Infrastructural Analysis of Load Dispatch Centre

ABSTRACT
Electricity is a widely used entity by each human being though it is divided by
different types of consumers. It is used by each and every consumer daily like
a breath. Without electricity our life will be in dark. To provide electricity up to
our doors each & every component of a power system is working very efficiently
& continuously. If there is malfunctioning at any stage of operation of a power
system component, our switchgear is always ready to repair it again & present that
component for our service. Load dispatch center is a coordinating agency for
state electricity boards for ensuring a mechanism for safe and secure grid
operation. Load dispatch center is an important links between generation and
transmission, which co-ordinates the power requirements of consumers
of electricity. Load Dispatch center which is the nerve of our power system is
used to perform various functions. This paper explains the details of LDC, its
functions, its importance in a power system & its future scenario as it is a very
important factor of a power system. Terms and Keyword used:

LDC load dispatch center

SLDC state load dispatch center
RLDC- regional load dispatch center
DCC distribution control center
Act - The Electricity Act, 2003
CEA - The Central Electricity Authority
CERC - The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
DAS- Data Acquisition System
IEGC- Indian electricity Grid Corporation

1. INTRODUCTION
Power sector is reforming day by day to give us the uninterrupted & continuous
supply up to our homes. No. of new equipments are coming forth for fulfilling the above
purpose along with the simulation studies like load flow, economic load dispatch, control
units, tariff measurements etc.Power sector is a key infrastructure sector & is the
backbone of Indian economy. Installed power generation capacity in India has grown to
87 times since independence.Until 1980s Indian power sector was in growth phase
with many achievements to its credit. But by late 1980s almost all SEBs (state electricity
board) started showing signs of financial technical & governance failure. But after the
mergence of private companies SEBs were restructured with financial support like IPPs
(independent power producers).Before knowing about Load dispatch center it is
important to know about what is about electricity and how the electricity is
related with countries economy.Today electricity plays a key role in a society. In house,
offices, factories or farms electricity powers so many gadgets. It is the most
versatile form of commercial energy & it has been a key input to economic growth in turn
improving quality of life. It can be economically transported over long distances & easily
converted to heal, light, or shaft power. It does work for us, cannot be seen, heard, smelt
but still it is always with us without polluting the atmosphere.
The Indian Power System was demarcated in early sixties in five regions for
the purpose of planning, development and operation with a view to optimally utilize
the unevenly Distributed power resource in the country, as well as to achieve
economy, reliability and Security of supply. Five Regional Electricity Boards, viz.,
Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and North-Eastern were constituted to ensure
integrated operation of regional grids formed with progressive interconnection of
contiguous state power systems. Five Regional Load Dispatch Centers were also set up to
coordinate the operations of the Regional girds in real time. The regional grids were
strengthened with the establishment of large thermal, hydro and nuclear stations in
the Central Sector in which the states of the concerned region have shares. Central
Sector transmission system was constructed for Evacuation of power from these central
projects to the beneficiary states. The contiguous Regions have also been
interconnected through AC and HVDC back-to-back systems with the ultimate objective
of achieving a National Grid. Eastern & Northern-Eastern Regions operate in synchronous
mode while other regions operate independently and exchange power asynchronously
through HVDC back to back systems or through AC lines in radial mode.

2. EFFECT OF ECONOMY ON POWER SECTOR

In our country 70% of population living in villages. India is country of
villages, on the other hand India has many cities with excellent
infrastructure ,good industrial base $many R & D centers & excellent
academic institutions. All these needs electricity continuously in villages
plus in cities which shows our economic aspects.

Everyone needs energy in some or other form like agriculture, homes,

industries, government offices, commercial buildings, transport facilities,
different operating machines etc. It is also true that half of the population of
India depends upon non commercial sources of energy as they are not
using any appliance or advanced equipment for their daily routines eg. Use
of gobar gas in rural places, hand operated water lifting pulley etc. The main
users of commercial energy are industries, agriculture, domestic users &
transport sectors. Different power stations are in work to supply energy to us
like Hydro, Nuclear, thermal, diesel, bio gas, bio mass, solar stations, wind
farms, tidal powers etc. Following diagrams shows the Overview of
commercial energy supply by sources, consumption, & consumption by
different loads.

We know that power is the backbone of Indian economy and power

sector is also Doubling every 10-15 years like other infrastructure sectors.
Before looking actually towards the LDC it is important to know about the
power system, its Structure & the main components taking part to make its
flow successful.

3. POWER SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Right from generation to distribution or up to our premises power is not
directly coming but it has to go through ups and downs the whole journey.
Main wonder is how electricity generated reaches up to our homes
thousands of miles away. The main contribution is by the thing called power
system and to know about the power system it is essential to know its
block diagram and each component.

