BSA Antenna Theory

Antenna Theory
Basic Principles For Daily Applications
Base Station Antenna Systems October 2006
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06
Dipole
F0 (MHz) 30 (Meters) 10.0 3.75 1.87 1.07 0.65 0.38 0.31 0.18 0.15 (Inches) 393.6 147.6 73.8 42.2 25.7 14.8 12.3 6.95 5.9
80 160 280 460 800
F0
960 1700 2000
3D View Antenna Pattern
Source: COMSEARCH
Understanding The Mysterious dB

dBd dBi dB dBm Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space Signal strength relative to an isotropic radiator Difference between two signal strengths Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt 1 mWatt = 0 dBm Note: The 1 Watt = 30 dBm Logarithmic Scale 20 Watts = 43 dBm 10 * log10 (Power Ratio) Signal strength relative to a signal of known strength, in this case: the carrier signal Example: 100 dBc = 100 dB below carrier signal If carrier is 100 Watt = 50 dBm 100 dBc = -50 dBm or 0.00001 mWatt
dBc
Effect Of VSWR
Good VSWR is only one component of an efficient antenna.
VSWR 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 2.00 Return Loss (dB) 26.4 20.8 17.7 15.6 14.0 9.5 Transmission Loss (dB) 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.51 Power Power Reflected (%) Trans. (%) 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.7 2.8 4.0 11.1 100.0 99.8 99.2 98.3 97.2 96.0 88.9
Shaping Antenna Patterns
Vertical arrangement of properly phased dipoles allows control of radiation patterns at the horizon as well as above and below the horizon. The more dipoles that are stacked vertically, the flatter the vertical pattern is and the higher the antenna coverage or gain is in the general direction of the horizon.
Shaping Antenna Patterns (Continued)

Aperture of Dipoles Vertical Pattern Horizontal Pattern
Single Dipole
Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in line changes the pattern shape (squashes the doughnut) and increases the gain over single dipole. The peak of the horizontal or vertical pattern measures the gain.
4 Dipoles Vertically Stacked
The little lobes, illustrated in the lower section, are secondary minor lobes.
General Stacking Rule

Collinear elements (in-line vertically). Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9. Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces vertical beamwidth by half.
Gain
What is it?
Antenna gain is a comparison of the power/field characteristics of a device under test (DUT) to a specified gain standard.
Why is it useful?
Gain can be associated with coverage distance and/or obstacle penetration (buildings, foliage, etc).
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. The reference gain standard must always be specified.
What is Andrew standard?

Andrew conforms to the industry standard of +/-1 dB accuracy.
Gain References (dBd And dBi)

An isotropic antenna is a single point in space radiating in a perfect sphere (not physically possible). A dipole antenna is one radiating element (physically possible). A gain antenna is two or more radiating elements phased together.
3 (dBd) = 5.15 (dBi) 0 (dBd) = 2.15 (dBi)
Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern
Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain
Principles Of Antenna Gain

Omni Antenna, Side View
-3 dB
Directional Antennas, Top View 0 dBd
0 dBd
60
-3 dB
+3 dBd
30
-3 dB
+3 dBd
180
-3 dB
+6 dBd
15
-3 dB
+6 dBd
90
-3 dB
7.5
+9 dBd
-3 dB
+9 dBd
45
-3 dB
Theoretical Gain Of Antennas (dBd)

3 dB Horizontal Aperture (Influenced by Grounded Back Plate) 360 180 120 105 # of Radiators Vertically Spaced (0.9) 1 2 3 4 6 8 0 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 3 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 4 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 5 8 9.5 11 90 6 9 60 8 11 45 9 12 33 10.5 13.6 15.1 16.6 18.1 19.6 Typical Length of Antenna (ft.) 800/900 MHz PCS 1 2 3 4 6 8 DCS Vertical 1800/1900 Beamwidth 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 60 30 20 15 10 7.5
10.5 12.5 13.5 12 14 15
12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 14 15 17 18
Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.
Antenna Gain
Gain (dBi) = Directivity (dBi) Losses (dB) Losses: Conductor Dielectric Impedance Polarization
Measure using Gain by Comparison
Various Radiator Designs

