Data Booklet

Updated 2010

Table of Contents
Page 1 General Formulas and Data Units and Prefixes 2 Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas Gravitational and Electric Fields Astronomy Data 3 Electricity Formulas Wave Formulas 4 Electrochemistry Geological Time-Line Thermodynamics 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions Nuclear Chemistry Organic Chemistry Solutions Acids and Bases Genetics Scoring Descriptions for Standards Setting

Cover design interpretation of DNA in the presence of electromagnetic energy by Nathan A. Smith of Alberta Education.

Copyright 2010 the Crown in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Education, Alberta Education, Learner Assessment, 44 Capital Boulevard, 10044 108 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5E6, and its licensors. All rights reserved. Special permission is granted to Alberta educators only to reproduce, for educational purposes and on a non-profit basis, this document or any of its parts.

General Formulas and Data

Formulas and Data
rise y y2 slope = run = = x x2

y1 x1

Distilled Water at Room Temperature (25C) and Standard Pressure (101.325 kPa)
Volume
1.0 mL or 1.0 cm3 1.0 L or 1.0 dm3

percent difference | experimental value theoretical value | 100% from theoretical value = | theoretical value | output percent efficiency = input 100% power of power of magnification = ocular lens objective lens

Mass
1.0 g 1.0 kg

Density
1.0 g/cm3 1.0 kg/dm3

( (

)(

Units and Prefixes

Prefix
tera giga mega kilo hecto deca Common Base Units* deci centi milli

Symbol
T G M k h da d c m

Factor by Which Base Unit Is Multiplied

1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 001 = 1012 = 109 = 106 = 103 = 102 = 101 = 100 = 101 = 102 = 103 = 106 = 109 = 1012

micro nano n pico p *metre (m), gram (g), litre (L), mole (mol)

Some Non-SI Units Used with SI

Quantity
Time

Unit Name
minute hour day year (annum) hectare litre metric ton or tonne standard atmosphere

Symbol
min h d a ha L t atm

Definition
1 min 1h 1d 1a = = = = 60 s 3 600 s 86 400 s 31 557 600 s

Area Volume Mass Pressure

1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 000 m2 1 L = 1 000 cm3 1 t = 1 000 kg = 1 Mg 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas

v = d t v = d t
a =

v = average speed (m/s)

v = average velocity (m/s)

Collisions
Hit and rebound:
m1v 1 + m2v 2 = m1v + m2v 1 2

d = distance (m) d = displacement (m) t = time elapsed (s)

a = acceleration (m/s2)

v v f v i = t t

Hit and stick:

m1v 1 + m2v 2 = (m1+ m2)v and 2 1

F net = ma

F net = F a + F f W = Fd P= W t
d = v it + 1 a (t)2 2

F = force (kg.m/s2 or N)

F net = net force (N) F a = applied force (N) F f = force of friction (N) F = magnitude of a force (N) m = mass (kg) W = work (N.m or J) P = power (J/s or W)

Explosion:
(m1+ m2)v 1 and 2 = m1v + m2v 1 2

d =

vi + vf t 2

p = mv

p = F t, p = p f p i F=
m(v f v i) t

= change in F t = impulse
p = momentum (kg.m/s)

Ep = mgh Ek = 1 mv2 2

Ep = gravitational potential energy (J) g = magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Ek = kinetic energy (J)

Gravitational and Electric Fields

F g = mg

F g = force due to gravity (N) m = mass (kg) G = gravitational constant = 6.67 1011 N.m2/kg2 r = radius or centre-to-centre distance (m) g = magnitude of gravitational field strength (N/kg) k = Coulombs law constant = 8.99 109 N.m2/C2 q = electrostatic charge in coulombs (C) E = electric field strength (N/C)

g = Gm r2 E =

kq r2

Astronomy Data
Mass of Earth Radius of Earth Mass of sun 1 light-year 1 AU (astronomical unit) = = = = = 5.98 1024 kg 6.37 106 m 1.99 1030 kg 9.47 1015 m 1.50 1011 m Average acceleration due to gravity on surface of Earth = 9.81 m/s2 Average gravitational field strength on surface of Earth = 9.81 N/kg

