HYDROCITY

SOPHIA (WHOI-SEUNG) KIM, NATALIE TAN, DANIEL YANG

FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH // DESIGN 6 // 29.07.2012
research
team
course
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
history of water
Christchurch was
described as a swamp
with sandy rdiges with
a deep stream running
in between and banks
made of ax and scrub
16 dec1850 :
Early settlers arrived facing
problems with obtaining freshwater
and drainage
Drainage
Christchurch had too much contaminated water
causing health problems and too little water for safe
domestic use.
1862
Sanitary Commission constructed:
- underground sewers
- side channels
- lled hollows and gullies
- open drains and piped drains
the removal of lth and surface water...
lowering the level of saturation of the subsiol beanth the city...
ensure greater depth of dry soil over its entire surface
-W Clark, Consulting engineer for Drainage Board
Roads and buildings help rain run os
Flooding
1859
Overowing of Waimakariri river.
A.Beetham (engineer) constructed weirs to
divert river away from the south bank of Halkett.
1868
The Great Flood. Waimakariri river overowed into
Avon river, reaching Cathedral Square.
1922
Extensive system of stopbanksand groynes were
constructed to control the river
Wrights Cut
River was shortened & had some branches closed o
The Beginning
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
history of water
Supply
Natural
waterways:
river, lakes,
stream &
springs.
Shallow
wells where
water was
raised manually.
Deeper wells
w/ artesian water ,
hydraulic ramps
& windmills.
High
pressure
reticulated
water system
Pre 1850
1850
1858
1877-now
Present Water Supply System
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
artesian
water near the
coast is
free ow
Aquifers > Wells> Pump Stations > Hilltop Reservoirs> Industries & Households
artesian
water in the
citys west
needs pumping
how christchurch water supply works?
25-180m
long
bores
800km
networked
piping
2012
INDUSTRY
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSEHOLDS
ON PORT HILLS
PUMP STATION
WELLHEADS
PUMP STATION
WELLHEADS
PUMP STATION
PUMP STATION
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
AQUIFER
AQUFER
Cities around rivers
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan

S

Saudi Arabia. - Riyadh.
Serbia. - Belgrade. - River Danube.
Scotland - Edinburgh - Firth of Forth.
Sierra Leone. - Freetown. - Freetown River.
Slovakia. - Bratislava. - River Danube.
Slovenia - Ljubljana - River Ljublanica.
Spain. - Madrid. - River Manzanares.
South Korea. - Seoul. - Han River.
Swaziland - Mbabane - Mbabne River
Sweden. - Stockholm. - River Norrstrom.
Switzerland. - Bern. - River Aare.
Sudan. - Khartoum. - River Nile.
Suriname - Paramaribo - Suriname River
Syria. - Damascus. - River Barada.

T

Taiwan. - Taipei. - River Danshui and River Xindian.
Tajikstan. - Dushanbe. - River Varzob.
Thailand. - Bangkok. - River Chao Phraya.
Tunisia. - Tunis. - Lake of Tunis.
Turkey. - Ankara. - River Ankara.

U

Uganda. - Kampala. - Lake Victoria.
Ukraine. - Kiev. - River Dnieper.
Uruguay. - Montivideo. - River Plate.
United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi - Al Ain Oasis.
United Kingdom. - London. - River Thames
United States. - Washington D.C. - River Patomac
Uzbekistan - Tashkent - River Chirchik.

V

Venezuela. - Caracas, - River Guaire.
Vietman.- Hanoi. - Red River.

W

Wales - Cardi - Rivers Ta and Ely.

Z

Zambia. - Lusaka. - River Chongwe.
Zimbabwe. - Harare. - River Limpopo and River Zambesi.
L

Laos. - Vientiane. - River Mekong.
Latvia. - Riga. - River Daugava.
Leichtenstein - Vaduz - River Rhine.
Lesotho. - Maseru. - River Mohokare.
Libya. - Tripoli. - River Abu Ali.
Lithuania - Vilnius - Rivers Neris and Vilnia.
Luxembourg - Luxembourg City- Rivers Alzette & Pretusse.

M

Macedonia. - Skopje. - River Vardar.
Madagascar. - Antanarivo. - River Ikoro.
Malawi - Lilongwe - River Lilongwe.
Malaysia. - Kuala Lumpur. - River Klamp.
Mali - Bamako - River Niger.
Malta - Valletta
Mauritius. - Port Louis. - Black River.
Mexico. - Mexico City. - River Coatzacoalcos.
Mongolia. - Ulan Bator. - River Tuul.
Moldova - Chisinau - River Bic.
Morocco. - Rabat. - River Bou Regreg.
Myanmar. - Mandalay. - Irriwady River.

