4.

Elementary Transcendental Functions

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions
RUTHZUCKER'

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties . . . . . .
4.1. Logarithmic Function. . . .
4.2. Exponential Function . . . .
4.3. Circular Functions . . . . .
4.4. Inverse Circular Functions . .
4.5. Hyperbolic Functions . . . .
4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

67
67
69
71
79
83
86

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89
89

References

93

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Table 4.1. Common Logarithms (100 52 S 1350) . . . . .

log,, x, ~=100(1)1350, 1OD
Table 4.2. Natural Logarithms (0 1 2 5 2 . 1 ) . .
In X, 2=0(.001)2.1, 16D

95

. . . . .

. . . . . 100

Table 4.3. Radix Table of Natural Logarithms : . . . . . . . . . . . 114

In (1+x), -1n (1-x),
r=lO-"(lO-")lO-"+l, n=10(-1)1, 25D
Table 4.4. Exponential Function (0 5 1x1 I 100) . . . .
e=, fx=0(.001)1, 18D, 2=0(.1)5, 15D
~=5(.1)10, 12D, -~=0(.1)10, 20D
fx=0(1)100, 19s

. . . . . 116

Table 4.5. Radix Table of the Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . 140

e*, e-*, x=lO-"(lO-")lO-"+l,
n=10(-1)1, 25D
Table 4.6. Circular Sines and Cosines for Radian Arguments (0 1 z I 1 . 6 ) . 142
sin x, cos x, x=0(.001)1.6, 23D
Table 4.7. Radix Table of Circular Sines and Cosines . . . . . . . . . 174
sin x, COS 5, x=lO-n(lO-")lO-n+l,
n=10(-1)4,
25D
Table 4.8. Circular Sines and Cosines for Large Radian Arguments
(0<x<1000)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
sin x, cos 2, x=O(l)lOO,
23D, s=100(1)1000, 8D

National Bureau of Standards.

66

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.9. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants for page
Radian Arguments (0 S z 5 1.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
tan z, cot z, sec z, csc 2, x=0(.01)1.6, 7 to 9D
x-'-Cot 2, csc z-x-~, ~=0(.01).5, 8D
Table 4.10. CircularSines and Cosines to Tenths of a Degree (0' _<0_<90")
sin 0, cos 0, ~=Oo(.lo)900,15D

. 189

Table 4.11. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants to

Five Tenths of a Degree (O'SOS90') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
tan e, cot e, 8=Oo(.5')9O0, 15D
sec e, CSC e, e=0(.50)900, 8D
Table 4.12. Circular Functions for the Argument x
2
U

sin -2, cos -x, tan -2, cot -x, sec -x, cac -2,
2
2
2
2
2
2

( O S x 51) . . . . 200

x=O(.O1)1, 20D

Table 4.13. Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

2ur
2n-r
sin -t
cos -t
r=l(l)[s/2], s even
S

r=l(l)[(g-l)/2],
~=3(1)25, 10D

s odd

Table 4.14. Inverse Circular Sines and Tangents ( 0 5 ~ 1 1 ) .. . . . . . 203

arcsin 5, arctan x, z=O(.OOl)l, 12D
f(x)=[2(1-z)]-*[3r-arcsin
z], x=.95(.001)1, 12D
Table 4.15. Hyperbolic Functions (0 I x I 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3
sinh z, cosh 5, 2=0(.01)2, 9D, x=2(.1)10, 9D
tanh z, coth x, 2=0(.01)2, 8D, 7D, x=2(.1)10, 10D
Table 4.16. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions for the Argument rz

(OSxSl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e*", sinh m,cosh rx, tanh m, x=O(.O1)1, 10D

219

Table 4.17. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions (0 I z _<a ) . . . . . . . . . 221

arcsinh z, arctanh z, z=O(.Ol)l,
9D
arcsinh x, (arccosh x)/(Z9-1)*, 2=1(.01)2, 9D, 8D
arcsinh a-ln x, arccosh x-ln x, x-'=.5(-.01)0, 10D
Table 4.18. Roots z, of

COS

z, cosh x,=

Table 4.19. Roots x, of tan z,=Xz,

-X=0(.05)1, n=1(1)9, 5D
X-'=-1(.05)1, n=1(1)9, 5D

f 1, n=1(1)5, 7D . . . . . . 223

(-a

SXSO,

l<X<-)

. . . . . 224

Table 4.20. Roots 5. of cot x n = k . ( 0 5 X S a ) . . . . . . . . . . . 225

X=0(.05)1, h=1(1)9, 5D
X-'=1(-.05)0,
n= 1 (1)9, 5D
The author acknowledges the assistance of Lois K. Cherwinski and Elizabeth F. Godefroy
in the preparation and checking of the tablea.

Mathematical Properties
Logarithmic Identities

4.1. Logarithmic Function

4.1.6

Integral Repmeentation

(i.e., every value of Ln (zlzz)is one of the values

of Ln zl+Ln zz.)

lnz= JZ -

4.1.1

Ln (zlzz)=Ln zl+Ln zz.

4.1.1

In (zlzz)=ln zl+ln zz
(-<ax
zl+arg zZl?r>

4.1.8

Ln '=Ln

4.1.9

In '=In
za

zl-Ln z2

22
Z

zl-h zz
(-.<arg

Ln zn=n Ln z

4.1.10

FIGURE
4.1. Brunch cutfor In z and z".
(a not an integer or zero.)

where the path of integration does not pass

through the origin or cross the negative real
axis. In z is a single-valued function, regular in
the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, real
when z is positive.
z=s+iy=ref@.
4.1.2

I n

z=ln r+i6 (-r<65*).

Ln z=J*

In 1=0

4*1*12

4.1.13

In 0=-

4.1.14

In (-1)=l.i

k being an arbitrary integer. In z is said to be the

principal branch of Ln 2.

4.1.15

In (*i)=d+ri

4.1.16 In e=1,

e is the real number such that

SI6

$4

4.1.17 e=lim

w-

3'

(1+-

=2.71828 18284. . .
(see 4.2.21)

Logarithms to General Base

4.1.18

log, z=ln z/ln a

log, z
log, a

4.1.19

log,

4.1.20

1
log. b=log, a

4.1.21

log, z=ln z

where the path does not pass through the origin.

4.1.5
Ln (ref@)=ln(re0)+2klri=ln r+i(6+2k~),

arg z l r )

(see chapter 1)

Special Values

The general logarithmic function is the manyvalued function Ln z defined by

4.1.4

(n integer)

In z"=nln z
(n integer, -?r<n

4.1.11

4.1.3 r=(s*fyl)f,
s=r m s 6, y=r sin 6,
@=amtanY
;

zl-ax Z Z I ~

2=-

4.1.22 log,, z=ln dln lO=log10 e In z

=(.43429 44819. . .) In z
67

68

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.1.23 In z=ln 10 log,, z=(2.30258 50929. . .) log,, z

4.1.35

2
32

Iln (1--2)1<

(O<z5.5828)

(log, x=ln 2, called natural, Napierian, or hyperbolic logarithms; log,, 2, called common or Briggs
logarithms.)

4.1.36

ln 252-1

Series Expansions

4.1.37

In z5n(x1'"1) for any positive n

In (l+z)=z-$z2++z3-. . .
(12151 and

4.1.24

(X>O)

(x>O)

22-1)

4.1.38

4.1.25

(In (l+z)lI---In (l-lzl)

(121<1)

Continued Fractions

4.1.39
(92

4.1.26

In

13)
(z in the plane cut from -1 to - a )

. .

2=(2-1)-+(2-l)2+~(2-l)3-.

(12-1151,

4.1.M
ZZO)

ln('f")=----. 22 Z2 4Z2 9Z2 . .

1-2
1-3-5-7(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

4.1.27

(9210,

4.1.28

In (*)=2
Z-

(A+-+-+.
1
1
2 3z3 5z6

Polynomial Approximations 2

ZZO)

4.1.41

. .

-z<J<ol
4%-

4.1.29

+i(&)J+
*

.]

Limiting Values

lim 2-=h
2=0

4.1.30

z+m

(a constant,

4.1.31

lim

P In

9a>O)

x=O

2%

(a constant,

9a>O)

4.1.32
=y (Euler's constant)

=.57721 56649. . .
(see chapters 1, 6 and 23)
Inequalitiea

4.1.33

-<In

l+x

(l+z)<s
(2>-1,

4.1.34

z<-ln

(l-z)<

ZZO)

2
1-2

@<I,

ZZO)

4.1.42

L X 5 J T t i

JE-

69

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.1.4

O<z<l

4.1.52
In (1 +z) ' a l z + ~ ~ 2 + ~ ~ + a 1 2 4 + a ~ ~ s + a 6 ~ e 4.1.53

+a7z7+ad+c (5)

l(z)l53x10-8
.99999 64239
49987 41238
%= .33179 90258
~ 4 =-. 24073 38084

&'-.