Elements
Dipole
1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole
Diversity (XPol) Directed Dipole
Patch
800/900 MHz Directed Dipole
MAR Microstrip Annular Ring
Dipoles
Single Dipole
Crossed Dipole
Feed Harness Construction

ASP705
(Old Style)
ASP705K
DB589
(and most Sector Arrays)
Series Feed
Center Feed (Hybrid)
Corporate Feed
Feed Harness Construction (Continued)

Series Feed Advantages Minimum feed losses Simple feed system Center Feed (Hybrid) Frequency independent main lobe direction Reasonably simple feed system Corporate Feed Frequency independent main beam direction More beam shaping ability, sidelobe suppression Complex feed system
Disadvantages
+2 +1 0 +1 +2 450 455
BEAMTILT
ASP-705 460 465 470 MHz
Not as versatile as corporate (less bandwidth, less beam shaping)
Feed Networks
Cable Microstrip feed line, corporate feeds
Dielectric substrate Air substrate
T-line feed and radiator
Microstrip Feed Lines

Dielectric substrate
Uses printed circuit technology Power limitations Dielectric substrate causes loss (~1.0 dB/m at 2 GHz)
Air substrate
Metal strip spaced above a groundplane Minimal solder or welded joints Laser cut or punched Air substrate cause minimal loss (~0.1 dB/m at 2 GHz)
Air Microstrip Network
DB812 Omni Antenna

Vertical Pattern
932DG65T2E-M
Pattern Simulation
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives

For sector antenna, the key pattern objective is to focus as much energy as possible into a desired sector with a desired radius while minimizing unwanted interference to/from all other sectors. This requires: Optimized pattern shaping Pattern consistency over the rated frequency band Pattern consistency for polarization diversity models Downtilt consistency
Main Lobe
What is it?
The main lobe is the radiation pattern lobe that contains the majority portion of radiated energy.
35 Total 35 Total Main Lobe Main Lobe
Why is it useful?
Shaping of the pattern allows the contained coverage necessary for interference-limited system designs.
How is it measured?
The main lobe is characterized using a number of the measurements which will follow.

Andrew conforms to the industry standard.
Half-Power Beamwidth
Horizontal/Vertical
What is it?
The angular span between the half-power (-3 dB) points measured on the cut of the antennas main lobe radiation pattern.
1/2 Power 1/2 Power Beamwidth Beamwidth

30 30
Why is it useful?
It allows system designers to choose the optimum characteristics for coverage vs. interference requirements.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

Front-To-Back Ratio
What is it?
The ratio in dB of the maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in a specified rearward direction. Note that on a dual-polarized antenna, it is the sum of co-pol and cross-pol patterns.
Why is it useful?
It characterizes unwanted interference on the backside of the main lobe. The larger the number, the better!
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees 0 dB 25 dB = 25 dB 0 dB 25 dB = 25 dB
Each data sheet shows specific performance. In general, traditional dipole and patch elements will yield 2328 dB while the Directed Dipole style elements will yield 3540 dB.
Sidelobe Level
What is it?
Sidelobe level is a measure of a particular sidelobe or angular group of sidelobes with respect to the main lobe.
Why is it useful?
Sidelobe level or pattern shaping allows the minor lobe energy to be tailored to the antennas intended use. See Null Fill and Upper Sidelobe Suppression.
Sidelobe Level Sidelobe Level (-20 dB) (-20 dB)
How is it measured?
It is always measured with respect to the main lobe in dB.

Null Filling
What is it?
Null filling is an array optimization technique that reduces the null between the lower lobes in the elevation plane.
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12), null filling significantly improves signal intensity in all coverage targets below the horizon.
How is it measured?
Null fill is easiest explained as the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam and the depth of the 1st lower null.

Most Andrew arrays will have null fill of 2030 dB without optimization. To earn the label MaxFill, we expect no less than 15 and typically 1012 dB!
Null Filling
Important For Antennas With Narrow Elevation Beamwidths
Null Filled to 16 dB Below Peak Received Level (dBm)

0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Transmit Power = 1 W Base Station Antenna Height = 40 m Base Station Antenna Gain = 16 dBd Elevation Beamwidth = 6.5
Distance (km)
Upper Sidelobe Suppression

What is it?
Upper sidelobe suppression (USLS) is an array optimization technique that reduces the undesirable sidelobes above the main lobe.
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12), USLS can significantly reduce interference due to multi-path or when the antenna is mechanically downtilted.
How is it measured?
USLS is the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam peak of the first upper sidelobe.