N

Nepal. - Kathmandu. - River Bagmati.
Netherlands. - Amsterdam. - River Amstel.
New Zealand. - Wellington. - River Hutt.
Nicaragua. - Managua. - River San Juan.
Niger. - Niamey. - River Niger.
North Korea. - Pyongyang. - River Taedong.
Northern Ireland - Belfast - River Lagan.
Norway. - Oslo. - River Akerselva.

P

Panama. - Panama City. - River Caloosahatchee.
Papua New Guinea. - Port Moresby. - Brown River.
Paraguay. - Asuncion. - River Paraguay.
Peru. - Lima. - River Rimac.
Philippines - Manilla - Pasig River.
Poland. - Warsaw. - River Vistula.
Portugal. - Lisbon. - River Tejo.

R

Republic of Ireland - Dublin - River Liey.
Republic of South Sudan - Juba - River White Nile.
Russia. - Moscow. - River Moskva.
Rwanda. - Kigali. - River Ruganwa.
E

Ethiopia. - Addis Ababa. - River Chankelia.
Ecuador. - Quito. - River Guayllabamba.
England - London - River Thames.
Egypt. - Cairo. - River Nile.
Estonia. - Tallinn. - River Pirita.

F

Finland. - Helsinki. - River Vantaa.
France. - Paris. - River Seine.
French Guyana. - Cayenne. - River Cayenne.

G

Gabon. - Libreville. - River Komo.
Gambia. - Banjul. - River Gambia.
Georgia - Tblisi - River Kura.
Germany. - Berlin. - River Spree. and River Havel.
Ghana. - Accra. - River Odaw.
Greece. - Athens. - River Kissos.
Greenland. - Nuuk. - Nuup Kangerlua Fjord.
Guinea Bissau - Bissau - River Geba.
Guyana - Georgetown - River Demerara.

H

Honduras. - Tegucigalpa. - River Choluteca.
Hungary. - Budapest. - River Danube.

I

Iceland. - Reykjavik. - River Ellioaa.
India. - Delhi. - River Yamuna.
Indonesia. - Jakarta. - River Ciliwung.
Iran. - Tehran. - River Hableh Rood.
Iraq. - Baghdad. - River Tigris.
Isle of Man - Douglas - Rivers Dhoo and Glass.
Italy. - Rome. - River Tiber.

J

Japan. - Tokyo. - River Sumida.

K

Kazakstan. - Astana. - River Ishim.
Kenya. - Nairobi. - River Nairobi.
Kyrgyzstan. - Bishtek. - River Chu.

A

Afghanistan. - Kabul. - River Kabul.
Albania. - Tirana. - The Rivers Ishem, Tirane and Lane
Andorra - Andorra La Vella - Gran Valira.
Argentina. - Buenos Aries. - River Plate.
Armenia - Yerevan - Hrazdan River.
Australia. - Canberra. - River Molonglo.
Austria. - Vienna. - River Danube.
Autonomous Region of Tibet - Lhasa - Kyi River.

B

Barbados - Bridgetown - River Careenage .
Bangladesh. - Dhaka. - River Buriganga.
Belize - Belmopan - Belize River.
Belgium. - Brussels. - River Zenne.
Bhutan. - Thimpu. - River Wong Chhu.
Bolivia. - La Paz. - River Choqueapu.
Bosnia and Herzogovenia - Sarajevo - River Miljacka.
Botswana - Gaborone - Notowahe River.
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan - Brunei River.
Bulgaria. - Soa. - The Rivers Vladaiska and Perlovska.
Burundi - Bujumbura - Lake Tanganyika.

C

Cambodia. - Phnom. Penh. - Rivers Bassac &
Mekong & Lake Tonle Sap.
Canada. - Ottawa. - River Ottawa.
Chad. - N'djamena. - River Chari.
China. - Beijing. - Yellow River.
Chile - Santiago. - River Mapocho
Colombia. - Bogota. - River Bogota.
Congo. - Brazzaville. - River Congo.
Croatia - Zagreb - River Sava.
Cuba - Havana - River Almendares.
Cyprus. - Nicosia. - River Pedieos.
Czech Republic. - Prague. - River Vltava.

D

Democratic Republic of Congo. - Kinshasa. - River Congo.
Dominica. - Roseau. - River Roseau.
Dominican Republic. - Santa Domingo. - River Ozama.

