Agung Budi Kusuma Putra SOCIAL ARITHMETICS

What is Social Arithmetic? We will discuss the social aspects of mathematics involving money, including how it is earned and how it is spent. In addition to this, we will examine how governments earn money. Statistics is an important topic in mathematics and is often applied to the study of society. Therefore, this clipping also looks at statistics as part of social mathematics.

Business (Profit and Loss) There are many kinds of business, either selling goods or providing services. A shopkeeper buys goods at a lower price and sells them at a higher price. The difference between buying price and selling price is called profit. The profit is the money earned by the shopkeeper. But if the seller sells goods at lower price while he buys at a higher price, he will get loss, that is the difference between selling price and lower price. Profit can be formulated as :

So,

And,

To determine the percentage of profit, we can calculate as :

And if the problem gives the percentage of profit as the known data, we can calculate the profit value as :

Agung Budi Kusuma Putra So, from the formulas as shown above, we can generalize that :

And,

Loss can be formulated as :

So,

And,

To determine the percentage of profit, we can calculate as :

And if the problem gives the percentage of loss as the known data, we can calculate the loss value as :

So, from the formulas as shown above, we can generalize that :

Agung Budi Kusuma Putra And,

Commission Commission is money paid to a sales person as a payment for selling goods on behalf of the business owner, and is calculated as a percentage of the value of goods sold. Commission can also be given to an employee for selling goods beyond the required number of sales. Commission can be formulated as :

Simple Interest People keep their money in the bank for safe-keeping. Money kept in the bank is not only safe, but it also earns more money through interest. There are two types of bank interestsimple interest and compound interest. In this unit, we will discuss simple interest. In simple interest, the asumption that we use is that the rate of interest given as an annual interest rate. Simple interest is calculated by using the formula:

where SI stands for Simple Interest (the bonus the bank gives you for using your money while they keep it), P is the Principal (the amount you deposit in your account), T represents Time (in years, during which the principal has been in the bank), and R is the Rate (the percentage rate at which simple interest is paid by the bank). To determine monthly Interest, we just have to divide the Simple Interest by 12. The total amount of money earned by depositing it in the bank is called Amount. Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

Agung Budi Kusuma Putra Loans Banks offer loans to customers who want to carry out a project that is expected to generate a profit. However, this loan has to be repaid with interest, calculated per annum or another agreed upon duration. The monthly payback of the loans can be calculated as :

Discount Shop owners sometimes offer a reduced price on goods that are paid for withcash. This reduction in price is called a discount. A discount is usually expressed as a percentage of the cash price. The Value of discount can be calculated as :

Principal price stands for price before reduced by discount. And the rate of discount or percentage of discount can be calculated as :

From those formulas, we can determine the reduced price (Price after discount) as :

So, From those formulas shown above, we can generalize that :

And, 4

Agung Budi Kusuma Putra

Where R stands for Rate of discount, PP stands for Principal Price, and RP stands for Reduced Price.

Brutto, Netto, And Tarra This three elements are usually found when we want to account the weight of goods that we want to buy or sell. Brutto is the gross weight of the product with its package, or in the other words, brutto is the total weight of product. Tarra is the weight of the package only. And Netto is the weight of the product only, without package. So, we can conclude that : Brutto = Netto + Tarra Tarra = Brutto Netto Netto = Brutto Tarra

To determine the percentage of each elements, we always count them based on the brutto. That is :

Otherwise, we can calculate the tarra and brutto from the percentage by the formula below :

Agung Budi Kusuma Putra TAX Tax is one of responsibility of a citizen to give a little part of his earning to government so that the government can continue to develop the country, based on rules and procedures standed before. Tax can be divided to many kinds of it such as Property tax, income tax, sales tax, service tax, and others. But what we discuss here is only a kind of tax, that is income tax. Income tax is a procedure to reduce our regular income with a proportional persentage based on the law of tax. The Value of tax that we have to pay is based on taxable income. First, we have to reduce our income value with non taxable income (a certain value that cant be reduced by tax). So, now we know that :

Based on that Taxable Income, and of course the tax rate, we can determine the tax value with the formula shown below :

Or ( )

So, we can determine the after tax income (recieved income) as :