Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis

General
Calculations
Circuits
Analysis
Section A
03062010-01 . Page A-I
Power System Problem Set
03062010-0I
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
PageA-2
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
PROBLEM A-I
Three impedances of 4+j3 Q each are connected in delta to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the phase currents if the voltage VcAis the reference and the phase sequence is BCA.
SOLUTION A-I:
Z'I
oLO
_ '18 L 3". '7

I e.c. "=-
VI.. 2'-10
/
/
20
Jlfjl B8.:.I
-::
?-
'-I+J 3
-
1 '"
if...
240 (Z<'IO

"IB U
0
3
'1+J /3
PROBLEMA-2
Z. = 4+j3 =5L36.87
,V. 240
I. =-1I=-=48 Amps
Z. 5
\r::. _

'II>e :c c",
Solution A-2:
Z. =4+j3 =5L36.87
V. 240
I. =-1I=-=48 Amps
Z. 5
Three impedances of 4+j3 Q each are connected in delta to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the line currents and their angles if VCA is the reference and the phase rotation is
CAB.
L1
,50-
PROBLEMA-3
Three impedances of4+j3 Q each are connected in delta to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the circuits power factor.
03062010-01 PageA-3
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-3:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
PROBLEMA-4
Z. =4+ j3=5L36.87
pi = cosO = cos 36.8r = 0.8 lagging
Three impedances of4+j3 Q each are connected in delta to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the total power for the load.
Solution A-4:
Z. =4+ j3=5L36.87
V. 240
1.=-,I=-=48 Amps
Z. 5
lsi = .J3V
L
I
L
=.J3(240)(83.14)
= 34, 560.65 VA
P=/s/cosO
=34,560.65 x 0.8
= 27, 648.52 W
PROBLEMA-5
Three impedances of4+j3 Q each are connected in delta to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the total kVAR for the load.
03062010-0I PageA-4
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Solution A-5:
Q
r
=' 3
'=- ..3
:: 2 () 7 vAlt.
Z. =4+ j3 = 5L36.87"
V. 240
I. =-1I=-=48 Amps
Z. 5
lsi =;l3V
L
I
L
=;13(240){83.14)
= 34, 560.65 VA
Q=ISjsinB
=34,560.65 x 0.6
= 20,736.4 VAR
PROBLEMA-6
PageA-5
A -/


\
/.1' 3
:B_1
c.
... -= 13f? 1.1/
N!.
1.,38.S-V _ 27.70"'1
S.5/.,
Z. =4+ j3=5L:36.87"
V, 240
V. = J3 = ;13 = 138.56 volts
I. = = 27.71 Amps
"l :::. 5 / -st. 't
q)
\l ='
A!3
T <l>:: I//j)
"Z
Three impedances of4+j3 Q each are connected in a wye to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Determine the phase currents.
Solution A-6:
03062010-01
Power System Problem Set
PROBLEMA-7
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Three impedances of4+j3 n each are connected in a wye to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Calculate the power factor.
Solution A-7:
z; =4+j3 =5L36.87
pi =cos e=cos 36.87 =0.8 lagging
PROBLEMA-8
Three impedances of4+j3 n each are connected in a wye to a three-phase, 240 volt line.
Calculate the total power.
Solution A-8:
z; =4+ j3 =5L36.87
V
L
240
v.. =-fi = -fi =138.56 volts
V 138.56
1
L
=1; =-,-I = 27.71 Amps
Z; 5
pi =case =cos36.87 =0.8 lagging
lSi =-fiV
L
1
L
=-fi(240)(27.71) =1l,518.83VA
P =Islcose =1l,518.83cos36.87 =9,215.05 Watts
PROBLEMA-9
Three impedances of4+j3 n each are connected in a wye toa three-phase, 240 volt line.
Calculate the total kVAR.
030620 I0-0I PageA-6
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-9:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Z. =4+ j3 =5L36.87
v: 240
V. =13 = -J3 =138.56 volts
V. 138.56
IL =1. =-1-I = 27.71 Amps
Z. 5
pi =cos 0 =cos 36. 87 =0.8 lagging
lSi =,)3VrI
L
=-J3(240)(27.71) =11,518.83VA
Q =lsi sinO =11,518.83sin36.87 =6.91k Vars
PROBLEM A-tO
Three hundred MVA at 0.8 pI; lagging is being transmitted over a 345 kV, three-phase
transmission line. Ifthe receiving end voltage is 345 kV, what is the complex phase load
impedance if the load is assumed to be connected in delta?
Solution A-tO:
s = 300 MVA @0.8 pi lagging
cosO = 0.8 lagging = 36.87
ISI=300 MVA
V
L
=345 kV
Isl=,)3VJL
I
__ lsi _ (300x10
6
) 502 A
mps
L - ,)3v
L
- ,)3(345x 10
3
)
I 502
I. = J3 = -J3 = 289.83 Amps
03062010-01 Page A-7
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
V
L
=V. =345 kV
V
Z
--L.
.-
I.
Z. = 1,190.35 n
Z. = 1, 190.35L36.87 =952.3+ j714.2 n
Three hundred MYA at 0.8 pf, lagging is being transmitted over a 345 kY, three-phase
transmission line. If the receiving end voltage is 345 kY, what is the complex phase load
impedance if the load is assumed to be connected in wye.