US=

16765 40711
09532 93897
= .03608 84937
-.00645 35442
.

p n [z+(z'f l)t]dz=z In

[z+(z2f

1)+]-(2*&1)+

4.1.54

U6=-.

~ 7

Approximation in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomiak 8

05x51

4.1.45

Definite Integrals

Tn*(z)=cosn8, cos e=2~--1 (see chapter 22)

4.1.55

dt=--n3/6

1'E

4.1.56
n
0
1
2 -.
3
4 -.
5

An
.37645 2813
.34314 5750
02943 7252
.00336 7089
00043 3276
.00005 9471

An
6 -. 00000 8503
7 .OOOOO 1250
8 -. 00000 0188
9 .OOOOO 0029
10 -. 00000 0004
11 . 00000 0001

Differentiation Formulas

4.1.4'7

dn
-In
dz"

Series Expandon

4.2.1
(2=z+iy)

Fundamental Properties

z=(-l)n-l(n-l)!e-n

4.2.2 Ln (exp z)=z+2kni

4.2.3

z3

where e is the real number defined in 4.1.16

4.1.48

4.1.50

(see 5.1.3)

4.2. Exponential Function

Integration Formulas

4.1.49

&=Zi(z)

e'=exp z=l+-+-+-+
l! 2! 3!

d
1
z=- Z
zln

4.1.46

fo'

4.1.57

dt=--s2/12

SIn z dz=z In z-z

(n#-1,

I n

(k any integer)

(exp z) = z (-r<Yz

5r)

4.2.4

exp (ln z)=exp (Ln z)=z

4.2.5

- exp z=exp z

d
dz

DeGnition of General Powers

n integer)

4.2.6

If N=u',then z=Loga N

4.2.7

a'=exp (z In a)

4.2.8

4.1.51

(nf-1)

If a=la1 exp (iarg a) (- r<arg

4.2.9

Idl=(alze*Uga

4.2.10

arg (a')=y In lal+z arg a

4.2.11

Ln az=z
*The approximation 4.1.45 is from C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids a m p . 8, 143-147 (1964) (with permission).

a <r)

I n

a for one of the values of Ln a'

4.2.12 In az=z In a
4.2.13

(a real and positive)

1e.l =e+

70

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCXIONB

4.2.14

arg (ez)=y

4.2.15

azaa4 =a"+*

4.2.16 a%'= (ab)'

Special Values (see chapter 1)

a+arg bsr)

(-r<arg

4.2.22

e=2.71828 18284..

4.2.23

eo= 1

4.2.24

em=w

4.2.25

e-m=O

4.2.26

e*d= -1

*d

a=fi

4.2.21

4.2.28

eWki

= 1 (k any integer)

Exponential Inequalidea

If z is real and difTerent from zero

4.2.29

--r

e '-X<l--z<e-r

4.2.30

FIGURE
4.2. Logarithmicand ezponentialfunctions.

4-2.31

Periodic Property

4.2.32

4.2.17

eZ*Tki=eZ

(k any integer)

4.2.33

(2<1)
8>1+2

1
e<1_2

4.2.19

(z>-1)

z<(e.-l)<&

(z<l)
r

4.2.34

eg~e+=eZa+Y

(- T
~,z<

_<T )

5 T ) can be

removed

(era)q=eza+

The restriction (- r<9zl

if z2 is an integer.

Limiting Values

4.2.20
lim z=e-'=O
I+-

4.2.21

((argzI 5)r-c<*r,

402.35
4.2.36
4.2.37

a constant)

4.2.38
m-m
lim

(l<iT=ez

1)

-<(1-e-3<2
l+z

Exponential Identities

4.2.18

(5<

4.2.39
Continued Fractions

Z+z>e'+f

(%>o,

ez>l+g

(z>-I)

IT

eZ> 1+- '>e=

e-Z<l--

S>O)

I,1 zI<I~P- la1<i

(z>O, y>O)
(O<z<

ZI l <O(

le'-l(_<e'rl-151z1e'rl

1.5936)
zl<l)

(dz)

Approximations in Terms of Chebyehev Polynomials 6

4.2.42
e2a

2=1+-

2a aZ+l u2+4
-a2+9
z-a+ 3 Z + 5Z+ 7Z+
~

'

4.2.48
O_<X_<l
c(z)=cos ne, cos e=2~--1 (see chapter 22,
m

(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

(D

e z = C AnT*,
(2)

e-'=

n-0

Polynomial Approximations4

4.2.43

O s z l l n 2=.693.

e-'= 1 +alzfa&+r(z)

((z)ls3xlO-3
~1=-.9664
4.2.44

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

. .

~2z.3536
Olzsln2

ul= -.9998684
~ 2 '
.4982926
4.2.45

05zSln 2

e-== 1 + u l z + ~ z z + u ~ 2 + u 4 z 4 + u ~ ~
+a6ze+a7z7+c(2)

I(z)1 52x 10- lo

~1=-.99999 99995
U2=
.4999999206
~3=-.16666 53019
~ 4 = .0416573475
4.2.46

4.2.47

~3=.2080030
a d = . 12680 89

An
.64503 5270
-.31284 1606
.038704116
-. 00320 8683
.00019 9919
-. 00000 9975
.OOOOO 0415
-. 00000 0015

- uz=aLIn

d
dz

4.2.52
d
- zz=(l+ln z)z'
dz
Integration Formula.

4.2.55

P d z =eaz/u

ea'
zneazdz=a,,, [(az)"-n(az)"-*+n(n-l)

+ . . . +(-l)n-Ln!(az)+(-l)~!]

(a~)"-~
(n20)

4.2.56

0_<2<1

loz= (1 +a1z+a& +u32+u,z4+u&

+a69

lf(2) 5
<

ai=l. 15129 277603

Uz= .66273 088429
~ 3 = -25439 357484
~ 4 = .07295 173666

+Q.7z7)z
+(2)

(See chapters 5, 7 and 29 for other integrals

involving exponential functions.)

x 10-8
01742 111988
a6=.00255 491796
~ 7 00093
= .
264267

4.3. Circular Functions

WfiniUOM

US=.

The n proximations 4.2.43 to 4.2.45 are from B. Carlson, M. Eoldstein, Rational approximation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos,
N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).
6 The approximations 4.2.46 to 4.2.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).
4

4.2.51

4.2.54

5 7 x lo-'

Ul=1.1499196
uZ=
.6774323

dn &"a"&'
dz"

~5=-.00830 13598
a(= .0013298820
U7=-.OOO14 13161

lo"= (1 +alz+a2zz+aa23+a4~4)2+~(~)
le(2)I

4.2.50

4.2.53

05x51

(2)

d
dz
ez=ez

4.2.49

a3=-.15953 32
~ 4 = .0293641

A, 2
':

Differentiation Formulae

-1 +als+a~2+a~;ca+a4z4+(z)

le(z)l53 x 1 0 4

n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

An
1.75338 7654
.85039 1654
. 10520 8694
.00872 2105
.00054 3437
.00002 7115
. 00000 1128
. 00000 0040
. 00000 0001

n-0

4.3.1
4.3.2

sin z=

efr-e-fr

(2 =2+iy)

2i

cos z=

,ir +e - ir

6 The approximations 4.2.48 are from C. W. Clenshaw,

Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

72

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

tan z=-

4.3.3

csc z=-

4.3.4

cos (zl+z2)=cos zl cos z2-sin z1 sin z2

4.3.17

sin z
cos z

4-3-18

tan

tan zl+tan z2
z1tan z2

+22) =1 -tan

sin z
4-3-19 cot

(ZI+Z~)=

sec z=- cos 2

4.3.5

cot 21 cot 22-1

cot 22+cot 21

Half-Angle Formulas

cot z=-tan z

4.3.6

4.3.20

sinZ=&

Periodic Properties

4.3.7

(21

sin (z+2kr)=sin z

(k any integer)

4.3.8

cos (2+2kn)=c0s

4.3.9

tan (z+IC?r)=tan z

">'

(l-Y

*'s C+Y

4m3*21cos z

">"

Z
1-cos2 t l - c o s z ~ sin2
4.3.22 tan--& - =--2- (l+cos 2)
sin z
l+cos 2

The ambiguity in sign may be resolved with the

aid of a diagram.
Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals

If t.an

i=z then

22
4.3.23 sin u=-) 1+ 22

1-22

cos u=-1 +22'

du=- 1+22
2 dz

Multiple-Angle Formulas

4.3.24

2 tan z
sin 22=2 sin 2 cos z= 1+tan2z

4.3.25

cos 22=2 cos22-1=1--2

4.3."

