SOIL MECHANICS

PBW N302 Credit Hours CEM/WEE/STE

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Mechanics and Foundations Faculty of Engineering Cairo University

FALL 2011
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Define: Soil D fi S il
Naturally occuring particulate material Formed, Formed directly or indirectly from solid rocks indirectly, (i.e. weathering) Composition of soil particles d C ii f il i l depends on d composition of parent rock The void space between the particles contain water and/or air

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Applications A li i
Engineer uses the SOIL to build:
On it: e.g. buildings In it: e.g. tunnels With it; e g earth dams e.g.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: Bridge F E l B id Foundations d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: T E l Tunnel l

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: E h Dam E l Earth D

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: F il E l Failure

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: F il E l Failure

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: F il E l Failure

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example: F il E l Failure

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Introduction I d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Introduction I d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Introduction I d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Introduction I d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Introduction I d i

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Course O li C Outline
Introduction Phase diagram Ph di Soil Classification Compaction Permeability Stresses Consolidation Shear Strength g
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PBW N302 - Soil Mechanics Fall 2011

Instructor: Dr. Asmaa Moddather (Teaching Assistant: Eng. Amr Morsy) Monday 12:00 pm 02:00 pm, Classroom: 20510 Monday 02:00 pm 05:00 pm Classroom: 20510 pm, Das, B.M. (2008), Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Thomson Learning Toronto Ontario Canada Learning,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this course is to familiarize students with the basics of Soil Mechanics Lectures will focus on describing Mechanics. the nature and behavior of soils.

Lectures: Tutorials: Textbook: Objectives:

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PBW N302 - Soil Mechanics Fall 2011

Grading:

Attendance and Class Participation Assignments Quizzes Midterm Exam Final Exam

10% 10% 20% 20% 40%

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PBW N302 - Soil Mechanics Fall 2011

Assignments: There will be approximately seven (7) assignments. Assignments shall be handed out in the tutorial sessions. Assignments must be submitted in person the week following end of class discussion of the topic. d f h Grades for late assignments shall be reduced by 25%. No excuses shall be given for late submittals without a written request and approval. Quizzes: Q i Exams: There will be approximately seven (7) quizzes. Th ll b l One midterm will be given during the semester. A final exam will be given in the scheduled final exam period.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PBW N302 - Soil Mechanics Fall 2011

Web Site:

www.egypteducation.org

Enrol Key: PBWN302GB

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PBW N302 - Soil Mechanics Fall 2011

Web Site:

www.egypteducation.org www egypteducation org

Enrol Key: PBWN302GB

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Definitions D fi i i
Soil:
is any accumulation of mineral particles formed by the

weathering of rocks, the void space between the particles containing water and/or air.

Soil Mechanics:

is the branch of science dealing with the study

of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to various types of forces

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil formation S il f i
Residual soil:
original location. the products of rock weathering remain at their

Transported soil:

the products are transported and deposited

in a different location. (gravity, wind, water)

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil formation S il f i
Weathering by mechanical or chemical processes Mechanical by contraction and expansion of rock erosion by wind rock, or water: resultant soil is bulky, angular, rounded, elongated, flat.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil formation S il f i
Chemical:
results in changes in the mineral form of the parent

rock due to the action of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Chemical weathering results in the formation of groups of crystalline particles of size (<0:002 mm) known as clay minerals. y p ( ) y

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil formation S il f i
Most clay mineral particles are of plate-like

Dispersed

Flocculated

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

PHASE AG A P AS DIAGRAM

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil V l S il Volumes and Weights Relationship d W i ht R l ti hi

Particles (solids) Air Water

Solid Air (dry soil) water (saturated soil) Air/water (wet soil)
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Soil sample

Voids

Phase g diagram

Phase di Ph diagram

Air Water

Solid

Volumes

Weights

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Phase di Ph diagram
Vs = Volume of solids Vv = volume of voids Vw = volume of water Va = volume of air l f i VT = total volume = Vs + Vw +Va = Vs + Vv Ws = weight of solids Ww = weight of water Wa = weight of air = 0 Solid WT = total weight = Ws + Ww Volumes Weights
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Air Water

Phase di Ph diagram
w = Density of water = 1.0 t/m3 = 1.0 gm/cm3 = 10.0 kN/m3 w = Ww/Vw Ww = w Vw s = Density of solids = Ws/Vs = 2.5 2.8 t/m3 Gs = specific gravity = s /w Ws = s Vs = Gs w Vs ex., s = 2 70 t/ 3 2.70 t/m Gs = 2.70/1.0 = 2.70 ex., s = 26.5 kN/m3 Gs = 26.5/10.0 = 2.65 Volumes Air Water Solid S ld Weights

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Phase di Ph diagram
oRatios:
e = void ratio = Could e be equal to zero? No Air Water Solid Volumes Weights

Could e be equal to 1.0? Yes Could e be greater than 1.0? Yes S = degree of saturation = Could S be equal to zero? Could S be greater than 1.0? Yes No

Could S be equal to 1 0? Yes 1.0?

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Phase di Ph diagram
oRatios:
n = porosity = Could n be equal to zero? Could n be equal to 1.0? No No Volumes Air Water Solid Weights

g Could n be greater than 1.0? No w = water content = Could w be equal to zero? Could w be equal to 1 0? 1.0? Yes Yes
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Could w be greater than 1.0? Yes

Phase di Ph diagram
oDensities:
d = dry unit weight = Volumes V l wet = wet (bulk) unit weight = = W
s

Air Water Solid Weights W i ht

+ W VT

sat = saturated unit weight =

+ wV v VT

sub = submerged unit weight = sat - w

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example (1) E l (1
The following observations are taken in the laboratory for determining the t th water content of a clay sample: t t f l l Weight of container + wet soil = 85.0 gm Weight of container + dry soil = 75.4 gm Weight of empty container = 40.2 gm g py g Assuming the sample to be fully saturated before oven-drying, determine the t l t th natural water content, porosity, and void ratio. Wh t will be the t t it d id ti What ill b th submerged density (Gs = 2.65)?
weight of wet soil = 85.0 40.2 = 44.8 gm = wt weight of dry soil = 75.4 40.2 = 35.2 gm = ws
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example (1) E l (1
wt = ww + ws ww = w vw w = 1.0 gm/cm3 ws = Gs w vs 35.2 = 2.65 x 1 x vs vs = 35.2/2.65 = 13.3 cm3
?? ?? 13.3 9.6

44.8 = ww + 35.2 9.6 = 1x vw

ww = 9.6 gm vw = 9.6 cm3

Air Water Solid

9.6 44.8 35.2

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example (1) E l (1
The following observations are taken in the laboratory for determining the t th water content of a clay sample: t t f l l Weight of container + wet soil = 85.0 gm Weight of container + dry soil = 75.4 gm Weight of empty container = 40.2 gm g py g Assuming the sample to be fully saturated before oven-drying, determine the t l t th natural water content, porosity, and void ratio. Wh t will be the t t it d id ti What ill b th submerged density (Gs = 2.65)?

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011

Example (1) E l (1
S = 1.0 vt = vv + vs vv = vw vt = 9.6 + 13.3 = 22.9 cm3

e = vv/vs = 9.6/13.3 = 0.72 w = ww/ws = 9.6/35.2 = 0.273 = 27.3% n = vv/vt = 9.6/22.9 = 0.42

Air
sat = (ws + w vv)/vt = (35.2+1x9.6)/22.9 = 1.96 gm/cm3 sub = sat - w = 1.96 1.00 = 0.96 gm/cm3
22.9 22 9 13.3 9.6

Water Solid

9.6 44.8 35.2

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2011