COMMUNITY RELATED VARIABLES INFLUENCING SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER PROJECTS IN NYANDO DISTRICT: A CASE OF UNICEF FUNDED PROJECTS UNDER UNICEF

WASH PROGRAMME

BY

MARTIN SHIKUKU ODIE

A Research Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Award of Degree of Master of Arts in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi

2012

DECLARATION This research project proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a ward in any other university.

________________________ Martin Shikuku Odie L50/66030/2010

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This research project proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisor.

_________________________ Dr. Raphael Nyonje Department of Extra Mural Studies University of Nairobi

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_________________________ Dr. Vincent Michuki Department of Extra Mural Studies University of Nairobi

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DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my late mum who even though never attended any formal education, encouraged me to work hard in class. Mum you are my source of inspiration wherever you are.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Am sincerely and heartily grateful to my supervisor, Dr.Raphael Nyonje, for the support and guidance he provided throughout my proposal writing. I am sure it would have not been possible without his help. Besides I would like to thank my classmates who boosted me morally and provided me with great information resources. I would also like to thank my wife, Agnes for her love, encouragement, support and patience during this proposal development. I do also acknowledge my colleague at work Mr. Elisha Jack Oraro who tirelessly encouraged me to continue with this work even though we had a lot of work to execute

TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................v v TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................................x ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..............................................................................................xi ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background to the Study................................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................................3 1.3 Purpose of the Study.......................................................................................................................4 1.4 Objectives of the Study..................................................................................................................4 1.5 Research Questions........................................................................................................................5 1.6 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................................5 1.7 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................................................6 1.8 Delimitation of the Study...............................................................................................................6 1.9 Basic Assumptions of the Study.....................................................................................................6 1.10 Operational Definition of Terms..................................................................................................7 1.11 Organisation of the Study.............................................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................................9
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LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................................9 2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Community Contribution and Community Project Sustainability................................................9 2.3 Project Management Committee..................................................................................................11 2.4 Capacity Building of Project Management Committee ..............................................................12 2.5 Project Sustainability....................................................................................................................14 2.6 Theoretical Framework................................................................................................................15 2.7 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................20 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................20 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................20 3.2 Research Design ..........................................................................................................................20 3.3 Target Population.........................................................................................................................20 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures.......................................................................................21 3.4.1Sample Size................................................................................................................................21 3.4.2 Sampling Procedure...................................................................................................................21 3.5 Data Collection Instruments.........................................................................................................23 3.5.1Pilot testing of the instruments...................................................................................................23 3.5.2 Validity of the instrument..........................................................................................................24 3.5.3 Reliability of the instrument......................................................................................................24 3.6 Data Collection procedures..........................................................................................................24 3.7 Data Analysis Techniques............................................................................................................25 3.8 Ethical considerations...................................................................................................................25 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................27 APPENDICES....................................................................................................................................33
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Appendix 1: Questionnaire for Project Beneficiaries........................................................................33 Appendix II: Interview schedule for Key informants........................................................................37 Appendix III: Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table...............................................................................38 Appendix IV: Letter of Transmittal......................................................................39

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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Sampled UNICEF funded projects, target population and proportionate sub- sample sizes.............................................................................................................................................22

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LIST OF FIGURES

ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS FAO GoK KIHBS - Food and Agriculture Organization - Government of Kenya - Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey

LVSWSB - Lake Victoria Water Services Board M&E MDGs MWI ODF RWSS UN UNDP UNICEF WASH WHO WTP WUCs - Monitoring and Evaluation. - Millennium Development Goals. - Ministry of Water and Irrigation - Open Defecation Free. - Rural Water and Sanitation Services - United Nations - United Nations Development Program. - United Nations Children Fund. - Water Sanitation and Hygiene. - World Health Organization. - Willingness to Pay - Water Use Committees

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ABSTRACT Development assistance is often offered on a temporary basis and projects typically have finite timeframes. Yet, the impacts of the assistance and projects are intended to be lasting. As a result, a challenge for international development is to achieve long-term sustainability of projects. One key factor is the manner in which projects are planned and executed. It is critical to the success of a project that various elements of sustainability be considered throughout each stage of the project process. This is particularly true where outside involvement is discontinued after project closure, as is the case for much international development work. This study purposes to assess the influence of community related variables on the sustainability of water projects, with special focus on the UNICEF funded communal water projects in Nyando district, Kisumu County. The study will seek to determine the extent to which community contribution, project management committee and capacity building of project management committee influence the sustainability of the projects as well as establish the communitys perception of the UNICEF funded projects and how this influences the sustainability of the projects. Utilizing the descriptive survey method the target population will be identified through purposive sampling. Stratified random sampling will then be employed to select the study sample from this population. Data collection instruments will include questionnaires and interview schedules. The questionnaire will be reviewed by peers and later the supervisor to ascertain its face and construct validity. The questionnaire will be pilot-tested using a sample of 20 respondents who will not be part of the actual sample and its reliability determined using a Cronbach alpha coefficient. Questionnaire items with a reliability coefficient of 0.7 will be acceptable for the survey. The data will then be coded and analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software and the results presented in tabular summaries and charts. The findings of the study may The findings would be critical in informing and advising the various donors on sustainability issues of projects meant to solve community projects, which may influence planning, designing, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of communal water projects

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study A number of diversified and multipurpose national as well as international efforts have been exerted to ensure an improved and sustainable provision of potable water supply service in both rural and urban areas of the developing countries (Source Bulletin, 2000). In spite of this recognition and effort, however, the gap between the standard requirement and the actual delivery of the service is getting wider and wider (New, W.W.W. WSSCC.Org.). Consequently, an overwhelming majority of the rural poor are suffering from the abysmal lack of adequate and quality potable water supply. In relation to the global situation, recent publications reveal that about 1.1 billion people of the planet are without access to safe water (Source Bulletin, 2003; Klawitter & Qazzaz, 2005), the majorities living in developing nations, particularly in subSaharan Africa (Prokopy, 2005). efforts exerted so far. The administrative structures and institutional support levels to rural areas in most parts of the world are often too weak to address advocacy, encourage citizen engagement, and facilitate finance and management initiatives for the community (Aschalew D., 2009). Consequently, water sources become nonfunctional after a few years of functional service (Lockwood, 2002). A Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (WSP) -South Asia survey, concluded that a range of issues were likely to adversely affect the sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. These included: technical (unstable electrical supply affecting pump operations and reliability of service); Institutional: (water committees not able to take full charge of system management and the need to clarify legal mandates vis a vis the village level government structures (gram panchayats)); Financial: (the full costs to cover O & M are not recovered from users); and Social: women and socially disadvantaged groups not being fully empowered) (Sara J., & Katz T., 1998) In short, albeit the world wide recognition given to the importance of potable water supply, more failure than success stories have been witnessed in the