~ PROBLEMA-ll
Y
Solution A-ll:
s = 300 MVA @ 0.8 pi lagging
cosB = 0.8 lagging = 36.87
/SI=300 MVA
V
L
=345 kV
ISI=,[jVLI
L
I
S/ (300xl06)
I =-- =502 Amps
L ,[jV
L
J3(345xIQ')
I
L
= I. = 502 Amps
V. = is = 199.186 kV
Izi = V = 199.186 = 396.78 n
I L 502
Z. =396.78L36.87=317.42+ j238.06 n
03062010-0I
PageA-8
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circnit Analysis
PROBLEM A-12
A customer is to be served from a 50 MVA, 115/13.8 kV transformer which has an impedance
of;7.5% on a 50 MYA base. The 115 kV bus has a system equivalent impedance of 1.5 +j3.2%
on a 100 MYA base. The distribution line serving the customer has an impedance of5.0 +
jI5.0% on a 100 MYA base. Assuming the customer short circuit contribution to be nil, using a
100 MYA base determine the minimum short-circuit rating in MVA for the circuit breaker to be
installed by the customer.
Solution A-12:
Converting transformer from 50 MYA base to 100 MVA
-o/,Z
Xrrans!onneronlOOMVABase - 0 TransjormerBase MV.A
L Base
100
=7.5x-=15%
50
The total impedance in % ofthe circuit is:
The Per Unit current is calculated using the Per Unit voltage and impedance
=1.5+}3.2+}15+5+}15
=6.5+}33.2
=33.8.L78.92
".s"\-
U. s-d
3
.
zJ
'"-=6 ( __...:..(;..;15:..../(1/
3
5ol'lV/I
/.5",
I (P.u.) =%V
f %Z
= 100 = 2.96
33.8
The minimum MVA rating of the breaker equals the P.U. MYA times Base P.o.
MVABreaker = MVAc;rcUil x MVA
Base
030620I0-0 I
=2.96xlOO
=296 MVA
::=
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
PROBLEM A-13
In a 4-wire, 3-phase system, two phases have current of lOA and 6A at lagging power factors of
0.8 and 0.6 respectively while the third phase is open-circuited as shown in the diagram below.
The system phase rotation is ABC.
Calculate the current in the neutral and draw the vector diagram.
"
Now work the same problem for CBA rotation and compare the neutral currents answers.
Solution A-13:
<P, =cos'(0.8) = 36.9
<P
2
=cos'(0.6) = 53.1
Let VAN be the reference vector. Then
I
A
= IOL-36.9 = (8-j6)
I
B
= 6L-173.6 = (-6-jO.72)
The neutral current IN, as shown in the figure below, is the sum ofthese two currents.:
IN = (8-j6) +(-6-jO.72) = 2 - j6.72 = 7L-73"26'
. 03062010-01 PageA-IO
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Problem A-14
Find the base impedance for a system in ohms ifthe kV base is 345 kV and the MVA base is
1,000 MVA.
Solution A-14:
ZBASE =V;ASE = (345kV)2 1190
SBASE lOOOMVA
Problem A-15
A 345-kV (receiving end voltage) transmission line is 160 kin long. The impedancelkm is
0.034+jO.32 QIkm per phase. The load requires 500 MWand 100 MVAR. At each end are 1000
MVA transformers with 0.1 per-unit reactance per phase based on the transformer voltage and
aI1parent power rating.
Find the per unit line impedance ofthe transmission line in ohms if the kV base is 345 kVand
the MVA base is 1,000 MYA.
Solution A-15:
(345kV)2
lOOOMVA
1190
Z = Z/in, =(0.034+ j0.32)xl60 0.0457+ j0.430
P" Zba" 119
Problem A-16
A 800 kW single-phase load is connected between phases I and 2 ofa 440 V, 3-phase line,
wherein E" = 440LO, E
23
= 440L-120, E
3I
= 440L120
- ' ~ : - -
1
ljSOOIC.v.:.
-"'--_._-/
::,:::.--__- ..-.--J
Calculate the load currents and line currents when the single-phaseload is connected across two
of the phases ofthis system:
\
03062010-01
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-16:
The resistance ofthe single-phase load is
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
E
2
R=-
P
440
2
800,000
0.2420
The current in the load and in two ofthe three lines is
1= E = 440 =1818A
R 0.242
Problem A-17
A balanced three-phase, wye-connected load, each phase consisting of a resistance and
capacitance in series, is connected to a balanced 3$ voltage source, as shown below.
A polyphase wattmeter and varrneter connected between the load and the source reads 15 kW
and 15 kVAR respectively.
Polyphase meter potential coils are connected line-to-line.
The ammeter in the neutral connection reads 60 A.
The phase ammeters read 50 A.
The voltage source contains no harmonics of higher order than the third harmonic (180 Hz).
Find the fundamental and third harmonic load currents.
:P.

?or(>
6
b
-'? Af---4
l'<><-<rl...,.
W"ft",.r"
15IC
W
0306201O-OJ
3,:>
1----
i-<>Ao

VAI'."",t...
15 \'.VAR..
Page A - 12
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-17:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
The neutral current is equal to three times the third harmonic current per phase. This occurs because the
current for third
I
3A
= II cos3(B+Oo) = II cOs(3B+Oo) = II cos3B
I
3D
= II cos3(B+120) = II cos(3B+ 360) = II cos3B
I
3c
= II cos3(B+240) = II cos(3B+72Qo) = II cos3B
therefore
I
3A
+ I
3D
+ I
3c
= 31
3
harmonic is in phase for all three phases, i.e.:
60 A =3 X h. therefore I, ~ 20 A
Thus, solving for I, we have:
I
(50)' =I: +(20)'
then
II =45.825 A
Problem A-1S
The circuit below has two lamps, L, with a resistance of loon and L, with a resistance of200n.
The applied voltage V
s
is equal to 22.63 V. The reactance of C at the operating frequency of
the source is 200n.
