INDEX

ability to adapt, 54
Ackerman, Jennifer, 34, 218
adaptation, 46, 10, 18, 23, 26, 28, 42, 53,
63, 64, 712, 85, 96, 104, 110, 11617,
11920, 1223, 127, 1312, 141, 150,
153, 174, 239
adaptationism, 5, 96, 11820, 122, 124
adaptationist, 95, 105, 110, 118, 122, 1245
adaptationist bias, 11825
methodological adaptationism, 11820,
1224
by-product account under methodological adaptationism, 11920
by-product account as null hypothesis,
120
adaptive, 4, 6, 389, 712, 77, 85, 89, 95,
104, 106, 107, 109, 11011, 114, 116,
11719, 1214, 127, 1313, 137,
1414, 148, 156, 167, 1701, 234, 238
adaptive explanations of female orgasm,
10916, 118, 120, 122
function of female orgasm, 110, 11725
normal function of female orgasm, 110,
121, 1235
ADP, 73
aetiological, 2, 38, 46
affordances, 62
Alcock, John, 11920, 2323
alliance formation hypothesis, 813, 84,
2245
altruism, 4, 95, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139,
2346
altruistic behaviour, 127, 129, 1301, 138,
149
altruists, 129, 131, 161
Ameisen, Jean Claude, 43, 219

amphipods, 29
amygdala, 102
ancient asexuals, 589
androgen receptor gene, 97
Angel, Leonard 33, 218
animal behaviour, 4, 95, 119, 128
antagonism reduction theory, 160, 1623
antagonistic pleiotropy, 22, 31
appearance, 61
Aquinas, 33, 218
archaea, 71, 73
argument from design, 63
Aristotle, 35, 379, 63, 218
aromatase, 1001, 106
asexual lineages, 3, 56
asexual males, 51
asexual reproduction, 3, 49, 52, 55, 58, 69,
166
asexual scandals, 59
asexuality, 3, 502, 58
ATP, 73, 170
Ayala, Francisco J., 132, 158, 2356, 243

Copyright
B chromosomes, 162
bacteria, 3, 41, 434, 512, 55, 59, 71, 735,
142, 145, 147, 149, 1701
Bailey, J. M., 97, 117, 224, 228
Bain, Alexander, 176
Baker, Robin, 11415, 122, 218, 2323
Barash, David, 11920, 2323, 2389
bdelloid rotifers, 579, 68
beauty, 7, 16771
Bellis, Mark 11415, 122, 218, 2323
Benevolence, 35, 180, 1923
Benishay, D. S., 97, 117, 224, 228
Besant, Annie, 1879
biological and moral altruism, 130

257

258

Sex, Reproduction and Darwinism

biological explanation, 4, 95, 98

birth-control, 188
bisexual species, 95
blended inheritance, 3, 645
bonding, 82, 104, 110, 113
bonobos, 95
BradlaughBesant trial, 187
Bradlaugh, Charles, 1878, 190,192
brain, 1, 4, 7, 43, 456, 100, 1023, 1323,
138, 1456, 155, 1701, 178, 230, 237
Bright, Susie, 117, 121, 233
budding, 3
Buss, David M., 122, 219
Byne, W., 101, 224, 226, 230
by-product account of female orgasm,
11625 (also Developmental Account,
Fantastic Bonus Account)
misunderstandings of by-product
account, 1214
liberatory interpretation, 121, 123
oppressive interpretation, 1214

Crick, Francis, 45, 210, 219

crossing-over, 53
cultural evolution, 4, 77, 84, 856
culture, 2, 4, 33, 77, 845, 94, 121, 180, 192,
194, 197, 200, 205
CUMD, 115