An early case study of Water and Sanitation for Health (WASH) project sustainability, including survey data from Lesotho and Indonesia, carried out under the USAID-financed WASH project concluded that for both country case studies, project benefits were continuing at a reduced but acceptable level (Hodgkin J., 1994). In Lesotho, the main focus of the project was on improving the national water supply agency; this resulted in a highly centralized system, in which communities looked to the national agency to resolve post-project problems and repairs. In Indonesia the project was carried out with minimal involvement from the government and resulted in much better developed community management structures. However, one common obstacle to achieving high levels of sustained project benefits was the lack of clearly defined roles and responsibilities amongst institutions working in the RWSS sector (Harold L., Alex B., & Wendy W., 2003). Scholars have given emphasis to addressing institutional and administrative issues, along with community water education initiatives, to enhance the sustainability of water supply sources (Bhandari et al., 2007). Gleitsmann (2005) suggested that sustainability of water supply systems is dependent upon the degree to which the technology corresponds to the needs of the users and the users ability and willingness to maintain and protect it over time. According to Harvey and Reed (2006), low sustainability rates are related to community issues such as limited demand, perceived lack of ownership, limited community education, and limited sustainability of community management structures, such as water use committees (WUCs). In Kenya, the WSS situation is poor for majority of people; approximately 57% of households using water from sources considered safe (Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), 2007). Sustainable access to safe water is around 60% in the urban setting with as low as 20% coverage in the urban poor settlements where half of the urban population lives. In the rural setting, sustainable access to safe water is estimated at 40%. Due to inadequate sanitation services (only 50% countrywide), uncontrolled disposal of excreta pollutes water sources from which most of poor urban dwellers draw (Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2005). The Government of Netherlands is funding water and sanitation activities in Kenya through UNICEF towards MDG target in Water and sanitation. An integrated Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) project designed within the context of the Government of Kenya and UNICEF
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programme of cooperation in support of water, education and sanitation and health sector policies. The goal is improved child survival rates and development through using sustainable safe water and sanitation facilities and practicing good hygiene. The project adopts a demandbased approach whereby communities are enabled to take lead responsibility for planning, implementation and post-installation maintenance of their water and sanitation facilities. Thus, the key to sustainability is to meaningfully involve the users in the planning, implementation, operation, protection and maintenance of water supply systems according to their needs and potentials (Davis and Liyer, 2002). 1.2 Statement of the Problem In most developing and transition countries, the stage for focusing on capital financing of new projects has now passed. In most cases, what is now most needed is the rehabilitation, modernization and extension of the first or second generation of utilities. More so than the initial lack of financing capacity, it is the lack of proper O&M that creates a vicious circle of project failure (Binder, 2008). Water supply projects have been strongly criticized for their planning approaches, which have focused excessively on physical construction and increasing coverage targets, but largely ignored what happens at the water sources after construction (Lockwood, 2002). In many cases, water supply systems are not maintained properly, either because of weak management or technical incapacity. This lack of maintenance exposes the operator, the assetholder and the users to a high risk of general system breakdown or of a spare part malfunctioning. In Kenya, both governmental and non-governmental development agents have been involved in order to enhance the coverage of potable water supply in different parts of the country. But, the coverage of the service in the country still lags behind and it is estimated that only 57% of households have access to water from sources considered safe. Sustainable access to safe water is estimated at 40% in rural areas (Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), 2007). Even this low figure is not reliable as it presupposes a situation in which projects that had been constructed so far are 100% functional, a presupposition that doesnt reflect the reality on the ground. The existing poor coverage of sustainable safe water has been mostly aggravated by the lack of sustainability of the water supply systems. For instance, in Siaya district from the total number of eighty water projects constructed by various development agencies 90% were non-functional by the year 2006 (LVSWSB Inventory Report, No.25. This scenario is a mirror reflection of Nyando
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District where UNICEF has rehabilitated a number of failed projects and initiated new ones. Meanwhile, only a few of the water projects in the districts have currently attained their financial status needed to run the projects effectively through the collection of service charges from community members. Sustainability of a rural water system is a function of a number of factors. It depends not only on factors controlled by the project such as technology, the cost of the system, and construction quality, but also on factors beyond the control of the project such as the communitys poverty level and their access to technical assistance and spare parts (Mbithi, P.M. & Rasmuson, R.,1977) as well as their perceptions. Generally, a multitude of factors have been identified as determinants of sustainable rural water projects. Nevertheless, there is no adequate knowledge over the underlying causes and the empirical relationships of the community-related variables of water project sustainability in the Kenyan context, especially in Nyando District. This threatens the sustainability of any new initiatives to improve access to safe water if lessons are not drawn from prior initiatives and appropriate mitigation measures adopted to avert possible failure. Owing to the above and other related facts, this study is meant to serve the purpose of mapping community-related variables of sustainable water supply projects in Nyando District, Kisumu County-Kenya. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of community related variables on the sustainability of water projects, focusing on UNICEF funded communal water projects in Nyando district Kisumu County. 1.4 Objectives of the Study The following specific objectives will guide the study: 1. To determine the extent to which community contribution influences the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando District. 2. To establish the extent to which project management committee influences the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando District.