Electricity Formulas
P = IV, V = IR E = Pt For resistances connected in series RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + Rn For resistances connected in parallel 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 RT R1 R2 R3 Rn Ideal Transformers Np Vp Np Is , = = , Ns Vs Ns Ip N = number of turns Vp Is = Vs Ip p = primary s = secondary P = I 2R R = resistance () P = power (W) I = current (A) V = voltage (V) E = energy (J) t = time elapsed (s)

Related value:

1.00 kilowatt hour = 1.00 kW.h = 3.60 106 J

Wave Formulas
v = f c = f v = speed of wave (m/s) c = speed of electromagnetic radiation in air or vacuum (3.00 108 m/s) f = frequency (Hz or 1/s)

= wavelength (m)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electrochemistry
Activity Series for 1.0 mol/L Solution at 25 C and 101.325 kPa
Reduction Half-Reaction
Au (aq) Hg2+(aq) Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) Sn2+(aq) Ni2+(aq) Cd2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) Cr2+(aq) Al3+(aq) Mg2+(aq) Na+(aq) Ca2+(aq) Li+(aq)
3+

Geological Time-Line

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

3e 2e e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 3e 2e e 2e e

Au(s) Hg(l) Ag(s) Cu(s) H2(g) Pb(s) Sn(s) Ni(s) Cd(s) Fe(s) Zn(s) Cr(s) Al(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Li(s)

Thermodynamics
Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25C
Compound water ice (at 0 C) water vapour (at 100 C) methanol ethanol hexane toluene air H2O(l) H2O(s) H2O(g) CH3OH(l) C2H5OH(l) C6H14(l) C7H8(l) mixture of N2(g), O2(g), CO2(g), and trace gases Specific Heat Capacity (J/g.C) or (kJ/kg.C) 4.19 2.10 2.08 2.53 2.44 2.27 1.71 1.01
*

Current research suggests that the start of the Quaternary period is earlier.

Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Compounds

Compound water hexane ethanol methanol toluene H2O(l) C6H14(l) C2H5OH(l) CH3OH(l) C7H8(l) Melting Point (C) 0.00 95.35 114.14 97.53 94.95 Boiling Point (C) 100.00 68.73 78.29 64.6 110.63 Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol) 6.01 13.08 4.93 3.22 6.64 Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol) 40.66 28.85 38.56 35.21 33.18

Standard Heats of Formation of Selected Compounds at 25C

Compound ammonia benzene butane calcium carbonate calcium hydroxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide ethane ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethanol ethene (ethylene) ethyne (acetylene) glucose hydrogen sulfide methane methanol nitrogen dioxide nitrogen monoxide octane pentane propane sucrose sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide water (liquid) water (gas) Formula NH3(g) C6H6(l) C4H10(g) CaCO3(s) Ca(OH)2(s) CO2(g) CO(g) C2H6(g) CH3COOH(l) C2H5OH(l) C2H4(g) C2H2(g) C6H12O6(s) H2S(g) CH4(g) CH3OH(l) NO2(g) NO(g) C8H18(l) C5H12(l) C3H8(g) C12H22O11(s) SO2(g) SO3(g) H2O(l) H2O(g) fH(kJ/mol) 45.9 +49.1 125.7 1 207.6 985.2 393.5 110.5 84.0 484.3 277.6 +52.4 +227.4 1 273.3 20.6 74.6 239.2 +33.2 +91.3 250.1 173.5 103.8 2 226.1 296.8 395.7 285.8 241.8

Note: Elements are given a value of zero. Negative sign () denotes exothermic change. Positive sign (+) denotes endothermic change.

Energy Formulas
Q = mct fus H = Q n vap H = Q n r H = n f H products n f H reactants Q = quantity of heat energy (J or kJ) m = mass (g or kg) fus H = heat of fusion (kJ/mol) vap H = heat of vaporization (kJ/mol) t = change in temperature (C) n = amount in moles (mol) r H = energy change of reaction (kJ) = the sum of f H = standard molar heat (enthalpy) of formation (kJ/mol) c = specific heat capacity (J/g.C or kJ/kg.C)

Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions

1 1
hydrogen

6 Legend for the Elements Solid Liquid

1.01

hydrogen

Note: The legend at the right denotes the physical state of the elements at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25C).