2 tan z - 2 cot z
tan 'z'l-tan2
z-cot2 z-l-cot

4.3.27

sin 32=3 sin 2-4 a h a2

FIQURE
4.3. CircularJunctions.

4.3.28

COS 3 ~ = - 3 COS 2+4 COSa 2

Relations Between Circular Functions

4.3.29

sin 42=8 cosa2 sin

-sinx
__--___

cos x
tOnx

-- csc x
........ see x
_-- cot x

4.3.10

sin2 z+cos2 z=1

4.3.11

sec2 z-tan2 z=1

4.3.12

csc2 z-cot2 2=1

4.3.30 cos 4

sin (-z)=-sin

4.3.14

cos (-2)=cos

4.3.15

tan (--)=-tan

4.3.31

Sin

(zl+zJ=sin z1 COS

COS 2 sin 2

cos4 2-8 cos2 z+l

2 sin z1sin z2=cos (z1-z2)-cos

4.3.32 2 COS 21 COS Zz=COS

(Z1-25)+COS

4.3.33 2 sin z1 cos Z2=Sin (zl-z2)+sin

Z~+COS 21

(zi+zz)
(21+Z2)
(21+22)

Addition and Subtraction of Two Circuk Functionm

Addition Formulas

4.3.16

2 4

2-4

2
z-tm

Products of Sinem and Cosines

Negative Angle Formulas

4.3.13

sin22
l-tan2 2
=cos2 z-sin2 2= l+tan22

sin

Za

4.3.34
sin zl+sin z2=2 sin

(Z 1 y > COS(??)

73

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.35
- sin
sin zl-sin z2=2 cos (zl:z2)

(y)

4.3.36
cos Zl+COS 22=2 cos (z1;22)
- cos

(zz)

4.3.37
- sin
cos zl-cos z2=-2 sin (zl;~,>
4.3.38
sin (zl f 22)
tan zlftan z2=
cos 21 cos 22
4.3.39
cot z1fcot

(y)

4.3.41
cos2 z1-cos2 z2=-sin (zl+zz)sin (zl-z2)
4.3.42
cos2 zl-sin2 z2=c0s (zl+zz) cos (zl-zJ
4.3.43
Signs of the Circular Functions
in the Four Quadrants
Quadrant

sin ( z 2 f z l )
z2=
sin z1 sin z2

sin
csc

cos
sec

tan
cot

--

+
+
-

1
11
111

Relations Between Squares of Sines and Cosines

4.3.40
sin2 zl-sin2 z2=sin (zl+z2) sin (zl-z2)

IV

+
+

4.3.44
k any integer)
Functions of Angles in Any Quadrant in Terms of Angles in the First, Quadrant. (0 <O<p
- 2'
-0

-sin 0
cos 0
-tan 0
-csc 0
sec 0
-cot 0

3*
-fO
2

Fsin 0
-cos 0
ftan 0
Fcsc 0
-sec 0
&cot 0

-cos 0
fsin 0
Fcot e
-sec 0
fcsc 0
+tan 0

ZkO

cos 0
Fsin 0
rcot 0
+sec 0
Fcsc 0
7 tan 0

2kaf0
fsin 0
+cos 0
ftan 0
fcsc 0
+sec 0
fcot 0

Relations Between Circular (or Inverse Circular) Functions

4.3.45

sin x=a

tan x=a

cos x=a

sec x=a

csc x=a

cot x=a

(1--a2)4

a (1 + a2)-4

.-I

a-ya2- 1)'

(1 +d )-

(1-a"i

(1 +a') -+

u-1(u'- 1)+

(2-1

a(1 +u2)-'

a(1 -a') -4

a--'(l--a2)'

(d- 1)-*

(a'- 1)'

a-1

a-1

(1 -u2)-'

a- 1 (1 +a') *

a(a2-1)-*

(1 +a2)'

(1--a2)-'

a-'

(l+a2)i

a(a'- 1)-*

a-l( 1 +a') *

a(1 -a2)-'

a-1

(a*- I)*

(u2-

a')'

a-1(1 -

(O<x<--

* f O

?r

-3

Illustration: If sin x=a, cot x=a-'(1-a2)*

arcsec a= arccot (a2- I)-*

1)-*

74

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION8

4.3.46

ircular Functions for Certain Andes

r/12
15'

TI6
30'

Ti4
45'

Ti3
60'

Euler's Formula

4.3.47

112

(cos y+i sin y)

De Moivre's Theorem

4.3.48

sin

ek=e=+iV--e

(cos z+i sin z)"=cos vz+i sin YZ

(- r<

'

9 2 Ir

unless v is an integer)

Relation to Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.5.7 to 4.5.12)

cos

412

tan

613

CSC

aec

2813

cot

7r/12
105'

5r/12
75'

Sin

Jz4 ( 4 + 1 >

f (J3+1)

co8

@(&-l)
4

-.Jz
(4-1)
4

2r/3
120'

4.3.49

sin z=-i sinh iz

4.3.50

COS

4.3.51

tan z=-i tanh iz

4.3.52

csc z=i csch iz

4.3.53

sec z=sech iz

4.3.54

cot z=i coth iz

Circular Functions in Terms of Real andImaginary

Parte

4.3.55

sin z=sin x cosh y+i cos x sinh y

4.3.56

cos z=cos x cosh y-i sin x sinh y

4.3.51 tan z=
4.3.58

tan

4.3.59

cot

3r/4
135'

f$

11542
165'

lsin zl=(sin2 x+sinh* y)'

180'

4.3.61

/cos zl=(cos* x+sinh* y)f

=[) (cosh

4.3.62

03

8ec

-1
a2

~Y+COS

22)]f

arg cos z=-arctan (tan x tanh y)

4.3.63

Gosh ~Y-COS 22
ltan zI= cosh 2y+cos 22

4.3.64

arg tan z=arctan

-1

csc

2~)]f

arg sin z=arctan (cot x tanh y)

~Y-COS

4.3.60

tan

cot

sin 2x-i sinh 2y

cot z= Gosh ~Y-COS 22

=[) (cash

SW

cos

sin 2x+i sinh 2y

cos 2xfcosh 2y

Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Circular Functiolu

C8C

sin

z=cosh iz

>'

("t29

series Espadolu

4.3.65

sin z=z--+---+
z3 z6 z1
31 51 71
4.3.66

...

75

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Inequalities

4.3.67

z* 2z5 172'
tan z=z+-+-+-+
...
3 15 315
(- 1),-122*(2-- l)&, z2". . .
+
(2n)!
4.3.68
1 2 7
31
c8c z=-+-+za+z5+ . . .
15120
z 6 360
(-1)"-'2(2*'-'-1)B*,
Z2#-l
+..
+
(Zn)!
4.3.69
z2 52' 612'
sec z=l+-+-+-+
...
2 24 720

4.3.79

7%
sin x 2

(-;<x<;)

4.3.80

sin x_<x5 tan x

4.3.81

sin x
cos x5-<1 x -

"<2(1--s)- <4

4.3.83

lsinh yI 5 lsin

4.3.84

(sinhyI 5 Icos zI Icosh y

21

5cosh y

4.3.85

Icsc z(_<cschlyl

4.3.70

4.3.86

Jcoszl Icoshl zl

z 2 3 225
cot 2 s -1------z 3 45 945

4.3.87

[sin zl_<sinh(z(

-(- 1)r-12*nB2#
Z2n- 1,
(2n)!

(O_<XSd

sin rx

4.3.82

...

(-1lnE2n
+
(2n)!

(05x5;)

4.3.88

Icos<lz

2,

lsin

...

21

6
5Izi
5

(lZK1)

Infinite Pmduct.

4.3.71
sin z
In --

-5 (-l)"22"-lB2,,
n(2n)!

4.3.89

Z2A

4.3.90

4.3.72
In cos z = C

n- I

k-1

n - ~

(-l)n22n--1(22n- l)&
n(2n)!

cos z=

I I

(1-

Expansion in Partial Fractions

Z2*

"

4.3.91

4.3.73

(z#O,f*,f%,. . .)
.

(I2I <*)

4.3.92

where B, and E,, are the Bernoulli and Euler

numbers (see chapter 23).
Limiting Values

4.3.74

sin x
lini -=1

4.3.75

tan x
lim -- -1

4.3.76

lim nsin 2=x

4.3.77

lim n tan -=x

n-im
n

4.3.78

lim cos :=I

wn

r+

4.3.93

csc2 z=

c
m

k--m

csc 2=;+22
1

1
-

(z-kT)2

(z#O,fr,f%, . . .)