3. To assess the extent to which capacity building of project management committee influences the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando district. 4. To evaluate communitys perception of UNICEF funded water projects and how they influence sustainability of the projects in Nyando district. 1.5 Research Questions The following research questions will be pursued to help achieve the objectives of the study: (i) To what extent does community contribution influence the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando District? (ii)To what extent does project management committee influence the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando District? (iii) To what extent does capacity building of project management committee influence the sustainability of community water projects in Nyando district? (iv) What is the communitys perception of UNICEF funded water projects and how do they affect the sustainability of the projects in Nyando district? 1.6 Significance of the Study The findings of the study may help all the stakeholders in the water sector including the Nongovernmental and government departments, especially the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in understanding the sustainability of communal water projects thus may develop projects that take into account these considerations for lasting impacts of the same. The findings would be critical in informing and advising the various donors on sustainability issues of projects meant to solve community projects, which may influence planning, designing, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of communal water projects. The studys findings would also be useful to the communities whose these projects are intended to benefit in informing them of their responsibilities as project beneficiaries to ensure their sustainability hence long-term benefit from the projects. Finally, the studys findings will contribute to the body of knowledge that would provide basis for future studies on community projects to draw references and fill the gaps in research on sustainability of communal water
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projects. This will help in coming up with new ideas that can help in proper and efficient management of community water projects so as to achieve sustainability. It is hoped that studys findings would yield data and information that would be useful for planning and decision making by UNICEF. Additionally it would help in institutionalization of policy framework for proper and efficient project partnership and capacity building of the beneficiaries so as to have prudent project management skill. 1.7 Limitations of the Study The limitations that may impact on this study include the distance to be covered in reaching out the respondents who are spread throughout Nyando district. Some respondents may be of low literacy levels hence the likelihood to deviate from the issues under study during interview; caution will be taken to avoid irrelevant information while upholding respect and exercising patience The language barrier may be a limitation where by the respondents communicate in their mother tongue which the interviewer does not understand and may require the services of an interpreter. This limitation will also be overcome through use of research assistants fluent in the local language. 1.8 Delimitation of the Study The study will focus on the community related variables namely: community contribution; project management committee; capacity building of project management committee and communitys perception of UNICEF funded water projects and their influence on the sustainability of the water projects. The study will be limited to Nyando district and only the immediate targeted beneficiaries of the water projects will participate in the study. 1.9 Basic Assumptions of the Study The study will assume that the study will take place as planned and correct and relevant information shall be gathered. It is also assumed that the respondents will cooperate throughout the study by responding positively and truthfully. Further assumptions will be that similar approaches are employed in the implementation and management of the UNICEF projects in all the project areas and that the studys sample population will be representative of the entire population benefitting from the UNICEF funded projects.
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1.10 Operational Definition of Terms Community contribution: This is the participation of the beneficiaries of the water project either in cash or kind. Capacity building: This is training of the community/beneficiaries of the water the project on management, financial, operation and maintenance and conflict resolution skills. Management committee: This is the executive members of the CBO and it is composed of chairperson, secretary, organizing secretary and the treasurer. Sustained water projects: These are projects which meet the demands of the current beneficiaries without jeopardizing the benefits the population to come; they stand alone without external support after the withdrawal of the initiator. Rural environment-A rural environment is small towns or villages, where sparse population lives mainly from agricultural activity. 1.11 Organisation of the Study This research proposal contains three chapters. Chapter one is the introduction and includes the background information of the study, statement of the Problem, purpose of the study, the research objectives and questions that will guide the study. Also included is the significance of the study, delimitations and limitations of the study as well as the basic assumptions of the study and finally definitions of significant terms used in the study. Chapter two is the literature review of relevant works done related to determinants of sustainable community development generally with a special focus on water projects. This section will seek to explain the relationship between determinants of sustainable projects and sustainability while elaborating on the indicators of sustainability. It shall also seek to identify the gaps in Research in sustainable project implementation in the country. This section will provide the Conceptual framework of the study. Chapter three is a description of the Research Methodology to be used. The research design and target population is explained. There is also a description of the sample size and sample selection. A description of the research instruments to be used, their validity and reliability is also included.