The circuit is operated with the switch SW, open and you are to determine the wattage
dissipated by L, with the switch in this position.
When the switch is closed will L, and L, dissipate:
(a) Same number of watts
(b) L, will dissipate more than L,
(c) L, will dissipate less than L,
(d) L, and L, will dissipate less wattage than when the switch is open
03062010-01 Page A - 13
Power System Problem Set General Calcnlations and Circuit Analysis
=- \Is
Solution A-I8:
First Part of Question
ZI = R
1
- jX
c
=100- j200 = 223.6L-63.4'
II, = V
s
= 22.63LO' , :: O. I /-63,'1
ZI 223.6L-63.4
PI, =I
2
R
1
=0.lOexlOO=1.02 watts
With Switch Closed:
Z =R,IIC
2
= -R,X
c
, -200x200 141.5L-45"
'q
ZTo,ol = R, +Z,q = 100+100- j100 = 200- j100 = 223.6L-26.6'
I
'.
ZTo,al 223.6
= Iio,aI R, = O.lOex100 = 1.02 watts
V
z
=ITo,aIZeq =0.101L26.6'x141.5L-45' = 14.29L-18.4'
.,
I = V
z
" 14.29L-18.4' 0.07145L-18.4'
Cop -X 200L _90'
c
PL, = 0.07145
2
x200 = 1.02 watts
Therefore it is seen that both lamps are dissipating the same wattage when the switch is closed.
Note L, dissipates the same wattage whether the switch is closed or not.
030620 I0-0I
lb"torz.e
Al=re-R
Fl.-I /. dz. !.{J2
PL-2.
0
I.
PageA- 14
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-19
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Referring to the figure below, source A generates a voltage E[ = 20 kV L5 and source B
generates a voltage E, = IS kV L42. The transmission line connecting them has an inductive
reactauce of 14 Q. Calculate the active power that flows over the line and specify which source
is actually a load.
/
-
A
IX
J/O
E,
IX
B
-
-
Solution A-19:
AC:-_'--"- /
Power flow between two vollage sources.
The phase angle between the two sources is Ii = 42 - 5 = 37. The voltage of source B leads
that of source A because its phase angle is more positive. Consequently, power flows from B to
A and so A is actually a load. The active power is given by:
P
E1Ez s:
=--smu
X
=20,000x15,000 0.602
14
=12.9x10
6
=12.9MW
03062010-01 PageA-15
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Note tbat, strange as it may seem, power flows from tbe source having the lower voltage (15
kV) to tbe one having the higher voltage (20 kV).
Problem A-20
A plant's has an induction motor of 10.5 MYA, 85%power factor running and is supplied from
a transfonner secondary voltage of4,160 volts.
What is the running real power (kW) and reactive power drawn by this induction motor?
Solution A-20:
p = s cos e = (10.5)(0.85) = 8.925 MW= 8,925 kW
Q= S sine = S sin (cos-
l
0.85) = 10.5 sin 31. 70
= 10.5 (0.5268) = 5.5312 MYAR = 5,531.2 kVAR
Problem A-21
An industrial plant is served by a 12,470-V V480-V grounded-wye transfonner. The high-
v(jllage'side ofthe transfonner is served from a l2,470..V wye-connected distribution line tb,
has ,Itgrounded neutral. The best protection. of the transfonner against lightning strikes on tbe
12,470"Yline wiUresult from surgelllli:ster connections of:
(A) phase to ground on tbe l2,470-V side of the transfonner
(a) phaseto phase on the 12,470-Vside ofthetransfonner
(C) phase to ground on tbe 480-V sideofthetransfonner
(O)phaseto neutral to ground on the48Q-V side ofthe transfonner
03062010-01 PageA-16
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-21:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Even though the high side ofthetransformedsconnecteddelta (unglOunded), a strike toa
12-l<.Vphase conductor will impose a high voltageto ground, which is bestdissipated by surge
arresters connected between the phases and ground Artswer (A).
Phase-to-phase arrester location will not he as sensitive to ground currents caused by lightning
strikes as a phase-to-ground location.This eliminates (B).
The problemstatement refers to proteetionagainst lightning strikes on the 12kV line. Arresters
onthe 480-V side. would not protect the transformer against such an event. Eliminate (C) and
(D).
Problem A-22
A3-phase, 4-wire, neutral-grounded, wye-connected utility line has a phase-to-phase voltage of
13.2 kV. A complex load of (200+jlOO)kVA is connected between Phase Aand neutral An
identical load is connected hetweenPhase Band neutral, The neutral current (amperes) i s ~ o s t
nearly;
(A) 0
(II) 9.8
(C) 16.9
(D) 29.3
Assume the phase rotation is CIlA, find the angle of the neutral current.
Solution A-22:
For this unbalanced load, /A +1
B
+!J.1 =0
Also, VN =VHI J3= 13.2/1.732=7.62 kV
1/ +11=1-/ 1=1200+J10o+200+J1001=29.:3A
A B N 7.62LO 7.62LI200
Neutral current angle is found as follows:
03062010-0 I PageA- 17
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
I
I +I 1= 223.6L26.6" + 223.6L26.6" =29.3 A
A B 7.62LO" 7.62L120"
=129.34L26.6" +29.34L- 93.4"1
=126.2+ j13.l+(-1.7- j29.3)1
=124.5- j16.21
=1
29
.371
IIA+IBI=-I
N
-IN = 29.37Larctan(-16.2J = 29.37e33S
24.5
IN = 29.37d3S +180" = 29.37L213S = 29.37L+146S
Problem A-23
A J7Phase,3-wire, ungrounded, I3.2-kV(phase-to-phase) wye-connected source is connected
to a balanced delta load that is grounded on Comer A. The voltage measured between Comer B
andgroUlldismost nearly: -
(A).halfthe phase-to-phase voltage
(B). 7.62kV
(C) 13.2kV
(D) cannot be determined
Solution A-23:
The systemis initially ungrounded (the utilityneutralis disconnected from ground).