Gas

Seldom forms ions

3
lithium

Li
Li+

4
beryllium

Be
Polyatomic ions
acetate CH3COO NH4
+

Table of Polyatomic Ions

6.94

9.01

chlorate chlorite

CIO3 CIO2

iodate nitrate nitrite

IO3

permanganate phosphate hydrogen phosphate

MnO4 PO4

sulfite

SO3

lithium

beryllium

Be2+

ammonium benzoate borate carbonate

NO3 NO2

3 2

hydrogen sulfide HS

11
sodium

Na
+

12
24.31

22.99

magnesium

Mg

C6H5COO BO3
3 2

hypochlorite CIO chromate CrO4

2 2

HPO4

hydrogen sulfate HSO4 hydrogen sulfite thiocyanate thiosulfate HSO3 SCN

methanoate oxalate

CHOO

dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4 silicate sulfate SiO3 SO4

2 2

CO3

dichromate Cr2O7 cyanide hydroxide CN

OOCCOO

hydrogen carbonate HCO3 perchlorate CIO4

hydrogen oxalate HOOCCOO

S2O3

OH

sodium

Na

magnesium

Mg2+

19
potassium

20
calcium

Ca

21
scandium

Sc

22
titanium

Ti
Ti4+ Ti3+

23
vanadium

V
V5+ V4+

24
chromium

Cr
Cr3+ Cr2+

25
54.94

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

manganese

Mn
Mn2+ Mn4+

26
iron

Fe
iron(III) iron(II)

27
cobalt

Co
Co2+ Co3+

55.85 Fe3+ Fe2+

58.93
cobalt(II)

potassium

K+

calcium

Ca2+

scandium

Sc3+

titanium(IV) titanium(III)

vanadium(V)

chromium(III) chromium(II)

manganese(II)

vanadium(IV)

manganese(IV)

cobalt(III)

37
rubidium

Rb

38
strontium

Sr

39
yttrium

40
zirconium

Zr

41
niobium

Nb
Nb5+ Nb3+

42
95.94

85.47

87.62

88.91 Y3+

91.22

92.91

molybdenum

Mo

43
(98)

technetium

Tc

44
101.07

ruthenium

Ru

45
rhodium

Rh

102.91 Rh3+

rubidium

Rb+

strontium

Sr2+

yttrium

zirconium

Zr4+

niobium(V) niobium(III)

molybdenum

Mo6+

technetium

Tc7+

ruthenium(III)

Ru3+

rhodium

55
cesium

Cs

56
barium

Ba
Ba2+

57
lanthanum

La

72
178.49
hafnium

Hf

73
tantalum

Ta

74
tungsten

75
rhenium

Re

76
osmium

Os

77
iridium

Ir

132.91 Cs+

137.33

138.91

180.95 Ta5+

183.84 W6+

186.21 Re7+

190.23 Os4+

192.22 Ir4+

cesium

barium

lanthanum

La3+

hafnium

Hf4+

tantalum

tungsten

rhenium

osmium

iridium

87
francium

Fr
Fr+

88
radium

Ra

89
actinium

Ac

104
(261)

(223)

(226)

(227)

rutherfordium

Rf

105
dubnium

Db

106
(266)

(262)

seaborgium

Sg

107
bohrium

Bh

108
hassium

Hs

109
(268)

(264)

(277)

meitnerium

Mt

francium

radium

Ra2+

actinium

Ac3+

Lanthanide and Actinide Series Begins 58

Key
Atomic number Name of the element Atomic mass

91
231.04

protactinium

Pa
Pa5+ Pa4+

Symbol of the element Ion charge Stock name (IUPAC)

cerium

Ce

59
140.91

140.12 Ce3+

praseodymium

Pr

60
144.24

neodymium

Nd

61
(145)

promethium

Pm

62
150.36

samarium

Sm
Sm3+ Sm2+

protactinium(V)

protactinium(IV)

cerium

praseodymium

Pr3+

neodymium

Nd3+

promethium

Pm3+

samarium(III) samarium(II)

Most stable or common ion is listed above dotted line. Atomic mass in parentheses indicates mass of the most stable isotope.

