UNIT V The Tasks of Leadership The contributions of Garvey, Du Bois Pan Africanism, Black Power, and La Negritude Pan

n Africanism Definition of Pan Africanism: Pan-Africanism is a search for dignity by African peoples.

(8 hours)

Pan-Africanism, is based on the belief that all African people in and of the diaspora share common bonds and as a result should unite to fight the struggle against the unjust and unlawful oppression of its race. Also non black people could unite to fight against imperialism. That search for dignity has : gone through many changes and mean different things to different people. enslaved feel pride in that which was African religious observances, religious reflections, Candomble or Voodoo music culture economic independence . Now Speak to the needs of the African diaspora Combat AIDS instead of helping the pharmaceuticals the Pan-Africanism of Garvey Political/economic/cultural Garveys philosophy: promote black pride, political economic improvements and repatriation of blacks to Africa awareness, unity and entrepreneurship more revolutionary Achieving Unity Uniting The Universal Negro Improvement Association, in the 1920s, was a coming together of Africans from Costa Rica, Africans from Jamaica, Africans from Guyana, Africans from Barbados, Africans from the South, coming together in Harlem, resisting against the Jim Crow of the 1920s. The Negro World, (the newspaper of the U.N.I.A) was a tool for mobilizing black people; and, the Universal Negro Improvement

Association continued to be one of the foremost movements among the PanAfricanist of the 1920s. (1914), Womens brigade, Black Cross Nurses, Universal African Motor Corps/Legion Garvey was able to gain mass support and had tremendous appeal." Racial Pride held pageants and parades through "Harlems" with red, black, and green liberation flags flying (The colors symbolizes the skin, the blood, and the hopes and growth potential of Black people. The green is also symbolic of the earth.). His methodology was refreshing and inspiring. Racial Esteem African descent, became a culturalforce/icon for Africans on the continent as well as Diaspora, gave black people hope, encourages self reliance, pride in themselves as well as their history, became an inspiration for others such as Nkrumah, Kenyatta, Nyerere, MLKing Jnr, Malcolm X,Stokely Carmichael, Rastafarianism Education/ Awareness of African cultural heritage to create self concept and pride through education of and knowledge about the African continent and achievements of Africans/African descendants around the globe :- use of newspapers such as Negro World, Blackman; mass meetings, international conventions. Entrepreneurship to bring about economic stability. esteem and pride among black people through blacks owning the means of production. Black Starline Shipping Company, Negro Factories Corporation ( laundries, groceries, publishers, doll, hat and uniform making factories, confectionaries, restaurants, Peoples Cooperative Bank) Later, when Garvey began to collect money for his steamship line, Marcus Garvey, choosing to ignore the critiques of DuBois, continued with his undertakings until charges of fraud were brought forth against him. He was imprisoned and upon his release, he was exiled from the United States. He died in 1941 Political In taking the steps to make black a virtue Garvey impressively formed Jamaicans first modern political party on September 9th 1929. Peoples National Party formed in October 1938 is mistakenly put forward as Jamaica first modern political party. In addition the Peoples Political Party produces the first ever political manifesto and constitution in Jamaica and perhaps even the Caribbean. Black Nationalist philosophy. This led to other important demands that were met with huge outrage from the elite class. black majority rule,

