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org Oil and natural gas sector

can be divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream industry includes exploration and production activities, hence is also referred as the exploration and production (E&P) sector. The midstream industry processes, stores, markets and transports commodities including crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGLs) like ethane propane and butane and sulphur. The downstream industry includes oil refineries, petrochemical plants, petroleum products distributors, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies. The downstream industry provides consumers thousands of products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas and propane. Both internationally and within India the oil and gas sector is characterized by existence of "integrated" companies, which are present in all these three sectors. .

Figure 1: oil value chain , ,

Upstream sector: Exploration and production: 4 stages: The first stage is drilling, act of boring a hole through which oil or gas may be produced if encountered in commercial quantities. The second stage is completion, process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas. The third stage is production, production time of oil and gas and the final stage is abandonment, where the well no longer produces or produces so poorly that it is a liability to its owner and is abandoned.

Reserve to production ratio R/P ratio for the world at the end of 2005 is 40.6 implying that natural resources that has been identified subject to pull out till date is about 40 times the amount already taken out of the ground.

Downstream: Refining and marketing With the increase in global oil demand and stagnant reserve, refining capacity deserves new capacity addition to meet demand. Global oil & gas scenario : Nearly 60% of the total primary energy consumption the world over is accounted by oil and gas Key oil suppliers: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel made up of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela countries hold about two-thirds of the world's oil reserves. In 2005, OPEC accounted for 41.7% of the world's oil production, compared with 23.8% by OECD members and 14.8% by the Former Soviet Union

Indian oil and gas sector: The oil & gas sector meets more than two third of the total primary energy needs in the country. The sector has been instrumental in putting India on the world map. At present India is the sixth largest crude oil consumer in the world and the ninth largest crude oil importer. The country is also increasing its share in the global refining market. At present Indian refining sector is the sixth largest in the world

At the end of 2005, India had 0.5 % of the Oil and Gas resources of the world and 15 % of the world?s population whereas the reserve to production ratio is 20.7 At the end of 1995 India had the 5.5 thousand million barrels of reserves, grown only 1% till the end of 2005 whereas crude oil consumption has grown more than 10% over the last 5 years. Oil intensity - the ratio of oil consumed per unit of GDP- in India is almost three times higher than that of the OECD countries while that of China is a little higher than twice the oil intensity of OECD countries(Integrated Energy Policy, Planning Commisssion, 2005). However, according to the FICCI estimates of oil intensity based on GDP (on purchasing power parity basis), India and China had the lowest oil intensity across most major developing and developed countries. The oil intensity of the Indian economy has slowed down from 0.05 in 1999 to 0.04 in 2004.

In India crude oil is produced in Onshore and Offshore. Onshore fields are in Assam/Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu/ Andhra Pradesh. Oil India Limited (OIL) and Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) have the onshore field for crude oil production. Offshore production occurs at Bombay High run by ONGC and Private/Joint Venture companies. For the natural gas onshore fields are the same for Crude oil in addition with Rajasthan as an onshore field. For the offshore Bombay high is the one for the

production. Market design: Public sector corporations dominate the Indian exploration and production sector. In terms of the percentage share in total production Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) accounts for the highest share. The second major player in the sector is also a public sector undertaking Oil India Limited (OIL). Both of these undertakings account for about 87% of the total market. The remaining share of the pie is cluttered with various private players in the market. In aggregate, private players account for about 13% of the total. ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL), wholly owned subsidiary of ONGC, as well as other national oil companies such as IOC, OIL and GAIL, have been pursuing the acquisition of equity oil abroad, as well as the acquisition abroad of oil and gas exploration acreages and producing properties. These companies have participating interests in oil and gas projects located in Vietnam, Sudan, Russia, Iraq, Iran, Myanmar, Libya, Syria, Australia, Ivory Coast, Qatar and Egypt. OVL, in association with other oil sector PSUs, is aggressively scouting for E&P opportunities in countries such as Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Yemen, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Angola, Cuba, Sierra Leone and Ecuador in addition to efforts to acquire more E&P assets in the countries where it is operating currently.