Daoism, 34
Daphnia, 289, 49, 57, 216, 220
Darwin, Charles, 1, 62, 127, 153, 173, 185,
193, 228, 2467, 249, 250
Darwin, Emma, 185
Darwin, Erasmus, 193
Darwin, George, 185, 187
Darwinian, 1, 45, 7, 9, 645, 69, 723,
867, 92, 95, 1312, 176, 196, 2246,
236
darwinulid ostracods, 58
Dawkins, Richard 40, 128, 158
death, 2, 3, 9, 12, 19, 224, 278, 334,
367, 3948, 73, 1701, 173, 178,
183, 187
Camperio-Ciani, A., 97
Demographic Theory, 12
carrying capacity, 27
Descent of Man, 127, 133, 1757, 181, 182,
Central Dogma, 45, 219
184, 186, 190
chain of being, 63
developmental instability, 153
chance, 41, 48, 63, 667, 712, 97, 105, 129, developmental integrity, 1578, 164
159, 174, 183, 189, 1956
diploid, 51, 52, 58, 66, 72
change is an illusion, 61
discrete units of heredity, 64
chromosomal DNA, 72, 756
Dlk1, 164, 243
chromosomes, 50, 51, 53, 667, 162
DNA, 34, 30, 40, 46, 559, 65, 66, 68, 726,
Clapperton, Jane Hume, 190
1578, 165, 220, 229, 231, 243, 254
Clark-Flory, Tracy, 121
dominance, 104, 238
clitoris, 1157, 123, 233
dragonfly, 29, 34
cloning, 46, 166
Drosophila melanogaster, 2167
co-adapted gene complex, 157
dual inheritance theory, 84
collaboration, 44, 237
duplications, 56
Comer, Randall, 115
ecological niches, 68
common roots of science and religion, 34
ecology, 20, 164
comparative neuroanatomy, 102
ecosystem engineer, 32
compassion, 189
ejaculation, 101
conjugation, 445, 48
embryonic environment, 99
cooperation, 70, 82, 1412, 145, 1479,
emergent, 1701
151, 176, 183, 2378
cooperative, 6, 70, 1301, 134, 143, 1456, endosymbiosis, 70
endothermy, 161
14851
epigenetics, 40, 49, 55, 157
co-opted, 104, 132, 158
Cook, James, 193
equality, 6, 139, 1512, 202
Coprophanaeus, 47
erotic, 104, 226
copulation, 104, 111, 123, 136, 154, 231
essentialism, 79, 902, 94

Copyright

Index
essentialist, 4, 77, 904
estradiol, 100
estrogen, 100, 102
ethical egoism, 180
ethical naturalism, 127
eukaryotes, 3, 49, 62, 68, 70, 723
eusocial insects, 161
evolutionary anthropology, 1767
evolution of morality, 143, 145, 147, 149,
151, 236
evolution of sex, 2
evolution of species, 62
evolutionary dead end, 49
evolutionary factors approach, 118, 120, 122
comparisons of alternative accounts,
11922
evolutionary theory, 2, 78, 81, 86, 90, 109,
119, 129, 199, 205, 210
evolvability, 55
extinction, 49, 567, 64, 68, 166
extinction of species, 64

259

Galton, Francis, 1813, 187, 191, 193,

1959, 202, 2069, 212
game theory, 131
Gangestad, Steven W., 115, 157, 232,
2403, 2456
Gannett, Lisa, 1223, 234
Gaskell, George Arthur, 187, 1902
gene expression, 243
genetic conflict, 158, 220, 243
genetic control, 74
genetic diversity, 15, 47, 49, 53, 58
genetic variability, 67, 150
genital anatomy and orgasm, 115
genitalia, 100
genome, 3, 4, 42, 46, 4950, 53, 559, 96,
99, 15860, 210
genomic antagonism reduction, 153, 160, 163
genomic imprinting, 164
genotypes, 54, 164, 166
getting rid of harmful mutations, 54
gonads, 10, 100
good genes, 134, 137, 140, 154, 156, 164,
16970
Gould, Stephen J., 67, 96, 118, 165, 221,
228, 2323, 244
Greg, William R., 1812, 187, 1901
group selection, 67, 128, 1301, 139
Gtl2, 164, 243
guppies, 2, 127, 1920, 234, 26, 21517