(z#O,f*,f%, . . .I

Continued Fractiom

E - r o X

n-im

4.3.95

a tan z (1-a') tan2 z ( 4 - 4 tan* z

tan az=1+
3+
5+

76

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Polynomial Approximations 7

4.3.96

OX
'<.

sin
--x
X

4.3.101

Olx<T
-4

-1 +a29+ a,x4+t (2)

It(Z)1<2X

It(X)112X10-4
&=-

16605

4.3.97

o<x<E

sin x-X

1 +&X2

U4=.

00761

-2

+a8x8+aloX'o+ t (x)

+U4X4+U6X8

a2=.33333 14036

a8=.02456 50893

~4=.1333923995

UIo=.00290 05250

aE=.05337 40603

~12=.0095168091

4.3.102

US=

.00833 33315

Uio=

U4=

o<x<E

x cot x=l+a~x~+a,x'+e(x)

.OOOOO27526
-.OOOOO 00239

( t(x)~53x10-5
~ 2 =-.332867

Ue=-.00019 84090

4.3.98

OlX<

~t(z>~<2X10-~
~2=--.1666666664

10-8

~ 4 = -

.024369

osxs E
4

4.3.103
-2

cos z=l+&x2+a4z*+t(x)
le(x)l<9X
= -.49670

o<x<x

4.3.99

lt(X)1.14X10-'0

10-4
CL~=
.03705

uY=

-.33333 33410

~4=-.02222 20287

~ 2 -.49999
=
99963

US=

.00002 47609

.04166 66418

u~O=

-.OOOOO 02605

a6=-.00138 88397

4.3.100

O I X l ;

tan
-- x- 1 +u2xz+a4x4+Q (x)
X
~t(s)~~lXl0-3
~2=.31755

- .00020 78504

a,,,= - .00002 62619

~ ~ = - . 0 0 2 1 177168

-2

Approximations
in
cos x=l + ~ x ~ + a , x ' + a ~ x 6 + a ~ x ~ + u ~ ~ ~ ~ +
~(x)
4.3.104
lt(z)ll2X 10-0

~ 4 =

US=

ar=.20330

7 The a proximations 4.3.% to 4.3.103 are from I3. Carlson, M. Eoldstein, Rational approximation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, LOBAlamos,
N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).

2';

Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials *

-1lxll

(2)= cos n8, cos 6=2x-

(see chapter 22)

OD

sin &X=X

n=o

A,T,*(r2)

COS + U X = ~A,TZ(X')
n-0

n
0

An
1.27627 8962

An
.47200 1216

1
2
3

-.28526 1569
.00911 8016
-.00013 6587

1
2
3

-.49940 3258
.02799 2080
-.00059 6695

.OOOOO 1185
5 -.OOOOO 0007

.OOOOO 6704
5 -.OOOOO 0047

8 The approxiinations 4.3.104 are from C. W. Clenshaw,

Polyiioinial approsilllations to elementary functions,
Math. Tab1c.s Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

'See page U.

77

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION6

Differentiation Formulam

4.3.122

d
dz

4.3.105

-sin z=cos z

4.3.106

-cos

4.3.107

d
- tan z=sec2 z
dz

4.3.108

- csc z=-csc

4.3.109

d
- sec z=sec z tan z
dz

4.3.110

d
-cot
dz

d
dz

z=-sin z

4.3.123

d
dz

z"cos zdz=znsin z-n

2

4.3.124

cot 2

s--&dz=z

4.3.125

z=-csc) z

tan z+In cos z

4.3.126

zsinz
1
cos" z (n- 1) cos"-' z- (n- 1) (n-2)cosn-2 z

4.3.111
4.3.112

+
)-

4.3.114

4.3.116

s s i n mz COB" z dz=

sin zdz=-cosz

4.3.113

(n-2)

zdz

Jcosn-z

4.3.127

Integration formula^

4.3.115

S&"''sin zdz

sinm+'z cos"-' z

m+n

cos zdz=sinz

tan zdz=-In cosz=ln secz

Z

csc zdz=ln tan --In

2-

1 1-cos2
(csc z-co~z)=- In
2 l+cosz

4.3.117

(m#-n)
4.3.128

seczdz=ln (secz+tanz)=Intan
=Inverse Gudermannian Function
+

gd 2=2 arctan e*--

(m-1) sinm-' z

4.3.119

sz*sinzdz=-zncos z+n
4.3.120

4.3.121

Sd&dz=-z

Z*'~COS

cot z+ln sin z

dz
sin" z cos"-% z

n-1

-1

4.3.118 S c o t zdz=ln sin z=-ln csc z

m+n-2S
m+n-2

zdz

4.3.130

cot8zdz=--- n-1

m-1

z
dz
J8inm-Z z cos" z

scot"-'zdz ( n p l )

78

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.131

(;)+

a tan
b (a2>b2)
SafbdZsin z=-(a2-2b2)+a'ctan
(a2-b2)+
1

a tan (;)+b--(b'--d)t

(b2-a2)'

In [a tan (;)+b+(b2-a*)'

--

4.3.132
4.3.133
$a+?cos

si&-

I s i n ' nt dt=lcosznt dt=-r

2
(nan integer, n#O)

SO t
OD

4.3.142

sin mt

dt=s

(m>O)
(m=O)

=O
---

=2

(b2>a2)

6~:)

--tan

4.3.141

cos a t i c o s bt

4.3,143

L
O
D

(m<O)

dt=ln @/a)

(a-b) tan =- 2 a +arctan (~2-b2)t 2 (a2>b2)

z (a2-b )
(b-a) tan g+(b2-a2)+
=-(b2-!a2)4ln[

(b-a) tan

-tan
&S
S A --cot
-

] r

4.3.135
4.3.136

4.3.145

In sin t dt=

4.3.146

'J"

cos t2 dt=2 2

L
O
D

z- (b*-az)+
z

(b"a2)
4.3.134

4.3.144 Lmsint2 dt=

r2

In cos t dt=-- In 2
2

Lm%

dt=I e-"
2

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals involving circular functions.)

(See [5.3] for Fourier transforms.)

4.3.147
Formulas for Solution of Plane Right Trianglee

CZsin bz dz=- " (a sin bz-b cos bz)

a2+b2

4.3.137

s e"'

COS

bz dz=- e'" (a cos bz+b sin bz)

a2+b2

4.3.138

P sin" bz dz=

e" sin"-' bz
a2+n2b2

(a sin bz-nb cos bz)

n(n-1)b2Sp

a2+n2b2

sinR-2 bz dz

If A, B and C are the vertices (C the right

angle), and a, b and c the sides opposite respectively,

4.3.139

a
1
sin A=--=c csc A

$e'" cos" bz dz= e" cosR-1 bz (a cos bz+nb sin bz)

a2+n2ba

b
cos A=-=

+n'Ft6,1Sp
Deiinite

4.3.M

cos'+2bz dz

L s i n mt sin nt dt=O
(m #n, m and nintegers)

l c o s mt cos nt dt=O

1
c secA

tan A=% 1
b cotA
versine A=vers A= 1-cos A
coversine A=covers A=l-sin
haversine A=hav A=+vers A
exsecant A=exsec A=sec A-1

4.4. Inverse Circular Functions

4.3.148
F o r m u b for Solution of Plane Trhn&s

4.4.1

DefiUitiOUO

80

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

FundamentalProperty

The general solutions of the equations

sin t=z

4.4.23

A~CCSC
z=i Arccsch iz

4.4.24

Arcsec z= fi Arcsech z

4.4.25

Arccot z=i Arccoth i z

cos t=z
are respectively
4.4.10

Logarithmic Representations

tan t=z

t=Arcsin z= (- l)* arcsin z+kr

4.4.11

~ ~ W C C O~S +

t=Arccos Z=

4.4.12
t=Arctan z=arctan z+kr

*arccos x and arcsec x 0 S y 5rJ2

1-ix

l+iZ=Z

r/2<y

Arccac x=-i

] (x*l1)

4.4.30

Arcaec x= -i Ln [l+i(;-l)+]

(e1)

4.4.31

Arccot x=2Ln
i

Sr

FIGURE
4.5. Inverse CircuhrjunctiOnS.

arccos (-z) = r- arccos z

4.4.16

arctan (--)=-arctan

4.4.17

arccsc (-z) = -arccsc z

4.4.18

arcsec (-z)=r-arcsec

arccot (-z)=-arccot

Relation to Inverre Hyperbolic Functions (eee 4.6.14 to

4.6.19)

4.4.21

A~CCOS
Z= f i kccosh

4.4.22

Arctan z= --i Arctanh iz

(
E
;
;
)

(x real)

Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Circular

Functions
l f h i n 22

=Arcsin [z~(l-z;)kt z*(1-zI)+]

4.4.33
Arccos z1fArccos 22
=8rccos ZlZ2T [(1-2;) (1-z;)]'}
4.4.34
Arctan z1fArctan zl=Arctan 1zT1Zf lzZ2l)

(-ZlZlfl
)

ZaFZl

Arcsin z= --i Arcsinh iz

(iz")
- =-Ln
;
1

=Arctan (*)=kwh

4.4.20

(X*- I)++i

4.4.35
Arcsin z ~ f k c c o sz1
=Arcsin{zlz,f[(l-z:) (l-z;)]'}
=Arccos [zl(l-z:)+T zl(l-z:)q
4.4.36
Arctan zlfAruxt z1

Function#of Negative Argument.