West Indian Federation political independence for Jamaica. black colonies were to be given the same treatment and status as the white colonies within the the unity of African peoples and linking third world struggle. democratization of the political system PPP The first win at the polls came in April, 1929 when Rev Dr FG Veitch won in the Hanover seat in the bye election. The second victory followed soon after when John Coleman Beecher won in another bye election for a seat in the Kingston and St Andrew Corporation council no2. Interestingly our history has also forgotten about Rev Dr. FG Veitch, the very first Jamaican to be political elected to office under a modern political party based on ideological lines. This monumental achievement by the Peoples Political Party had demonstrated that Jamaica could be transformed into a modern democracy. A After these two very early victories, victory for Garvey came in October when he when elected to the Kingston and St Andrew Council but because of his imprisonment he was prevented from taking the Oath of Office and functioning as a councillor. Garvey appealed for leave of absence but the solicitor for the council, Norman Manley, advised against and the council voted against Garveys appeal. After he returned from prison he was allowed to take his seat but his seat was declared vacant and a by-election was ordered. On nomination day Garvey was returned to the council unopposed. This was to trigger a series of heated confrontation between Norman Manley and Garvey. Garvey was very disappointed that such an astute lawyer could not see that relevance of his work and took the side that supported the colonialists who wanted the Peoples Political Party to fail. Peoples political program which was primarily to improve labour, industries, education, land reform and justice. His intentions if elected were published in his manifesto on January 2nd 1930. Although Garvey himself did not see Jamaica through to self-government and independence. Ironically it was those who were most sceptical of the teachings of Garveyism and Garveyists who negotiated self-government and independence for Jamaica. The work, the stance and the partys manifesto made by the party in the late 1920s and early 1930s led to the formation of the Peoples National Party (PNP) and the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). S.J. Garrick, a JLP organizer was correct when he observed in 1941 that if there wasnt a UNIA there could be no PNP or JLP. The statement was first printed in National Negro Voice in 1941. After Garvey death his organizations had suffered a might blow and he was greatly missed. For decadesGarvey found themselves in the political wilderness some joined JLP and the PNP. Millard Johnson relaunched Garveys Peoples Political Party in 1961. In a show of disregard the Peoples Political Party was excluded from Constitutional talks Norman Manley. Manley said the PPP had no right to representation as summed up by the Editor in the Gleaner Editorial captioned Premier rejects PPP plea dated November 17th,1961.PPP was deliberately excluded from independence talks and this can account for one of the reasons the PPP

was not able to come to the fore as a dominant party under Millard Johnson. However he only narrowly lost his seat in the 1962 election in an upper St. Andrew constituency. There were three assassination attempts on his life before he migrated to Florida. The PPP was in opposition to the governing party and denounced their lack of performance leading to sub-standard life for the citizens of Jamaica. The other two parties had a narrow political agenda compared to the PPP which had both a political and liberation agenda. In 2002 the Peoples Political Party was relaunched at the Ward Theatre by Miguel Lorne, Moses Emmanuel Henriques, Bryon and Neville Henry. The PPPs aim in our society today is to bring about political change through socio-economic means. The revival of the UNIA-ACL with the UNIA-ACL Millard Johnson division is only a small indication of the intent of the Peoples Political Party today. Miguel Lorne, President of the PPP today, says the intention behind the relaunch was to first preserve the legacy of Marcus Garvey, But now, almost a decade after the successful relaunch, the PPP its gearing up for its second intention, that is to spread the legacy of Garvey by redeveloping inner-city communities and organizing the rural poor into a social movement for political change in Jamaica. Repatriation to Africa Set up a republic in Africa the Pan-Africanism of Dubois. Intellectual and later political Education Civil justice Class discrimination Black pride Educate agitate DuBois' first efforts were to explain away the Garvey movement and ignore it . But it was a mass movement and could not be ignored. Later, when Garvey began to collect money for his steamship line DuBois characterized him as "a hard-working idealist, but his methods are bombastic, wasteful, illogical and almost illegal." The political leadership of the United States led by J. Edgar Hoover exploited the differences between Dubois and Garvey He criticized Marcus Garvey UNIA and Entrepreneurship He changed his ideology when he went to Africa.

He worked at government-sponsored Encyclopedia Africana in Ghana and a year later, in the final months of his life, DuBois became a Ghanian citizen and an official member of the Communist party. On August 27,1963, on the eve of the March On Washington, DuBois died in Accra, Ghana. He became: Anti white and wanted NAACP to use only black leaders he went to Africans need to create a movement that unite Africans all over so one black nation helping its brothers and sisters elsewhere to minimise: Poverty AIDS