Copyright

facultative endothermy, 161

Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 1223, 233
fecundity, 7, 256, 29, 30, 106, 202, 228,
245
feelings, 151, 1701, 223
female orgasm, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121,
123, 125, 2314
feminist critiques of by-product approach
and sterotypes, 1215
copulation as a female service, 123
ferns, 689
fertility, 879, 106, 11314, 117, 134, 149,
1689, 196, 200, 20810, 231
fertility decline, 87
Fick, Heinrich, 189
Fisher, Ronald A.,1011, 199, 203, 208,
215, 233, 236, 252, 254
fitness, 2, 3, 5, 9, 19, 212, 26, 28, 546, 68,
71, 878, 96, 104, 109, 11011, 113,
114, 116, 118, 127, 128, 132, 135, 139,
147, 156, 162, 164, 196, 197, 202, 204,
211, 213
fluctuating asymmetry, 6, 153, 169, 239,
240, 241
folk biology module, 93
fossil record, 2, 16, 18, 64, 71
Foucault, Michel, 80, 88, 90, 92, 94, 222, 227
FOXP2, 138
free will, 178

H19, 164
Hamilton, David, 478, 95, 129, 219, 226,
228, 234, 2445
haplodiploidy, 51
Hauser, Mark D., 132, 235
heat shock protein, 156
Heracleitus, 45
hermaphrodite, 50
heterozygosity, 6, 58, 157, 159, 1603
heterozygous, 3, 56, 97, 157
high predation, 2, 1314, 1619, 216, 289
hitch hiking, 66
HIV, 101, 166, 230
homing endonuclease gene, 159
hominids, 6, 1445
homosexual genes, 97
homosexual rams, 1012
homosexual relationships, 95

260

Sex, Reproduction and Darwinism

homosexuality, 78, 90, 95, 979, 101, 103,

105, 107, 2224, 22631
gay genes, 78
in non-human animals, 82
in history, 82
homozygosity, 58, 137, 159, 161
homozygous, 3, 51, 97, 135
Hrdy, Sarah B., 113, 120, 2323, 245
human society, 2, 39, 70
Hume, David, 176
hunter-gatherer, 96, 104, 238
hybrid vigour, 678, 75
hypothalamic nucleus, 100
hypothalamus, 1013
illusion, 3, 45, 48, 612, 76, 93, 170, 211
immune system, 43, 170
INAH3, 1013, 105
inbreeding, 159
inclusive fitness, 104
indirect effects of predators, 19, 22
individuality, 45, 197
infection, 736
intelligent designer, 174
intercourse, 5, 11118, 1214, 145, 2334,
238
orgasm with intercourse, 11118, 124
intragenomic conflict, 7, 161, 164

low predation, 20, 216

Lubbock, Sir John, 185, 193
Macke, J. P., 97
Mackintosh, James, 177
male nipples, 116
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1735, 182,
1878, 190, 201
Margulis, Lynn, 3, 45, 703, 219, 221
mark-recapture, 13
Masters and Johnson, 111, 123, 230, 236
masturbation, 34, 104, 11516
mate guarding, 156
Medawar, Peter B., 22, 267, 29, 216
messenger RNA, 99
metazoan, 3, 37, 39, 445, 48
method of induction, 70
methylation, 58
Miller, Geoffrey F., 117, 1349, 223, 227,
2356, 2456
Mill, John Stuart, 123, 188, 205
Mitochondria, 72, 75, 222
mitochondrion, 3, 716
mitosis, 36, 423, 66, 72, 74, 76
Modern Synthesis, 10
monogamous, 110, 14950, 1623, 238
monogamy, 6, 147, 14950, 225, 239
moral codes, 127
moral sense, 7, 127, 1313, 173, 1768, 180,
184, 190, 192
morality, 2, 5, 127, 132, 1356, 13841,
147, 1512, 176, 17881, 186,
18990, 193
Morris, Desmond, 111, 232
mortality, 2, 15, 21, 24, 215 6
mortality rate, 11, 19, 21, 267, 2931
mourning rituals, 33
Mullers ratchet, 67
multicellular organisms, 3, 37, 49, 166
mutation, 220
mutation accumulation, 220

