Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Of
Mathematics
And
Astronomy
In
Islamic World
Edited By
Musa Akrami
Institute of History of Science University Tehran
___________
1387-88 / 2008
Table of Contents
Preface History of astronomy
1 Early history 2 Mesopotamia 3 China 4 Greece and Hellenistic world 5 India 6 Mesoamerica 7 Islamic astronomy 8 Medieval Western Europe 9 Copernican revolution 10 Uniting physics and astronomy 11 Modern astronomy 12 Cosmology and the expansion of the universe 13 New windows into the Cosmos open 14 Notes 15 Historians of astronomy 16 References 17 Refereed Journals
Greek astronomy
1 Archaic Greek astronomy o 1.1 The planets in early Greek astronomy 2 Calendars 3 Eudoxan astronomy 4 Hellenistic astronomy o 4.1 Planetary models and observational astronomy o 4.2 Heliocentrism and cosmic scales 5 Astronomy in the Greco-Roman and Late Antique eras o 5.1 Ptolemaic astronomy 6 Interactions with Indian astronomy 7 Sources for Greek astronomy 8 Famous astronomers of antiquity 9 Notes 10 References
Ptolemy
7 Named after Ptolemy 8 Footnotes 9 References o 9.1 Texts and translations o 9.2 Other references
Almagest
1 Dating the Almagest 2 Contents o 2.1 Ptolemy's Cosmos o 2.2 Ptolemaic Planetary Models 3 Impact o 3.1 In the Middle Ages and Renaissance 4 Modern editions 5 Footnotes 6 References
1 Overview o 1.1 Rise o 1.2 Scientific institutions o 1.3 Decline o 1.4 Influence on European science 2 Scientific method o 2.1 Peer review 3 Applied sciences o 3.1 Agricultural sciences o 3.2 Medicine 4 Formal sciences o 4.1 Logic o 4.2 Mathematics 5 Natural sciences o 5.1 Astrology o 5.2 Astronomy o 5.3 Chemistry o 5.4 Earth sciences o 5.5 Physics o 5.6 Zoology 6 Social sciences o 6.1 Sociology and Antropology o 6.2 Psychology 7 Historiography of Islamic science 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References
1 Origins and influences 2 Importance 3 Biographies 4 Fields o 4.1 Algebra o 4.2 Applied mathematics o 4.3 Arithmetic o 4.4 Calculus o 4.5 Cryptography o 4.6 Geometry o 4.7 Mathematical induction o 4.8 Number theory o 4.9 Numerical analysis o 4.10 Recreational mathematics o 4.11 Trigonometry 5 Notes
1 Islam and astronomy o 1.1 Background o 1.2 Islamic attitude towards astronomy o 1.3 Islamic rules o 1.4 Necessity of spherical geometry 2 History o 2.1 610-700 o 2.2 700-825 o 2.3 825-1025 o 2.4 1025-1450 o 2.5 1450-1900 o 2.6 1900-present 3 Observatories o 3.1 Early observatories o 3.2 Late medieval observatories o 3.3 Modern observatories 4 Instruments o 4.1 Astrolabes o 4.2 Analog computers o 4.3 Astronomical clocks o 4.4 Dials o 4.5 Globes o 4.6 Mural instruments
4.7 Optical instruments 4.8 Other instruments 5 List of notable treatises o 5.1 Zij treatises o 5.2 Almanacs o 5.3 Treatises on instruments o 5.4 Other works 6 Notes 7 References
o o
Maragheh observatory
Quadrant (instrument)
1 Types of quadrants 2 The Geometric Quadrant o 2.1 Solar observations o 2.2 Back observation quadrant 3 Framed quadrant 4References
Sextant (astronomical)
1 Mural Sextants 2 Framed sextants o 2.1 Construction o 2.2 Usage o 2.3 Well-known framed sextants 3 References
Alidade
Astrolabe
Armillary sphere
1 Description and use of the armillary sphere 2 History o 2.1 Greece o 2.2 Medieval Islamic world and Renaissance Europe o 2.3 Development in East Asia o 2.4 Seamless celestial globe 3 Notes
Zij
1. 2. 3. 4.