CIJDnectingComer Aofthe delta to ground will therefore haveno.effect on the relative phase
volta,gi::sandYoo= V
BA
= I3.2kV.
03062010-01 Page A- 18
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Problem A-24
Th<:: only load on a 3-phase, 4-wire systemis iJlacedbetween Phase B and Phase C.The phase-
tocphase voltageis 13.2 kV. The load is 500 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. The magnitude
ofthe line current in Phase C(amperes) is most nearly:
(A) 65.6
(B) 55.8
(C) 37.9
(D) 32.2
Solution A-24:
I _500kVA 37.9A
c- 13.2kV
03062010-01 PageA-19
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Problem A-25
. 'fhefigiJrebeIowrepresents a balanced 3-phasedistribution system, sequence ABC, 60 Hz.
t'As",lZ,SLO kV (load voltage), and the ilnpedanceofthelineis (S+jIO) nlphase.
a R+jX
b
c
S JIO
R+jX
-
-
Ice
A
IfIaA= 70L-20, then the magnitude Wabl in kV is most nearly:
(A) 15.0
(B) 13.8
(C) 13.0
(0) 11.9
Solution A-25:
.....
SiI@thedistributibnsYSfemisballll1ced,
w",12.5 L-30
0
+70L-20o (S+jIO)'" 7.48L-24.2
an J3 1,000
IV
ab
l"'7.48J3 = 12.9S kV
03062010-01 Page A-20
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Problem A-26
.Considcra 2081120V, 3-phase, wye-connected, 4-wire transformer. Each 120-V phase feeds a
separate and identical dc power supply comprising a simple full-wave bridge rectifier,followe'
by a large filter capacitor. There.areatotal of three de power supplies, one connected to each
phase. The following circuitdiagnirn shows one ofthe three power supplies:
L1NE----+
c
NEUTRAL----f---..
The outputs of the three power supplies are loaded with identical resistive loads. There are no
other loads on the transformer.
Which of the following oscilloscope traces ofthe neutral current is most likely to be observed?
V 1/60 !(sec)
1/\
V1190
V
1
/
180
(\
o
(A)
(B)
(\
o 1/180 1/90 1/60

!(sec)
(C)
~ I ~ I ~ I
o 1/180 1/90 1/60 !($ee)
(0) The trace is essentially flat.
03062010-01 Page A - 21
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-26:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
supply is loaded, there must be nonzero charging current being suppliedto the
Cll:pacitor.It is reasonable to assume steady-state conditions. It iSalsoreasonable to assumetilat
;thef()rwardvoltage drop across.thediodes is negligible comparedto 120 V and that the
.conductance ofthe diodes is zero when reverse biased.
Sketch the current for one ac phase. The single-phase neutral current Will consistofone
posiiivepulse and one negative pulse, per whenthe acvoltage exceeds the
dc voltage on the filter capacitor and the capacitor is charging. Each ofthe other two ac phases
wiil contribute similar current pulses on the neutral, shifted by 120
0
and 240
0
(1/180and 21180
seconds), respectively. The pulses will not cancel; the prlmaryfrequency on the neutral will be
the fusttriplen, I.e., 180 Hz. (Other, higher, triplen harmonics will alsobepresent.) Answer
(A).
(B) shows the correct number ofcurrent pulses per cycle, but they do not altemate, therefore,
eliminate (B).
(C) shows only three pulses per cycle, each of the same polarity, therefore, eliminate (C).
(D) atlattrace, I.e., zero neutral current, wou/40ccur if there were no chargingcurrentbeing
supplied to the capacitor; since the power supplies are resistively loaded, the charging current
mllStbenonzero, therefore, eliminate (D).
Problem A-27
The following inverter schematic is used for a variable-speed motor drive. Assume ideal
transistors. Each transistor operates as an ideal switch.
.J
+
V=679V
C
DC LINK
.J
INVERTER
M
34> INDUCTION MOTOR
The peak phase-ta-phase voltage (V) to the motor is most nearly:
(A) 336
(B) 475
(C) 480
(D) 679
03062010-01 Page A -22
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-28:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
This inverter essentially produces 3-phasesquarewaves by sequentially switching the
transistors on and offto drive the motor. Forthe pU1'Jl9seofthis question, it is reasonable to
neglect the forward voltage drop across the transistors when they are conducting.
Pick any two transistors that are connected.to opposite sides ofthe dclink and to different
motor phases. Assume these two transistors are turned on. The phase-to-phase voltage across
those two motor phases is equal.to the dc-link voltage. .
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (D)
. 03062010-01
Page A -23
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit AnalysIs
Problem A-28
.60-Hz, fully controlled thyristor bridge operates with a purely resistive load. In
i
a
is the outputcurreht, vaistheoutput voltage, and the input currenti
designilled as;,.
_4
+
is
,

.....
<
-k< -k<
-
R
The output waveform is illustrated here:
,
, , ,
/ / /
, , ,
I I I
, , ,
, , ,
n-l"'_.l-_+-_.....l... '_L---I'-_--J.... ' ....IL---+__--'- cot
hin(rot)

IX =45"
The average value ofthe output current i
a
(amperes) is most nearly:
(A) 0
(8) 0.543
(C) 0.637
(D) 0.707
03062010-01 PageA-24
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-28:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
lAVE = ~ (i(t)dt, where T is the period ofthe wavefonn, 180
0
;80
_.!. J sin(ep)dep
1t 45.