Power system
Network of generating stations, substations, and power lines is called as power system
It spans a large area. It has a 5 major blocks which are efficient in transforming power to
End user.

Electrical power production is the very important part of the complete electrical power
system. Once it is produced it must be distributed to location where it will be used.
Controlling of power is done by using no. of devices and equipments. To convert it to
different forms particular types of loads are used and the last block is for
measurement of energy without which control & conversion is difficult. Power system may
be a huge or a small network.eg. a small generating station operating on a waterfall
at the edge of village with power lines running to village square from where they
branch off to village homes a small power system or a system like Niagara falls. The whole
power system also uses different devices for different functions like data loggers,
data acquisition devices, SCADA, security monitoring systems etc. monitoring of power
quality is another issue which decides the thing that whether the provided power is of
harmonic free or not.
Loads which are creating harmonics are many so the harmonic mitigation is of utmost
importance. Hence quality monitoring is essential. For this purpose many computer
based measurement & automation products aid scientists and engineers in research,
design, valid production testing and field monitoring of industrial power sectors. Other
things like data transmission logging, acquisition, receiving, and economic load Dispatch,
load forecasting and load allocation is also important for power system.

Sub systems of the power system

The summarizations of 3 major blocks of a power system are
Generation :- production of a power (fuels or inputs are different)
Transmission and distribution :- produced power is transmitted or
distributed as per the consumers need.(underground or overhead)
Utilization: - use of electricity for different purposes.

Following are the block diagrams of the typical power system

For the healthy operation of a power system G, T, D, and U must

work in close Co-ordination. As per the requirement the generated
voltage can be lowered or raised for transmission purposes. In case
of a distribution levels are decided for different users like 33, 22,
11, 415 etc. It may be AC or DC hence distribution system is a 1st
inter phase of utility with consumer. So power system is like a
drama with many actors & director calling the tune. Power system
performs smoothly if all actors dance to same tune. Any abnormality
may lead to grid collapse as this drama is going all over the country
, spread over thousands of kilometres.

SCENARIO OF POWER SYSTEM BEFORE THE SETUP OF LOAD

DESPATCH CENTRES:
No Grid Discipline.
Low voltage, low frequency.
Frequent Grid failures.
Non optimum utilization of available resources.
No real time availability of data/ events occurring.
Inefficient Power System Operation & Load Management
Wide gap in Demand - Supply position (no regulation).
Low voltages at Consumer end.
High per Unit cost.

NECESSITY/OBJECTIVES:
To Provide Secure operation and Control of the Power System in the
country leading to GRID DISCIPLINE.
To provide
consumers.

Reliable , Uninterrupted and Quality power to the

For running the power system at maximum economy.

For getting real time information for speedy and efficient decisionmaking.
For meeting the demands of the ABT regime.

4.LOAD DISPATCH CENTER

At state level minute to minute operation of a power system is Co-ordinated from a LDC
which at the receiving end or load side. In one way LDC is a Wonderland as it is handling
no. of changes, demand supply irregularities daily.It gives safe and secure grid
operation. It is located in state capital. It is further connected to 3/4 sub LDCs which
in turn are connected to major substations and generating stations, hence LDC will
get information about major changes in generating station plus whether condition
information from different locations in the state. In earlier days it was only with few
telephones and few engineers to keep the record.
State LDC is connected to regional LDC (RLDC), where RLDC monitors a whole region
eg. Southern RLDC in Bangalore monitors A.P. tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondichery.
RLDC also gets information from generating station & substations of central utilities
(NTPC,NPC, POWER GRID etc). LDC at state plus regional level is connected to all these
locations using reliable communication media that can carry information and voice.

LDC must be equipped with essential facilities:

*Reliable and far reaching communication network
*Accurate SCADA system
*Fast data processor and data formatting system
*Reliable power supply for LDC equipment for all the time
*Visual display of important system data
*Integrity of operating engineers
*Basic amenities, utilities and logistics.

Typically LDC prepares:

*An hourly generation schedule for each generating station in advance.
*Also the maintenance schedule (prepared for the year in
*Advance for any equipment failure.) Which needed relative power gen. cost.
*Contractual agreements.
*Water/fuel availability
*Irrigation requirement and load requirement forecast.etc.