4.4.15

Ln

f4

4.4.29

4.4.32
Arcsin Z

arcsin (- z) = -arcsin z

i Ln i+x
i--2

22-

4.4.14

(2811)

(5 r

&cot x and arccsc x O l y S r J 2 -r/2sy<O

11.

Arccos x=--i L n [x+i(l-Z')+]

[(l-xz)++ix] ( 9 5 1 )

(9#-1)

arcsin x and arctan x OSySrJ2 -rJ21y<O

*See p q e

4.4.27

Interval containing principal value

Y
x positive x negative
or zero

4.4.19

Arcain x=-iLn

4.4.28 Arctan x=2 Ln

2kr

where k is an arbitrary integer.

4.4.13

4.4.26

Inverre Circular Functions in Tarme of R e d and

Imaginary Part.

4.4.37
Arcsin z=kr+(-l)&

arcsin B

+(- 1)'s [a+(&-I)&]

4.4.38
Arms z=2R*f (arooos@-i ln[a+(d-l)+l}
I n

(zt# -1)

81

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.4.46

4.4.39

O_<X<l

22

Arctan z=kT+$ arctan

arcsin x=--

(1 - z ) * ( ~ + u ~ ~ + u ~ x ~ + a ~ ~ ~

$42)
+u424+a525+agx6+a727)
where k is an integer or zero and
a=3 [(2+1)2+

le(r)l52X 10-8

?/"*+3[(x- l ) Z +

y"*

uo= 1.57079 63050

p=+[(x+1)2+y2]t-$[(x-l)2+Y2]*
Series Expansions

4.4.40

uI=

-.21459 88016

uZ=

.OS897 S9874

.030S9 lSSl0

~ 4 =

~5=-.01708 81256
.00667 00901

f&=

-. -.

z3 1 . 3 ~1.3.52'
~
arcsin z=z+-++.
2 . 3 2.4.5'2.4.6.7

~3=-.05017 43046

(14<1)

4.4.47

44.41

-.00126 2491 1

~ 7 =

-1<x<1

arcsin (l-z)=~--(22)+[1+~ 1 . 3 . 5 . .. (2k-1)

2
k=l
22k(2k+l)k!
(121<2)

4.4.42

.99986 60

uI=

z3 z5 z7
arctan z=z--+--+..
3 5 7
r 1
=--2

z+323-525+

(121<1

and z2#-1)

-.33029 95

--2

. .

4.4.4

.]

.02083 51

%=

~ 3 =

.18014 10

US=

. . .(1z1>1andz2#-1)

~7=-.08513 30

-lSX<1

lo

arctaii z=1+.28x2+E (2)

(ZZZ-1)
Continued Fractions

2 zz 4z2 92' 16z2

a.rctan z=---1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9+"'
(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

4.4.43

arcsin z =----z 1 . 2 1~ .~2 3~ . ~4 3.422

~ ~
1- 357g-

4.4.444

O_<X<l

arcsin z=s- (1-z)+(u,,+alz+azx2+a35C3)+e(z)

1.57072 88
aq= -.21211 44

t-5
k=l

~ 2 = -

.33333 14528

u~O=

~ h =

.19993 55085

~12=

a6= -.

UO=

arctan x-1

Polynomial Approximations9

le(.)

O<Xll

l1

(zin the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

4.4.45

4.4.49

Us=

-.07528 96400

.04290 96138

14208 89944

~14=-.01616 57367

.lo656 26393

ulB= .00286 62257

I 55 x 10-5
uZ=
~ 3

.07426 10
=-.01872 93

0 The approximations 4.4.45 to 4.4.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximat.ionsfor digital computers. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

10 The approximation 4.4.48 is from C. Hastings, Jr.,

Note 143, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 6, 68 (1953) (with
permission).
11 The approximation 4.4.49 is from B. Carlson, M. Gold;
stein, Rational approximation of functions, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, N. Mex.,
1955 (with permission).

82

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Approximations in Terms of Chebyehev Polynomiala **

4.4.50

-15x51

T:(x)=cos ne,

cos e = 2 ~ -1

arctan x=x

4
5

n-0

d
1
- arccsc z=dz
z (22- 1)1
Integration Formulas

(see chapter 22)

4.4.58

Jarcsin z dz=z arcain z+(l-z%)t

A,C(2')

n
A"
6
.OOOOO 3821
7 -. 00000 0570
8
.OOOOO 0086
9 -. 00000 0013
10
.ooooo 0002

A"
.88137 3587
-. 10589 2925
.01113 5843
-.00138 1195
.00018 5743
-.00002 6215

0
1
2

4.4.51

For x >1, use arctan x=&r-arctan (1/x)

4.4.59 Sarccos z dz=z arccos z-(l-z')+

4.4.60
4.4.61

s arctan z dz=z arctan z-+In (l+z*)

Sarccsc z dz=z arccsc z f l n [z+(z*-1)+]

-3JzIx53Jz

4.4.51
arcsin x=x

n-o

AnT:(2x2)
4.4.62

arcsec z dz=z arcsec zFln [z+(z2-1)*]

arccos x=+x

0
1
2
3
4

a-0

A,,C(222)

A"
1.05123 1959
.05494 6487
.00408 0631
.00040 7890
.00004 6985

5
6
7
8
9

A"

.OOOOO 5881
.OOOOO 0777
.OOOOO 0107
.OOOOO 0015

$arccot z dz=z arccot z+3 In (l+z*)

.ooooo 0002

For 3&x<l,
use arcsin x=arccos(l--;C")+, arcx=arcsin (1-9)t

COB

Differentiation Formulaa

d
dz

4.4.52

4.4.63

- arcsin z=(l-z*)-i

4.4.64

Sz

arcsin z dz=

(:---i)arcsin z+z4 (1-zS)i

4.4.65
(n#-1)
4.4.66

d
1
arctan z=dz
1+22

4.4.54

4.4.55

-1
l+z'

- arccot z=-

dz

d
1
arcsw 2= z (2'-1)*
dz

4.4.56

u ,The approximations 4.4.50 to 4.4.51 are from C. W.

Clenshaw, Polynomial a proximations to elementary
functions, Math. Tables lids a m p . 8, 143-147 (1964)
(With permidon).
*see page

4.4.61

11.

(n#-1)
4.4.68

f.arctan z dz=-21 (l+z*) arctan z-- 2

Z

83

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F"CTI0NS

4.4.69
2" arctan

2n+1

z dz=arctan z-- %+IS G d Z

n+l

(nz-1)

4.4.70
1
Z
Jz arccot z dz=- (l+t) srccot z+-

cash

4.5.9

tanh z= --i

4.5.10

csch z=i csc iz

4.5.11

sech z=sec iz

4.5.12

coth z=i cot i z

COS

iz

tan iz

Periodic propertiee

4.4.71

4.5.8

2'' mmot

'

4.5.13
$e&

z dz=-zn+l arccot z+n+l

n+l 1+z2

(nz-r)
4.5. Hyperbolic Functions

(k any integer)

4.5.14

cosh (z +2kn-i) =cash z

4.5.15

tanh (z+kxi)=tanh z

DefinitiOIM
eZ-e-2

sinh (z+2klri)=sinh z

Rehtiona Between Hypembolic Functions

(z=z+iar>

4-53

wsh2 Z-Sinh' ~ = 1

4.5.17

tanh' z+sech* z= 1

4.5.18

coth' z-mch2

4.5.1

sinh z=-

4.5.2

e'+e-'
cash z=2

4.5.3

tanh z=sinh z/cosh z

4.5.19

cosh z+sinh z=e'

4.5.4

csch z= l/sinh z

4.5.20

cosh z-sinh z=e-.

4.5.5

sech z=l/cosh z

4.5.6

coth z=l/tanh z

Z=

Negative Angle Formulaa

4.5.21

sinh (-z)=-sinh

4.5.22

cash (-z)=cosh z

4.5.23

tanh (-z)=-tanh

Addition Formulaa

4.5.24

sinh (zl+G)=sinh 21 cash 22

+cash

21

sinh ~p

4.5.25 cash (zl+zz)=coSh 2 1 msh ~z

+sinh z1sinh

4.5.26 tanh (z1+zZ)=(tanh zl+tanh zz)/

(1 +tanh z1tanh zl)
FIGURE
4.6. Hyperbolicfunctions.