I 1180.
= - 1t cos (ep) W
=0.543 A
Problem A-29
I /1"/J
_ - COS 6il!)
it'
Which of the following conditions would mostJikely result ina saturated magnetic flux within
theindicatedequipment?
(A) A 50-Hz power transformer operated at 60 Hz and at rated MYA
(6) A3-phase induction motor driven by an inverter at the rated voltage of the motor and half
its rated frequency
(C) Apower transformer, operating at rated MYA, connected delta to a long transmission liIt':
that is exposed to a heavy geomagnetic solar storm
(I) A current transformer with its primary carrying rated current and its secondary winding
shorted
03062010-01 Page A - 25
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-29:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
motor in which the inverter allows the voltage-to-freq1.lency ratio to
Answer
.a50-Hz transformer at higherthan rated frequency will reduce the chances of
.satilratingthe transformer. Eliminate (A).
storms do not cause saturation ill delta transformers since the delta is not
to ground. Eliminate (C).
The normal current transformer configuration is with a short-circuited secondary winding.
Opening the secondary circuit could cause saturation. Eliminate (0).
THECORRECT ANSWER IS: (B)
Problem A-30
Each phase ofa wye-connected load consists of a non-reactive resistance of 100 nin
parallel with a capacitance of 31.8/-lF.
Calculate the line current, power absorbed, the total kVA, and the power factor when
connected to a 480 V, 3-phase, 60 Hz supply.
__I",,_-...,
C R
11---,
8--'.
C __-C---C---C-- -"
Solution A-30:
Vph =4801;/3 Loa =277 Loa =277+jO
The admittance per phase is
03062010-01 Page A -26
Power System Problem Set
Yph =1.+ jwC=_I_+ j377 x 31.8x10--"
R 100
=0.01+ jO.012
:.I
ph
= V
ph
.Yph = 277 x (0.01 + jO.012)
= 2.77 + j3.32 = 4.32L50.2"
Since I
ph
= I
L
for a wye connected load
:.I
L
=4.32 A
Power Factor = cos 50.2" = 0.64 (leading)
Now V
h
=(277 + jO)
. p
Iph = 2.77 + j3.32
:. P
A
= (277 +jO)(2. 77 - j3.32)
= 767.3- j919.6 = 1197.7L-50.2'
General Calcnlations and Circuit Analysis
Hence, total power = 3x767.3 = 2301.9 W = 2.302 kW
Total voltamps = 1197.7x3 = 3593.1 VA = 3.593 kVA
Problem A-31
Three similar resistors are connected in a wye across a 480 V, 3-phase lines. The line
current is 5 A.
Calculate the value of each resistor.
To what value should the line voltage be changed to obtain the same line current with the
resistors connected in a delta.
Solution A-31:
For a wye connection we have:
h=Iph=5A
Vph = 480 /-Y3 = 277 V
Rph = 277/5 = 55.4 n
For a delta connection we have:
h = 5 A (given)
Iph= 5/-Y3 A
Rph = 55.4 n (remained same from above problem)
V
L
= Iph X Rph = (5 x 55.4)/-Y3 = 160 V
03062010-01
Page A -27
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Note the voltage needed for 5 amps when the resistors are connected in a delta is
1I3
rd
of the value for a wye connected resistors.
Problem A-32
Three loon non-inductive resistances are connected in (a) a wye (b) a delta across a 480
V, 3-phase lines.
Calculate the power taken from the supply in each case.
In the event of one ofthe three resistances is open-circuited, what would be the value of
total power taken from the lines in each ofthe two cases?

----...,A
100 0:
(a)
Solution A-32:
!b}
For the wye connected resistors in figure a we have:
Vph = 4801--13=277 V
P = --I3VdL coslD
= --13 x 480 x 4.8 x 1 1--13 = 2304 W
-
== tJ3... )( x. I
i\lS"l
OO
For the delta connected resistors in figure b we have:
Vph =480 V
R
ph
=100nV
Iph = Vph!Rph = 480/100 = 4.8 A
h = 4.8 x --13 A = 8.3 A
P = --I3VLI
L
coslD
= --13 x 480' 8.3 x 1= 6912 W
When one of the resistors is disconnected we have the following:
03062010-0 I Page A -28
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Wye connected resistors with one resistor open.
The circuit no longer remains a 3-phase circuit but consists of two 100 nresistors in
series across a 480 V supply. Current in line A and C is = 480/200 = 2.4 A.
Power absorbed in both resistors = 480 x 2.4 = 1152 W
Hence, by disconnecting one resistor, the power consumption is reduced by half.
Delta connected resistors with one resistor open.
In this case, current in A and C remain as usua1120
0
out of phase with each other.
Current in each phase =480/100 =4.8 A
Power consumption in both =2 x 4.8
2
X 100 =4608 W
In this case, when one resistor is disconnected, the power consumption is reduced by one-
third.
Problem A-33
A 3-phase, 4-wire having a 254 V 1ine-to-neutral has the following loads connected
between the respective lines and neutral.
ZA = 10LO n, ZB = 10L-53 n, Zc = 10L3?O n.