Copyright
jealousy, 133, 151, 156, 171, 239
Kant, 34, 1778, 180, 218
keystone species, 31
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 1845
Lamarckism, 185
Lecky, William, 177, 180
Leptopilina clavipes, 51, 52, 220
LeVay, Simon, 4, 97, 99, 1012, 22831
Levin, Roy, 113, 2324
Lewontin, Richard C., 118, 228
libido, 118
life history, 9, 10, 12, 1416, 18, 223, 26,
2931, 160, 164
life history evolution, 9, 12, 14, 20, 31,
21516
life history theory, 10
lifespan, 10
Lipton, Judith E., 11920, 2323, 2389
Lloyd, George, 203
locomotion, 146
longevity, 3, 134, 164
lordosis, 101

natural history, 2323

natural selection, 10910, 11824
balancing selection, 111
directional selection, 11112
fitness or reproductive success, 10914,
11718, 122
neural speed, 155
New Synthesis, 3, 234
Northern Range Mountains, 12, 14, 16
nucleus, 71, 72, 745, 101, 103, 105, 138

Index
obligate, 54, 57, 66
ocean sunfish (Mola mola), 9
offspring, 2, 5, 6, 911, 1516, 1819, 21,
236, 2831, 36, 42, 501, 534,
578, 635, 67, 712, 83, 87, 967,
100, 104, 11011, 114, 116, 128, 134,
137, 143, 14551, 154, 158, 1624,
1667, 16971, 177, 17980, 183,
1857, 189, 199, 210, 236, 2389
offspring size, 18, 19, 21
On the Origin of Species, 1, 4, 10, 63, 95, 173,
1756, 181, 182, 193, 215, 2202, 226,
2289, 231, 2356, 2478
organelles, 702, 75
oribatid mites, 59
origin and maintenance of sex, 67
ovaries, 100
oxidative phosphorylation, 72
pair-bond accounts, 11213
paradigm shift, 71
parasites, 54, 689, 151, 1667, 170
phenotypic plasticity, 223
phenotypic traits, 4, 98, 100
Pillard, R. C., 97, 228
Pisaster, 31
Plato, 45, 63, 182
pluripotent, 46
Poecilia reticulata, 1415, 17, 24, 215, 217
polyandrous, 6, 1623
Poor Laws 190, 196
population distribution (or distribution
curves) of female orgasmic ability, 109,
111
selective peaks in distribution curves,
109, 11112
flat distribution curve of orgasm 11112,
114
population densities, 32
populations, 2, 9, 13, 1519, 21, 23, 27,
2832, 38, 50, 52, 54, 57, 647, 69, 71,
778, 82, 867, 90, 91, 96, 115, 124,
133, 159, 175, 195, 211, 224
predator, 1112, 14, 21, 267, 74
prenatal environment, 103
prey, 12, 13, 19, 27, 2930, 34, 74, 109, 143,
145, 237
primary consumers, 31
Prochilodus mariae, 32
productivity, 28, 183

261

prokaryote, 3, 4, 70, 73, 76

puberty, 1003, 167, 229, 230
purple sulphur bacterium, 3
qualitative phenomena, 61
rape, 39
rationality, 45
reality, 2, 48, 623, 144
recessive gene, 97
reciprocal altruism, 129
recombination, 3, 50, 535, 131
religion, 335, 180, 190, 195, 206
reproductive effort, 1113, 15, 18
reproductive success, 1011, 2930, 85,
878, 97, 109, 116, 119, 129, 143,
16970, 181
reproductive value, 1011
residual reproductive value, 11
resources, 2, 9, 1012, 16, 18, 22, 301, 36,
43, 54, 87, 96, 1278, 130, 137, 1425,
1479, 169, 1756, 205, 237
retrotransposons, 55
Rivulus hartii, 1314, 17
Ruffi, Jacques, 41, 219
Ruse, Michael, 132, 228, 235