New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NELP) total unexplored area has come from 50% in 1995-96 to 30% at present. One landmark policy, which was introduced by the Government of India to enhance exploration activity in the country, was introduction of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) in 1997-98. The aim of the policy is to provide a level playing field to all the parties, private and public, to compete on equal terms for the award of exploration acreage. Production Domestic production of crude oil has been a reason of worry for the Indian economy for some time now. For more than 16 years the total production of crude has stagnated around 32-33 MMT. This has been particularly disturbing given the crude oil consumption in the country implying an increasing dependence on imported crude. At present India?s crude dependence is around 78%. According to TERI estimates, by 2030 India?s import dependency may shoot up to a disturbing 93% Refining Oil refining is a continuous process and the cost of refining of individual petroleum products is not worked out separately because all products are produced together. The cost of refining crude oil depends upon a number of factors including the type of crude oil, size of refinery, refinery configuration, age of equipment, technology used, etc. The technology for producing the petroleum products from the crude oil differs from one refinery to another. The hydro cracker and catalytic hydro cracker technology are the two major technologies through which petroleum products are yielded. There are 18 refineries operating in the country, 17 in the Public Sector and one in the Private Sector, with a total installed capacity of 127.37 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).

Natural gas Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. In India production of natural gas has increased over 3 times in the last two decades though the share of the production of natural gas with respect to world natural gas production wais only 0.6% at the end of 2005 and reserve to production ratio of 36.2.

India was 4. top crude oil importer 128 Mt in 2008. India has 5. top oil refinery capacity (4.1 % of the world) and production of 162 Mt oil products (4.2 % of the world). Net import of oil was 109 Mt in 2008

Coal
The Indian coal industry was nationalized in the early 1970s. While the production of coal increased from 70 MT (million tonnes) at the time of nationalization to 382 MT in 2004/05; the national coal industry has always been producing less coal than the actual demand leading to a shortage situation The situation became more serious as emphasis increased on coal based power plants in last few years. The shortages led to backing down of many power plants. Loss of generation due to short supply of coal during the year 2004/05 was estimated at 3 588 million units. The MoC (Ministry of Coal) advised state electricity boards to import 10 MT coal during 2005/06 for meeting shortages at 16 distant power stations. Even the NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd) is importing coal for some of its pithead stations. Sourcing coal from abroad was a costly option for the consumers as the market remained overheated due to the sudden spurt in the demand from China last year. Against a projected demand of 405.1 MT by the Planning Commission, indigenous coal supply in 2004/05 was 387.2 MT. This was 8.8% more than the previous year?s figure of 355.7 MT, leaving a projected gap of 18 MT between demand and indigenous supply. However, even after imports of 25.3 MT coal in 2004/05 the shortages persisted Commercial mining could not be allowed to private parties since the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Amendment Bill, 2000, has been pending for years. As an alternative, states were allotted coal blocks for

commercial mining since the provisions of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973,do not apply to them and their undertakings. These ventures have not yet started yielding results and may take a few more years to do so.

this has opened new opportunities for private sector, which can now get into joint ventures with state governments to provide expertise (which most of the states lack) and, thus, enter into commercial mining. The NTPC and the DVC (Damodar Valley Corporation) have also been finally allotted coal blocks for their own use and more blocks are now on offer to state electricity boards. The NTPC has plans to produce 50 MT of coal annually by 2009/10. Similarly, CIL (Coal India Limited), has formed an overseas wing for scouting for equity mining in other coal-producing countries like Australia, Indonesia, Mozambique, and South Africa for both coking and non-coking coal. Lignite: As of January 2005, geological reserves of lignite in India have been estimated at around 36 000 MT, most of which occur in Tamil Nadu. Other states with lignite deposits are Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Kerala, and the union territory of Pondicherry. Lignite production in 2004/05 was 30.3 MT, showing a growth of 8.5% over the previous year. The dispatches were 30 MT Deep-seated coal deposits The total geological resources of Indian coal up to a depth of 1200 m (metres) in seams of 0.9 m or more in thickness, as on 1 January 2005, as reported by the GSI (Geological Survey of India) is 248 BT (billion tonnes). only 38% of this falls under the ?proved? category, rest is put under the ?indicated? and ?inferred? resources The ONGC is now planning pilot projects on UCG (underground coal gasification) in coal and lignite in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu

India was third top coal producer in 2010 with 8 % production share of coal in the world. Top 10 hard and brown coal producers 2010 (2009) were (Mt): China 3,162 (2,971), United States 997 (985), India 571 (561), Australia 420 (399), Indonesia 336 (301), Russia 324 (297), South Africa 255 (247), Kazakhstan 111 (101), Poland 134 (135) and Colombia 74 (73).[3] According to Greenpeace the largest coal belt in India is at Jharia. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the coal mines were nationalised. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines. [4] India accounts for the worlds greatest concentration of coal fires. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land

