Organic Chemistry Laboratory (2012 2013) 2A-BC Group 4 Experiment 2

Extraction
Julius Gabriel Fondevilla, Mark Ledge Gerona, Erick Guerrero, Danniel Iletp
Date Submitted: July 18, 2012

Abstract:
Extraction is the process of obtaining a substance from a mixture, solution, or compound by using physical, chemical, or mechanical means. It uses two immiscible phases to separate a solute from one phase into the other. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. In this experiment, caffeine was extracted from dried tea leaves by multiple extraction technique. 10.0 g of tea leaves was boiled in a solution of 4.4g of anhydrous sodium carbonate with 100.0 ml of distilled water and was extracted twice by adding 30.0 ml of dichloromethane (DCM) each time. The extract was drained and was transferred into an evaporating dish containing half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporating it to dryness. The percentage yield was computed by dividing the weight of the caffeine crystals (residue) by the weight of the tea leaves used. The percentage yield was 9.72% Results were compared with the results obtained from simple extraction in terms of their efficiency.

Introduction Extraction is a process that uses two immiscible phases to separate a desired solute from one phase to the other. Most commonly, an aqueous solution of the analyte is mixed with an immiscible organic solvent, such as hexane or chloroform, which results in transfer of the analyte (or the interferents) into the organic layer. After given some time to occur, the more dense liquid is separated from the less dense liquid. There are two main types of extraction in chemistry namely: Liquidliquid extraction (also known as Solvent extraction or Partitioning), which is divided into two more types (simple and multiple extraction), and the Solid-liquid extraction. Multiple Liquid-liquid extraction was used in this experiment to obtain how much caffeine is present in 10.0 g of tea leaves.

Methodology A solution of 4.4 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate with 100 ml distilled water was prepared and heated in a water bath until the solid was dissolved. Later, 10 g of tea leaves contained in 5 separate teabags were introduced to the said mixture and were boiled for 10 minutes. After boiling, the teabags were removed and any excess liquid was collected by pressing it against the side of the flask using a glass rod. 30 ml of dichloromethane was added to the separatory funnel. It was left to stand for 2 minutes (or more) until the separation between the two layers was clearly visible. The organic layer was drained into an Erlenmeyer flask and the aqueous layer was discarded. This procedure was done twice.

The extract was transferred into an evaporating dish containing half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate. This will serve as a drying agent by absorbing excess water. The extract was covered with parafilm with holes and was evaporated to dryness. Weighing of the extract after the extraction process was obtained by using an analytical balance. Beforehand, the evaporating dish was weighed by using a triple beam balance. The weight of the extract was actually obtained by subtracting the weight of the empty evaporating dish to the weight of the evaporating dish with the extract. The percentage yield was later computed after weighing. This could be done by obtaining the ratio of the weight of the caffeine crystals against the weight of the tea leaves used, then multiplying it to 100%.

Fig. 2 (Extraction Set-up) Results and Discussion Weight of Tea Leaves used Weight of Evaporating Dish + Caffeine Weight of Empty Evaporating Dish Weight of Caffeine Percentage Yield Fig. 3 Data Obtained 10.00 g 111.50 g

110.52 g 0.972 g 9.72%

4.4 g anhydrous sodium bicarbonate + 100ml distilled water Heat until the solid dissolves 10 g tea leaves contained in a teabag Boild 10 minutes add 30 ml dichloromethane Extract twice using separatory funnel Drain the organic layer and discard the aqueous layer

% Yield = (wt. of caffeine/wt. of tea leaves) * 100% % Yield = (0.972 g/10.0 g) * 100% % Yield = 9.72%

Organic Layer

Half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate Decant and evaporate Residue

Fig. 1 (Overview of Methodology)

After the entire process of extraction, decantation and evaporation, caffeine crystals were successfully collected. 0.972 g of caffeine was collected from 10.0 g of tea leaves. A percentage yield of 9.72% was computed after getting the ratio of the weight of caffeine against the weight of the

tea leaves used, then multiplying it to 100%. This means that for every 10 g of tea leaves an approximate amount of 0.972 g of caffeine would like be present which constitutes 9.72% of the tea leaves. REFERENCES
http://www.chemicool.com/definition/extracti on.html

Date Accessed: 7/18/2012

http://www.scribd.com/doc/25378352/MULTIP LE-EXTRACTION-OF-CAFFEINE-FROM-DRIEDTEA-LEAVES-USING-DICHLOROMETHANE

Date Accessed: 7/18/2012

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_purpose_doe s_sodium_sulfate_serve_during_the_extraction _of_caffeine_from_tea_leaves

Date Accessed: 7/18/2012 BOOK REFERENCES Skoog, D. A. (1991). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 7th edition. United States of America: Saunders College Publishing.