Based on 12 C 6

90
thorium

Th

91
231.04

232.04 Th4+

protactinium

Pa
Pa5+ Pa4+

92
uranium

U
U6+ U4+

93
(237)

238.03
uranium(VI) uranium(IV)

neptunium

Np

94
plutonium

Pu
Pu4+ Pu6+

(244)

protactinium(V)

thorium

protactinium(IV)

neptunium

Np5+

plutonium(IV) plutonium(VI)

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 1

17

18

hydrogen

2
helium

He

1.01

4.00

hydride

helium

He

5
boron

B
B

6
carbon

C
C

7
nitrogen

8
oxygen

9
fluorine

10
neon

Ne
Ne

Polyatomic Elements
Elements
astatine At2 iodine nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur I2 N2 O2 P4 S8 bromine Br2 chlorine fluorine Cl2 F2

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

20.18

boron

carbon

nitride

N3

oxide

O2

fluoride

neon

13
aluminium

Al

14
silicon

Si
Si

15
phosphorus

16
sulfur

S
S2

17
chlorine

Cl

18
argon

Ar
Ar

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.07

35.45

39.95

hydrogen H2

aluminium

Al3+

silicon

phosphide

P3

sulfide

chloride

Cl

argon

28
nickel

Ni
Ni2+ Ni3+

29
copper

Cu
Cu2+ Cu+

30
zinc

Zn
Zn2+
zinc

31
gallium

Ga

32
72.64

58.69
nickel(II) nickel(III)

63.55
copper(II) copper(I)

65.41

69.72 Ga3+

germanium

Ge

33
arsenic

As

34
selenium

Se

35
bromine

Br

36
krypton

Kr

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

gallium

germanium

Ge4+

arsenide

As3

selenide

Se2

bromide

Br

krypton

Kr

46
palladium

Pd
Pd2+ Pd3+

47
silver

Ag
Ag+

48
cadmium

Cd

49
indium

In

50
tin

Sn
tin(IV) tin(II)

51
antimony

Sb
Sb3+ Sb5+

52
tellurium

Te

53
iodine

I
I

54
xenon

Xe
Xe

106.42

107.87

112.41

114.82 In3+

118.71 Sn4+ Sn2+

121.76

127.60 Te2

126.90

131.29

palladium(II)

palladium(III)

silver

cadmium

Cd2+

antimony(III) antimony(V)

indium

telluride

iodide

xenon

78
platinum

Pt
Pt4+ Pt2+

79
gold

Au
gold(III) gold(I)

80
mercury

Hg
Hg2+ Hg
+

81
thallium

Tl
TI
+

82
lead

Pb
lead(II)

83
bismuth

Bi
Bi3+ Bi5+

84
polonium

Po
Po2+ Po4+

85
astatine

At

86
radon

Rn

195.08
platinum(IV) platinum(II)

196.97 Au3+ Au
+

200.59
mercury(II) mercury(I)

204.38
thallium(I)

207.2* Pb2+ Pb4+ TI3+

208.98
bismuth(III) bismuth(V)

(209)

(210)

(222) Rn

polonium(II)

thallium(III)

lead(IV)

polonium(IV)

astatide

At

radon

110
(271)

darmstadtium

Ds

111
(272)

roentgenium

Rg

* The isotopic mix of naturally occurring lead is more variable than that of other elements, preventing
precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.