4.5.27

coth (zl+zz)=(coth

ZI

coth ~,+l)/
(coth zz+coth 21)

Relation to Circular Functionti (see 4.3.49 to 4.3.54)

Hyperbolic formulas can be derived from

trigonometric identities by replacing z by iz
4.5.1

sinh z=-i sin i2

Half-Angle Formulaa

4.5.28
sinhz=( coshz-1
2
2

)t

84

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL F"CTION8

4.5.44
cosh zl-cosh z2=2 sinh

4.5.29
coshz=( coshz+l 4
2

cosh 2-1

%(cash z+1)

+-cash 2-1- - sinh z

cosh z+l

- sinh z

4.5.46
coth Zi+coth ~

Multiple-Angle Formulas

4.5.31 sinh 22=2 sinh z cosh z

2 tanh z
= ~ -

4.5.32 cosh 22=2 cosh2 2-1=2 sinhPz+l

=COsh2 z+Binh2 z
2 tanh z
l+tanh2 z

4.5.33

tanh 22=

4.5.34

sinh 32=3 sinh 2+4 sinha z

l+Z2

sinh

(y)

4.5.45
sinh (zl+zz)
tanh z,+tanh zz=
cash 21 cash 2.2

4.5.30
tanh

(%)

sinh (zl+z2)
sinh z1sinh zz

2 =

Relatione
~ ~ ~Between
~ Squares of Hyperbolic Sines and
Cosines

4.5.41
sinh2 zl-sinh2 z2=sinh (zl+zz) sinh (2,-z2)
=wsh2 Z1-msh2 22
4.5.4
sinh2 zl+cosh2 zz=cosh (zl+z2)cosh (z1-z2)
=cosh2zl+sinh2 z2
Hyperbolic Functions in Terms of Real and Imaginary
Parta

(z=x+iy)
4.5.36

sinh 42=4 sinha z cosh 2+4 coshaz sinh z

4.5.49 sinh z=sinh x cos y+i cosh x sin y

4.5.37

cosh 4z=cosh4 z+6 sinh2z coshs z+sinh' z

4.5.50 cosh z=cosh x cos y+i sinh x sin y

Producta of Hyperbolic Sinem and Cosinea

4.5.38

4.5.51 tanh z=

2 sinh z1 sinh z2=cosh (zl+z2)

-cash

(21-22)

sinh 2x+i sin 2y

cosh 2x+cos 2y

sinh 2 x 4 sin 2y
4.5.52 coth Z= cash 2x -cos 2y
De Moivre's Theorem

4.5.53
4.5.41)

(cosh z+sinh z)"=cosh nz+sinh nz

Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Hyperbolic

Functions

2 sinh z1 cosh zz=sinh (zl+zz)

+sinh (zl-2,)

4.5.54

(sinh zI = (sinh2x+sin2 y)'

=[+(cash 22-COS 2y)]'

4.5.55

arg sinh z=arctan (coth x tan y)

4.5.56

lcosh zl=(sinh2 x+cos2y)'

= [4 (cash 22+COS2y)]*

4.5.57

arg cosh z=arctan (tanh x tan y)

Addition and Subtraction of Two Hyperbolic Functions

4.5.41

:")

sinh zl+sinh z2=2 sinh ('I - cosh

4.5.42
sinh zl-sinh z2=2 cosh ( z1iZ2)
si&
4.5.43
~ 0 s h z ~ + c o s h z ~cosh
=2

('y)

(y)

4.5.58

cash 2x-m~ 2y
(tanhzl=( cosh 2x+c0s 2y

4.5.59 arg tanh z=arctan

(sx)

85

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION&

Relations Between Hyperbolic (or Inverse Hyperbolic) Functions

4.5.60

csch x=a

tanh x=a

cosh x=a
(a'- 1)'

a(1 -a')

coth x=a

sech x=a

.-I

a-y1 -a')'

(02-

(1--a')-+

a- 1 (1 +a') '

.-I

a(u'- 1)-'

u-l(a'- 1)'

(1 +a') -

(1-a')'

a-'

(a'- 1)-'

a- I( 1 -a')'

a(1 -a') -'

(a'- 1)'

.-I

(1-a')'

a(1 +a? -'

a-'(a'- 1)'

a(d- 1) -'

.-I

(l+a2)+

(1 -a')

-+

'

-'

1) -+

Illustration: If sinh x=a, coth z=a-*(a2+l)~

arcsech a=arccoth (l-a2)-t
4.5.61

Special Values of the Hyperbolic Functions

r

2i

-i

-1

mi
-i

-W

-1

1
Q)

2'
5
sech z=l--+z4-- 61 z 6 + . . Z. !+ E 2 n
2 24
720
(24

3r
-i
2

ri

1 z z 3 2
coth z=-+---+-zS-.
z 3 45 945

Infinite Products

4.5.68
4.5.69

(lzl<

4.5.63

2 2 z4 ZO
cosh z=I+-+-+-+
2! 4! 6!

...

(Izl<m)

a)

Continued Fraction

4.5.10

tanh z=-

tanh z=z--+-z3 2 z6--z717

3 15
315

2'

2'

2'

--l + 3+ 54- 74-

Differentiation Formulas
Z2n-1

(I

+. . .

zl<

4.5.65

;)

31
15120 zS+. . .

-W'"-'-

(1 21

where B,, and E,, are the nth Bernoulli and Euler
numbers, see chapter 23.

..

1 2+- 7 -a,z
a c h z=--z 6 360

(24

I .<

4.5.62

+.

1 ) B z R zf,,- '+

(24!

;)

zl <

2'"BZ. Z2n-' + . . .

. .+
7

.+2'"(2'"-1)Bzn
(271.) !

.. .

4.5.67

z3 zS z7
sinh z=z+-+-+-+'.
3! 5! 7!

zn +

(I

Series Expansions

4.5.64

4.5.66

z=cosh z

- sinh

4.5.12

d
-cosh z=sinh z

4.5.73

- tanh z=sech* z

...

(1 zl<4

4.5.11

4.5.74

dz
dz
d
dz

86

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCl'IONS,

d
dz

-sech z=-sech z tanh

4.5.75

4.5.87

4.5.76
Integration Formulas

Ssinh z dz=cosh z

4.5.77

(n#l)

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals involving hyperbolic functions.)

cosh z dz=sinh z

4.5.78
4.5.79

Stanh z dz=ln cosh z

4.5.80

4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

DefidtiOM

csch zdz=ln tanh 2

4.6.1

4.5.81

Ssech z dz=arctan (sinh z)

4.5.82

s c o t h zdz=ln sinh z

4.5.83
n

J 2" sinh z dz=z" cosh z-n

4.5.84

s z " cosh z dz=z" sinh 2-n

Fm

S
S

sinh z dz

z=l*

(t*--l)i

arctanhz=l * dt

4.6.3

z"-' cosh z dz

2"-'

arccosh

4.6.2

(z=z+iy)

The paths of integration must not cross the following cuts.

4.6.1 imaginary axis from --im to --i and i
to i m
4.6.2 real axis from - QD to +1
4.6.3 real axis from - to -1 and +1 to
+a

z cosh" z dz=-

m+n

sinh"+' z cash"-' z

+e
Ssinh'"z cosh"-f zdz
m+n

Inverse hyperbolic functions are also written

sinh-' z, arsinh z, d r sinh 2, etc.
4.6.4
arccsch z=arainh l/z
4.6.5
arcsech z= arccosh l/z
4.6.6
arccoth z=arctanh l/z

,T-p
-?
1

-i

orcsinh 2

m+n-2S dz

m- 1

(m f 1)

sinhm-zz cosh"z
=- 1

iy

n- 1 si&"-' z cash"-' z

arccschz

iy

IiY

arctanh z

orcmsh z

li'

arcsech L

liY
arccoth z

FIQURE
4.7. Bmnch cuts for inmse hyperbolic
functions.

Functions of Negative Amumentn

4.6.11
*4.6.12
4.6.13

arccosh (-z) =ri- arccosh z

Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions

arctanh (-z)=-arctanh

Relation to Inverse Circular Functions (see 4.4.u) to

4.4.25)

Hyperbolic identities can be derived from trigonometric identities by replacing z by iz.