Power System in India

Electricity is a concurrent subject

Both State and Central Govt. responsible for development & management of
this sector

State Electricity Boards (SEBs)/STU responsible for development of intrastate transmission system
POWERGRID the Central Transmission Utility for development of interstate & inter-regional system
Power distribution responsibility is with State Govt. and Private owned
utilities

3 levels for Grid management system namely State, Regional & National

Hierarchy of Indian Power System:

NATIONAL POWER SCENARIO:

Installed Capacity in 1947
Installed Capacity as on 31.08.2007

1,300MW
1,35,000MW

Demand Estimates (FY2012)

16th EPS*

Energy Demand (Billion Units)

750

Peak Demand

155,000

Installed Capacity required to

195,000

meet peak demand (MW)

Additional Capacity Required (MW)

71,000

Present Energy Shortage

8.2%

Peak Demand Shortfall

13%

* Energy Survey by GOI

Transmission Network:
Synchronous Grid interconnecting four(4) regions of 90 GW capacity
geographically spread over 2.6 million sq. kms.
South(SR) is asynchronously connected

Transmission Grid$ (as on 30th September 2007)

765 kV / 400 kV Lines - 82089 ckt. km

220 kV Lines 116745 ckt. km

HVDC Bipole (3 nos.) - 2389 ckt. Km, 5 GW

HVDC back-to-back - 7 nos., 3 GW

FSC 18 nos.; TCSC 6 nos.

Inter-regional capacity More than 16 GW

Present Power Scenario

Installed Capacity (IC) 135 GW

Peak Demand (PD) 107 GW
Growth rate 8-9% per annum

Installed Capacity & Inter Regional links:

Inter Regional Link

MW Capacity

NER-ER

1,850

ER-NR

2,500

ER-SR

1,200

ER-WR

1,650

SR-WR

1,200

WR-NR

900

Talcher Kolar HVDC Bipole

2,000

Synchronous Operation of ER & NER:

Synchronous Operation of ER + NER & WR:

Synchronous Operation of ER + NER + WR & NR:

National Grid:- Present

Inter-regional capacity: 16.2 GW

NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTER

NRLDC is the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the power system
in the Northern Region.

The main responsibilities of NRLDC are:

To ensure the integrated operation of the power system in the Northern Region.
Monitoring of system parameters and system security.
Daily scheduling and operational planning.
Facilitating bilateral and inter-regional exchanges of power.
Analysis of tripping/disturbances and facilitating immediate remedial measures.
System studies, planning and contingency analysis.
Augmentation of telemetry, computing and communication facilities.
Computation of energy despatch and drawal values using SEMs.
Load generation balance and quality of supply
Maintenance scheduling of generating units and transmission lines
Economic load dispatch
Grid discipline
Load forecasting or demand estimation
System security and islanding facility
Black start preparedness
Energy distribution and load pattern study
Communication and SCADA management
Event analysis and preventive measures
Coordination with neighbor grids
Public relations and consumer interaction

Dispatchers study for load patterns:

*Industrial category of consumers (industries working in all 3 shifts)
*Industries working in day time with high power demand.
*Commercial category consumers like shops , offices ,show rooms operates during day
time (9 to 20.00 hrs. )
*Railway traction load have generally steady nature whole day.
*Water works require power for pumping drinking water for urban and rural areas
during early morning hours.
*Farmers also requires power for irrigation during day time .

400 KV GRID DIAGRAM OF NORTHERN REGION:

Zones and Flow gates in Northern Grid:

Significance of Unscheduled Interchange Mechanism in the

Indian Electricity Supply Industry:
The two fundamental characteristics of power delivered to a customer are frequency and
voltage. The short run supply-demand balance is indicated by frequency. Frequency is a
public good having large external effects. Stable operation of the interconnected
power system, requires that frequency be maintained within a certain tolerance as
defined by the standards adopted in a country.
Power systems all over the world have to make provisions for achieving a balance
between real time demand and supply. Power markets generally have control areas
that are prohibited from deviating from scheduled interchange. Concept of Area
Control Error (ACE) used to measure these instantaneous deviations takes into account of
both frequency and net excess flow out of a control area. Control areas are required
to keep their ACE near zero for maintaining a constant frequency in the
interconnection. This model for load frequency control used in developed countries may
be a good practice but given the techno-economic and socio-political realities
prevailing in India, it is currently incompatible with Indian power system.

Operating Frequency: 49 to 50.5 Hz

Pre ABT Settlement system:

The payment to Central Generating Station by a constituent proportion to total energy drawal -Recommendation of K.P.Rao
Committee Report.

