EXERCISE OBJECTIVES

To be familiar with the essential parts of a dynamo machine, their design and features of construction.

MATERIALS USED:
Dynamo

DISCUSSION
A dynamo is a rotating device which transform mechanical power into electrical power or vice versa. This isaccomplished by establishing a relative motion between conductors in the armature and flux produced in the field. The different parts of a dynamo are shown in the figure below. The two essential parts of d.c. machines are: 1 Armature- revolving part in which the voltage is induced (generator action) or force is developed (motor action). 2. Field- stationary part which produces the magnetic flux required for generator or motor action. The armature core is made up of iron laminations and has slots on its perphery. The windings are placed in the slots and the ends are connected to the commutator assembly attached to the same shaft. By means of brushes, the voltage is brought out or inside the dynamo. The field windings are wound pole cores. The windings are usually made up of magnet wires. When current passes trough these wires flux is produced in the poles. This flux will be cut by the conductors in the armature which will case the generation of the voltage or existence of force in the conductor. The field yoke support the poles. The yoke and foot constitute the frame of the machine. While the yoke mechanically supports the machine, it also forms a part of the magnetic circuit. It is usually made of cast iron, cast steel or rolled steel. Commutator in the dynamo functions just like a rectifying valve for it reverses the alternating current generated in the consuctors and conducts the rectified current to the external circuit as direct current. In case of motor action, the commutator reverses the armature current when conductors pass from one pole to another pole of opposite polarity. The commutator assembly is made of copper segments insulated from each other and from the shaft of the machine. Armature coils are connected to a rising projection of the commutator called the riser.

The voltage between the adjacent commutator segments of a dynamo must not exceed the safe insulating value of the insulation between segments. There is a voltage induced in every conductor of direct current generators or motors which are subjected to rapid changes in load. The voltage is proportional to the rate of change of current through the armature. Its magnitude when superimposed with the voltage generated in the same conductor due to the rotaion of the armature through the main field flux may become high enough to start a damaging flashover or current flash between adjacent segments of a commutator. The existence of high voltage between segments may be avoided by using compensating windings which are conductors found in slots placed in the pole faces. This windings are very essential on motors used in rolling mills and in generators subjected to sudden changes of load, as in an electric railway service.

PROCEDURE
1. Open a dynamo and take note of the following parts: a. Armature d. Field yoke b. Bearing c. Commutator e. Frame f. Field winding g. Poles h. brush i. Pig tail

2. Investigate the material of construction of each of the parts and note how are they assembled.

3. Count and record the number of commutator bars and brushes. Note how pressure exerted by the brushes on the commutator may be adjusted.

4. Count the number of slots o the armature and the number of poles in the dynamo. Check the polarity of the poles by means of a magenetic compass.

REPORT
1. Draw the cross sectional and view a 4 pole dynamo and show the path of magentic flux.

2. Draw a cross section of the commutator assembly and note of the following parts:segment, riser insulation.

3. Why is the pole show extended beyond the pole corner?

4. Why are the field poles and the armature core laminated?

5. What is the purpose of the brushes ? of what material it is ususally made ?what is the purpos of the pig tail? -The purpose of the brush is to collect current from commutator and is usually made of cafbon or grahite.

6. Discuss the effects of too much and too small brush pressure on the operation of the machine?

DATA:
PART Armature Bearing Commutator Field yoke Frame Field winding Poles magnet wires steel copper cast iron, cast steel or rolled steel DESCRIPTION MATERIAL Iron lamination

Brush Pig tail

Carbon/graphite copper

Number of commutator bars = 49 bars Number of slots in armature = 25 slots Number of Field poles = 4 poles

OBSERVATION:
This experiment illustrated the differnt parts of dynamo and its functions. When we perform this experiment we consume a lot of time because of the availability of the dynamo which is it is only one. Each part of the dynamo is made from metal like copper wires etc. And also we use galvanometer to measure the output voltage that it exert when the dynamo is rotated. We observed that when we rotate the dynamo in clockwise it exert a positive violtage and the buld is lighting and when we rotate in counter clockwise it gives negative voltage and the bulb dosnt light and it seen in the galvanometer.

CONCLUSIONS:
We became familiar with the essential parts of a dynamo machine, their design and features of construction. We gain a knowledge how it works and we understand what is the contribution of there parts because of there discription and its function. This experiment help us to recognize all the parts of dynamo and to sync in our mind that it is very usefull to makes our works esier.

National University
551 M.F Jhocson St. Sampaloc, Manila College of Engineering

Experiment no. 1 STRUCTURAL STUDY OF A DYNAMO

Date Performed: June 20, 2012 Date Submitted: June 27, 2012 Submitted by: Baua, Kim Kenneth N. Submitted to:

Dr. Delia Fainsan