There is also an elaboration of data collection procedures and the operational definition of variables.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter consists of two main sections. The first section is a review of studies carried out by scholars in the field of sustainable community development. The objective of the section is to identify knowledge gaps in the determinants of sustainable community projects. The literature review is discussed under sub-sections of community contribution; project management committee; capacity building of project management committee and project sustainability. The second part presents the conceptual framework on which the study is based. The conceptual framework provides the links between the literature, the study objectives and the research questions. 2.2 Community Contribution and Community Project Sustainability Many initial applications of participatory research in health were centered on involvement of communities and health professionals in needs assessment, planning, and evaluation of programs (Koning and Martin 1996). Projects that build upon this kind of community involvement are often more likely to be supported and sustained beyond the life of the intervention. A focal issue in the water supply and sanitation sector in developing countries is gauging the willingness of individuals to manage their water sources through the contribution of time and resources (Schouten and Moriarty, 2003). The rationale is that contributing more time and resources to the protection and maintenance of rural water supply sources is a positive action that may potentially improve the sustainability of water supply infrastructures (Gleitsmann, 2005; Whittington, 1998). Harvey and Reed (2006) strongly argue that community involvement, even at the lower intensities of participation, is a perquisite for sustainability. The participation of communities based on their willingness to contribute increases effectiveness, efficiency, empowerment, equity, coverage and the overall sustainability of water supply projects (Narayan, 1995). Similar findings were presented by Sara and Katz (1998), Gross et al. (2001) and Kumar (2002), particularly mentioning that a demand-responsive approach (DRA) significantly increases the sustainability of water supply projects.
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Community members contributions might take the form of money, labor, material, equipment, or participation in project-related decision-making and meetings (Bhandari et al., 2007; Mengesha et al., 2002). Moreover, Harvey and Reed (2007) described forms of contribution such as the expression of demand for water, selection of the technology and area, financial contributions, provision of labor and materials, and selection of management systems. Lyer et al. (2006) explained that about 98% of World Bank-supported Rural Water and Sanitation projects have included some cash contributions from user communities during the period from 1977 to 2003. Furthermore, the authors indicated that 86% of the projects incorporated labor requirements and 78% advocated material contributions, such as wood, while 100% of the World Bank projects expected operation and maintenance costs to be fully covered by the users. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) in cash, materials, labor, and upkeep can be taken as a useful indicator of the demand for improved and sustained water services (Bhandari and Grant, 2007; Mbata, 2006; Whittington, 1992). According to Mbata (2006), if people are willing to pay for a specific service, then it is possible to conclude that they value the service. Likewise, if households are willing to contribute cash and labor useful for the management of water sources, it is clear that the service that they obtain from a source is valued; and, that they have a positive attitude towards promoting its sustainability. Bohm et al. (1993) indicated that WTP for improved water services increases along with increases in wealth, family size, and the educational level of user households. An analysis made by Bhandari et al. (2007) also showed that WTP for water is highly correlated with source reliability, trustworthiness of WUCs, convenience of location, and water quality; on the other hand, there is no significant relationship between the gender, age or economic status of respondents. Ultimately, improved planning procedures which fully consider the value and demand placed on different levels of service by the community are a necessity for the sustainability of rural water systems (Whittington et al., 1992; Mbata, 2006). However, in spite of the ever-increasing importance placed on the role of participation in development efforts, there have been few quantitative studies to demonstrate the proposition that participation measurably increases development outcomes (Prokopy, 2005). This study will therefore seek to establish the influence that the beneficiary communitys participation and contribution has on the sustainability of UNICEF funded water projects on the project areas.
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2.3 Project Management Committee Community members are often willing to invest their own resourcesincluding money, labor, time, and materialsin activities they see as benefiting themselves and their community. Evidence based on case studies in Australia, Canada, Thailand, and Uganda (UNAIDS 1998) clearly shows that communities are prepared to take leadership roles, take responsibility, and devise ways of sustaining the activities they initiate, and that they are able to work in partnership with national governments. One example of the positive effects garnered through use of a participatory approach is the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) (Ann et al, 2001). Established in 1972, BRAC is built upon a firm belief in peoples ability to manage the process of development. It uses a community-driven development process that fosters empowerment and self reliance. Initially formed as a program designed to control diarrheal disease by the introduction of home-based oral rehydration therapy, BRAC developed into a dynamic project that addresses a full range of health issues and the needs of the most marginalized and poor within each community (Lovell and Abed 1993). Khwajas (2001) study suggests that projects managed by communities are more sustainable than projects managed by local governments because of better maintenance. Katz and Sara (1997) and Isham and Khkhnen (1999) also find strong associations between participation and sustainability. Jimenez and Sawada (1999) report that community-managed schools in El Salvador had fewer absences than comparable centrally managed schools. Jimenez and Paqueo (1996) find that schools in the Philippines that relied more on community contributions used their resources more efficiently. The central role that women pay in the collection, management and use of water, as well as with the general sanitation of the household is well documented (Fong et al, 2003). Furthermore, there is ample evidence to indicate that a more active involvement of women can optimize the results and impacts of RWSS projects (Mukherjee and van Wijk, 2003; DFID, 1998). Therefore, it is not surprising that the continued involvement of women, after project implementation has been completed, is identified as one important determinant of sustainability. The IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre in the Netherlands has been focusing on this issue for some time and argues that in order to strive for scaled up RWS on the basis of the community-management model, it is essential to also think about scaling up of support mechanisms (IRC, 2003). Simply building more RWS systems, even where this is done on the
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basis of best practice (participatory approaches, demand based response etc.), will not be enough. The question then becomes how do we go about scaling up of support arrangements and avoid the projectisation of donor-driven efforts? This is a deconcentrated model based on the circuit rider concept used in the United States by the National Rural Water Association, which was adapted in Honduras and re-named the Tcnico en Operacin y Mantenimiento or TOM. With support from the USAID a pilot programme was launched by SANAA from 1993 to 1995 and subsequently was extended to the national level in 1995. It is truly national in scale, providing back-up support to over 4,000 rural water systems servicing more than 2 million people of a total rural population of just under 3.2 million. There is now scope for looking back in more detail on what has been widely recognized as a successful model, but one which has received perhaps unsustainable levels of donor support in the past 2.4 Capacity Building of Project Management Committee It is important to carry out a capacity assessment after needs assessment to identify strengths that the community could use to address the problems they identified earlier. Capacity assessment can focus on assessing community contribution in; Human resource-which include skills, knowledge, ability to work and good health; Social capital- based on relationships and include organizations and groups within the community, political structures and informal networks; Natural-these form the local environment and include land, trees, water, air, climate and minerals; Physical resources-these are man-made, such as building, transport, water supply and sanitation services, energy sources and telecommunications and Economic resources-these are things that people can use to sustain their livelihoods, such as money and savings, grain stores, livestock, tools and equipment (Blackman, 2003). Communities should be encouraged to use their own capacities and resources to address the problems they face (Blackman, 2003). The project should focus on strengthening the communitys capacities to address their problems. By doing this, the community is facilitated to address their problems rather than addressing their problems for them. Katz and Sara (1997), who analyzed the performance of water systems in a variety of countries, found that performance was markedly better in communities where households were able to make informed choices about the type of system and the level of service they required and where decision-making was democratic and inclusive. Projects constructed without community supervision or management tended to be
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poorly constructed by private contractors. Katz and Sara also report that community members were more willing to pay for investment costs when they had control over the funds. When government staff or contractors controlled the funds, communities viewed their contribution as a tax rather than a fee for service. Isham and Khknen (1999), in analyses of water projects in Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka confirm that greater community participation is associated with better water supply and that welldesigned community-based water services lead to improvements in health outcomes. Differences in project effectiveness are explained largely by a communitys ability to engage in collective action, with high levels of social capital improving participation in design and monitoring. Finsterbusch and Van Wincklin (1989), in their review of USAID projects argue that projects with participatory elements increased the overall effectiveness of projects particularly in building capacity for collective action. In a study of incentives for collective action in a district in south India, Wade (1987) reports that some villages had what he calls a public realm, with well functioning institutional arrangements for managing common-pool resources, while others had virtually no public realm. This suggests that stimulating participation by forming community organizations such as water user groups may require more than educating people about their common interests or promoting communal values. It may also require helping them to understand the collective benefits of participation In the publications by sector organizations such as the EHP (Lockwood, 2002) and the IRC (Schouten and Moriarty, 2003) and other fora, it is argued that the majority of rural communities cannot be expected to manage on their own indefinitely. In order to guarantee the sustainability of RWSS projects and the associated benefits, it is necessary to provide support and guidance which addresses a range of issues. System design and the complexity of the technology involved will clearly have a bearing on the relative weighting of these factors. In the case of hand pumps for example, standardization of pump types, spare parts, support to the private sector for local repairs and institutional arrangements on the part of government in support of community management were all seen as vitally important factors in the sustainability of projects in Africa according to recent research by WEDC (Harvey et al, 2002).
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The Environmental Health Project in particular has been closely involved with the development of models in the Latin American region and has documented some experiences and lessons learned (Rosensweig and Perez, 1996; Rosensweig 1998; Rosensweig ed., 2001 and Lockwood, 2002). On the basis of these case studies, EHP has drawn up a classification of institutional support models for the rural sector, which is itself based on the nomenclature of the decentralization literature and the work of Rondenelli in the late 1980s (Rondinelli et al, 1987). The EHP classification system for institutional support mechanisms is illustrated by a number of concrete examples from the Latin American region. These include a variety of institutions, such as government line ministries, local government, NGOs and Associations of water committees as the principal service providers. Attempts to compare pre- and post institutional support arrangements indicate, there are probably as many combinations of models as there are examples. In many instances these are really a hybrid; for example in Bolivia and Ecuador the arrangements include elements of both the deconcentrated and devolution models. Examples from other documented sources reinforce this view that institutional models and the transition between construction/implementation and longterm support functions are rarely simple and are often influenced by a variety of external factors (Rosensweig ed 2001; Lockwood 2002 2.5 Project Sustainability Sustainable development: There no clear or generally accepted definition of Sustainable development. Sustainable development is a concept that is used in our daily talks but difficult to define. The Bruntland Commission memorably defined it in its 1987 report Our Common Future as; Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Bruntland Commission, World Bank 1995). Most authors perceive Sustainable Community Based Development Project differently as can be seen here below in terms of sustainable development as other define Sustainable Development as: Development is for the people and by the people. The essence of sustainable development is of people, with a change of their attitudes, leading to a change in their habits. (Roy Shaffer, MD, 1993) It took many years of intensive work to reach a global consensus on the elements of sustainable development, but it was finally achieved in 1995 at the World Summit on Social
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Development, this definition brought together what is called the three es; environment, economy and equity. The main concern though, is to help the poor maintain and improve their natural capital (natural resources), while developing their human capital (human resource development), human made capital (investments infrastructure and directly productive capital goods), and social capital (the institutional and cultural bases and political systems that make a society function). (Celliso E. Madavo and Jean-Louis Sarbib 1996) With this diversity, sustainability is an essentially vague concept, and it would be wrong to think of it as being precise, or capable of being made precise.(Robert Solow, 1993). Sustainable Development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1972, a UN summit on the environment alerted countries all around the world to the exhaustion of natural resources. In 1987, Ms Gro Brundtland, a Norwegian minister, found that in 50 years the standard of living of part of the world's population had developed greatly, but that on the other hand, ecological damage was huge (deforestation, pollution, industrial accidents, reduction of water resources, exhaustion of natural resources, desertification etc.). Urgent measures were necessary, and for the first time she used the term "sustainable development" to describe how behavior would have to change. Thus people became aware of the necessity to protect future generations. In 1992, the UN held a conference on the environment and development in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), known as the Earth Summit. One of the Earth Summit decisions: Agenda 21, a joint program for the implementation of sustainable development in the 21st century, the Rio Declaration on the environment and development, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and agreements on desertification and fishing on the high seas. In 2000, world leaders developed the MDG and set goals to free a major portion of humanity from the shackles of extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease. They established targets for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women, environmental sustainability including water and sanitation and a global partnership for development 2.6 Theoretical Framework The study will be anchored on dependency theory syndrome advanced by Prebich in 1950s. Dependency Theory developed in the late 1950s under the guidance of the Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, Raul Prebisch. Prebisch and his colleagues
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were troubled by the fact that economic growth in the advanced industrialized countries did not necessarily lead to growth in the poorer countries. Indeed, their studies suggested that economic activity in the richer countries often led to serious economic problems in the poorer countries. Such a possibility was not predicted by neoclassical theory, which had assumed that economic growth was beneficial to all (Pareto optimal) even if the benefits were not always equally shared. Prebisch's initial explanation for the phenomenon was very straightforward: poor countries exported primary commodities to the rich countries who then manufactured products out of those commodities and sold them back to the poorer countries. The "Value Added" by manufacturing a usable product always cost more than the primary products used to create those products. Therefore, poorer countries would never be earning enough from their export earnings to pay for their imports. Prebisch's solution was similarly straightforward: poorer countries should embark on programs of import substitution so that they need not purchase the manufactured products from the richer countries. The poorer countries would still sell their primary products on the world market, but their foreign exchange reserves would not be used to purchase their manufactures from abroad. Three issues made this policy difficult to follow. The first is that the internal markets of the poorer countries were not large enough to support the economies of scale used by the richer countries to keep their prices low. The second issue concerned the political will of the poorer countries as to whether a transformation from being primary products producers was possible or desirable. The final issue revolved around the extent to which the poorer countries actually had control of their primary products, particularly in the area of selling those products abroad. These obstacles to the import substitution policy led others to think a little more creatively and historically at the relationship between rich and poor countries. At this point dependency theory was viewed as a possible way of explaining the persistent poverty of the poorer countries. The traditional neoclassical approach said virtually nothing on this question except to assert that the poorer countries were late in coming to solid economic practices and that as soon as they learned the techniques of modern economics, then the poverty would begin to subside. However, Marxists theorists viewed the persistent poverty as a consequence of capitalist exploitation. And a new body of thought, called the world systems
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approach, argued that the poverty was a direct consequence of the evolution of the international political economy into a fairly rigid division of labor which favored the rich and penalized the poor.