Most of Andrews arrays will have USLS of >15 dB without optimization.
Orthogonality
What is it?
The ability of an antenna to discriminate between two waves whose polarization difference is 90 degrees.
Why is it useful?
Orthogonal arrays within a single antenna allow for polarization diversity. (As opposed to spacial diversity.)
How is it measured?
The difference between the co-polar pattern and the cross-polar pattern, usually measured in the boresight (the direction of the main signal).

XPol = 20 log ( tan ()) = 0, XPol = - dB = 5, XPol = -21 dB =10, XPol = -15 dB =15, XPol = -11 dB =20, XPol = -9 dB =30, XPol = -5 dB = 40, XPol =-1.5 dB =45, XPol = 0 dB
Cross-Pol Ratio (CPR)

What is it?
CPR is a comparison of the co-pol vs. cross-pol pattern performance of a dual-polarized antenna generally over the sector of interest (alternatively over the 3 dB beamwidth).
120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Why is it useful?
It is a measure of the ability of a cross-pol array to distinguish between orthogonal waves. The better the CPR, the better the performance of polarization diversity.
Typical
Co-Polarization
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range. Note: in the rear hemisphere, cross-pol becomes co-pol and vice versa.
120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Cross-Polarization (Source @ 90)
Directed Dipole

For traditional dipoles, the minimum is 10 dB; however, for the Directed Dipole style elements, it increases to 15 dB min.
Horizontal Beam Tracking

What is it?
It refers to the beam tracking between the two beams of a +/45 polarization diversity antenna over a specified angular range.
120 120
Why is it useful?
For optimum diversity performance, the beams should track as closely as possible. -45 Array +45 Array
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range.

The Andrew beam tracking standard is +/1 dB over the 3 dB horizontal beamwidth.
Beam Squint
What is it?
The amount of pointing error of a given beam referenced to mechanical boresite.
Horizontal Boresight Squint Squint -3 dB /2 +3 dB
Why is it useful?
The beam squint can affect the sector coverage if it is not at mechanical boresite. It can also affect the performance of the polarization diversity style antennas if the two arrays do not have similar patterns.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

For the horizontal beam, squint shall be less than 10% of the 3 dB beamwidth. For the vertical beam, squint shall be less than 15% of the 3 dB beamwidth or 1 degree, whichever is greatest.
Sector Power Ratio (SPR)

What is it?
SPR is a ratio expressed in percentage of the power outside the desired sector to the power inside the desired sector created by an antennas pattern.
120 120
Why is it useful?
It is a percentage that allows comparison of various antennas. The better the SPR, the better the interference performance of the system.
How is it measured?
It is mathematically derived from the measured range data.
Desired
300
Undesired
Undesired

Andrew Directed Dipole style antennas have SPRs typically less that 2 percent.
SPR (%) =
60 60
P P
X 100
Desired
300
AntennaBased System Improvements

Key Antenna Parameters To Examine Closely
F 85 G Directed Dipole DB950 Standard 85 Panel Antenna
-7 dB
Roll off at -/+ 60 -10 dB points Horizontal Ant/Ant Isolation Next Sector Ant/Ant Isolation Cone of Silence
-6 dB
74 74
83 83
-16 dB
-12 dB
-35 dB
-18 dB
120 Cone of Great Silence with >40 dB Front-to-Back Ratio
60 Area of Poor Silence with >27 dB Front-to-Back Ratio

The Impact
Lower Co-Channel Interference/Better Capacity And Quality
In a three sector site, traditional antennas produce a high degree of imperfect power control or sector overlap. Imperfect sectorization presents opportunities for: Increased softer hand-offs Interfering signals Dropped calls Reduced capacity The rapid roll-off of the lower lobes of the Andrew Directed Dipole antennas create larger, better defined cones of silence behind the array. Much smaller softer hand-off area Dramatic call quality improvement 5%10% capacity enhancement
Traditional Flat Panels 65 90
Andrew Directed Dipole 65 90
120 Sector Overlay Issues

