfare. BW

50 Percik 2007 October

WEBSITE INFO

This is a website that focuses on ecological sanitation. This website is developed by International Water Association (IWA). It provides community sanitation related problem solving materials, publishes various IWA activities all over the world, also contains important information on water supply its related development institutions.

all data and information covering resources profile, health ecology research and development program in terms of physical-chemical ecology, biological ecology, health condition and indicator, ecology and health related cooperation with the related stakeholders, and other information could be widely and immediately disseminated for the favour of the stakeholders.

SANITATION CONNECTION
www.sanicon.net Sanitation Coonection is web based network covering all aspects related to environmental sanitation. This website is a very complete source of information on sanitation covering technology, institution and funding from all over the world. The available information is supported by various international institutions managing and providing the approprite data in accordance of each one's capacity. It is also connected with other websites within the same realm of activities. Several important themes available comprise among others funding and cost recovery, sanitation promotion, school sanitation system, solid waste management, low cost waste water treatment and drainage system.

ECOLOGY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

http://www.ekologi.litbang.depkes.go.id

SANITATION

FOR THE COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA

http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au This website contains various forms of cooperation between the governments of Australia and Indonesia. One of them is the Sanitation for the Community (SANIMAS) program. The two countries have been partners for years and have tied a strong relation-

ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
http://www.ecosan.org/

Ecology and Health Condition Research Centre is a division of the Agency for Research and Development of Health Department. The centre derived its present name from the expansion of the realm of health ecology to being a part of ecological study. Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the relationship beween organism and its environment, dead or alive, called bionomics. Ecology is also known as a branch of sociology in its relation to human being, environment, distribution, and cultural patterns developed from the relationship. Through this website it is hoped that

ship as early as 1950s. Through AusAID the Australian Government will allocate Official Development Assistance at an estimated amount of AUD458 million (approximately Rp3.4 trillion) for 200708. BW

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WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY R E P O R T
EVALUATION OF SMALL-SCALE PROVIDERS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IN PERU Publisher: WSP World Bank, Peru, 2007 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT (WQA) STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE (KAP) MPA-PHAST COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION Publisher: The Office of Health Agency Kabupaten Sukabumi

B O O K
TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER Publisher: ESHA (Environment Series), Jakarta, 2003 HANDBOOK OF WATER ECONOMIC: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SECURITY Publisher: McGraw-Hill, 2004

W O R K I N G P A P E R
GROUNDWATER MONITORING AND CONSERVATION Publisher: DG Mineral Coal and Geothermal Resources Dept. Energy and Mineral Resources A PERFORMANCE INDEX FOR ASSESSING URBAN WATER SYSTEMS: A FUZZY INFERENCE APPROACH Publisher: AWWA Journal, 2006

M A G A Z I N E
AIR MINUM (DRINKING WATER) Ed. 144 September 2007 (in Indonesian) BULETIN CIPTA KARYA Ed. V, September 2007 (in Indonesian) NIRMALA Ed. June 2007 SUARA BUMI (EARTH VOICE) Ed. 8, August 2007 (in Indonesian) PERCIK YUNIOR Ed. 3, August 2007 PERCIK (ENGLISH VERSION) Ed. 19, August 2007

R E G U L A T I O N
GOVERNMENT REGULATION NO. 82 OF 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL PUBLIC WORKS MINISTERIAL REGULATION NO. 294 OF 2005 ON WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

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Percik October 2007

AGENDA
T I M E
06 September 2007

A C T I V I T Y
Seminar on Water and Environment of Jakarta held by Indonesia Water Partnership and Global Water Partnership

6-8 September 2007

Socialization of WSS Related Law and Regulation at Denpasar, Bali held by DG PMD Dept. Home Affairs in cooperation with WSS-WG and WASPOLA

10 September 2007 11-12 September 2007

WS for Formulation of Sanitation Strategy Plan of Padang city, West Sumatra held by WSS-WG West Sumatra WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Jeneponto, S. Sulawesi held by WSS-WG Kab. Jeneponto

12 September 2007

Coordination Meeting on CLTS Implementation in Indonesia and Plan for CLTS Study by Jakarta academician, held by DG PP&PL Dept. Health

16-25 September 2007

Training on Resources Agency for TSSM (Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing) Indonesia Project at Pasuruan, East Java by DG PP&PL Dept. Health

19 September 2007

Meeting to Review ISSDP Activity component WASAP-D in Jakarta held by DG Cipta Karya, Dept. Public Works

20 September 2007 20 September 2007

WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gorontalo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gorontalo WS on Provincial Level WSS Program in Makassar, held by WSS-WG in cooperation with Provincial WSS-WG South Sulawesi

25 September 2007 02 October 2007

Meeting for Water Dialogues held by Indonesia Water Dialogues Working Group WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Jayapura, Papua held by WSS-WG, UNICEF Provincial Government of Papua

02 October 2007

Working Meeting on WSS Service Improvement toward a safe and comfortable city held in Surakarta held by DG Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works

2-3 October 2007

WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Bone Bolango, Gorontalo by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Bone Bolango

04 October 2007

WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Manokwari, Papua held by WSS-WG, UNICEF Manokwari Regional Government

08 October 2007

SANWAG Limited Workshop on Communication Strategy and Sanitation Campaign Design in Jakarta held by DG PP&PL Dept. Health

23-24 October 2007 25 October 2007

WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Wajo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Wajo WS on Waste Management Institutional Strengthening in Jakarta conducted by Join Initiatives Program (JIP) Indonesia

27 October 2007 30 October 2007

Informal Meeting with Central Java Dalang in Semarang held by Central Java Dalang Association Commisariate WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gowa, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gowa