63
europium

Eu
Eu3+ Eu2+

64
157.25

gadolinium

Gd

65
terbium

Tb

66
162.50

151.96

158.93 Tb3+

dysprosium

Dy

67
holmium

Ho

68
erbium

Er

69
thulium

Tm

70
ytterbium

Yb
Yb3+ Yb2+

71
lutetium

Lu

164.93 Ho3+

167.26 Er3+

168.93 Tm3+

173.04

174.97 Lu3+

europium(III) europium(II)

gadolinium

Gd3+

terbium

dysprosium

Dy3+

ytterbium(III) ytterbium(II)

holmium

erbium

thulium

lutetium

95
(243)

americium

Am
Am3+ Am4+

96
curium

Cm

97
berkelium

Bk
Bk3+ Bk4+

98
californium

Cf

99
(252)

(247)

(247)

(251)

einsteinium

Es

100
fermium

Fm

101
(258)

(257)

mendelevium

Md
Md2+ Md3+

102
nobelium

No
No2+ No3+

103
lawrencium

Lr

(259)

(262)

americium(III)

americium(IV)

curium

Cm3+

berkelium(III)

mendelevium(II) californium

berkelium(IV)

Cf3+

einsteinium

Es3+

fermium

Fm3+

nobelium(II)

mendelevium(III)

nobelium(III)

lawrencium

Lr3+

Nuclear Chemistry
Masses of Subatomic Particles and Radiation
Subatomic Particle or Radiation alpha particle (helium nucleus) beta particle (electron)
4 2He

Mass (103 kg/mol) or 4.001 51 0.000 549 positron

Subatomic Particle or Radiation

0 +1e 0 0 1 0n 1 1p

Mass (103 kg/mol)

gamma radiation neutron proton

0.000 549 1.008 66 1.007 28

0 1e

or

Masses of Selected Nuclides

Nuclide barium-141 beryllium-7 beryllium-8 boron-8 carbon-14 cesium-144 fluorine-17 helium-3 hydrogen-1 hydrogen-2 (deuterium) hydrogen-3 (tritium) krypton-92 lanthanum-146 lead-206 lead-208 neon-20 nitrogen-13 nitrogen-14
141 56Ba 7 4Be 8 4Be 8 5B 14 6C 144 55Cs 17 9F 3 2He 1 1H 2 1H 3 1H 92 36Kr 146 57La 206 82Pb 208 82Pb 20 10Ne 13 7N 14 7N

Mass (103 kg/mol) 140.914 41 7.016 93 8.005 31 8.024 61 14.003 24 143.932 02 17.002 10 3.016 03 1.007 83 2.014 10 3.016 03 91.926 11 145.925 8 205.974 5 207.976 64 19.992 44 13.005 74 14.003 07 nitrogen-15 oxygen-15 oxygen-16 oxygen-18 phosphorus-31 plutonium-239 polonium-210 polonium-218 potassium-40 radium-226 radon-222 rubidium-90 ruthenium-107 strontium-95 sulfur-31 thorium-230 uranium-235

Nuclide
15 7N 15 8O 16 8O 18 8O 31 15P 239 94Pu 210 84Po 218 84Po 40 19K 226 88Ra 222 86Rn 90 37Rb 107 44Ru 95 38Sr 31 16S 230 90Th 235 92U

Mass (103 kg/mol) 15.000 11 15.003 07 15.994 91 17.999 16 30.973 76 239.052 16 209.982 86 218.008 97 39.964 00 226.025 40 222.017 57 89.914 81 106.909 9 94.919 31 30.979 56 230.033 13 235.043 92

Elements for Radioactive Dating

Radioisotope (Parent Nuclide) carbon-14 potassium-40 rubidium-87 uranium-235 uranium-238
14 6C 40 19K 87 37Rb 235 92U 238 92U

Final Decay Nuclide nitrogen-14 argon-40 strontium-87 lead-207 lead-206

14 7N 40 18Ar 87 38Sr 207 82Pb 206 82Pb

Approximate Half-Life (annuma) 5.73 103 1.26 109 4.88 1010 7.04 108 4.47 109

Decay Curve

Energy Change Formula

E = mc2 E = change in energy (J) m = mass converted to energy (kg) c = speed of EMR (3.00 108 m/s)

Organic Chemistry
Homologous Series of Alkanes at 25C and 101.325 kPa
Name*
methane ethane prop ane but ane pent ane

Types of Reactions
Formula C6H14(l) C7H16(l) C8H18(l) C9H20(l) C10H22(l) Formation (Synthesis) element + element compound Decomposition compound element + element Single Replacement compound + element new compound + new element Double Replacement compound + compound new compound + new compound Complete Hydrocarbon Combustion hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Addition alkene or alkyne + excess hydrogen alkane alkene or alkyne + halogen halogenated hydrocarbon Cracking large hydrocarbon small hydrocarbons Polymerization monomer + monomer polymer Esterification alcohol + carboxylic acid ester + water

Formula
CH4(g) C2H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C5H12(l)

Name* hex ane heptane oct ane non ane dec ane

*Note: Italics indicate organic nomenclature prefixes.