Calculate the current in the neutral wire and the power taken by each load when phase
sequence is ACB, and ABC
N
03062010-01
L
Page A -29
Power System Problem Set
Solution A-33:
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Phase Sequence ACB
VAN =254LO"
V
BN
= 254L120"
V
CN
=254L-120"
I = I = VAN = 254LO" 25.4LO"
A AN RIOLO"
A
I =I = V
CN
= = 254L-120" 25.4L-15T =-23.38- '9.95
C CN Z 10L3T ]
C
254L120"
I
B
= IBN 25.4L173" =-25.2+ j3.1
10L _53"
IN =-(I
A
+I
B
+I
c
) =-[25.4+(-23.38- j9.55)+(-25.21+ j3.1)] = 23.49+ j6.85
.. ~ -
=24.46L16.25"
Nowthe power consumed by each phase can be determined from the following:
R
A
=100
R
B
= 10cos(-53)0 = 60
Rc = IOcos(37)0 = 80
W
A
= 25.4
2
xlO =6.452kW
W
B
= 25.4
2
X 6 = 3.871kW
W
c
= 25.4
2
X 8 = 5.162kW
W
Yotal
= W
A
+ WB + We = 6.452 kW + 5.162 kW + 3.871 kW = 15.485 kW
03062010-01 Page A -30
Power System Problem Set
Phase Sequence ABC
VA =254LO
V
e
= 254L120
VB = 254L-120
0
I
A
254LO = 25.4LO
lOLO
254L120
Ie 25.4L83 =3.1+ j25.2
10L3T
I = 254L -120
0
25.4L-6T =9.95-J23.4
B 10L-530
IN =-(lA +I
B
+IJ =-38.45- j1.8 = 38.5L-177.3
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
It should be noted that the power remains the same for both phase sequence because
magnitude of branch currents is unaltered. From the above, we conclude that sequence
reversal in the case of a 4-wire unbalanced load supplied from a balanced voltage system
leads to the following changes:
It changes the angles of phase currents but not their magnitudes.
Power remains unchanged.
It changes the magnitude as well as angle of the neutral current IN.
Problem A-34
A balanced wye-connected load of (8 +j6) n per phase is connected to a balanced 3-
phase 480-V supply.
Find the
03062010-01
(a)
(b)
line current
power factor
PageA-31
Power System Problem Set
(c) power
(d) total volt-amperes.
Solution A-34:
(a)
Zph =.JS
2
+6
2
= 100
Vph =4S01Ji =277V
I = Vph = 277V = 27.7A
ph Z 100
ph
therefore
I
ph
=I
L
=27.7A
(b)
R SO .
pi = cosO = ---.l!!... = - = O.S(laggmg)
Zph 100
(c)
Power =JiVLILcosO
=Jix4S0Vx27. 7AxO.S
=lS,423.5W
the same results can be obtained by:
=3Iph2R
ph
=3x27.7A
2
xSO
=IS,415W
(d)
Total VA =S =JiVLI
L
=Jix4S0Vx27.7A
= 23, 029.3 VA
03062010-01
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Page A - 32
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-35
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Phase voltages ofa wye-connected generator are VA = 277LO V, V
a
= 277L-120 V,
and V
e
= 277L120 V.
(a) What is the phase sequence of the system?
(b) Compute the line voltages VAB and V
ae
Solution A-35:
The phase voltage Ve = 277L120 V can be written as Ve = 277L-240 V. Hence, the
three voltages are: VA = 277LO V, Va = 277L-120 V and Ve = 277L-240 V.
It is seen that VAis thereference voltage. Va lags behind it by 120 whereas Ve behind it
by 240.
Hence, the phase sequence is ABC. Moreover, it is a symmetrical 3-phase voltage
system.
VAB = Vse =.y3 277V = 480 V
03062010-0I Page A -33
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-36
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Three equal wye-connected inductors take 8 kWat a power factor 0.8 when connected
across a 460 V 3-phase, 3-wire supply. Find the circuit constants ofthe load per phase.
Solution A-36:
p =JiVJLcos B
therefore
8000 = Ji x460xl
L
xO.8
then
I
L
= I
ph
= 12.55A
V = V
L
= 460 = 265V
ph Jj, Ji
V
ph
I
h
=-
P Zph
then
Zph = V
ph
= 265V 21.1Q
I
ph
12.55A
R
ph
=ZPhcosB=21.1xO.8=16.9Q
X
ph
= ZphsinB = 2I.IxO.6 =12.7Q
03062010-0I Page A - 34
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-37
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Given a balanced three-phase, three wire system with Y connected load for which line
voltage is 230 V and impedance of each phase is (6+j8) O.
Find the current and power absorb by each phase.
Solution A-37:
Zph =..}6
2
+ 8
2
=100
V,
Vph=_L =133V
J3
R 6
cosB=-=-=0.6
Z 10
I = V
ph
= 133V = 13.3A
ph Z 100
ph
I
L
= I ph = 13.3A
03062010-0 I Page A - 35
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-38
General Calculations and Circnit Analysis
254 V
When the three identical wye-connected coils are supplied with 440 V, 60 Hz three phase
supply, the single phase wattmeter whose current coil is connected in the A phase and the
voltage coil is connected across A to neutral reads 6kW and the ammeter connected in
phase A reads 30 amps. Phase sequence ofthe system is ABC.
Find
(a) resistance and reactance ofthe load
(b) power factor ofthe load
(c) reactive power ofthree phase load
Solution A-38:
440 V
Vph J3
I
ph
=30 A
P= VphIphcos8
then
cos8= 6000 W 0.787
254 Vx30 A
8=38.06"
sinB=0.616
Zph =Vph =254 V 8.47 Q
I
ph
30 A
(a) R
L
=ZphcosB=8.47xO.787=6.7Q
XL =ZphsinB =8.47xO.616=5.22Q
(b) pi =cos8 = 0.787 (lagging)
(c) Reactive Power=J3VJL sinB = J3x440x30xO.616 =14.083 kVA
03062010-01 Page A - 36
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-39
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Calculate the active and reactive components in each phase of a wye-connected 10,000
V, 3-phase generator supplying 5,000 kW at 0.8 pf. If the total current remains the same
at a pf of 0.9, find the new output.