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2.7 Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework shows the linkage between the variables for consideration in the study as shown in figure 1.

Intervening variables Capacity Building & Training Financial

Operation & maintenance

UNICEF policies Government policies

Community Contribution Financial Labor Local materials Sustained Water Projects Project running efficiently

Management Committee Structures CBO formation PMC Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study Capacity building and training of the management committee: This is a process where the management committee learns new skills and access ideas that when incorporated well can help in making proper decision. It is through this kind of empowerment that the projects can be sustained. Management committee structures; The presence of a well structured management committee will help in sustaining the water projects because each and every official has defined role which work well as control to sustainability. The presence of management committee can dictate or influence the sustainability of the project.
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Community contribution; This is where the community and the beneficiaries s at large are involved in the implementation of the project and participate either in cash or in kind. The projects will be more sustainable if the communities take a leading role and initiative to contribute in their own projects. Intervening variables; UNICEF organizational and setting policies; These are variables that influence the outcome of community involvement in water projects. These include the policies that guide UNICEF interaction with the communities that are funded in order to get safe water points. It also highlights the funding procedures and the ceilings for a project. This then will determine how the community participates in these water projects when being designed, planned, implemented, monitored and evaluated Perception of community UNICEF projects; The way the community perceive the projects funded by UNICEF is very essential for their sustainability. When the community feels that the water projects within their locality is owned by them and not the UNICEF will lead to high level of sustainability .