Copyright
same-sex mating, 95
Schallmayer, Wilhelm, 194
secondary consumers, 31
selection, 7, 29, 53, 95, 109, 111, 11314,
131, 178, 181, 183, 186, 1901, 193,
21518, 220, 224, 231, 2345, 239,
2401, 244, 247, 24851, 254
selectionism, 71
selfing hermaphrodites, 220
selfish genetic elements, 158, 162, 220, 243
senescence, 15, 22, 24, 21617, 244
serial indigestion, 73
sex determination, 221
sex hormones, 99
sexology research, 11013, 1245
variability in female orgasm, 10912,
11415, 1245
sexual antagonism, 164
sexual disorders, 110
sexual preference, 223
sexual reproduction, 1, 3, 36, 41, 437, 52,
57, 659, 75, 159, 1667, 1701
sexual selection, 5, 11116, 129, 131, 133,
135, 137, 139, 169, 225, 228, 2346,
2402, 246

262

Sex, Reproduction and Darwinism

female choice explanations of female

orgasm, 111, 11416, 1223
higher quality males, 114, 116, 122
sperm transport; uterine upsuck, 11314,
122
oxytocin, 11314
sickle-cell anemia, 106
small populations, 67
small variation in offspring, 64
Smith, Adam, 176
Smith, John Maynard 55, 65, 131
Smith, Peter Godfrey 118
Sober, Elliot,131
social and political philosophy, 70
social construction, 224, 226
social constructionism, 84
social environment, 85, 87, 99
Social Darwinism, 173, 190, 250
social species, 134, 151
species, 2, 3, 6, 810, 1314, 17, 23, 28,
304, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 47, 501,
57, 6172, 805, 925, 98, 1045,
12730, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139,
1417, 1506, 15963, 1667, 169,
1737, 1814, 186, 18991, 193, 195,
197, 213, 230, 2378
Spencer, Herbert, 175, 190
sperm, 5, 15, 501, 53, 100, 11314, 122,
1356, 162, 1667, 2313, 238
splicing, 58
spread of transposons, 56
stable over the generations, 66
stasis, 205
statistical features of populations, 66
struggle for existence, 1746, 187, 18991
stumptail female orgasms, 117
survival, 1, 4, 6, 10, 12, 19, 334, 367,
46, 48, 657, 713, 82, 856, 956,
1279, 132, 1414, 1478, 150, 154,
1667, 16971, 1745, 177, 179, 185,
1912, 1967, 206, 247
symbiosis, 70, 73
symmetry, 6, 7, 114, 135, 1535, 157, 159,
169
Symons, Donald, 1167, 1212, 2334

t-allele, 6, 162
tangled bank, 67
telomeres, 423
Tessman, 134, 1367, 2356
testis, 100, 238
testosterone, 97, 1003, 155, 16970, 229
The Naked Ape, 111, 232
Thornhill, Randy, 115, 232, 23942, 2446
Tille, Alexander, 176, 194, 198
tradeoffs, 1112, 31
transposable elements, 220
transposon insertions, 3
Trinidad, 2, 12, 1415, 28
Trivers, Robert L., 55, 129, 220, 234, 242
trophic cascade, 31
twin studies, 97, 139
twofold cost of sex, 34, 49, 55, 657, 75
ultra-parasitic elements, 158
variation of traits, 95
ventromedial nucleus, 101
vertical transmission, 56

Copyright

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1789, 1812, 191

Wallen, Kim, 11516, 230, 2334
Wedgwood I, Josiah, 185, 193
Weinrich, J. D., 97, 228
Weismanns barrier, 45
Williams, George C., 11, 22, 267, 29,
689, 128, 166, 21517, 221, 234, 244
Wilson, David S., 45, 81, 219, 222
Wilson, Edward O., 4, 85, 95, 143, 218, 225,
228, 234, 236, 238
Wilson, Robert S. 131
Wolbachia, 512, 58, 220
Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 128, 2345
xenophobia, 39
yeast, 53, 54, 159
Zahavi, A., 134
Zietsch, Brendan P., 117, 125, 2324
Zuk, Marlene, 34, 122, 218, 224, 233
-proteobacteria, 735