Solution A-39:
I -I - kW _ 5000 361A
L- ph - .JjV
L
- .Jjx 10000
ActiveComponentofI
L
=ILcosll=36IxO.8=288.8 A
Reactive Component of I
L
= ILsinli = 361 x 0.6 = 216.6 A
New Power Level = .JjVJLcosli =.Jj xlO000x361x 0.9 = 5,625 kW
this can also be found as fol1ows:
p = kWxpf"ew 5000xO.9 5625 kW
new ,r 08
PJoid
Problem A-40
Twenty thousand kg of water are heated in 12 hours. If the water is to be heated from
25C to 95C, find the kW rating of the heater ifits efficiency is 92%.
Solution A-40:
If W is the heater rating in watts, then
Wt
--xT/=mS(II, -Ill)
4200 . ,
Wx(12x3600)
I xO.92=20,000x(95-25)
4200 . .
W =J.479x10
5
=147.9 kW
W ~ 1 5 0 kW
1 kcal = 4200 J
03062010-0 I Page A - 37
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-41
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
A circuit breaker operates when the current through its trip coil has reached 30 per cent of
its [mal steady value.
The trip coil has a resistance of200 Q and a time constant of 0.006 second and is
energized from a 1l0-Vd.c. supply.
Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
the value off the initial steady current
inductance of coil
initial rate of change of current
energy stored in the coil under steady conditions
the time interval after switching on the supply to the coil before the
breaker operates.
Solution A-41:
(a) 1
m
= 110/200 = 0.55 A .. e.""'" e.;..
(b) .=LIR
0.006 = Ll200
L= 1.2 H
(c) Initial rate of change of current = VIL = 110/1.2 = 91.7 Ns
1 2 1 2
(d) Energy stored = =-LI
m
=-x1.2xO.55 =0.18 J
2 2
(e) Now
Here
therefore
i = O.3I
m
T = 0.006 seconds
0.3I
m
J
t =0.00214 s
03062010-0 I Page A - 38
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-42
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
A horse-shoe magnet is formed out of a bar ofwrought iron 0.457 m long having a cross-
section of 6.45 x 10-4 m
2
.
Exciting coils of 500 turns are placed on each limb and connected in series.
Find the exciting current necessary for the magnet to lift a load of 68.04 kg, assuming
that the load has negligible reluctance and makes close contact with the magnet. Relative
permeability of iron = 700.
Solution A-42:
The horse-shoe magnet is shown below:
68iJ4kg
Force of attraction at each pole
= 68.04/2 = 34.02 kg
= 34.02 x 9.81 = 333.7 N
A = 6.45 X 10-4 m
2
B
2
A
p=-
2po
B
2
x6.45xI0-'
333.7
2x4nxl0-
7
B
2
=1.3
B=1.14 Wh/m
2
H =BI PoW
=1.14/4nx1O-
7
x700=1296 AT/m
Length of iron path = 0.457 m
ATrequired =1296 x 0.457 = 592.6
No. of turns =500 x 2 = 1000
Therefore the required current
03062010-01 Page A - 39
Power System Problem Set
~ 592.6/100 ~ 0.593 A
Problem A-43
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
An iron ring having a mean diameter of 20 cm and cross-sectional area of 10 cm
2
is cut
across a diameter into two halves. The faces of the two halves are fitted to make a close
contact and each half is wound with a coil of 100 turns carrying a current of4 A
Calculate the force in kg required to separate the two halves. Take relative permeability
ofiron as 800.
Solution A-43:
First determine the value ofB.
Total AT =200 x 4x 800
Length of iron path = 20 1t cm = 0.2 1t m
Now
B
AT=Hxl=--xl
PoP,
800 BxO.2li
4lix10-
7
x800
B =1.28 Wh/m
2
Area of each face
Force required at one face of each half ring
B
2
A
=-- newton
2po
Force required for two faces of each half ring
B
2
A B
2
A
=2x--=-- newton
2p
o
Po
(1.28)2 X 10-
3
1303 N
4lixlO-
7
=1303/9.81=132.8 kg
03062010-0 I Page A -40
Power System Problem Set
Problem A-44
General Calcnlations and Circuit Analysis
An ac generator, G is connected to a group ofR, L, C circuit elements as shown below.
The respective elements carry the currents shown. Calculate the active and reactive
power associated with the generator.
2Q
Solution A-44:
~
16.12 A
i
t
20A
-3.5j
14 A
4Q
The two resistors absorb active power given by
P = r
2
R = (14
2
x 4) + (16.12
2
X 2) = 784+520= 1,304W
The 3 n reactor absorbs reactive power:
The 3.5 n capacitor generates reactive power:
Qc = 1
2
Xc = 20
2
x 3.5 = 1,400 var.
The R, L, C circuit generates a net reactive power of 1,400 - 588 = 812 var.
This reactive power must be absorbed by the generator: hence, as far as reactive power is
concerned, the generator acts as a load.
The active power absorbed by the resistors must he supplied by the generator: hence it is
a source of active power = 1,304 W.
In conclusion, the ac generator is a source of active power (1,304 W) and a receiver of
reactive power (812 var).
03062010-01 PageA-4l
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Problem A-45
Two parallel3-phase loads are supplied from a common 440-V bus. The loads are
described as follows:
Load One: A 25-hp motor operating at full-load, 92% efficiency and 0.78 lagging p.f.
Load Two: Three equal delta connected impedances of35 - j40 ohms each.
