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Measuring PT Performance g Standards and Monitoring

Introduction to Public Transport Planning and Reform
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Relationship Between Measures and Standards

Measure
The Quantitative Degree of Attainment of An Objective (minimize crowding) j ( g) e.g., Number of Passengers/Vehicle

Standard
The Lowest or Highest Level of Performance Which Is Acceptable e.g., The maximum load on each bus (or tram)should be less than 160
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Why Are Measures and Standards Needed for Public Transport?

?
Helps assess adequacy and performance of current service
How do we know if service is good and reform is needed?

Provides direction on the design and g operation of services ti f i

How do we best use our resources?
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Key Development Criteria for Measures and Standards

Reflective of government policies and community needs Understandable to government decision makers and private companies/ operators Measurable
Quantifiable Replicable ep cab e
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Note
The examples in the following slides reflect measures that are consistent with best professional practice However, standards should reflect local policies, operating conditions, and financial resources
The standards in the following slides may g y not be applicable to all situations

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Design and Performance Measures Meas res and Standards

Design standards
Set basic minimums (maximums) for service design
e.g., stop spacing, service span

Performance standards
Set minimum performance levels for current services
e.g., on-time performance, crowding

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Design Measures and Standards

Policy measures of public availability Two types
Service Area
Geographic Coverage Access to Jobs Affordability Index

Individual Route/Corridor
St S Stop Spacing i Service Span Policy Intervals
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Amman

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Geographic Coverage
Measure Percent of Population Within Walking Distance to Bus Routes Maximum Walking Distance = 500 Meters
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation

Applicati on

Network

Bangalore
Bangalore

Amman
Bogot
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Access to Jobs
Measure Population-Weighted Average Percent of Area Jobs Within 60 Minutes Commuting Time by Public Transport Application Network Data Needs Population and Employment by D t N d P l ti dE l tb Analysis Zone Inventory of and Travel Times on Public Transport Routes
Similar measures can be used to assess access to health care and education
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Affordability Index
Measure 60 Monthly Bus Fares as a Percent of Average Monthly Household Income for the Poorest 20 Percent ( (Quintile) of Population ) Application Network/Company Standard Maximum of 10%

World Bank Technical Paper 68 Bus Services: Raising Standards and Lowering Costs World Bank Transport Papers TP-3 Affordability of Public Transport in Developing Countries

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Stop Spacing
Measure Distance between Designated Bus Stops Application Route Standard Maximum Distance Trunk Feeders
Pereira, Colombia

500 meters 300 meters

300 M
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Stop S St Spacing i

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Start 5 am

Span of Service

End 11pm

Total Clock Hours Over Which Public Transport Service is Operated Common spans of service
Work days
All day (covers both peak commuting periods) AM, PM peak commuting hours only Owl (early morning) service Owl

Saturday service Sunday (Friday) and holiday service

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Service Span
Measure Clock Hours During Which Service is Operated Application Route Standard Minimum Hours Day ay Work Non-Work (weekend)
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Se ce Span Service Spa Cover work travel (Longest span) Cover main shopping hours
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Interval (Frequency)
Time in Minutes Between Two Arrivals (or Departures) of Buses or Trains
e.g., at a interval of 10 minutes, a bus or train g, , departs every 10 minutes

Interval is the inverse measure of service frequency

(60/interval) = B (60/i t l) Buses/Hour /H

Sometimes called headway

Interval
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Policy Intervals
Measure Application Standard Minutes between Bus Arrivals Route Maximum Interval Route Type Trunk Feeder
Cali, Colombia

Minutes 8 15

Interval
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Performance Measures Meas res and Standards

Attributes important to users
Some measures may be used in contracts as incentives or penalties

Examples
Vehicle Dependability Vehicle Reliability Schedule Reliability Capacity
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Vehicle Dependability
Measure Percentage of Trips That Are Dispatched and Operated Application Route/Network Standard Minimum Percentage of Trips Dispatched and Operated Dispatch 99.8% of Pull-outs (a Bus Leaving a Garage or Depot to Provide Service) Operate 99.5% of Trips
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...MTA Long Island Bus Nassau County, New York

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Vehicle Reliability
Measure Average Kilometers between Mechanical Breakdowns Application Company/Type of Service Standard S d d 10,000 20,000 10 000 to 20 000 KM Value depends on local street conditions

Mjico DF
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Schedule Dependability (Regularity) Low Frequency Routes

Measure Percentage of Trips Operated OnTime Application Network/Company/Route pp p y On-time = 0 to 5 Minutes Late Minimum of 80% to 95% Depends on local traffic conditions Measure used when passengers rely on published schedule (generally headways greater than 12 minutes)
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Standard

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Schedule Dependability (Regularity) High Frequency Routes

Measure Percentage of Trips Within 90 Seconds of Scheduled Time

Application Network/Company/Route Standard Minimum of 80%

Bogot TransMilenio g

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Capacity
Maximum number of passengers that can be carried on a vehicle = Number of seats + Number of permitted standing passengers
e.g., Number of Seats on the Bus = 48 Number of Permitted Standing Passengers = 112 Capacity of the Bus = 48 + 112 = 160 Passengers
Bangalore