Both Fixed and Variable charge was payable as per energy drawal

Based on Monthly Regional Energy Account- REA

Conventional Meter Readings

Fixed cost recoverable with deemed generation ( generation not

made available)

Incentive payable after accounting for deemed generation

Although a two part tariff- Single part for constituent

Inadequacies:
Non-utilization of Utilities Surplus Power
No incentive for Maximization of own/ IPP/captive generation
within a State as the cost of power paid is based on pooled rate of
ISGS stations.
No effective commercial mechanism for pricing deviations from
schedule.
Dumping of surplus power at High Freq
Forced Backing down/ Reserve Shut down
Deemed generation for backing down
Non-utilization of embedded IPP/Licensee surplus Power.
Administrative problems and no commercial arrangements for
utilization of this power. Any surplus remains unutilized.
Non-utilization of Pumped Storage Scheme
No commercial mechanism to draw cheap off peak power for
pumping. Bhira PSS/Kadamkadai is not being utilized in the
pumping mode.
Inability to Despatch Generation according to Grid requirement.
Generation of Licensees cannot be despatched as per Grid
requirements due to commercial problems.
Curtailment of Bilateral Transactions due to Grid Indiscipline.
Overdrawing State(s) deliberately increase drawls and cause
frequency to dip below 48.5 Hz so that inter-regional transactions
are terminated.
Absence of Merit Order Operation
As payments are based on drawls and not on shares/schedules,
fixed cost are not perceived as sunk costs.

Inherent Disadvantage:
No incentives for generators /utilities to respond to dispatch orders for
issues like frequency control
No Incentive for helping the grid
No disincentive for hurting the grid
No signal to generators to match availability with system needs
Did not promote Grid Discipline
No signal for trading of power.

Overall economy was lost.

Ultimate Effect:
Grid Indiscipline Low Frequency during peak
High Frequency during off peak
Control Instructions
Subjective decisions
Not based on overall economy
Perpetual Operational & Commercial Dispute amongst Utilities/Central
Generators
Poor Supply quality to consumers/industries
Damage to equipments
Shifting of Industries/Investments

The comprehensive solution:

ECC Report , NTF & RTF Proceedings
Availability Tariff for Bulk Power- Appropriate incentives
Plant Availability to replace PLF-Capacity ownership
Dispatch guidelines to Improve System parameters
Frequency
Voltage
Each SEB

to maintain its sovereignty.

Regn Grid : to operate as a loose

pool-Option

C
Increase in Trading Opportunities & Harnessing of Captive
Generation
ABT (self controlled mechanism)

Availability Based Tariff

Capacity Ch. + Energy Ch. UI
A

Links commercial mechanism & Grid Operation

Promotes grid operation
ABT Structure 3 parts of tariffs

A. Capacity charges
Proportionate to entitlements (not actual
drawals)
Full recovery at target availability (not PLF)
Incentives linked to Availability (80%) and PLF
(77%)
Incentives half of per KWh fixed charges at target
availability / capped at 21 p/u.

B. Energy charges
Payable for schedules (not as per actual drawals)

C. Unscheduled Interchange
Payable for deviations from schedules
Linked to average frequency for 15 minute time
block (graph enclosed)

UNSCHEDULED INTER-CHANGE RATE

Average frequency of 15 minute time

block

UI Rate (Paise / KWh)

50.5 Hz & Above

0.0

Below 50.50 Hz & upto 49.80 Hz

@ 8 paisa / .02 Hz

Below 49.80 Hz & up to 49.02 Hz

@ 18 paisa / .02 Hz

Below 49.02 Hz

1000

UI RATE Vs FREQUENCY
12.00
10.00

Rupees

8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
49.00 49.16 49.32 49.48 49.64 49.80 49.96 50.12 50.28 50.44
Frequency

The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a
rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a
contracted basis.
The Indian version of Availability Tariff comprises of three components: (a)
capacity charge, towards reimbursement of the fixed cost of the plant, linked to
the plant's declared capacity to supply MWs, (b) energy charge, to reimburse
the fuel cost for scheduled generation, and (c) a payment for deviations from
schedule, at a rate dependent on system conditions. The last component would
be negative (indicating a payment by the generator for the deviation) in case
the power plant is delivering less power than scheduled.

How do the beneficiaries share the payments:

The Central generating stations in different regions of the country have various
States of the Region as their specified beneficiaries or bulk consumers. The
latter have shares in these plants calculated according to Gadgil formula, and
duly notified by the Ministry of Power.
The beneficiaries have to pay the capacity charge for these plants in proportion to
their share in the respective plants. This payment is dependent on the declared
output capability of the plant for the day and the beneficiary's percentage
share in that plant, and not on power / energy intended to be drawn or actually
drawn by the beneficiary from the Central station. The energy charge to be paid
by a beneficiary to a Central station for a particular day would be the fuel cost
for the energy scheduled to be supplied from the power plant to the beneficiary
during the day. In addition, if a beneficiary draws more power from the
regional grid than what is totally scheduled to be supplied to him from the various
Central generating stations at a particular time, he has to pay for the excess drawl at
a rate dependent on the system conditions, the rate being lower if the
frequency is high, and being higher if the frequency is low.