4.6.14

Arcsinh z= -i Arcsin iz

4.6.15

Arccosh z= f i Arccos z

4.6.16

Arctanh z= -i Arctan iz

4.6.17

Arccsch z=i Arccsc iz

4.6.18

Arcsech z= f i Arcsec z

4.6.19

Arccoth z = i Arccot iz

FIGURE
4.8. Inwrse hyperbolic functions.

arcsinh <-z) = -arcsinh z

4.6.26
Arcsinh z1f Arcsinh z2

=Arcsinh [zI(l+z:)4fz2(1 +z:)+I

4.6.27
Arccosh z1f Arccosh z2

=Arccosh z1z2f[(2~-1)(2~-1>]'}
4.6.28

Arctanh zlfArctanh z2=Arctanh

Logarithmic Representations

4.6.29

4.6.20

arcsinh s=ln [z+(z2+l)fJ

Arrsinh z,fArccosh z2

4.6.21

arccosh z=ln [z+(xz- I)']

4.6.22

arctaiih x=$

111 -

4.6.23

arccsch x=ln

['+(L+l)
-2
-22

4.6.24

arcsech z=ln [:+(-$-l)t]

(05 ZZ<1)

(xfO)

=Arcsinh{z 1 z 2 ~ [ ( l + z ~ ) ( z ~ - 1 ) ] ~ }

(x2l)

1tz
1--2

(;E3

=Arccosh [z,(l + z V f zI(z:- 1)41

4.6.30
Arctanh z,fArccoth z2=Arctanh
=Arccoth

(O<s_<l)
*See page

11.

(zz3
~

(+) 1
2f

IZZf:

21

88

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCX'IONS

Series Expansionr

4.6.31

1
arcsinh z= z-- 2 3
*

4.642

dz
- arccothz=(l-$)-*

1.3

*+m

Integration Formulas

4.6.43 Sarcsinh z dz=z arcsinh z--(l+z2)+

4.6.44 Jarccosh zdz=z arccosh z-(z2-1)*
4.6.45 Jarctanhzdz=z arctanh z+$ln (1-z*)
sarccsch z dz=z arccsch zf axcsinh z

4.6.46

(according as 9 z i O )

(lzl>1)
4.6.32
. 1
1.3
arccosh z=ln 2z--- 2 . 2 ~2.4.4.2'
~
-2 . 14 .. 36 .. 56 9 -

4.6.47

Sarcsech z dz=z arcsech zfarcsin z

4.6.48

Sarccoth z dz=z arccoth z+3 In (9-1)

4.6.34 arccoth z=-+-+--,+-+

z 3 2 52

((zJ<l)

...

72'

...
(IZ1>1)

Continued Fractions

z 22 422 922
4.6.35 arctanh z=-1- -. . .
3- 5- 7-

(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

4.6.36

arcsinh

222+1

2n+1

znarcsinh zdz=-n+l arcsinhz-- n+l (~+zz)+~~

(n#-1)
4.6.51
222-1 arccosh z--(z2-l)'
2
z arccosh z dz=- 4
4
4.6.52

2n+1

znarccosh zdz=n+l
-

(n#-l)
22-

Differentiation Formulas

4.6.38

d
dz
- arcsinh z=(l+z*)-*
d

dz arccosh
-

4.6.54

4.6.66
4.6.39

d
dz
- arctanh z=(l-z*)-'

4.6.40

1
dz
- arccsch z- T
z(1 +z')'

*See page 11.

dz arcsech z=F z( 1 -2') 4

-

arctanh z+-2

2n+1

(n#-1)

s z arccsch z dz=-222 arccsh z f 1z (1+z2)+

(according as 9 ~ 2 0 )
4.6.41

Sz arctanh z dz=-

zn arctanh z dz=arctanh
n+l

z=(z*-l)-~

(z2+l)+

4.6.50

2-- 2

4.6.53

4.6.37

4.6.49

z arcsinh z dz =4

z3 z5 z7
4.6.33 arctanh z=z+-+-+-+
3 5 7

(according aa 9 2 S O )
4.6.56
z%rccsch z dz=-p + 1 arccsch z f - 1 $ A d z
n+l
n+l (z +I)*

(n#-1)

89

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4*6*57

4.6.59

Z*

Jz arcsech z dz=- 2 arcsech ZT(1-z2)+

2

(according as 9'zZO)
p + 1

s z narcsech z &=-

n+l

arcsech z f -

22-

I 4.6.60

4.6.58
2"

S--_?gdz
n+l (1 2 )

(nf-1)

Sz arccoth z dz=-

s z n arcc0t.h z dz=-

2n+l

n+l

arccoth z+z2

arccoth z+-

n+ 1

(n#-1)

Numerical Methods
Example 2.

4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables

NOTE:
In the examples given it is assumed t,hat

the arguments are exact.

Example 1. Coniput,ationof common Logarithms.

To c0mput.e common logarithms, the number
must be espressed in the form x. loa, (1 <x<lO,
- 03 S p 5 03 ). The common 1ogarit.hni of z 109
consists of nn integrnl part which is called the
characteristic and a decimal part which is called
the mantissa. Table 4.1 gives the common
lognrithm of z.

X.1OQ

log,, x 10Q
3.99281 85=(-2.00718 15)

.09836 9.836.

-1.99281 85=(-0.00718

9.836-lo-'
9.836-10'
9.836- 10'
9.836-lo2

N
.18933
.18934
.18935

loglo N
.27721 94350
.27724 23729
.27726 53095

2.99281 85=(--1.00718 15)

15)

0.99281 85
1.99281 85
2.99281 85

Interpolat,ion in Table 4.1 between 983 and 984

gives .99281 85 as the mantissa of 9836.
Note that 5.99281 85=-3+.99281 85. When
p is negat.ive the common logarithm con be
expressed in the alternative forms

A7

29379
29366

- 13

x-~"= .18933 05685.

Example 3.
Convert log,, x to In z for x=.009836.
Using 4.1.23 and Table 4.1, In (.009836)=
In 10 log,, (.009836)=2.30258 5093 (-2.00718 15)
= -4.62170 62.
Example 4.
Compute In x for x= .00278 to 6D.
Using 4.1.7, 4.1.11 and Table 4.2, In (.00278)=
In (.278. 10-2)=ln (.278)-2 ln 10= -5.S85304.
Linear intrrpolntion between 2=.002 and
z=.003 would give ln(.00278)= -5.W8. To
obtain 5 decimal pliicc accuracy with linenr
interpolation it is necessnry that x>.175.

log,, (.009836)=3.99281 85=7.99281 85-10

= -2.00718 15.

Example 5.

The last form is convenient for conversion from

common logarithms to natural logarithms.
The inverse of log,, x is called the antilogarithm
rrf x, and is written antilog x or lo
The
logarithm of the reciprocal of a nun&: ?s called
the cologarithm, written d o g .

(1131.718 1131)
In 1131.718=111
1131

*See page 11.

By linear inverse interpolation

.009836 9.836.
.9836
9.836
98.36
983.6

Compute x-s/4 for z=9.19826 to 10D using the

Table of Common Logarithms.
From Table 4.1, four-point Lagrangian inter O ~ R tion gives log,, (9.19826)= .96370 56812. &en,
3
--4 log,, (~)=-.72277 92609=9.27722 07391-10.
Linear inverse interpolation in Table 4.1 yields
antilog (T.27722)=.18933. For 10 place accurncy
subtabulation with 4-point Lagrangian interpolants produces the table

Compute ln x for x=1131.718 to 8D.

Using 4.1.7, 4.1.11 and Table 4.2

=In 1131.718+ln1.131 +In lo3

1131
=ln(1.00063 4836)+1n 1.1314-3 In 10.

90

ELEMENTARY TELISNBCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Then from 4.1.24

In 1131.718=(.00063 4836)-4(.00063 4836)'
1.131+3 In 10=.00063 4836-.00000 0202
+.12310 2197+6.90775 5279=7.03149 211.

Example 9.

Example 6.
Compute In x working with 16D for
x=1.38967 12458 179231.

Linear interpolation ves e-m718w=1.10217 6

with an error of 1X 10- ,

+In

a= .OOO48 32583 282384

1167 693059
376199

a'
--=A
L

In (l+a)=

21-

31-

Example 7.
Compute the principal value of In ( f 2 f3i).
From 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and Tablee 4.2 and 4.14.
1
3
In (2+3i)=~In (21+3')+i arctan 3

In (-2+3i)=3 1 In 13+i (\
r-arctan 23,
=1.282475+i(2.158799)

3,

a4
_4!-

eO=l.oO025 13805 15472 81184

e*@'=2.37976 08513 29496 863 from Table 4.
eOe.@7=e"=2.38035 90768 39006 089.
Example 11.