On the Capacity and Outage Probability of a CDMA Heirarchial Mobile System with Perfect/Imperfect Power Control and Sectorization By: Jie ZHOU et, al IEICE TRANS FUNDAMENTALS, VOL.E82-A, NO.7 JULY 1999 . . . From the numerical results, the user capacities are dramatically decreased as the imperfect power control increases and the overlap between the sectors (imperfect sectorization) increases . . . Effect of Soft and Softer Handoffs on CDMA System Capacity By: Chin-Chun Lee et, al IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 1998
15 Percentage of capacity loss 10 5 0
15 10 5 0 Overlapping angle in degree
Qualitatively, excessive overlay also reduces capacity of TDMA and GSM systems.
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives

Azimuth Beam Beam tracking vs. frequency
Limited to sub-bands on broadband models
an Urb
an urb ral b Su Ru
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2
1 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 3
Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important
Squint Rolloff past the 3 dB points Front-to-back ratio Cross-pol beam tracking Elevation Beam Beam tracking vs. frequency Upper sidelobe suppression Lower null fill Cross-pol beam tracking
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives (Continued)

Downtilt Electrical vs. mechanical tilt Absolute tilt Electrical tilt vs. frequency Effective gain on the horizon Gain Close to the theoretical value
(directivity minus losses)
an Urb
an urb ral b Su Ru
1 2 1 1 2
1 2 2 2 1
3 3 3 3 1
Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important
Note: Pattern shaping reduces gain.
System Issues
Choosing sector antennas Downtiltelectrical vs. mechanical RET optimization Passive intermodulation (PIM) Return loss through coax Pattern distortion Antenna isolation
Choosing Sector Antennas

For 3 sector cell sites, what performance differences can be expected from the use of antennas with different horizontal apertures? Criteria Area of service indifference between adjacent sectors (ping-pong area). For comparison, use 6 dB differentials. Antenna gain and overall sector coverage.
3 x 120 Antennas
120 Horizontal Overlay Pattern
57
3 dB
Examples
VPol, Low Band DB874H120 DB878H120
3 x 90 Antennas
43
Examples
XPol VPol Low Band DB854DG90 DB842H90 DB856DG90 DB844H90 DB858DG90 DB848G90 High Band DB932DG90 DB948G85 UMWD-09014B DB950G85 UMWD-09016 DB980F90 DB982F90
5 dB
3 x 65 Antennas
24
Examples
XPol VPol Low Band DB854DG65 DB842H65 DB856DG65 DB844H65 DB858DG65 DB848H65 CTSDG-066513 CTSDG-066515 CTSDG-066516
6 dB
High Band UMWD-06513 PCS-06509 UMWDP-06516 PCS-06512 UMWD-06517 PCS-06514 DB982F65 PCS-06515
Beam Downtilt
In urban areas, service and frequency utilization are frequently improved by directing maximum radiation power at an area below the horizon. This technique . . . Improves coverage of open areas close to the base station. Allows more effective penetration of nearby buildings, particular high-traffic lower levels and garages. Permits the use of adjacent frequencies in the same general region.
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt
Mechanical downtilt lowers main beam, raises back lobe. Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe. A combination of equal electrical and mechanical downtilts lowers main beam and brings back lobe onto the horizon!
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt (Continued)
Mechanical
Electrical
DB5083 Downtilt Mounting Kit

DB5083 downtilt mounting kit is constructed of heavy duty galvanized steel, designed for pipe mounting 12 to 20 wide panel antennas.
Correct bracket calibration assumes a plumb mounting pipe! Check antenna with a digital level.
Mechanical Downtilt
Pattern AnalogyRotating A Disk
Mechanical tilt causes . . . Beam peak to tilt below horizon Back lobe to tilt above horizon At 90, no tilt
Mechanical Downtilt Coverage

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330
Elevation Pattern
Azimuth Pattern
Mechanical Tilt 0 4 6 8 10
0 Mechanical Downtilt
Quiz What is the vertical beamwidth of a 4-element array?
85
93
123
Horizontal 3 dB Bandwidth Undefined
Managing Beam Tilt