RIVERS turned into cities around the world
Majority of world's major cities are built around areas of freshwater.
In the past, people chose to settle near rivers as a means of supplying drinking water, food supply, irrigation for crops, to service washing needs, and transport to aid commerce.
Congo
Nile
Genges
Yangtze
volga Irtysh
Lena
Amur
Yenisey
Darling
K
o
l
y
m
a
M
e
k
o
n
g
Danube
Indus
Niger
Amazon
Danube Danube
San Francisco
Parana
Missouri
Mississippi
Mackenzie
Yukon
Christchurch rivers
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850 : Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. 1862 Sanitary Commission constructed: - underground sewers - side channels - lled hollows and gullies - open drains and piped drains the removal of lth and surface water... lowering the level of saturation of the subsiol beanth the city... ensure greater depth of dry soil over its entire surface -W Clark, Consulting engineer for Drainage Board Roads and buildings help rain run os
Flooding 1859 Overowing of Waimakariri river. A.Beetham (engineer) constructed weirs to divert river away from the south bank of Halkett. 1868 The Great Flood. Waimakariri river overowed into Avon river, reaching Cathedral Square. 1922 Extensive system of stopbanksand groynes were constructed to control the river Wrights Cut River was shortened & had some branches closed o
The Beginning
1
3
4
9
14
10
15
16
17
18
19
2
8
5
7
11
12 13
6
RANGIORA
BURNHAM
KAIAPOI
BELFAST
LYTTELTON
DARFIELD
SHEFFIELD
OXFORD
ROLLESTON
SPRINGFIELD
CHRISTCHURCH
CITY
WAIMAKARIRI RIVER
HOMEBUSH
WAIMAKARIRI
GORGE
AKAROA
LAKE ELLESMERE
SOUTHBRIDGE
LEESTON
RAKAIA
DUNSANDEL
TEMPLETON
LINCOLN
HALSWELL
TAITAPU
MOTUKARARA
OLD WEST COAST ROAD
WOODEND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
13
14
15
16
17
10
12
Ashley River
Cust River
Cam River
Styx River
Kaiapoi River
Waimakariri River - see separate brochure
Otukaikino River
Avon
Heathcote River
Okana River (Little River)
Lake Forsyth
Kaituna River
Halswell River
Lake Ellesmere
LII River
Selwyn River
Irwell River
Harts Creek
Rakaia River
18
19
uknown very poor poor good
HEATHCOTE pawaho
AVON RIVER (tkaro)
"the place of a game"
Avon river orginates from a spring source in Avonhead and exits to the river through
the estuary.
ln Lhe pasL, Avon rlver was a place for early maorl seulemenL for lL's abundance of
resources such as ounder, eels,ducks,whlLebalL. Cver Lhe years, Avon rlver has been
an lmporLanL naLural recreauonal slLe wlLhln an urban conLexL, wlLh lL's banks llned
wlLh many bulldlngs LhaL are now classled aL herlLage slLes.
Aer Lhe earLhquake, Avon rlver had been classled as belng ln Lhe red zone and many
proposals have been Lhrown Lo resLore Lhe park and make lL beuer Lhan before.
1he Avon 8lver ark" group envlslons Lhe Lransformauon of Lhls red zoned area lnLo
a park compomlslng of rlver walks, blrd sancLuarles, 8Mx and horse rldlng Lracks,
sporLs eld, plcnlc grounds, naLural swamps and punung.
PeaLhcoLe rlver ls Lhe less auracuve counLerparL compared Lo Avon rlver due Lo Lhe
lndusLrlal wasLe dlschargedlnLo lLs waLers ln Lhe pasL causlng Lhe waLer Lo be polluLed.
8esldes belng a Maorl seulemenL ln Lhe pasL,european seulers used PeaLhcoLe for
LransporL. 1oday, noL much has changed, PeaLhcoLe rlver funcuons more as an urban draln
rather than a natural waterway.
Waimakariri River
llows ln a souLheasLward dlrecuon from Lhe SouLhern Alps across Lhe CanLerbury lalns Lo
Lhe aclc Ccean.
1he rlver ls bralded, wlLh wlde shlngle beds.
ln 1923,Lhe rlver had poLenual supply elecLrlclLy Lo ChrlsLchurch wlLh a hydroelecLrlc dam,
buL was never reallzed.
lL's rlver mouLh ls very moblle has been known Lo cause oods ln Lhe pasL.
!eLboamng ls a popular acuvlLy aL Lhls rlver.
Christchurch rivers
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Maori settlement (pre 1850s)
avon
heathcote
styx
Otukaikino
Ngi Tahu, Ngti Mamoe and Waitaha had a number
of kinga and p randomly placed through the length of the Avon
river where there was an abundancy of natural resources sourced from
springs, waterways, wetlands, grasslands and forest.
avon
heathcote
styx
Otukaikino
Colonial settlement (1850-1960)
Canterbury Association laid Christchurch out as a
rectangular grid on drier land up the Avon River.
The uniform grid was relieved by open river banks,
two diagonal streets and four open squares.
Present (2012)
11
14
5
6
15
4
5
5 4
4
4
Much of the city had built buildings Around avon river, many of which are
heritage buildings that had to be demolished due to the earthquakes damage
to the riverbanks. Avon-Otakaro Network (AvON) is campaigning to turn the red zoned
river into a park shared by the community and also one that connects the city to the estuary.
avon
heathcote
styx
Otukaikino
Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
avon
heathcote
styx
Otukaikino
4742
1233
194.4
748.8
3888
2786.4
1036.8
2565
180m
959m 97m
542
1708
822
736
1510
372
3888
2786.4
1036.8
2565 180m
736
Pressure main
&
waste overow status
12
800
km pipe damaged
estimated daily outow volume m3/day
pump overow updated
length of pressure main renewal (m)
pressure main renewal
land status: land repair would be prolonged and
uneconomic
A
A
10.76km
total length of pressure main renewals
18,778 m3/day
total estimated daily outow volume
majority of overow is located outside
CBD, closer to the estuary
250% increase
Water main breakage rate
13 reservoirs damaged
20% loss
in pumping capacity
20
174
wells lost
80
174
wells damaged
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9
/
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
0
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
2
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
4
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
6
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
0
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
2
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
6
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
3
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
3
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
1
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
5
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
7
/
2
0
1
1
1 Avon River at Anugua Street
2 Avon River near Manchester Street
3 Avon River at Dallington
4 Avon River at Kerrs Reach
5 Avon River at Pages Road
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
9
/
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
0
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
2
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
4
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
6
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
1
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
0
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
2
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
6
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
2
8
/
2
0
1
1
9
/
3
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
2
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
6
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
2
8
/
2
0
1
1
1
0
/
3
0
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
1
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
5
/
2
0
1
1
1
1
/
7
/
2
0
1
1
1 Heathcote River at Bowenvale
2 Heathcote River at Opawa Road
3 Heathcote River at Catherine Street
4 Heathcote River at Tunnel Road
HEATHCOTE RIVER
AVON RIVER
E.COLI in Christchurch city rivers
alert triggers are at a value of 260 MPN/100ml.
values higher will instigate health risks.
data compiled is after the February earthquake.
E.Coli levels are now under control except for Dallington St and at Bowenwale.
260
260
E
.
c
o
l
i