1 Etymology 2 Life 3 Contributions o 3.1 Algebra o 3.2 Arithmetic o 3.3 Astronomy o 3.4 Geography o 3.5 Jewish calendar o 3.6 Other works 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading
Ibn Yunus
o o
1 Life 2 Works o 2.1 Astrology o 2.2 Astronomy o 2.3 Mathematics o 2.4 Poetry 2.5 Other works 3 References
Ibn al-Haytham
1 Overview o 1.1 Biography o 1.2 Legacy 2 Book of Optics o 2.1 Optics o 2.2 Scientific method o 2.3 Alhazen's problem
2.4 Hockney-Falco thesis 2.5 Other contributions 3 Other works on physics o 3.1 Optical treatises o 3.2 Astrophysics o 3.3 Mechanics 4 Astronomical works o 4.1 Doubts Concerning Ptolemy o 4.2 On the Configuration of the World o 4.3 The Model of the Motions o 4.4 Other astronomical works 5 Mathematical works o 5.1 Geometry o 5.2 Number theory 6 Other works o 6.1 Engineering o 6.2 Philosophy o 6.3 Theology 7 List of works 8 Notes 9 References
o o
Ab Rayhn Brn
1 Biography 2 Works 3 Astronomy o 3.1 Experimental observations o 3.2 Instruments o 3.3 Theories o 3.4 Refutation of astrology 4 Earth sciences o 4.1 Cartography o 4.2 Geodesy and geography o 4.3 Geology o 4.4 Mineralogy 5 Philosophy of science o 5.1 Scientific method o 5.2 Natural philosophy 6 Physics o 6.1 Astrophysics o 6.2 Experimental mechanics o 6.3 Optics 7 Social sciences o 7.1 Anthropology o 7.2 Experimental psychology o 7.3 History o 7.4 Indology
8 Theology o 8.1 Islamic theology o 8.2 Comparative religion 9 Other contributions o 9.1 Biomedical sciences o 9.2 Chemistry o 9.3 Law o 9.4 Linguistics o 9.5 Mathematics 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 Works online
Al-Khazini
1 Biography 2 Works o 2.1 Sinjaric Tables o 2.2 The Book of the Balance of Wisdom o 2.3 Treatise on Instruments o 2.4 Alchemy and biology 3 Notes 4 References 4.1 Primary sources
1 Biography 2 Works 3 Achievements o 3.1 Astronomy o 3.2 Biology o 3.3 Chemistry and Physics o 3.4 Mathematics 4 References 5Further reading
Ibn al-Shatir
1 Astronomy o 1.1 Theory o 1.2 Testing o 1.3 Influence 2 Engineering o 2.1 Astrolabic clock o 2.2 Sundial o 2.3 Compass dial
Jamshd al-Ksh
1 Biography 2 Law of cosines 3 Khaqani Zij 4 The Treatise on the Chord and Sine 5 The Key to Arithmetic o 5.1 Computation of o 5.2 Decimal fractions o 5.3 Khayyam's triangle 6 Notes 7 References
Ulugh Beg
1 Early life 2 Science o 2.1 Astronomy o 2.2 Mathematics 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References
1 Arabic Astronomy 2 Arabic Astrology o 2.1 Arab Astrology and Herbalism o 2.2 Arabic Parts 3 Iranian Astrologers 4 Medieval refutations 5 Modern Developments 6 Prominent Arab, Jewish, Muslim, and Persian Astrologers 7 References
Preface Unfortunately, I haven't found any appropriate text for the courses "History of Islamic Astronomy" and "History of Islamic Mathematics" (or [History of] Astronomy and Mathematics in Islamic World) and as I have in mind to cover the most important topics of the subject as a general overview. So, with the intention of having both a relatively good guide to history of Islamic astronomy (and Mathematics) and an English text having the astronomical and mathematical terms as well as astronomical names (i.e. the names of the scientists, astronomical books, astronomical objects, and astronomical instruments), I decided to gather some appropriate articles form Wikipedia and some other sources. I hope that this collection of articles is a good guide for both the students of "History of Science", particularly those interested in the history of astronomy and the history of mathematics. Finally, the editor asks to be excused from obtaining written permission of the authors for making use of their articles.
Musa Akrami
Faculty of Theology and Philosophy Department of Philosophy of Science, IAU (Science and Research Branch) Tehran, IRAN
Shahrivar 1387/Sep. 2008