For the radiation pattern to show maximum gain in the direction of the horizon, each stacked dipole must be fed from the signal source in phase. Feeding vertically arranged dipoles out of phase will generate patterns that look up or look down. The degree of beam tilt is a function of the phase shift of one dipole relative to the adjacent dipole.
Generating Beam Tilt

Dipoles Fed In Phase
Energy in Exciter Phase Exciter
Dipoles Fed Out of Phase
W av e Fron t
Electrical Downtilt
Pattern AnalogyForming A Cone Out Of A Disk
Electrical tilt causes . . . Beam peak to tilt below horizon Back lobe to tilt above horizon At 90, tilt below horizon All the pattern tilts
Cone of the Beam Peak Pattern
Electrical Downtilt Coverage

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 320 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 320
Elevation Pattern Electrical Tilt
Azimuth Pattern 0 4 6 8 10
Mechanical vs. Electrical Downtilt
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
350
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
350
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
190
180
170
190
180
170
160
Remote Electrical Downtilt (RET)

Optimization
ATM200
RET Device (Actuator)
Local PC
ATMS ATC200-LITE
Portable Controller
Local PC
ANMS
Remote Locations Network Server
ATC200-1000
Rack Mount Controller
Intermod Interference
Where?
F1 Tx F1 Rx F3
RECEIVER-PRODUCED
F3 Tx F1 Rx F3
F2
F2
TRANSMITTER-PRODUCED
Tx F2
Tx F2
F1 Tx1 F2 Tx2 F3
ELSEWHERE
Rx F3 Tx1 Tx2
F1 F2 C O M B DUP Rx3
F3
RF PATH-PRODUCED
PCS A-Band
Product Frequencies, Two-Signal IM
FIM = nF1 mF2 Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz
n
1 2 1 2 3 2
m
1 1 2 2 2 3
Product Order
Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Fifth
Product Formulae
1F1 + 1F2 1F1 1F2 2F1 + 1F2 *2F1 1F2 2F2 + 1F1 *2F2 1F1 2F1 + 2F2 2F1 2F2 3F1 + 2F2 *3F1 2F2 3F2 + 2F1 *3F2 2F1
Product Frequencies (MHz)

3875 15 5820 1960 5805 1915 7750 30 9695 1975 9680 1900
*Odd-order difference products fall in-band.

Two-Signal IM
Odd-Order Difference Products
Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz F = F1 - F2 = 15 F2 1930 F F F2 F 2F F2 2F F F1 + F 2F F1 + 2F F1 1945
2F2 F1 1915 3F2 2F1 1900
2F1 F2 1960 3F1 2F2 1975
5th
3rd
F2
F1
3rd
5th
Third Order: F1 + F; F2 - F Fifth Order: F1 + 2F; F2 - 2F Seventh Order:: F1 + 3F; F2 - 3F Higher than the highest lower than the lowest none in-between
PCS Duplexed IM
Band
A
Tx Frequency
19301945
Rx Frequency
18501865
Own Rx Band IM Order

11th
Any Rx Band IM Order

5th
IM Equations Own Rx Band

=6*Tx(low)-5*Tx(high)=1855
Any Rx Band
19501965
18701885
11th
7th
19751990
18951910
11th
11th
A Band IM
11th 1855 9th 1870 7th 1885 5th 1900 3rd 1915 1930 1945
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
Unlicensed 20 MHz
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910, 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910, 1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5, 19751982.5 C3 10 18951900, 19751980 C4 10 19001905, 19801985 C5 10 19051910, 19851990
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10MHz).
A & F Band IM
3rd 1895 1935 1975
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
Unlicensed 20 MHz
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910, 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910, 1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5, 1975-1982.5 C3 10 18951900, 19751980 C4 10 19001905, 19801985 C5 10 19051910, 19851990
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10MHz).
Causes Of IMD
Ferromagnetic materials in the current path:

- Steel - Nickel plating or underplating
Current disruption:
- Loosely contacting surfaces - Non-conductive oxide layers between contact surfaces
System VSWR Calculator

