CHAPTER 6. THE PAST CONTINUOUS, THE PAST PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1.

Summary of the uses of the English tenses There are four types of verb tense in English: the Simple, the Continuous, the Perfect, and the Perfect Continuous. Each type of tense has a Present, a Past, and a Future form, as well as other modal forms. Thus, just as there are four present tenses in English, there are also four past tenses: the Simple Past, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect, and the Past Perfect Continuous. As will be shown below, the three forms of each type of tense are closely related in terms of their use and formation. For instance, the Present Continuous, Past Continuous, and Future Continuous tenses are all used to express continuous, ongoing actions; and are all formed from the verb to be followed by the present participle. The differences are that the Present Continuous is formed with the Simple Present of the verb to be, and is used mainly to express present actions; the Past Continuous is formed with the Simple Past of the verb to be, and is used to express past actions; and the Future Continuous is formed with the Simple Future of the verb to be, and is used to express future actions. The uses of the Simple, Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous tenses are summarized in the following table. The Uses of the English Tenses Type of Tense Simple Type of Action Expressed - actions occurring at regular intervals - general truths, or situations existing for a period of time - non-continuous actions - continuous, ongoing actions - non-continuous actions completed before a certain time - continuous, ongoing actions completed before a certain time 2. The past continuous a. Use The Past Continuous tense is used to express continuous, ongoing actions which took place in the past. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Continuous tense are underlined. e.g. He was traveling in Europe last summer. They were playing tennis yesterday afternoon. The Past Continuous tense is frequently used to refer to an ongoing action which was taking place when something else occurred in the past. e.g. I was washing the dishes when the telephone rang. We were entertaining friends when the parcel arrived.

Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

In the first example, the use of the Past Continuous tense indicates that the action of washing the dishes was taking place at the time when the telephone rang. In the second example, the use of the Past Continuous tense indicates that the action of entertaining friends was taking place at the time when the parcel arrived. b. Formation The Past Continuous tense is formed from the Simple Past of the auxiliary to be, followed by the present participle of the verb. For example, the Past Continuous of the verb to work is conjugated as follows: I was working you were working he was working she was working it was working we were working they were working c. Questions and negative statements As is the case with other English tenses, questions and negative statements in the Past Continuous are formed using the auxiliary. Questions are formed by placing the auxiliary before the subject. For example: Affirmative Statement I was working. They were working. Question Was I working? Were they working?

Negative statements are formed by placing the word not after the auxiliary. For example: Affirmative Statement I was working. They were working. Negative Statement I was not working. They were not working.

In spoken English, the contractions wasn't and weren't are often used. Negative questions are formed by placing the auxiliary before the subject, and the word not after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not immediately follows the auxiliary. The following are examples of negative questions with and without contractions: Without Contractions Was I not working? Were they not working? With Contractions Wasn't I working? Weren't they working?

Tag questions are formed using the auxiliary. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions. For example: Affirmative Statement I was working. They were working. Affirmative Statement with Tag Question I was working, wasn't I? They were working, weren't they?

3. The past perfect a. Use The Past Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action in the past, which was already completed by the time another action in the past took place. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Perfect tense are underlined. e.g. She had heard the news before I saw her. I had finished my work by the time the clock struck twelve. In the preceding examples, the verbs had heard and had finished are in the Past Perfect tense, and the verbs saw and struck are in the Simple Past. The use of the Past Perfect tense indicates that the actions of hearing the news and finishing the work were already completed by the time the actions expressed by the verbs in the Simple Past took place. b. Formation The Past Perfect tense is formed from the Simple Past of the auxiliary to have, followed by the past participle of the verb. The Simple Past of to have is had. In spoken English, the auxiliary had is often contracted to 'd. For example, the Past Perfect of the verb to work is conjugated as follows: Without Contractions I had worked you had worked he had worked she had worked it had worked we had worked they had worked With Contractions I'd worked you'd worked he'd worked she'd worked it'd worked we'd worked they'd worked

The contraction it'd is less frequently used than the other contractions, since it is more difficult to pronounce. c. Questions and negative statements As is the case with other English tenses, questions and negative statements in the Past Perfect tense are formed using the auxiliary. Questions are formed by placing the auxiliary before the subject. For example: Affirmative Statement I had worked. They had worked. Question Had I worked? Had they worked?

Negative statements are formed by placing the word not after the auxiliary. For example: Affirmative Statement I had worked. They had worked. Negative Statement I had not worked. They had not worked.

In spoken English, the following contraction is often used: Without Contraction With Contraction

had not

hadn't

Negative questions are formed by placing the auxiliary before the subject, and the word not after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the auxiliary. For example: Without Contraction Had I not worked? Had they not worked? With Contraction Hadn't I worked? Hadn't they worked?

Tag questions are formed using the auxiliary. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions. Affirmative Statement I had worked. They had worked. Affirmative Statement with Tag Question I had worked, hadn't I? They had worked, hadn't they?