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CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents and describes the research methodology specific procedures to be followed in conducting the proposed study. It describes the research design, study location, population of the study, sample size, sampling procedures, instrumentation, validity, reliability, data collection, data organization and analysis. Justification for the choice of specific techniques to be used in the study is also presented. 3.2 Research Design The study will utilize the descriptive survey research design with a cross-sectional approach. According to Wiersma (1999) a survey involves studying situation as it is in an attempt to explain why the situation is the way it is. This design will allow for account and adequate descriptions of activities, objects and persons. This design type will not only offer descriptions and explanations, but also identify and predict relationships in and between the variables of the study (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1996). A Cross-Sectional approach will be used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from the respondents. This approach is relatively faster and inexpensive because it provides self-reported facts about respondents, their inner feelings, attitudes, opinions and habits (Kombo & Tromp, 2007, Kothari, 2007). Survey design enables researchers to make accurate assessment, inferences and relationships of phenomenon, events and issues (Kasomo, 2006). 3.3 Target Population The studys target population will be the total population of beneficiaries targeted by projects funded by UNICEF in Nyando District between 2008 and 2011 whose sustainability is subject to the variables under this study. The study population will comprise of UNICEF projects in Nyando, Muhoroni, Miwani and Nyakach divisions of the district. According to the project records at the Lake Victoria South Water Services Board as at 1st February 2012, the district has a total of 63 UNICEF funded projects with a total target beneficiary population of 15, 750. 33 of

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the projects are new, constructed between 2008 2011 while 30 that had been were constructed before 2008 and have been rehabilitated. 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures The sample size and the sampling procedures to be used in obtaining the studys sample are described below. 3.4.1Sample Size In selecting the sample as a representative of the population, Fraenkel & Norman1990; Kathuri & Pals, 1993 recommends that for descriptive studies, a minimum of 100 subjects are required. However, based on the table of Krejcie and Morgan for determining the population sample size (Appendix III), the target population of 15, 750 will give a sample size of 375 respondents. 3.4.2 Sampling Procedure The sample size 375 will be divided into 370 beneficiary respondents proportionately sampled from sampled projects and 5 key informants. To obtain 370 beneficiary respondents who will participate in the study, 24 projects from the total of 63 will purposively be selected for study to allow use of cases that have the required information with respect to the objectives of the study. Stratified, simple random sampling method based on administrative divisions will be used to sample the 24 projects, to include 6 (3 new and 3 rehabilitated) projects from each of the 4 divisions in the district. Stratified random sampling provides greater precision, guarded against an "unrepresentative" sample and is less costly (Kothari, 2007). Kathuri & Pals (1993) recommend the use of this procedure when the population from which to sample is not homogenous in terms of certain required characteristics as this leads to representative samples. Simple random sampling will then be used to select the respondents from each of the selected projects. 5 key informants will be purposively identified from among UNICEF staff directly involved in the implementation of the projects and staff of the Lake Victoria South Water Service Board to bring the sample size to 375. Table 3.1 shows the sampled projects per administrative division, target population and the proportionate sample sizes.

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Table 3.1: Sampled UNICEF funded projects, target population and proportionate subsample sizes. Administrative Projects Name Project Status Target Sub-Sample size Division population Nyando Kochiew New 250 13 Kimira Kabongo-tura Singida Kobare Nyamasao Miwani Kamachanga Kasboga Geyo Ondero women group Kapiyo women group Achar women group Muhoroni Anyuola Wi- oseng' Kauma Kambeda women group Old age home Komala Nyakach Nyaga Winyo kabare Kotabwango Ogilo primary Obumba primary Ogilo primary TOTAL New New Rehabilitated Rehabilitated Rehabilitated New New New Rehabilitated Rehabilitated Rehabilitated New New New Rehabilitated Rehabilitated Rehabilitated New New New Rehabilitated Rehabilitated Rehabilitated 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 1,500 250 250 250 7,250 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 71 13 13 13 370

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3.5 Data Collection Instruments The study will use triangulation method of data collection which normally involves the use of two or more research instruments to collect the necessary data. This is because no single method of data collection is perfect in itself (Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). The study will use questionnaires, interview schedules and observation schedules with check lists the main tools of collecting data. Questionnaire: generally, the questionnaire will contain both closed-ended and open ended items. The questionnaire will be used to collect data from the main respondents who will be direct beneficiaries of the UNICEF projects. The closed-ended items are preferred because of their potential to facilitate consistency of responses across respondents. On the other hand, openended items will probe more information that may not have been contemplated to gain a deeper understanding of the respondents views and feelings. The first part of the questionnaire will seek information on the respondents profile such as age, gender, education level and marital status. The second part will contain items that will address the objectives of the study and responses here will be used to answer the research questions on issues sustainability of UNICEF funded water projects. Interview schedule: this will carry similar questions as on the questionnaire but will be used especially where the respondents will be unable to fill in the questionnaire. Additionally, interview schedules will be used to solicit information from the key informants identified to participate in the study. Non-participant observation: This method will be used to collect information on the status physical and operational of the water projects. A check list of the project aspects of interest will be developed and used to ensure objectivity. 3.5.1Pilot testing of the instruments The questionnaire will be pretested on a sample of 30 respondents who also benefit from UNICEF funded projects in Siaya district. The bigger the sample size, the smaller the percentage used in pre-testing (Mutai, 2000). This sample will have similar characteristics as the actual sample and their responses will be used to restructure and clarify questions that may not be clear or that may be ambiguous. Any omissions made will be inserted and irrelevant questions omitted
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after piloting. The procedures to be used will be similar to those to be used during the actual data collection. The subjects will be encouraged to make comments and suggestions concerning the instructions, clarity of questions asked and their relevance (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). 3.5.2 Validity of the instrument Validity is the degree to which results obtained from the analysis of data actually represent the phenomenon under study (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2000). It is the accuracy, soundness or effectiveness with which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure; the appropriateness of the interpretation of the results of a test or inventory and is specific to the intended use. The findings of a study are valid if they are based on facts or evidence that can be justified (Wiersma, 1999). In constructing of the instrument items, simple English language will be used to ensure that the respondents can understand. Effort will be made to construct clear and precise items in order to avoid ambiguity. The instruments will then be given to peers to review in order to ensure construct and face validity and then to the supervisor, who has long experience in supervising post- graduate students to review the items and ascertain their construct and face validity. 3.5.3 Reliability of the instrument Reliability is the degree of consistency with which an instrument measures a variable (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). The questionnaire instrument will be pre-tested in using a sample of 30 respondents in Siaya District. This will enable the researcher to determine the effectiveness of the questionnaire sine the sample for pilot test will have similar characteristics as the target population. The findings from the pre test will be used to modify and improve the questionnaire hence enhancing the reliability and validity of the instrument.