Let n=-

In 10 and d=the decimal part of In 10

a-

Then

( "10 In 10)=exp [(n+d)In 101

I

=exp (ln 10") exp (dln 10)

=lo" exp (d In 10)

From Table 4.4

(%In
In 10

lO)=exp (281.4228242 In 10)

exp (.42282 42 In 10)=10281exp .97358 8'

Example 8.
Compute (.227).08to 7D.
Using 4.2.7 and Tablee 4.2 and 4.4,
in (.227),e.w(--1.18280
OQ)
(.227).~=~.60

-e-1.0)81a
-

16630

exp x=exp

In (-2-33)=2 1 In 13+i --n+arctan 3

1

2646 54842

Compute ew to 7s.

=1.282475+;(.982794)

In (2-3i)=-ln 13+i -arctan

2
=1.282475- i(.982794).

315 88140 97019

aa
--

In 1.389 = .32858 40637 722067

In x= .32906 72053 687455.

=1.282475- i(2.158799)

Compute e" to 18D for

x= .86725 13489 24685 12693.
Let a=x-.867. Using 4.2.1, compute succw
sively
1 . m o 00000 00000 oO000
a*
--

.00048 31415 965388

Example 10.

a= .OOO25 13489 24685 12693

136

w =e4.9e.09718w*

eCm* w= (134.28978)(1.10217 67)= 148.0111.

Since -1.3894.1.24 and Table 4.2 we compute succeseivdy

aa=
3

e4.00?a0

9'

1.00048 32583 282384=1+a, using

- 2E L .

Compute e'.to 75.

Using 4.2.18 and Table 4.4,

.35946 60.

=1W1(2.647428)= (281)2.647428.
Example 12.
Com ute e-= for x=.75 using the expansion ii
Chebya ev polynomials.

T:

91

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FCJNCTIONE)

Following the procedure in [4.3] we have from

4.2.48

e-"=xAkE(X)
k=O

where c ( x ) are the Chebyshev pol nomials

defined in chapter 22. Assuming b8= iTo=O we
generate bt, k=7,6,5,. . .O from the recurrence
relation
b,=(42--2)bk+,--b,+,+Ak

k
7
6

5
4
3
2
1
0
since f(x)=bo-

COS

(2.317)=~0~
( ~ - 2 . 3 1 7 ) = - ~ 0 ~(.82459 2654)
=-.67885 60.

Compute sin x for x=12.867 to 8D.

From 4.3.16 and Tables 4.6 and 4.8
sin (12.867)=sin 12 cos .867+cos 12 sin .867
=.29612 142.
The method of reduction to an angle in the first
uadrant which was given in Example 15 may
%so be used.
7449)

Example 13.
Express 38'42'32'' in radians to 6D.

Example 17.
Compute sin x to 19D for
x=.86725 13489 24685 12693.
Let a=.867, @=a+&. From 4.3.16
Table 4.6

With the series expansions for sin B and cos @ we

compute successively

38'=.66322 51 r
42'=.01221 73 r
32"=.00015 51 r
38'42'32''= .675598 r.

1.ooOoo 00000 00000 00000

A!!=-.
21

315

Exprms x= 1.6789 radians in degrees, minutes

and seconds to the nearest tenth of a second.
From Table 1.1 giving the mathematical constants we have

1.6789 r=96.19388'
.19388'X 60= 11.633'
.633'X 60=38.0"
1.6789 r=96'11'38.0".
*See page

11.

95130'. .

88140 97019
16630

Example 14.

1 r=E=57.29577
.r

and

sin (&+@)=sin a cos @+cos a sin @

sin a=.76239 10208 07866 22598
COS a=.64711 66288 94312 75010

1'=.01745 32925 19943 29577 r

1'=.00029 08882 08665 72159 6 2 r
1"=.00000 48481 36811 09535 9936r
Therefore

sin (2.317)=sin (r-2.317)=sin (.82459 2654)

=.73427 12

Example 16.

(22- l)b,,

.33520 2828-(.5)(-27432
=.47236 6553.

Compute sin x and cos x for x=2.317 to 7D.

From 4.3.44 and Table 4.6

Linear interpolation for x=.8!2459 2654 gives an

error of 9X10-*.

bk

-.OOOOO 0015
.OOOOO 0400
-..oOOOO 9560
.00018 9959
-.00300 9164
.03550 4993
-.27432 7449
.33520 2828

e-.76=

Example 15.

COS@=

.99999 99684 11859 19611

@= .00025 13489 24685 12693

88
--3!--

2646 54842
1

sin @= .00025 13489 22038 57852

sin a cos @=.76239 09967 25351 31308
cos a sin ,3=.00016 26520 67105 82436
& x=.76255 36487 92457 1374

92

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

This procedure is equivalent to interpolation with

Taylor's formula 3.6.4.

Example 22.
Compute arctan 20 and arccot 20 to 9D.
*
Using 4.4.5, 4.4.8, and Table 4.14

Example 18.
In the plane triangle ABC, a=123, B=29'16',
~ = 3 2 1 ;find A, b.

arctan 20=L--arctan 1/20=1.52083 7931

2

b'=~'+~'-2a~COS B= (123)'+ (321)'

-2(123)(321) COS 29'16'

arccot 20=--arctan
2

b=221.99934 00

Example 23.

.
a sin B (123)(.48887 50196)=+2708639918
sin A=-=
b
221.99934 00

A= 15'42'56.469''

20=arctan .05=.04995 8396.

Express z=3+9i in polar form.

z =x +iy =refe, where T= (x2+yo)

4,

Example 19.

@=arctan Y-+2uk,
k is an integer.
X

In the plane triangle ABC, a=4, b=7, c=9,

find A, B, and C.

T=

For k=O,

(3'+9')4= &6=9.486833

@=arctan 9/3=arctan 3=1.24904 58.

Thus 3+93=9.486833 exp (1.24904 58i).
Example 24.

A=.43997 5954=25'12'31.6"

Compute arctan x for x= 113 to 12D.

From 4.4.34 and 4.4.42 we have

sin A=.425917709

arctan x=arctan (xo+h)

=48'11'22.9''

=arct.an xo+arctan

h
1+xOh+x;

= 106'36'5.6' '

where the sup lementary an le must be chosen for

C. As a chec we get A + +C=18000'.1".

We have

Example 20.

x=3=.33333 33333 33 so that h=.00033 33333 33

Compute cot x for x= .4589 to 6D.

Since x<.5,
using Table 4.9 with interpolation
in (x-'-cot x), we find -cot(.4589)=
.4589
.155159. Therefore cot (.4589)=2.179124 .155159=2.023965.

and, from Table 4.14, arctan xo=arctan .333

h
Since
=.32145 05244 03.
1 +xOh+xt-.00030 00300 03 we get
arctan x=.32145 05244 03+.00030 00300 03

-.ooooo

Example 21.
Compute arcsin x for x= .99511.
For x>.95, using Table 4.14 with interpolation
in the auxiliary function f(x) we find

00000 09

=.32175 05543 97.

If x is given in the form b/a it is convenient to

use 4.4.34 in the form

arcsin x=s- [2(1-x)]ij(x)

=;-

arcsin (.99511)

b
b-axo
arctan -=arctan xo+arctan
a
a+bzo
a-

[2(.OO489)]4f( .99511)

=1.57079 6327-(.09889 388252)

(1.O0040 7951)
=1.47186 2100.

In the present example we get

1
1
arctan -=arctan .333+arctan
3333
3
+

93

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example 25.
Compute arcsec 2.8 to 5D.
Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

arctanh .96035=3 In

1 +.96035
1 -.96035

=$In-

1.96035
.03965

=$ In 49.44136 191
=3(3.90078 7359)= 1.950394.

(Z2-1)l
arcsec z=arcsin z
[(2.8)'-1]4
arcsec 2.8=arcsin
2.8
=arcsin .93404 97735
= 1.20559

Example 27.
Compute arccosh x for x=1.5368 to 6D.
Using Table 4.17
arccosh x-arccosh 1.5368(x2-1)' - [(1.5368)2-1]' --.852346

or using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

arccosh 1.5368= (.852346)(1.361754)l

arcsec z=arctan (z2-1)+

arcsec 2.8=arctan 2.61533 9366

= (.852346)(1.166942)
= .994638.

?r
=-arctan .38235 95564,

from 4.4.3 and 4.4.8

= 1.570796-.365207
= 1.20559.

Example 28.
Compute arccosh x for x=31.2 to 5D.
Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with l/x=1/31.2
= .03205 128205

Example 26.

arccosh 33.2-ln 31.2=.692886

Compute arctanh x for x=.96035 to 6D.

From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2

arccosh 31.2= .692886+3.440418=4.13330.

References
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[4.1] B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation
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[4.2] C. W. Clenshaw, Polynomial ap roximations to
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p=3(3)15, 15D.

'

94

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCMONB

(4.191 National Bureau of Standards, Table of natural

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[4.20] NZZ?&eau
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08t,

[4.281 National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin z

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[4.291 National Bureau of Standards, Tables of arctan z,
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-b

+see page 11.