The 440-V bus is supplied from a source with a three conductor cable that has a per phase
impedance of 1.0 +j 1.5 ohms.
What is the magnitude ofthe line-to-line voltage at the source?
Load One:
Solution A-45:
P 25x746 = 20270 kW
;n 0.92 '
I
s I 20,270 = 25 990 kVA
;n 0.78 '
S = 25990L: cos-
l
(20270 I 25990) = 25990L:38.74" = 20270+ j16240
Load Two:
I I
440
I" 1
35
_ j40/ = 8.28 A
S =3x440x8.28L:tan-
1
( ~ O ) =10930L: -48.8" = 7200- j8220
S,otal = (20270 + 7200) + j(l6240 - 8220) = 28620L:16.32"
IILI 28620 =37.6 A
v'3x440
:.I
A
= 37.6L:-16.32" forVA_NL:O"
VINIA-N = ~ L:O" + (37.6L:-16.32")(1.0 + j1.5) =309L:8.r
VINIL-L = v'3 x 309 = 535 V
03062010-01 Page A -42
Power System Problem Set
ProblemA-46
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Inthe system shown, a balanced 3-phase load of50 MVA at 0.8 lagging p.fis being supplied
through a 3-phase 138/13.8 kV, 100 MVA transformer. The transformer has a series reactance
of0.1 p.ll. on its ownbase. Using the transformer ratings as a base, construct a per phase per IIIlit
circuit diagram. Showthe per IIIlit circuit values and compute the high side per IIIlit voltage.
Then calculate the actual line current magnitudes on both sides ofthe transformer. Assume the
voltage at the load is 13.8 kV.
Source
bus
Solution A-46:
The pu diagram is as follows:
s= 50 L36.8T
100
v= 13.8 =1.0
13.8
I =(0.5L36.8T)' =0.5L-36.8T
1.0LO
Z ~ j O . l
The high-side voltage is:
030620I0-0 I
Load
bus
E-----t---Load
138 kvI 13.8 kV
+ ~
~
v", 1.0 L 0 'J
"1
o
II
'"
Page A- 43
Power System Problem Set
E = 1.0LO" +(0.5L36.8T)x 0.IL90 = 1.03IL2.22
I I (
100x10' )
f
N
v s'J- = 0.5 r:: = 209A
.. ~ '/3 x 138x10
3
I I (
100x10' )
fLY.Sid' = 0.5 r:: 3 = 2092A
'/3xI3.8xlO
Problem A-46 through A-50
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
The elements in the systemin the one-line diagram shown have the following values:
Generator: 200 MVA, 16 kV, X =0.9 p.u.
n: 150 MVA, 18 kV(Y) /138 kV(i1), X = 10%
12: three40-MYAsingle-phase units, each 138 kV!7.96kV,X=0.08 p.ll
Motor: 150 MYA, 13.2 kV, X = 0.8 pu.
Line: j70 n /phase.
Select a 138 kV, 100 MVAbase inthe line section and find the reactance values ofthe elements
listed in each question.
A46 The generator:
(a) 0.220
(b) 0.356
(e) 0.418
(d) 0.489
(e) 0.618
A-47 Transformer n:
(a) 0.0137
(b) 0.0284
(e) 0.0667
03062010-01 Page A -44
Power System Problem Set
(d) 0.0800
(e) 0.1214
A-48 Transformer 1'2:
(a) 0.0137
(b) 0.0284
(e) 0.0667
(d) 0.0800
(e) 0.1214
A-49 The motor:
(a) 0.220
(b) 0.356
(e) 0.418
(d) 0.489
(e) 0.618
A-50 The transmission line:
(a) 0.220
(b) 0.368
(e) 0.592
(d) 0.618
(e) 0.701
General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
Solution: A-46 through A-50
A-46 b)
A-47 (c)
A-48 (c)
A-49 (d)
03062010-0I
x = 0.9(.Ii)' 100 = 0.357
"'OW 18 200
x = 0.1(138)' 100 = 0.0667
now 138..wtJ
ISO
x =0.08(138)' 100 =0.0667
now 138 120
x =0.8( 13.2 )2 100 =0.489
now 13.78 150
Page A- 45
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
;Z"cr
0.368
'70
x= 70
138' /100
A-50 (b)
6,:lA = 13f?lr66 -=
PROBLEM A-51 through A-54 Maximum-Power Transfer
The figure below illustrates two series-reactive circuits coupled via an ideal transfonner.
C R
s
N,:N
2
r---.J\J'V\r---'lI----, r---,
v
V=120sin .. t
R
s
=256Q
C=3,3pF
L=3mH
R
L
=16n
L
A-51 The transformer turns ratio, a = N/N
2
, is most nearly
(af 16
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.5
(d) 4.
A-52 The maximum power-transfer frequency in Hz, f
o
, is most nearly
(a) 200
(b) 400
(c) 600
(d) 100
A-53 The load current in amperes at f
o
is most nearly
(a) 3.76
(b) 0.47
(c) 0.94
(d) 1.88
030620I0-0 I Page A -46
Power System Problem Set General Calculations and Circuit Analysis
..
A-54 The load power, in watts, dissipated, at f
o
is most nearly
(a) 14
(b) 28
(c) 30
(d) 15
Solution Problems A-51 through A-54
A-51 Correct Answer (d)
R
s
=a.
2
R
L
4=)R
s
/ R
L
=4
A-52 Correct Answer (b)
When l/(27CfC)=a
2
(27CjL)
1 1
f = = 399.89 Hz
87C.J9.949xlO 5
A-53 Correct Answer (c)
A-54 Correct Answer (a)
03062010-0I PageA-47