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Background
Frequency
Current dependence (AC signal
The HP 4291A RF impedance and material test system.
and DC bias)
Temperature
Introduction This solution note discusses
The conventional method to
magnetic material relative
Magnetic materials are commonly measure relative permeability of a
permeability measurements and
used in electronic products as toroidal core is shown in Figure 1.
introduces the HP 4291A RF
cores of inductors and A hand-made inductor is wound
Impedance/Material Analyzer.
transformers and as EMI on the core and the inductance is
This new HP solution combines
suppressers. With many digital then measured using an
the measurement accuracy of the
applications operating with impedance analyzer or LCR meter.
HP 4291A RF impedance Analyzer
increased clock speeds and with Calculations are then performed
with special material measure-
the multitude of new products to derive the relative permeability
ment firmware (Option 002) and
operating in the RF range for parameters.
the HP 16454A magnetic material
wireless communication, test fixture. The result is an
evaluating magnetic material over easy-to-use measurement system
RF frequencies is becoming more that simplifies the characterization
important. of magnetic materials from 1 MHz
to 1.8 GHz.
material test fixture. The
combination offers an easy-to-use
and highly accurate solution for
permeability analysis.
Simplified testing saves time:
The HP 4291A system is a Figure 3. The HP 16454A magnetic
complete solution for relative material test fixture assemblies.
permeability measurement that
doesn't require any inductor
Figure 1. Hand-wound inductor method winding or calculations.
for permeability measurement. Option 002 material measurement
firmware provides direct relative
This procedure has some major
complex permeability readouts,
disadvantages. First, since the
eliminating the need for an
measurement is based on a
external controller. Results may
hand-made inductor, measurement
be displayed in a variety of
results are affected by how an
formats. Figure 2 shows Figure 4. Toroid dimensions for the
inductor is made. If many core
permeability magnitude and loss HP 16454A fixtures.
samples are measured,
tangent test results as a function
repeatability can be a problem due High accuracy measurement
of frequency. The firmware also
to variation in coil winding. method: The system uses the
includes a HP 16454A fixture
Second, as the frequency of inductor method to measure
compensation function for
interest increases, physical relative permeability. The
improved accuracy.
dimensions get small, making measurement basics are shown in
winding and quality control of the Figure 5. When a toroidal core is
test turns even more difficult. inserted into the fixture, the
Third, calculations are required to fixture halves form an ideal
derive permeability from the one-turn inductor (no magnetic
impedance results. flux leakage). The HP 4291A
measures the impedance of the
Another challenge confronting the inductor and calculates relative
person characterizing these complex permeability with the
materials is how to measure equation shown.
permeability parameters as a
function of temperature.
Traditionally, extending the
Figure 2. Relative permeability test
measurements to a temperature results shown in magnitude and loss
chamber added additional errors tangent format.
and setting up the temperature
test system was not trivial. Testing is simplified with the new
HP 16454A magnetic material test
New RF measurement solution fixture. See Figure 3. Consisting
provides ease-of-use and high of a large and a small fixture
accuracy assembly, it allows a wide range
of toroid sizes and requires no
The HP 4291A magnetic material special core preparation. See
measurement system consists of Figure 4 for core dimensions.
the HP 4291A RF Impedance/
Material Analyzer, Option 002
material analysis firmware, Figure 5. Inductor method permeability
Option 012 low impedance test measurement.
head, and the HP 16454A magnetic
2
Its high accuracy (typically 4% for HP-IB and Option 1C2
permeability and 0.002 for loss HP I-BASIC controller function:
tangent at 100 MHz and εr = 100) Provides an interface and
is achieved by the near ideal controller function for automatic
characteristics of the HP 16454A measurement and chamber
fixture and the analyzer's high control. A third party temperature
accuracy impedance measurement chamber is required. Tabai Espec
capability. Corporation offers a temperature
chamber (SU-240-Y) compatible
Measure voltage and current with the HP 4291A. It is pictured
dependence: The HP 4291A is in Figure 8.
also capable of making
measurements while changing the Figure 7. Permeability as a function of
AC test signal applied to the DC bias.
fixture's effective one-turn
winding. The test signal can be Simplified temperature
swept from 0.2 mV to 1 V (up to characteristic measurement
0.5 V for 1 GHz and higher). Test
The HP 4291A is designed to be an
signal current sweep is available
instrument controller with the
using HP IBASIC (Option 1C2) and
addition of Option 1C2,
an application program furnished
HP I-BASIC. As such, it can
with the standard HP 4291A.
control other test equipment
Figure 6 shows an example of an
and/or an HP-IB controllable
AC current dependence
environmental chamber. The
measurement using HP IBASIC
system provides the following Figure 8. Using the Tabai Espec
and the current sweep application SU-240-Y temperature chamber with the
features and options to simplify
program. HP 4291A.
evaluating the curie temperature
(maximum usable temperature) or Application program: This
other permeability temperature HP IBASIC program for
characteristics: temperature characteristics
evaluation and chamber control is
1.8 m cable to the measurement compatible with the Tabai Espec
head: Convenient for system temperature chamber. It is
configuration. Does not affect the included with the optional high
accuracy of the measurement. temperature low impedance test
High temperature low impedance head (Option 014).
test head option (Option 014): A Graphic display: Displays
heat-resistant cable (–55°C to measured parameters as a
Figure 6. Relative permeability as a
200°C) to extend the APC-7® function of chamber temperature.
function of test current. calibration plane while at the See figure 9.
same time maintaining high
A DC bias of up to 100 mA can accuracy.
also be applied or swept by adding
Option 001. See Figure 7. The Wide operating temperature
system's ability to vary the test range of the fixture: The
conditions to simulate actual HP 16454A fixture can be used
operating conditions provides from –55°C to 200°C without loss
important information for of accuracy.
magnetic material research and
evaluation.
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