How does the mechanism work:

The process starts with the Central generating stations in the region declaring their
expected output capability for the next day to the Regional Load Dispatch Centre
(RLDC). The RLDC breaks up and tabulates these output capability declarations as per
the beneficiaries' plant-wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load
Dispatch Centres (SLDCs). The latter then carry out an exercise to see how best they
can meet the load of their consumers over the day, from their own generating stations,
along with their entitlement in the Central stations. They also take into account the
irrigation release requirements and load curtailment etc. that they propose in their
respective areas. The SLDCs then convey to the RLDC their schedule of power drawl
from the Central stations (limited to their entitlement for the day). The RLDC
aggregates these requisitions and determines the dispatch schedules for the Central
generating stations and the drawl schedules for the beneficiaries duly incorporating any
bilateral agreements and adjusting for transmission losses. These schedules are then
issued by the RLDC to all concerned and become the operational as well as
commercial datum. However, in case of contingencies, Central stations can prospectively
revise the output capability declaration, beneficiaries can prospectively revise
requisitions, and the schedules are correspondingly revised by RLDC. While the schedules
so finalized become the operational datum, and the regional constituents are expected
to regulate their generation and consumer load in a way that the actual generation and
drawls generally follow these schedules, deviations are allowed as long as they do not
endanger the system security. The schedules are also used for determination of the
amounts payable as energy charges, as described earlier. Deviations from schedules are
determined in 15-minute time blocks through special metering, and these deviations are
priced depending on frequency. As long as the actual generation/drawl is equal to the
given schedule, payment on account of the third component of Availability Tariff is zero. In
case of under-drawl, a beneficiary is paid back to that extent according to the frequency
dependent rate specified for deviations from schedule.

Why was Availability Tariff necessary:

Promote competition, efficiency and economy- Merit order dispatch.
Competitive market based system.
Possibility of trading on a non-firm basis- selling of capacity entitlement.
Facilitating Grid discipline- Incentive and disincentive for deviation.

How does it benefit everyone:

The mechanism has dramatically streamlined the operation of
regional grids in India. Firstly, through the system and procedure
in place, constituents schedules get determined as per their
shares in Central stations, and they clearly know the
implications of deviating from these schedules. Any constituent
which helps others by under-drawl from the regional grid in a
deficit situation, gets compensated at a good price for the quantum
of energy under-drawn. Secondly, the grid parameters, i.e.,
frequency and voltage, have improved, and equipment damage
correspondingly reduced. During peak load hours, the frequency can
be improved only by reducing drawls, and necessary incentives are
provided in the mechanism for the same. High frequency
situation on the other hand, is being checked by encouraging
reduction in generation during off-peak hours. Thirdly, because
of clear separation between fixed and variable charges,
generation according to merit-order is encouraged and pithead
stations do not have to back down normally. The overall
generation cost accordingly comes down. Fourthly, a mechanism is
established for harnessing captive and co-generation and for
bilateral trading between the constituents. Lastly, Availability Tariff,
by rewarding plant availability, enables more consumer load to be
catered at any point of time.

OPEN ACCESS
Availability Tariff is primarily meant for long-term supply from generating
stations on a contractual basis and is not directly applicable for transactions
under open access and wheeling provisions in the Electricity Act,
2003. However, its third component (UI) has a great relevance. Open access
and wheeling generally involve two parties, one supplying a certain quantum
of power to the other through the regional / State grid. Any such
transaction involves a number of parties, and disputes could arise in
scheduling, energy accounting and commercial settlement, unless an
appropriate framework is in place.

Evolution of Power Market

in India

Capacity
Market
Ancillary
Market

PX 2008

Open
Access 2004

ABT 2002-03

IEGCFeb.2000

DEFINITIONS:
Section 2(47) of Electricity Act 2003
Open Access means the non-discriminatory provision for the use of transmission lines or
distribution system or associated facilities with such lines or system by any licensee, or
consumer, or a person engaged in generation in accordance with the regulations specified
by the Appropriate Commission
Bilateral transaction means a transaction for exchange of energy (MWh)
between a specified buyer and a specified seller, directly or through a trading
licensee or discovered at power exchange through anonymous bidding, from a
specified point of injection to a specified point of drawl for a fixed or varying
quantum of power (MW) for any time period during a month.
Short-term open access means open access for a period up to one (1) month at
one time.