3.6 Data Collection procedures After getting the green light to collect data from the Graduate school of the University of Nairobi, a research permit will be sought from the National Council of Science and Technology (NCST). Permission to collect data will then be secured from the provincial administration offices in Nyando. This will be followed by an exploratory visit to the area of study to meet with local
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leaders specifically the chiefs in charge of the N locations that make up the study area, along with village elders. The next stage will be the actual field work and will entail collecting primary data from the respondents and key informants identified. Non-participant observation method will be used whereby indicators of interest to the study as per the developed checklist of the project aspects will be noted and recorded. 3.7 Data Analysis Techniques After data collection, all the returned questionnaires will be numbered, categorized and the data coded. A coding strategy will be developed to change the non-numeric data into categories with numerical codes. Specific responses to the structured questions will each be assigned a number to give it a numerical code. For the unstructured type of questions, all responses given for each question will be compiled and common themes among them identified. These themes will then be assigned numbers which will later be entered into a code sheet. A code book containing all the variables derived from the research objectives and research questions of the study as presented in the questionnaire will be developed. Preliminary editing will be done where the data will be checked for accuracy and errors committed. Clarity and legibility of all questions will be established and questions with ambiguous responses eliminated. A code sheet will then be developed based on the information entered in the code book together with information collected from the field. All the information will then be entered into the computer and analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme to generate frequency distributions and percentages and the findings presented using tables and content analysis. 3.8 Ethical considerations In order to conduct research in the study area, approval for conducting the research will be obtained before any data is collected (McMillan & Schumacher 1993). In this study, the researcher will first seek permission from the relevant authorities and the provincial administration. McMillan and Schumacher (1993) further recommend that information on participants should be regarded as confidential unless otherwise agreed on through informed consent. In this study, therefore, participants' confidentialities will not be compromised, as they
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will not be asked to provide their names during data collection. As a sign of gratitude for their participation, participants will be informed of the findings of the study.

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February 2000. Esrey, S.A. Sustaining health from water and sanitation systems Special Presentation to the 21st WEDC Conference, Kampala Uganda, 1995 Finsterbusch, Kurt, and Warren Van Wicklin III. (1989). Beneficiary Participation in Development Projects: Empirical Tests of Popular Theories. Economic Development and Cultural Change 37(3):57393. Fong M., Wakeman W. and Bhushan A. Toolkit on Gender in Water and Sanitation World Bank, 2003 (website:http://www.worldbank. Frankel J. R. and Norman, E. W., (1990). Sampling: How to design and evaluate research in education. New York. N. Y; McGraw-hill publishing co. Frankel, J. Wallen, N.E., (2000). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education; New York, N .Y: McGraw Hill Publishing co. Gleitsmann, B. (2005). The Importance of Community Involvement in the Planning and Design Phases of Rural Water Supply Development Projects in the Koro Region of Mali, West Africa: Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. USA. Gross, B., Van Wik, C. & Mukherjee, N. (2001) Linking Sustainability with Demand, Gender and Poverty: Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, DC. Harvey, A. & Reed, A. (2007) Community-Managed Water Supplies in Africa: Sustainable or Dispensable? Community Development Journal Vol 42 No 3 July 2007 pp. 365378. Hodgkin J. and WASH Project Staff The Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Projects, WASH Technical Report No. 94, April 1994. Isham, Jonathan, and Satu Khknen. (1999). Institutional Determinants of the Impact of Community-Based Water Services: Evidence from Sri-Lanka and India. Working Paper 236. University of Maryland, Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector, College Park, Md.
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Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Vicente Paqueo. (1996). Do Local Contributions Affect the Efficiency of Public Primary Schools? Economics of Education Review; 15(4):37786 Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Yasuyuki Sawada. (1999). Do Community-Managed Schools Work? An Evaluation of El Salvadors Program. World Bank Economic Review;13(3):41541. Katz, Travis, and Jennifer Sara. (1997). Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable: Recommendations from a Global Study. Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, D.C. Kasomo, D., (2006). Research Methods in Humanities and Education. Egerton University, Kenya. Kathuri,N.J & Pals, A.D., (1993). Introduction to educational research. Njoro; Kenya Egerton Education Media Centre. Khwaja, Asim Ijaz. (2001). Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities? Collective Action in the Himalayas. Harvard University, Department of Economics, Cambridge, Mass. Klawitter, S. & Qazzaz, H. (2005) Water as a Human Right: The Understanding of Water in the Arab Countries of the Middle East, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 21:2,253-271. Kleemeier, E. (2000) The Impact of Participation on Sustainability: An Analysis of the Malawi Rural Piped Scheme Program: World Development Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 929944. Kothari, C. R., (2007). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. (Pp1-56). New Delhi: New Age International (P). ltd. Kombo, K. D. & Tromp. A. L. D., (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: An Introduction (168pp). Nairobi: Paulines Publication Africa. Kumar, S. (2002) Methods for Community Participation: A complete Guide for Practitioners: ITDG Publishing, London, U.K.

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Lockwood, H. (2002) Institutional Support Mechanisms for Community managed Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Systems in Latin America: Environmental Health Project, U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523. Lyer, P., Davis, J., Yavuz, E. & Evans, B. (2006) Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene: A Review of 25 Years of World Bank Lending (19782003): Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes, World Bank. Lovell, C. and F.H. Abed. (1993). Scaling-up in health: Two decades of learning in Bangladesh, in J.E. Rohde, M. Chatterjee, and D. Morley (eds.), Reaching Health for All. Delhi, India and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 212232.