4. The past perfect continuous a. Use The Past Perfect Continuous tense is used to refer to a continuous, ongoing action in the past which was already completed by the time another action in the past took place. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Perfect Continuous tense are underlined. e.g. I had been waiting for two months by the time I received the reply. He had been thinking about his friends shortly before they called. In the preceding examples, the verbs had been waiting and had been thinking are in the Past Perfect Continuous tense, and the verbs received and called are in the Simple Past. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous tense indicates that the actions of waiting and thinking were continuous, and were completed by the time the actions expressed by the verbs in the Simple Past took place. b. Formation The Past Perfect Continuous tense is formed from the Past Perfect of the auxiliary to be, followed by the present participle of the verb. For example, the Past Perfect Continuous tense of the verb to work is conjugated as follows: I had been working you had been working he had been working she had been working it had been working we had been working they had been working The auxiliary had is often contracted to 'd in spoken English. c. Questions and negative statements As is the case with other English tenses, questions and negative statements in the Past Perfect Continuous tense are formed using the first auxiliary.

Questions are formed by placing the first auxiliary before the subject. For example: Affirmative Statement I had been working. They had been working. Question Had I been working? Had they been working?

Negative statements are formed by placing the word not after the first auxiliary. For example: Affirmative Statement I had been working. They had been working. Negative Statement I had not been working. They had not been working.

Negative questions are formed by placing the first auxiliary before the subject, and the word not after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the first auxiliary. For example: Without Contractions Had I not been working? Had they not been working? With Contractions Hadn't I been working? Hadn't they been working?

Tag questions are formed using the first auxiliary. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions. Affirmative Statement I had been working. They had been working. Affirmative Statement with Tag Question I had been working, hadn't I? They had been working, hadn't they?

5. Summary of the formation of the English present and past tenses The following table summarizes the formation of the English present and past tenses. Tense Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Auxiliary do/does * am/is/are have/has have/has been did * was/were had had been Verb Form bare infinitive ** present participle past participle present participle bare infinitive *** present participle past participle present participle

* In the Simple Present and Simple Past tenses, the auxiliaries are used only for emphasis, and for the formation of questions and negative statements. Auxiliaries are never used with the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be. ** When used without the auxiliary, the third person singular of the Simple Present has the ending s. *** When the verb is used without the auxiliary, the Simple Past form of the verb is used. For regular verbs, and for many irregular verbs, the Simple Past has the same form as the past participle.

6. Emphatic statements In spoken English, words can be emphasized by being pronounced with a heavier stress than usual. This type of emphasis is usually indicated in written English by means of italics or underlining. In the following examples, emphasized words are indicated by means of underlining. Emphatic statements are often used in conversation; for instance, when one speaker is contradicting another. e.g. "I don't believe he works very hard." "Yes, he does work hard." When it is desired to emphasize a verb, it is generally the first auxiliary which is stressed. For instance, in the sentence I am working hard, the verb can be emphasized by stressing the auxiliary am. e.g. I am working hard. Usually, no auxiliary is required for affirmative statements in the Simple Present and Simple Past. However, in order to make such statements emphatic, for verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do is used, followed by the bare infinitive. For example, in the Simple Present, the emphatic form of the verb to work is formed with the Simple Present of the auxiliary to do, as shown below: Affirmative Statement I work. You work. He works. She works. It works. We work. They work. Emphatic Affirmative Statement I do work. You do work. He does work. She does work. It does work. We do work. They do work.

In the Simple Past, the emphatic form of the verb to work is formed with the Simple Past of the auxiliary to do, as shown below: Affirmative Statement I worked. You worked. He worked. She worked. It worked. We worked. They worked. Emphatic Affirmative Statement I did work. You did work. He did work. She did work. It did work. We did work. They did work.

For the emphatic form of the Simple Present of the verb to be, no auxiliary is used. Instead, the verb itself is stressed. For example: Affirmative Statement I am ready. It is ready. They are ready. Emphatic Affirmative Statement I am ready. It is ready. They are ready.

Similarly, for the emphatic form of the Simple Past of the verb to be, no auxiliary is used. Instead, the verb itself is stressed. For example: Affirmative Statement Emphatic Affirmative Statement

I was ready. It was ready. They were ready.

I was ready. It was ready. They were ready.

Examples of emphatic statements in all of the present and past tenses are given in the following table: Tense Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Present of to be Simple Past of to be Affirmative Statement I work. I am working. I have worked. I have been working. I worked. I was working. I had worked. I had been working. I am ready. I was ready. Emphatic Statement I do work. I am working. I have worked. I have been working. I did work. I was working. I had worked. I had been working. I am ready. I was ready.

It should be noted that questions may be emphasized in the same way as statements. e.g. Did it work? Are they ready? Sometimes it is desired to emphasize a negative statement containing the word not. In spoken English, often both the auxiliary and the word not are stressed, but in written English, usually only the word not is underlined or written in italics. For example: Negative Statement He does not know the answer. Emphatic Negative Statement He does not know the answer.

When a contracted form of the word not is used, it is generally the auxiliary which is stressed in an emphatic statement. For example: Negative Statement He doesn't know the answer. Emphatic Negative Statement He doesn't know the answer.