Mutual inductance

Mutual induction current in one coil induces emf in other coil Distinguish from self-induction Mutual inductance, M21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is

N B L= i

M 21

N 2 21 = i1

Mutual inductance
M 21 N 2 21 = i1
Faradays law

Rearrange equation

d 21 = N2 dt

M 21i1 = N 2 21
Vary i1 with time

Induced emf in coil 2 due to i in coil 1 is

d 21 di1 M 21 = N2 dt dt

di1 = M 21 dt

Obeys Lenzs law (minus sign)

Mutual inductance
Reverse roles of coils What is induced emf in coil 1 from a changing current in coil 2? Same game as before

M 12

N 1 12 = i2

di2 = M 12 dt

Mutual inductance
The mutual inductance terms are equal

M 12

N 1 12 = i2

M 21

N 2 21 = i1

M 21 = M 12 = M

Rewrite emfs as

di1 = M dt
di = L dt

di2 = M dt

Notice same form as self-induced emf

N B L= i

Induced Electric Fields

Put a copper ring in a uniform B field which is increasing in time so the magnetic flux through the copper ring is changing By Faradays law an induced emf and current are produced If there is a current there must be an E field present to move the conduction electrons around ring

Induced Electric Fields

Induced E field acts the same way as an E field produced by static charges, it will exert a force, F=qE, on a charged particle True even if there is no copper ring (the picture shows a region of magnetic field increasing into the board which produces circular electric field lines). Restate Faradays law A changing B field produces an E field given by

r r d B E ds = dt

No magnetic monopoles
Magnetic monopoles do not exist Express mathematically as

r r B = B dA = 0

Integral is taken over closed surface Net magnetic flux through closed surface is zero
As many B field lines enter as leave the surface

Electric charge x no magnetic charge

Gausss law for E fields

r r qenc E = E dA =

Gausss law for B fields

r r B = B dA = 0
Both cases integrate over closed Gaussian surface

Faradays and Maxwells laws

Faradays law of induction E field is induced along a r r d B closed loop by a changing E ds = dt magnetic flux encircled by that loop Is the reverse true? Maxwells law of induction B field is induced along a r r d E closed loop by a changing B ds = 0 0 dt electric flux in region encircled by loop

Amperes + Maxwells law

Amperes law

r r B ds = 0ienc
r r d E B ds = 0 0 dt + 0ienc

Combine Amperes and Maxwells law

B field can be produced by a current and/or a changing E field

Wire carrying constant current, dE /dt = 0 Charging a capacitor, no current so ienc = 0

Maxwells laws
Basis of all electrical and magnetic phenomena can be described by 4 equations called Maxwells equations As fundamental to electromagnetism as Newtons law are to mechanics Einstein showed that Maxwells equations work with special relativity Maxwells equations basis for most equations studied since beginning of semester and will be basis for most of what we do the rest of the semester

Maxwells laws
Maxwells 4 equations are
Gauss Law

r r q E dA =

Gauss Law for magnetism

r r B dA = 0

r r d r r Faradays Law E ds = B dA dt

r r d r r Ampere-Maxwell Law B ds = 0 0 E dA + 0i dt

Maxwells laws in differential form

Gauss Law
r r E = ;

= charge density

r r Gauss Law for magnetism B = 0 r r r dB Faradays Law E = dt r r r 1 dE r Ampere-Maxwell Law B = + 0 J 2 c dt r 1 2 c = ; J = current density 0 0