Short-Term Open Access in Inter-State Transmission

(Bilateral Transaction)
Procedure for Scheduling
As per CERC Open Access Regulations, 2008 (dated 25.01.2008) &
Subsequent (Amendment) Regulations, 2009 (dated 20.5.2009)

GENERAL CONDITIONS/APPLICATION SUBMISSION:

As per OA regulations Dtd. 25/01/08 w.e.f 01/04/08 &

OA Amendment Regulations Dtd. 20/05/09 &
as per order-amendment to CTU procedure Dtd.28/10/09

RLDC will check if connectivity with CTU/ ISTS or STU system (as the case may be) is
established, necessary metering, protection, communication are in place, transfer
capability upto the CTU network for power flow of the quantum of injection/drawl
applied for is available on the date of application and whether the applicant has
undertaken to abide by the Central Electricity Authority (Technical Standards for
Connectivity to the Grid) Regulations, 2007.
Application to be submitted to::

Nodal RLDC where point of drawl is situated

& also to all RLDCs involved in the transaction

Application Contents

Details:: Buyer / Seller / Point of injection/ point of drawl / Contracted power

at supplier interface/ date/ time period (as per (Format-I-Application for
scheduling) along with application fee

SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION:

SLDC concurrance

Concerned SLDCs concurrence in advance (Format - II-Concurrance from

SLDC)

In case of deemed concurrance the applicant alongwith the aplication shall

submit duly notarized affidavit (Format-IIA-Affidavit-Deemed concurrance
from SLDC

RLDC concurrance

Bilateral Transaction having a State Utility or an intra-state Entity as a Buyer/Seller

in other region:: concurrence of the concerned Regional Load Despatch Centre(s).
Nodal applications to be considered first before giving other concurrance

ADVANCE SCHEDULING:

Advance Scheduling 3 months in advance

Separate Application

Month wise - each transaction

Time Line for submission

Last date for submission ( -10 / -5 / 0 days prior to end of current month MO
for transaction in M1, M2, M3)

Cut-off time of application: 17:30 Hrs. of last day (Day 0)

Request for concurrence (RLDC) by 12:00 Hrs. next day (Day 1)

Concurrence - by 20:00 Hrs (Day 1)

Congestion Information to Applicant next day 12:00 Hrs (Day 2)-FormatIV(Congestion information-Advance scheduling)

Revised Request next day 11:00 HRs. (Day3)-Format-V-Request for revision

due to congestion)

E-bidding in case of Congestion (Day 4)

Acceptance/Refusal of Scheduling Request (Day 5)-Format-VI-Acceptance

for scheduling.

e-Bidding Procedure:

Invitation of Bids from the concerned applicant

period of congestion

RTS/IR corridor expected to get over stressed

Only Registered Users

User ID & Password
Electronic submission website of CTU
Bid Closing time as specified
Single Price Bid
No Modification/withdrawal once submitted

Bid Price
In addition to Open Access Transmission charges
- Multiples of Rs. 10/ MWh . ( Min. Rs. 10/MWh)

Mandatory - Non-participation Rejection of Application

Acceptance - Decreasing order of Price Quoted

Equal Price Bids Pro-rata

Applicant getting approval < request Charges as quoted

Applicant getting approval=request Charges as paid by last applicant getting

approval = request

FIRST-COME-FIRST-SERVED BASIS:

Scope

FCFS shall be considered only when transactions are commencing &

terminating in the same calender month.

Separate Application for each month

To be submitted 4 days prior to date of Scheduling

Processing time 3 days on FCFS basis

Applications received during last 10 / 5 days of month of M0 would be considered

only after complete processing of Advance transactions for M1 & M2

Application Received upto 1730 hrs in a day to be processed together same

priority

Application Received after 17:30 Hrs. - to be considered as received next day

Congestion Management pro-rata.

DAY-AHEAD BILATERAL TRANSACTION:

Applications received within 3 days prior to the day of Scheduling and up to 15:00
Hrs. of the day immediately preceding the day of scheduling shall be treated as
same priority

Processing only after processing of the Collective Transactions of the Power

Exchange (s)

Congestion Management Pro-rata

SCHEDULING OF
CONTINGENCY:

BILATERAL

TRANSACTION

IN

Buying Utility/Trader on its behalf to make an Application to the Nodal RLDC

To be considered after 1500 hrs of the day immediately preceding the day of
scheduling

In case of intra-day/same day scheduling from 6th time block

Congestion Management Pro-rata.

INCORPORATION IN DAILY SCHEDULES:

Incorporation in Daily Schedules of the Regional Entities

Average energy losses - estimated on weekly basis

RLDCs ISTS (Inter Control area)

SLDC (Intra-State/Control area)

Resolution of 0.01 MW at each State/inter-Regional boundaries.

Losses on the system to be compensated by Drawing utility (net drawal schedule

after deducting losses)

Ramp-up- commencement of the transaction

Ramp-down- at the time of termination of the transaction

REVISON OF SCHEDULE:

Only in case of Advance Scheduling or First-Cum-First Served basis

Accepted schedule for Day-Ahead & Contingency transaction shall not be revised or
cancelled.

