Definition of 'Security' A financial instrument that represents: an ownership position in a publicly-traded corporation (stock), a creditor relationship with governmental

body or a corporation (bond), or rights to ownership as represented by an option. A security is a fungible, negotiable financial instrument that represents some type of financial value. The company or entity that issues the security is known as the issuer. For example, the issuer of a bond issue may be a municipal government raising funds for a particular project. Investors of securities may be retail investors - those who buy and sell securities on their own behalf and not for an organization - and wholesale investors - financial institutions acting on behalf of clients or acting on their own account. Institutional investors include investment banks, pension funds, managed funds and insurance companies. (h) Securities include (i) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate; 9[(ia) derivative; (ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes;] 10[(ic) security receipt as defined in clause (zg) of section 2 of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002;] 11 [(id) units or any other such instrument issued to the investors under any mutual fund scheme;] 12(ii) Government securities; (iia) such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities; and (iii) rights or interest in securities; Perusal of the above quoted definition shows that it does not make any distinction between listed securities and unlisted securities and therefore it is clear that the Circular will apply to the securities which are not listed on the Stock Exchange. held in ( Naresh K. Aggarwala and Co. vs. Canbank Financial Services Limited AIR 2010 SC 2722, State of Bombay v. The Hospital Mazdoor Sabha AIR 1960 SC 610, Regional Director, Employees' State Insurance Corporation v. High Land Coffee Works of P.F.X. Saldanha and Sons AIR 1992 SC 129.", Mysore Fruit Products Ltd. v. The Custodian (2005) 107 BOMLR 955, And In Sudhir Shantilal Mehta vs. Central Bureau of Investigation *2010+155CompCas339(SC)).

Definition and Uses of Derivatives

A derivative security is a financial contract whose value is derived from the value of something else, such as a stock price, a commodity price, an exchange rate, an interest rate, or even an index of prices. Types of derivatives: forwards, futures, options. To illustrate a forward contract, consider the following example (unless otherwise stated, all prices are in rupees per gram). Jewelry manufacturer Goldbuyer agrees to buy gold at Rs. 600 (the forward or delivery price) three months from now (the delivery date) from gold mining concern Goldseller. This is an example of a forward contract. No money changes hands between Goldbuyer and Goldseller at the time the forward contract is created. Rather, Goldbuyers payoff depends on the spot price at the time of delivery. Suppose that the spot price reaches Rs. 610 at the delivery date. Then Goldbuyer gains Rs. 10 on

his forward position (i.e. the difference between the spot and forward prices) by taking delivery of the gold at Rs. 600. A futures contract is similar to a forward contract, with some exceptions. Futures contracts are traded on exchange markets, whereas forward contracts typically trade on OTC (over-the-counter) markets. Also, futures contracts are settled daily (marked-to-market), whereas forwards are settled only at expiration. Returning to the example above, suppose that Goldbuyer believes that there is some chance for the spot price to fall below Rs. 600, so that he loses on his forward position. To limit his loss, Goldbuyer could purchase a call option for Rs. 5 (the option price or premium) at a strike or exercise price of Rs. 600 with an expiration date three months from now. The call option gives Goldbuyer the right (but not the obligation) to buy gold at the strike price on the expiration date.15 Then, if the spot price indeed declines, he could choose not to exercise the option, and his loss would be limited to the purchase price of Rs. 5. Alternatively, Goldbuyer may anticipate that the spot gold price is very likely to decline, and attempt to profit from such an eventuality by buying a put option, giving him the right to sell gold at the strike price on the expiration date. Swaps are derivatives involving exchange of cash flows over time, typically between two parties. One party makes a payment to the other depending upon whether a price is above or below a reference price specified in the swap contract. What are Derivatives? The term "Derivative" indicates that it has no independent value, i.e. its value is entirely "derived" from the value of the underlying asset. The underlying asset can be securities, commodities, bullion, currency, live stock or anything else. In other words, Derivative means a forward, future, option or any other hybrid contract of pre determined fixed duration, linked for the purpose of contract fulfillment to the value of a specified real or financial asset or to an index of securities. With Securities Laws (Second Amendment) Act,1999, Derivatives has been included in the definition of Securities. The term Derivative has been defined in Securities Contracts (Regulations) Act, as:A Derivative includes: a security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan, whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security; a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities; What is a Futures Contract? Futures Contract means a legally binding agreement to buy or sell the underlying security on a future date. Future contracts are the organized/standardized contracts in terms of quantity, quality (in case of commodities), delivery time and place for settlement on any date in future. The contract expires on a pre-specified date which is called the expiry date of the contract. On expiry, futures can be settled by delivery of the underlying asset or cash. Cash settlement enables the settlement of obligations arising out of the future/option contract in cash. What is an Options contract? Options Contract is a type of Derivatives Contract which gives the buyer/holder of the contract the right (but not the obligation) to buy/sell the underlying asset at a predetermined price within or at end of a specified period. The buyer / holder of the option purchases the right from the seller/writer for a consideration which is called the premium. The seller/writer of an option is obligated to settle the option as per the terms of the contract when the buyer/holder exercises his right. The underlying asset could include securities, an index of prices of securities etc. Under Securities Contracts (Regulations) Act,1956 ,options on securities has been defined as "option in securities" meaning a contract for the purchase or sale of a right to buy or sell, or a right to buy and sell, securities in future, and includes a teji, a mandi, a teji mandi, a galli, a put, a call or a put and call in securities. An Option to buy is called Call option and option to sell is called Put option. Further, if an option that is exercisable on or before the expiry date is called American option and one that is

exercisable only on expiry date, is called European option. The price at which the option is to be exercised is called Strike price or Exercise price. Therefore, in the case of American options the buyer has the right to exercise the option at anytime on or before the expiry date. This request for exercise is submitted to the Exchange, which randomly assigns the exercise request to the sellers of the options, who are obligated to settle the terms of the contract within a specified time frame. As in the case of futures contracts, option contracts can be also be settled by delivery of the underlying asset or cash. However, unlike futures cash settlement in option contract entails paying/receiving the difference between the strike price/exercise price and the price of the underlying asset either at the time of expiry of the contract or at the time of exercise / assignment of the option contract.