India has some of the most humungus reserves of coal in the world (approx. 267 billion tonnes [1]). The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of energy derived from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy derived from oil. The top producing states are:

Orissa - see Talcher in Angul district Chhattisgarh Jharkhand

Other notable coal-mining areas include:

Singareni collieries in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh Jharia mines in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand Orissa Nagpur & Chandrapur district, Maharashtra Raniganj in Bardhaman district, West Bengal Neyveli lignite mines in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu

Singrauli Coalfield and Umaria Coalfield in Madhya Pradesh

Nuclear:

The global nuclear industry is moving forward at a brisk pace, only slightly slowed by the Fukushima accident. The International Atomic Energy Agencys most realistic estimate is that 90 new nuclear plants will enter service by 2030. Ten new nuclear plants went online over the past two years. India now envisages increasing the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 3.2% to 9% within 25 years. By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 20,000 MW. India now ranks sixth in terms of production of nuclear energy, behind the U.S., France, Japan, Russia, and South Korea There are now 439 nuclear reactors in operation around the world in over 30 countries, providing almost 16% of the worlds electricity. preferred for its clean and cost effectiveness quickest, safest and affordable mode of power generation Evolutionary nuclear power plants that are under construction in many countries integrate important, enhanced safety features and developments leading to higher accessibility factors, reduced waste streams and lower uranium consumption, and decreased costs. In India, a total of 20 operational nuclear power plants having total nuclear power plant capacity of 4780 are operational. Our history in nuclear industry traces back to 1969 when Tarapur Atomic Power Station was setup. Over the years India has embraced nuclear energy keeping in sync with the international safety standards. Foreseeing the ever growing power needs of the future generation and depleting natural resources, India has planned another 20 plants, while four are under construction. Working of Nuclear Power Plant is complex and each stage of energy production is closely monitored. A Fission process of controlled nuclear reaction takes place where heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei producing huge amount of power. This energy can be stored for up to 3 to 5 years. Nuclear Power Plant Working is according to the international safety standards set by AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board).

List Of Nuclear Power Plants In India Nuclear Power Plants in India are spread across the country in zones which are non-earthquake prone. Most of the plants belong to the 3rd generation of plants, which have highly safety and

security standards. It is notable that the operational plants like Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant, Madras Nuclear power plant, etc are standing example of optimal technological utilization. In addition, the planned and under construction nuclear power plants like Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project and Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant are set to add multiply nuclear energy generation potential of India. Existing Nuclear Power Stations:

Tarapur Atomic Power Station Madras Atomic Power Station Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Kaiga Atomic Power Station Narora Atomic Power Station Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

Proposed Nuclear Energy Parks:

Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Mithi Virdi Nuclear Power Plant Kovvada Nuclear Power Plant Haripur Nuclear Power Plant Kumharia Nuclear Power Plant

http://www.indianuclearenergy.net

Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.[1] As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780 MW[2] while seven other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 5,300 MW.

India has been making advances in the field of thorium-based fuels, working to design and develop a prototype for an atomic reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium, a key part of India's three stage nuclear power programme.

India's domestic uranium reserves are small and the country is dependent on uranium imports to fuel its nuclear power industry. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major supplier of nuclear fuel to India.[9] Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves,[10] electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008.[11] Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade,[12] India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries, including France,[13] the United States,[14] the United Kingdom,[15] Canada.[16] and South Korea.[17] India has also uranium supply agreements with Russia,[18][19] Mongolia,[20] Kazakhstan,[21] Argentina[22] and Namibia.[23] An Indian private company won a uranium exploration contract in Niger. Large deposits of natural uranium, which promises to be one of the top 20 of the world's reserves, have been found in the Tummalapalle belt in the southern part of the Kadapa basin in Andhra Pradesh in March 2011 India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 2.8% to 9% within 25 years.[43] By 2017, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 10,080 MW.[44] As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors. Currently, twenty nuclear power reactors produce 4,780.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).[53][54] Units Total capacity (MW) 220 x 4 880 220 x 2 440 220 x 2 440 220 x 2 440 100 x 1 Rajasthan PHWR 200 x 1 1180 220 x 4 Maharashtra BWR (PHWR) 160 x 2 1400

Power station Operator State Type Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR Rawatbhata Tarapur NPCIL NPCIL

Total

540 x 2 20 4780

The projects under construction are:[55][citation needed]

Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000 Kalpakkam BHAVINI Tamil Nadu PFBR 500 x 1 500 Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 700 x 2 1400 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700 x 2 1400 Total 7 5300