For period of revision/cancellation upto two days:: Original transmission/operating

charges

For period of revision/cancellation > two days:: Transmission Charges and

Operating Charges for the period beyond two (2) days shall be payable as per the
revised accepted schedule and for the first two (2) days as per the original
schedule.

Margin Available could be utilized for scheduling of other Open Access

Transactions.

Example:
Applicant has been scheduled for 10 days from 21st day of a month to
30th day of a month for 100 MW on round the clock basis (i.e. for 2400
MWh per day). If this Applicant, on or before 18th day of that month,
submits request for revision of schedule to 50MW on round the clock
basis (i.e.1200 MWh per day), the revised schedule will get implemented
from the beginning of the transactions (i.e. 21st day of the month). The
Applicant shall pay the Transmission Charges for 2400 MWh per day for
the period from 21st to22nd day of the month. Whereas for the period
from 23rd day to 30th day of the month, Transmission Charges shall be
payable for 1200MWh per day.
However, if the Applicant requests for such revision on 20th day of the month,
his request will be implemented from 23rd day of the month. He shall pay
Transmission charges for 2400 MWh per day for 2 days i.e. from 23rd to 24th
day of the month and for the remaining period he shall pay the Transmission
Charges based on 1200MWh per day.

CURTAILMENT IN CASE OF TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINTS:

In case of reallocation of GOI share leading to corridor constraints

Transmission constraint or to maintain grid security

Curtailed in the manner, which in the opinion of RLDC, would relieve

transmission constraints/ enhance grid security

For cancellation or curtailment of any transaction, among short-term,

medium-term and long-term transactions, short-term transactions shall be
cancelled or curtailed first, followed by medium -term and long term
transactions:

Within Short Term transactions bilateral would be curtailed first followed by

the Collective Transactions

Rerouting allowed without curtailment

Pro-rata refund of Transmission Charges.

DEFAULT IN PAYMENT OF OPEN ACCESS CHARGES:

Nodal RLDC, at its discretion

may not schedule the transaction or
may cancel the scheduling of already scheduled transaction or
may not entertain any Application of such Applicant in future until
such time the default is cured

Simple interest at the rate of 0.04 % for each day of default from the Due
Date of Payment

Cheque has been dishonored

No cheque payment - next three (3) months
Payment to be made by electronic transfer/demand draft

GENERAL CONDITIONS:

Entities which are making Application for the first time must submit the OneTime information as per enclosed format (FORMAT-VIII: Registration Form) to
the concerned nodal RLDC.

Application - through Post / fax

Any amendment/modification

fresh Application

Applications not been accorded the Acceptance

stand disposed off with suitable intimation to the concerned Applicant(s)

All costs/expenses/charges associated with the Application, including Bank Draft,

shall be borne by the Applicant.

Incomplete / vague Application

summarily rejected

No charges payable for a transaction shall be adjusted by against any other

payments/charges.

The Applicant shall abide by the provisions of The Electricity Act, 2003, Indian
Electricity Grid Code and CERC Regulations, as amended from time to time

Applicant shall keep each of the SLDCs/ RLDCs indemnified

Role of SLDC:
1) As per the Electricity Act, 2003, the State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) shall be the apex
body to ensure integrated operation of the power system in a State.
2) SLDC shall exercise supervision and control over the intra-State transmission system.
3)SLDC will be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control and
dispatch of electricity within the State through secure and economic operation of the State
grid in accordance with the Grid Standards and the State Grid Code.
4) The SLDC shall comply with the directions of the RLDC.SLDC shall keep accounts of the
quantity of electricity transmitted through the State grid.

5.USE OF SCADA IN LOAD DESPATCH CENTER

There are multiple agencies within a state engaged in generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity. State Load Dispatch Centre monitors these operations and
keeps the account of quantity of electricity transmitted through the state grid.
SCADA is a part of it. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System (SCADA)
is a high tech computer system with associated communication network that
enables supervision and control o f power system network. SCADA is the technology
that enables a user to collect data from one or more distant operator to stay or
visit frequently to the work locations. It includes the man machine interface.It
allows an operator to make set point changes on distant process controllers,
to open or close valve or switches, to monitor alarms to collect measurement
information SCADA is best applicable to processes that are spread over large
areas and it is suitable for
1. groups of small hydroelectric generating stations that are turned on and off .
2 .oil and production facilities, pipelines
located at far distances.

for

gas, oil, chemicals, water which are

3. Electric transmission systems irrigation system etc.

The direct benefits of a modern SCADA system are:

Constant access to Real Time picture of entire network showing power system
voltage, frequency, MW, MVAR, etc.
Supervision, monitoring and control of power in Real Time.
Optimal operation of power system, i.e. generation and associated resources.
Minimum of outage and faster restoration of the system in the event of Grid
disturbances.
Improvement in the quality of supply through better control of frequency,
voltage and other parameters.
Less dependence on basic telephone system. When it comes into existence.