(
M
P
N
/
1
0
0
m
L
)
E
.
c
o
l
i

(
M
P
N
/
1
0
0
m
L
)
avon
heathcote
styx
Otukaikino
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
3D Section of aquifer distribution under Christchurch region
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Identication of Aquifers
Aquifers are water-bearing layers which yield water in sucient quantities
to be a practical source of water supply. In Canterbury Plains, aquifers are
composed primarily of gravels with small proportions of ner material such
as sands and silts. The less amount of ne grain results in layers that are
relatively less permeable, and these layers are called aquitards.
Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Section1
Section2
Section1
Section2
Section3
Section4
Performance of the aquifers
The section diagram summarises the abstractive performance of the aquifers that have
been identied and presents piezometric level (the level that water stands in a bore)
which has been measured in a network of bores to provide information about the
response to river ows, climatic variations, ocean tidal loading near the coast, earth tide,
earthquakes, and the eects of abstractions via production bores.
Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Section3
Section4
Distribution of Aquifers in Christhurch Region
Layers of aquifers acrosses west to east consists of more layers and are more
densely-distributed compared to from North to South. This conrmed that the
owing direction of the aquifers in Christchurch region is mainly from west to
east. As they reach the East coast, there are more conned aquifers and the
water within are referred as artesian water.
Aquifer discharge/recharge cycle
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Water ow direction and conned aquifer zones
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Water quality of the Christchurch aquifers
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Existing Water systems in Christchurch
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Christchurch water supply system
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
New Zealand is in the midst of a growing concern for ecosystem protection.
The more frequent use for recreational purposes of waterways, and impor-
tantly, a rising respect for Maori religious beliefs in regard to letting human
wastewater into waterways, has led to an ever widening scope into the
search for a more holistic approach to water management.
e choke point came in early 2011 when the centralised wastewater system failed
hazardously. Quake-crippled Bromley Treatment Plant at its low was only process-
ing 30 percent of its normal level.
at had forced the council to release more untreated water into the 230 hectares
of oxidation ponds and there was a 50 per cent chance that the oxygen level would
drop below functional levels, turning the placid lakes into a vast cesspit.
Post Earthquake
HYDROCITY
daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
Mechanical
Oxidation ditch
Extended aeration
Sequencing batch reactor
Trickling lter- SCP
Acid neutralisation
Activated carbon ltration
Ozonization
Settling
Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Chlorination
Water softener
Ultraltration
Nanoltration
Microltration
Ion exchange resins
Ultraviolet radiation
Boiling
Septic tanks
DE ltration
Aquatic
Facultative
Aerated
Free water surface
Constructed wetlands
Aquaculture
Water Hyacinths
Duckweed
Intermittent
Recirculating
Sand lters
Land Treatment
Overland ow
Rapid inltration
Subsurface inltration
Subsurface ow
Slow-rate
Sediment ltration
Slow Sand ltration
Fast Sand ltration
Water treatment methods