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Reasons Vehicle Capacities Vary

Number of doors
Affect loading/unloading times, seating space

B i design Basic d i
e.g., low-floor buses have less space, but faster loading times

Space allocation for seats/standing areas

Carrying capacity ( p y g p y (operations efficiency) versus y) quality of service provided tradeoff More seats provided when long standing times

Standing passengers/meter2 policies

Carrying capacity (operations efficiency) versus quality of service provided tradeoff Reflect local comfortable personal space norms
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Mumbai Suburban Train System

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Wuhan LRT

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Tokyo Suburban Train

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Passenger Volume at the a u oad o t Maximum Load Point

BMTC

Maximum Passengers on PT Vehicles anywhere on Route Maximum load point typically on edge of downtown for routes serving core Used for scheduling vehicles
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Passenger Demand Profile for Radial Route Ro te

Pass sengers Onb board Leavi ing Stop

120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Electronic City Kudlu Gate Madiwala Maharanis College Stops
VIII-27 V-27

City Market

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Occupancy Factor
Measure Passengers at Maximum Load p y Point as a Percent of Capacity Application Route/Time-of-Day Standard Minimum 65% Maximum 80%
Manila Light Rail Transit Authority

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BMTC

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Typical Route Monitoring Techniq es Techniques

Driver/Conductor Counts Point Counts On/Off Counts Station Entry/Exit Counts Travel Time Surveys Passenger Surveys
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Driver/Conductor Counts
Method Drivers or conductors count p passengers as part of the fare g p collection process. Turnstile counts may be used.

Limitation Drivers (conductors) on interlined routes must be careful to separate and record counts

Driver Pereira, Colombia

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Conductor Bangalore

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Key Data and Uses Driver/Conductor Counts Dri er/Cond ctor Co nts
Total Boardings by Trip
Assess productivity Revise the service design

Revenue by Trip
Assess productivity

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Point Counts
Method Data collector stands at a bus stop and records passenger load and arrival (or departure) time time. Count Passengers Count Empty Seats Count Standing Passengers and Empty Seats

Procedure Light Loads Heavy Loads Standing Loads

Problems Tinted windows or full bus advertising may require data collector to board bus

Bangalore
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Many Routes Can Be Covered At Once in a Radial System S stem

Route 1 Route 3 Route 2

Maximum load point Central City

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Key Data and Uses Point Checks

Load count
Assess crowding

Arrival (departure) times ( p )

Assess schedule adherence Revise scheduled running times g

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On/Off Counts
Method A data collector rides the bus and, at each stop, records: Passenger ons and offs Bus arrival (departure) times at time points. Option Automatic Passenger Counters

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Key Data and Uses On/Off Counts Co nts

On and off counts by stop
Assess crowding Revise the service design through analysis of the passenger loading profile

Arrival (departure) times

Assess schedule adherence Revise scheduled running times
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Load Profile Diagram Radial Bus Route B s Ro te

Passenge Onboard Leaving Stop ers d S

120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Electronic City Kudlu Gate Madiwala Maharanis College Stops City Market

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Load Profile Diagram Grid G id or Crosstown Bus Route C t B R t

60
Passengers Leaving Stop g

50 40 30 20 10 0
Market Offices Bus Route Stop Shops Bus Route

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Automatic Passenger Counters Can Collect On/Off Data

Location of bus (AVL = Automatic Vehicle Location) )
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Passenger counting (APC)

Infra red logic Infra-red

Ti Time from on-board clock f b d l k

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Station Entry/Exit Counts

Method Passengers entering and exiting stations are counted using turnstiles or IC/Smartcards

Information 1. Entering and exiting passengers by station 2. Can estimate travel patterns between stations (origins-destinations) t ti ( i i d ti ti ) 3. Can estimate passenger boardings and loads per route 4. Can ti t 4 C estimate on/offs b station / ff by t ti

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Manila MRT

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Travel Time Surveys

Method Data collector records arrival/ departure times at stops, intersections, and points of delay. Option: Can use automatic vehicle location (AVL) Information 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Running times between stops Stop dwell times Delay times at traffic signals Delay ti D l times due t congestion d to ti
San Francisco

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Passenger Surveys
Method Passengers are surveyed on the bus. The forms are distributed by drivers drivers, data collectors, or special survey staff.

Information 1. Passenger characteristics (e.g., car , , g ,g ) available, income, age, gender) 2. Travel patterns (e.g., purpose, origins/destinations, frequency) 3. 3 Evaluation of service quality, quality amenities

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Example of Survey Card

Number 32,546

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Summary
Defined and provided examples of key measures and standards.
Many areas use similar measures to assess PT performance However, less commonality among standards since they depend on local conditions, available funding, and public policy.

Discussed service monitoring methods that support common measures and standards
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