6.FUTURE SCENARIO

GW

Projected Peak Demand and Installed

Capacity at 8% GDP growth

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

778
575

107135

220
158

306
226

425
323

592

437

2006-07 2011-12 2016-17 2021-22 2026-27 2031-32

Pead Demand

Source: Integrated Energy Policy, Govt. of India

Installed Capacity

Perspective National Grid

National Grid by 2012

NR
FATEHPUR

GORAKHPUR

AURAIYA
KANKROLI
RAPP

BALIA
MUZAFFARPUR

AGRA

PATNA

KOTA

MALANPUR
ZERDA
NAGDA

GWALIOR
UJJAIN

SAHU
PURI
500
MW

VINDHYACHAL
KORBA
WR POOLING
SIPAT
RAIPUR

WR

CHANDRAPUR

KOLHAPUR
PONDA

1000
MW

1000
MW

BIRPARA

SILIGURI
BARH
B'SHARIFF
NABI NAGAR
GAYA
MALDA
SASARAM

ER

DEHRI
BUDHIPADAR
RANCHI
ROURKELA
TALCHER

BALIMELA

1000
MW
GAZUWAKA

NARENDRAU.SILERU
BELGAUM
NAGJHARI

SR

Time Line

NER
SALAKATI
BONGAIGAON

The main things are make load dispatch center operations more complex than earlier
years are changes in system network, growth in consumer population, mix of fuel used etc.
also problems related to security , integration of various grids, forces the load dispatcher to
attain new dimensions. Load dispatch center has to handle and face no. of problems
regarding the electricity changes. In earlier days the methods used to communicate
oral instruction and manual intervention were somewhat unreliable in critical
situations.And this thing make necessary to adopt the new methods and
1)techniques like automatic control on generating units as well as important load centers.
This is for effective and timely control to avoid the major occurances of black out.This
aspect will also require the foolproof arrangement of reliable interlocks and back up
protection to ensure safe grid working.
2)Also the transmission switchyard will be properly equipped and no interference of
local staff except the experts.
3)Control actions taken by load dispatcher can not be bypassed.
4)The remote control of generation should be done through the governor controls to
improve generation. In recent years it is done by the automatic governor control.

Grid Management outlook:

Need for infusion of Intelligence in the Grid for

Growing demand for digital quality power

Increasing number of interconnections

Economic dispatch

Features of Intelligent Grid

Phasor measurements for Wide Area Monitoring

Adaptive islanding

Self-healing
Establishment of Power Exchange

7.CONCLUSION:
Day by day the technology is changing , new trends are emerging which are definitely
beneficial for utility side, power players and consumers too. In early days communication
was done by the telephones only. All the changes, information transfer, fault data,
generation and demand side requirement and all other data transfer depends upon the
means which were not adequate but somehow it was very difficult to keep the records
of all the above said things second to second as in many cases some information may
gets lost.
Hence a new technique named SCADA originates which helping the power sector a lot
by taking the form of load dispatch center. A real-time expert system now dergoing
considerable fault case for restoration guidance. The progress so far indicates a hopeful
future for a quick and accurate fault restoration support system. The system will
continue to be thoroughly tested in the field until it can be introduced into practical
service.
Also
automation
in communication process gives quick information and
response and all this happens at Load dispatch center.Hence this presentation conclude
that Load dispatch center is a very important and most useful factor of a power sector
in all sense.

Grid Management The Need

We need a a smarter Electrical Grid , one that is prepared for real-time information,
innumerable choices, quick decisions, and fast response. Weve already seen the benefits of
this in other industries. we file our taxes electronically, order books, clothes and even food
online. We communicate around the world at nearly the speed of light via email. But, we still
generate and deliver electricity much the same way we have for over a century.

CONTENT

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 (i)
(ii)

10
11
12
13
14

TOPIC
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EFFECT OF ECONOMY ON POWER SECTOR
POWER SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS
LOAD DISPATCH CENTER
NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTER
Significance of Unscheduled Interchange
Availability Based Tariff
OPEN ACCESS
Short-Term Open Access in Inter-State
Transmission
(Bilateral Transaction)
ROLE Of SLDC
USE OF SCADA IN LOAD DESPATCH CENTER
FUTURE SCENARIO
Grid Management outlook
CONCLUSION