Andrew Corporation System VSWR Calculator
Frequency (MHz): Component Used?
Yes1 Yes No No No No Yes No No No No Yes
850.00 Max. VSWR 1.33 1.07 1.29 1.07 1.29 1.07 1.11 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.29 1.07 Cable Type / Cable Cable Return Component Length (m) Length (ft) Loss (dB) Loss 16.98 LDF5-50A LDF4-50A LDF4-50A 29.42 2 1.22 4.00 17.95 0.20 29.42 2 1.22 4.00 17.95 0.20 29.42 2.00 1.22 4.00 LDF5-50A 25.66 1 53.34 175.00 29.42 2 1.22 4.00 29.42 0.20 29.42 2.00 1.22 4.00 17.95 0.20 LDF4-50A 29.42 2.00 1.83 6.00 Estimated System Reflection: Estimated System VSWR: Estimated System Return Loss (dB): Maximum System Reflection: Maximum System VSWR: Maximum System Return Loss (dB): Total Insertion Loss (dB):
Return Loss to VSWR converter
Version 1.8 05-Oct-04 Insertion Loss (dB) 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.1068 1.24 19.4 0.1904 1.47 14.4 2.21
Feet to meters converter
System Component Antenna or Load Top Jumper Tower Mounted Amp TMA Jumper Top Diplexer Diplexer Jumper Main Feed Line Surge Jumper Surge Suppressor Diplexer/Duplexer Jumper Bottom Diplexer/Duplexer Bottom Jumper
Reflections at input 0.0852 0.0207 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0507 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0338
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
1/2 inch Superflexible Foam
Jumper Cable Types: FSJ4-50B FSJ4-50B 1/2 inch Low Density Foam LDF4-50A LDF4-50A
Main Feedline Cable Types: LDF5-50A 1 1/4 inch Low Density Foam LDF6-50 1 5/8 inch Low Density Foam LDF7-50A 7/8 inch Flexible Feeder Foam VXL5-50 1 1/4 inch Flexible Feeder Foam VXL6-50 1 5/8 inch Flexible Feeder Foam VXL7-50
7/8 inch Low Density Foam 7/8 inch Andrew Virtual Air 1 5/8 inch Andrew Virtual Air
No
LDF5-50A LDF6-50 LDF7-50A VXL5-50 VXL6-50 VXL7-50 AVA5-50 AVA7-50
AVA5-50 AVA7-50
Return Loss (dB) 28.00
VSWR 1.0829
feet 4.00
meters 1.22
Pattern Distortions
Conductive (metallic) obstruction in the path of transmit and/or receive antennas may distort antenna radiation patterns in a way that causes systems coverage problems and degradation of communications services. A few basic precautions will prevent pattern distortions.
Pattern Distortions
Side Of Building Mountisng
Building
105 Horizontal Pattern

No Obstacle
0 330 300
+15 +10 +5 0 -5 -10
30
105
60 880 MHz
270
90
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150

Obstruction @ -10 dB Point
0 330 30 880 MHz
300
60
270
90
0
3'
-10 dB Point
240
120
Antenna
Building Corner
210 180
150

0 330 30 880 MHz
300
60
270
90
0
' 3
-6 dB Point
240
120
Antenna
Building Corner
210 180
150

0 330 30 880 MHz
300
60
270
90
-3 dB Point
' 3
Building Corner
240
120 210 180 150
Antenna
No Obstacle
0 330 300
+15 +10 +5 0 -5 -10
30 880 MHz
60
270
90
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150
0.51 Diameter Obstacle @ 0
0 330 300 30
60
880 MHz
270
90
0 12
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150
0 330 300 30
60
880 MHz
270
90
45 8
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150
0 330 300 30
60
880 MHz
270
90
60 6
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150
0 330 300 30
60
880 MHz
270
90 80 3
240
120 210 180
Antenna
150
General Rule
Area That Needs To Be Free Of Obstructions (> 0.51)
Maximum Gain
> 12 WL
3 dB Point (45)
8 W L
6 dB Point (60)
>
W >6
WL
> 3 WL
10 dB Point (80 - 90)
Antenna 90 horizontal (3 dB) beamwidth

