Experiment Group Subject Name I/C Lecturer

:2 :2 : SLP 312 : Athirah bt Bidin : 940120-10-5174 : Mr Mohd Asif

Title : Molecular Geometry Objectives : 1. To view molecular in 3-dimensional structure 2. To determine the shape of molecular using VSEPR theory Apparatus : 3-D molecular model set Procedure : A. Basic Geometry 1. A 3-D model is used to construct the structure of basic geometry with the following geometry : i. ii. iii. iv. v. Linear Geometry Trigonal Planar Geometry Tetrahedral Geometry Trigonal bipyramidal Geometry Octahedral Geometry

2. All the structure had drawn and name in Table 5.1 3. All the general formulae is wrote to represent the molecules and determined the bond angles . Used symbol A as central atom and X as the terminal atom . B. Molecular Geometry 1. Drawn the Lewis structure and construct molecular model for following molecules and name the molecular geometry : i. ii. iii. iv. 2. CO2 and BeCl2 BH3 and SO2 CH4 , NH3 , and H2O PF5 , XeF2 , SF4 , SF6 BrF5 , and XeF4

The bond angles and the general formula for each structure are stated in a tabulation data

Results :

A. Basic geometrical drawings and bond angles

Molecular Geometry

Bond Angles

General Formula

Linear

180o

AX2

Trigonal Planar

120o

AX3

Trigonal Bipyramidal

90o , 120o

AX5

Octahedral

90o

AX6

Tetrahedral

109.5o

AX4

B. Molecular Geometry and Bond Angle for particular compound

Compound

Lewis Structure

Molecular Geometry

Bond Angle 180o 180o 120o 120o 109.5o 109.5o 104.5o

General Formula AX2

CO2

Linear

BeCl2

Linear

AX2

BH3

Trigonal Planar

AX3

SO2

Trigonal Planar

AX2E

CH4

Tetrahedral

AX4

NH3

Trigonal Bipyramidal

AX3E

H2O

Bent or Angular

AX2E2

PF5

90o , 120o , Trigonal Bipyramidal 180o Seesaw 90o , 120o , 180o 90o , 120o , 90o, 180o 90o 90o

AX5

SF4

AX4E

XeF2

Linear

AX2E3

SF6

Octahedral

AX6

BrF5

Square Pyramidal

AX5E

XeF4

Square Planar

Discussion The first step toward visualizing the structure of a molecule is to convert its molecular formula to its Lewis structure. A Lewis structure is a 2 dimensional structural formula that shows how the atom are attached to each other within a molecule. It does not reveal the overall shape. Theory is one method that chemists use to predict the shapes of molecules. This theory predicts that electron pairs, whether involved in bonds or as non-bonding pairs, will adopt a geometry in which they maximize the distance from one another in order to minimize repulsions. This will result in a geometry with the lowest possible energy. In Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, pairs of electrons that surround the central atom of a molecule or ion are arranged as far apart as possible to minimize electronelectron repulsion . In VSEPR notation the molecule is represented by a formula using the letter A for the central atom, X for terminal atoms and E for lone pairs of electrons. The electron pairs in the valence shell the repel each other and determines the shape of the molecule. The magnitude of the repulsion depends upon the type of electron pair. The table below uses this notation and shows the geometry of various combinations. The valenceshell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory states that electron pairs repel each other whether or not they are in bond pairs or in lone pairs. Thus, electron pairs will spread themselves as far from each other as possible to minimize repulsion. VSEPR focuses not only on electron pairs, but it also focus on electron groups as a whole. An electron group can be an electron pair, a lone pair, a single unpaired electron, a double bond or a triple bond on the center atom. Using the VSEPR theory, the electron bond pairs and lone pairs on the center atom will help us predict the shape of a molecule. The shape of a molecule is determined by the location of the nuclei and its electrons. The electrons and the nuclei settle into positions that minimize repulsion and maximize attraction. Thus, the molecule's shape reflects its equilibrium state in which it has the lowest possible energy in the system. Although VSEPR theory predicts the distribution of the electrons, we have to take in consideration of the actual determinant of the molecular shape. Conclusion As the conclusion , molecular geometry can be form by The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion ( VSER ) theory .

Question

1. What is the most important factor in determining the geometry of a molecule or an ion ? Most important factor in determining geometry is relative repulsion between electron pairs .

2. List down the steps to determine the molecular shape of a compound Firstly , we must draw the Lewis Structure . Next , we must make sure to Count correctly the number of electron groups and identify them as bond pairs of electron groups or lone pairs of electrons. Remember electron groups include not only bonds, but also lone pairs! Besides that , we name the electron group geometry . Then state whether it linear , trigonal-planar , tetrahedral , trigonal-bipyramidal , or octahedral . Lastly , look at the positions of other atomic nuclei around the central determine the molecular geometry .

3. Explain why the geometry of H2O is not linear whereas CO2 is linear . In H2O there are four pairs of electrons in the O atom , two bonding pairs (each with hydrogen atom) and two of Ione pairs ( or nonbonding pairs). To minimize repulsions, these are best arranged in the tetrahedral array. H2O has a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs, but H2O is not a tetrahedral molecule, because it shape is influence by lone pairs. According to the VSEPR theory, Ione pairs require more than bonding pairs and tend to compress the angles between the bonding pairs . The two Ione pairs in the H2O molecule tends to compress the bonding pairs that make the bonding pairs close each other .This is because why the H2O is non-linear or form a V shape. Beside that CO2 molecule has no Ione pairs at the central atom . The two double bonds tend to separates each other to get minimum repulsion between them, this is the reasons why CO2 is a linear molecule.