Mbata, J. (2006) Estimating Household Willingness for Water Services in Rural economy: the Case of Kanye in Southern Botswana. Development of Southern Africa, 23:1, 29-43. Mbithi, P.M. & Rasmuson, R., (1977).Self Reliance in Kenya: The Case of Harambee. Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. McMillan, J.H., & Schumacher, S. (1993). Research in education a conceptual introduction. New York: Harper Collins. Mengesha, A., Abera, K. & Mesganaw, F. (2003) Sustainability of Drinking Water Supply Projects in Rural of North Gondar, Ethiopia, Ethiopian J. Health Dev. 2003; (3):221-229. Ministry of Water and Irrigation, (2007). The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS) 20012015. pp iii. Mugenda, A. and Mugenda. (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Act Press. Mutai B. K, 2000. How to write quality research proposal; A complete and simplified recipe. Thelley Public citations, New York.

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Nachmias, C. F. & Nachmias D., (1992). Research Methods in Social Science. London: Edward Anold. Narayan, D. (1995) The Contribution of Peoples Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects. Environmentally Sustainable Development Occasional Paper Series No. 1. The World Bank, Washington, DC. New Publication. "Kyoto. the Agenda has changed." WWW.WSSCC.Org. Prokopy, S. (2005) The Relationship between Participation and Project Outcomes Projects in India: Evidence from Rural Water Supply, World Development Vol 33, No. 11, pp. 1801 1819. Sara, J. & Katz, T. (1998) Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable: Reports on the Impact of Project Rules. Washington, DC: UNDP/World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. Schouten, T. & Moriarty, P. (2003) Community Water, Community Management: From system to Service in Rural Areas. IRC International Water and Sanitation Center, ITDG Publishing 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HL, UK. Source (2002). Source Bulletin, August 2002 P.P. 3. Netherlands: IRC UNAIDS. (1998b). Partners in Prevention: International Case Studies of Effective Health Promotion Practice in HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS best practice collection: Key material. Geneva: UNAIDS Wiersma ,W. (1999). Research Methods in education: An Introduction. Itasca (USA): F.E. Peacock Publishers. Whittington, D., Davis, J. & McClelland, E. (1998) Implementing a Demand Driven Approach to Community Water Supply Planning: A case Study of Lugazi, Kenya. Water International 23(3):134-145.

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APPENDICES Appendix 1: Questionnaire for Project Beneficiaries Dear respondent, This questionnaire seeks to establish the various determinants of project sustainability influence the sustainability of UNICEF funded community water projects in Nyando district. The items in the questionnaire are for academic research purposes only. All information given will be treated with utmost confidentiality. You are not required to fill in your names. Instructions
1. Please fill in the blanks or tick () where appropriate to provide the information requested.

SECTION A: Respondents Profile

1 1.

Kindly indicate your gender 0 1 Male Female

2 2. What is your age?

Below 25 years 26-35 years 36-45 years 45 years and above

13. Whats your highest education level?

Non Formal Primary level Secondary level College/University 5. What is your marital status? Married
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Single Widowed Other (Specify)________________ 6. Name of water project_____________________________________ ECTION B: Community Contribution:
7. Are you aware of UNICEF funded water projects in this area?

Yes No 8. If yes, what do you know about them? ____________________________________________________________________

9. Have you ever been called to a meeting concerning UNICEF projects in this area?

Yes No
10. If yes, were you asked what project you would want in your area?

Yes No 11. Did you consider yourself as having contributed to the development of the water project? Yes No
12. If yes, in what way did you participate? You may tick all that apply to your contribution.

Project implementation committee member Labour provision Materials in-kind Financial contribution
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Project ideas Others

13. Would you have wanted a different project than the water project?

Yes No SECTION C: Project Management Committee:

14. Does the project have a management committee?

Yes No 15. If yes, how many members does the management committee have?

___________________ 16. Are you a member of the committee? Yes No. 17. If yes, what is your position on the committee? Chairperson Secretary Treasurer Co-opted committee member 18. How was the management committee formed? Through elections Appointed by the funding agency Other (specify)____________________________________
19. Is the management committee active? 35

Yes No 20. If no, give reasons ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Does the project have a bank account? SECION D: Capacity Building of Project Management Committee 21. Was the management committee trained before assuming their responsibilities? Yes No 22. If you are a member of the management and your answer to question 21 is yes, what were the topics covered? Group dynamics Financial Management Operation and maintenance Other (specify)________________________________________

23. In your opinion, would you consider the training offered adequate?

Yes No 24. Explain your answer in question 23 above _________________________________________________________________________ SECTION E: Project Sustainability 25. Do you pay for using water from the project? Yes
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No
26. If yes, at what rate per 20 litre container? _____________________________

27. Does the project have a bank account? Yes No 28. How frequent are repairs and maintenance carried out on the project? Never Rarely Frequently
29. What is communitys perception of services from UNICEF funded projects?

Very good Good Moderate Poor Very poor

30.

Can you sight any challenges that affect the water project? _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 31. What is the communitys perception of the project in terms of ownership? Owned by/UNICEF property Owned by community/Communitys property Thank you for finding time to respond to the questions. Appendix II: Interview schedule for Key informants

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Appendix III: Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table TABLE FOR DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION
N 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 S 10 14 19 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 59 63 66 70 73 76 N 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 270 S 80 86 92 97 103 108 113 118 123 127 132 136 140 144 148 152 155 159 N 280 290 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650 700 750 S 162 165 169 175 181 186 181 196 201 205 210 214 217 225 234 242 248 256 N 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 S 260 265 269 274 278 285 291 297 302 306 310 313 317 320 322 327 331 335 N 2800 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 15000 20000 30000 40000 50000 75000 100000 S 338 341 246 351 351 357 361 364 367 368 373 375 377 379 380 381 382 384

Note: N is population size S is sample size.

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Appendix IV: Letter of Transmittal

Department of Extra Mural Studies University of Nairobi P. o Box 825, Kisumu.

District Water Officer Nyando District Po.Box 3325 Kisumu Dear Sir/Madam, RE: RESEARCH PROJECT I am Martin Shikuku Odie a student in University of Nairobi undertaking M.A in project planning and management. I wish to carry out research in your district on determinants of community water projects sustainability: Case of UNICEF WASH programme projects. It is my hope that the findings will be very vital in ensuring sustainability of water projects funded by different donors in your district. Yours faithfully,

Martin Shikuku Odie

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