Attenuation Provided By Vertical Separation Of Dipole Antennas

70
60
50
Isolation in dB
40
z MH 00 20
z MH 0 85
z MH 0 45
z MH 0 16
z MH 5
z MH 0
30
20
10
1 (.) 03 (30.48)
2 (0.61)
3 (0.91)
5 (1.52)
10 (3.05)
20 (.) 61
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
The values indicated by these curves are approximate because of coupling which exists between the antenna and transmission line. Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas. If values (1) the spacing is measured between the physical center of the tower antennas and it (2) one antenna is mounted directly above the other, with no horizontal offset collinear). No correction factor is required for the antenna gains.
Attenuation Provided By Horizontal Separation Of Dipole Antennas

80
70
Isolation in dB
60
z MH 00 20 Hz 50 M 8 z MH 450
z MH 150 Hz 70 M Hz 50 M z H 30 M
50
40
30
20
10 (3.05) (304.8)
20 (.) 61
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100 (30.48)
200 (60.96)
300 (91.44)
500 (152.4)
1000
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas if (1) the indicated isolation is reduced by the sum of the antenna gains and (2) the spacing between the gain antennas is at least 50 ft. (15.24 m) (approximately the far field).
Pattern Distortions
d D d = D x tan tan 1 = 0.01745 for 0 < < 10 : tan = x tan 1 tan = Note: tan 10 = 0.1763 10 x 0.01745 = 0.1745
Gain Points Of A Typical Main Lobe

Relative to Maximum Gain
Vertical Beam Width= 2 x (-3dB point)
-3dB point below boresight. -6dB point 1.35 x below boresight. -10 dB point 1.7x below boresight.
Changes In Antenna Performance In The Presence Of:

Non-Conductive Obstructions
FIBERGLASS PANEL
DIM A
Performance Of 90 PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)

120 110 100 90 80
1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/2 2 FIBERGLASS PANEL
Horizontal Aperture
DIM A
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

Performance Of 90 PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)

1.7 1.6 1.5
DIM A
FIBERGLASS PANEL
VSWR (Worst Case)
1.4 1.3 1.2

0 1
1/4 1/2 1 1-1/2 2
10
11
12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

W/Plain Faade W/Ribbed Faade Without Facade
Distance From Fiberglass

0 330 30
90
60 300
0 330 30
102
60
300
270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
90
270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
90
240
120
240
120
210
150 0 330 30
210
150
180
180
No Fiberglass
300
68
60
3" to Fiberglass
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
210
150
180
1.5" to Fiberglass
Distance From Fiberglass

0 330 30
77
60 300
0 330 30
112
60
300
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
240
120
210
150
210
150
180
180 0 330 30
4" to Fiberglass
300
108
60
6" to Fiberglass
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
210
150
180
9" to Fiberglass

BSA Antenna Theory

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BSA Antenna Theory

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Antenna Theory

Basic Principles For Daily Applications

Base Station Antenna Systems October 2006

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

80 160 280 460 800

960 1700 2000

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

3D View Antenna Pattern

Understanding The Mysterious dB

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Shaping Antenna Patterns

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Shaping Antenna Patterns (Continued)

4 Dipoles Vertically Stacked

General Stacking Rule

What is Andrew standard?

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Gain References (dBd And dBi)

Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern

Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Principles Of Antenna Gain

Directional Antennas, Top View 0 dBd

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Theoretical Gain Of Antennas (dBd)

10.5 12.5 13.5 12 14 15

12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 14 15 17 18

Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Measure using Gain by Comparison

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Various Radiator Designs

1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole

Diversity (XPol) Directed Dipole

800/900 MHz Directed Dipole

MAR Microstrip Annular Ring

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Feed Harness Construction

Center Feed (Hybrid)

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Feed Harness Construction (Continued)

ASP-705 460 465 470 MHz

Not as versatile as corporate (less bandwidth, less beam shaping)

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

T-line feed and radiator

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Microstrip Feed Lines

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Air Microstrip Network

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

DB812 Omni Antenna

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

Key Antenna Pattern Objectives

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

35 Total 35 Total Main Lobe Main Lobe

What is Andrew standard?

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06

1/2 Power 1/2 Power Beamwidth Beamwidth

What is Andrew standard?

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ANDREW CORPORATION 3/06