Prefixes for Molecular Compounds

1 2 3 4 5 = = = = = monoditritetrapenta6 7 8 9 10 = = = = = hexaheptaoctaennea- (nona-) deca-

General Formulas and Names of Some Organic Compounds

General Formula
CnH(2n+2)

Classification
alkane

Example Formula

Example Name ethane

CnH(2n) CnH(2n2)

alkene alkyne alcohol

ethene ethyne ethanol

carboxylic acid

ethanoic acid

ester

methyl ethanoate

halogenated hydrocarbon

chloroethane

polymer R usually represents a carbon group R usually represents a different carbon group Q represents a halogen (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

polyethene xy represents the monomer unit n represents a whole number

Solutions
Solubility of Selected Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solutions at 25C
Group 1 ions NH4+ Ion NO3 ClO3 ClO4 CH3COO Solubility greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/L (very soluble) (aq) Group 1 ions most most most most NH4+ Group 1 ions NH4+ Co(IO3)2 Fe2(OOCCOO)3 Li+ Solubility less than 0.1 mol/L (slightly soluble) (s) RbClO4 CsClO4 AgCH3COO Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba
2+

Cl F Br I SO42

CO32 PO43 SO32

IO3 OOCCOO2

OH

Group 1 ions NH4+

Ca2+ Cu+ Ag+ Pb2+ Tl+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Ag+ Pb2+ Ra2+ most most most

Fe2+ Pb2+

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that was established using the Ksp values. A concentration of 0.1 mol/L corresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L, depending on molar mass.

Stoichiometry and Solution Formulas

n= m M C= n V CiVi = CfVf coefficient r n r coefficient g = n g or coefficient n r = n g coefficient r g n = number of moles (mol) m = mass (g) M = molar mass (g/mol) C = molar concentration (mol/L) V = volume (L) i = initial solution f = final solution r = required substance V (% V/V) = V solute 100% solution m 6 parts per million = m solute 10 ppm solution g = given substance % V/V = percent by volume concentration

10

Identification of Selected Ions in 1.0 mol/L Aqueous Solutions

Ion chromate chromium(III) chromium(II) cobalt(II) copper(I) copper(II) dichromate iron(II) iron(III) manganese(II) nickel(II) permanganate Symbol CrO42(aq) Cr3+(aq) Cr2+(aq) Co2+(aq) Cu+(aq) Cu2+(aq) Cr2O72(aq) Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) Mn2+(aq) Ni2+(aq) MnO4(aq) Colour in Solution yellow blue-green dark blue red blue-green blue orange lime green orange-yellow pale pink blue-green deep purple

Flame Colour of Elements

Element barium calcium cesium copper lead lithium potassium rubidium sodium strontium Symbol Ba Ca Cs Cu Pb Li K Rb Na Sr Colour yellowish-green yellowish red violet blue to green blue-white red violet violet yellow scarlet red

Note: The flame test can be used to determine the identity of a metal or a metal ion. Blue to green indicates a range of colours that might appear.

Acids and Bases

Rules for Naming Acids
Compound Name hydrogen ide hydrogen ate hydrogen ite Classical System Example Acid Name hydroic acid ic acid ous acid Formula HCl(aq) H3PO4(aq) H3PO3(aq) Compound Name hydrogen chlor ide hydrogen phosph ate hydrogen phosph ite Acid Name hydrochlor ic acid phosphor ic acid phosphor ous acid IUPAC System Example Acid Name aqueous hydrogen chloride aqueous hydrogen phosphate aqueous hydrogen phosphite

IUPAC Rules for Naming Inorganic Bases

Base Name cation + anion Example Formula NaOH(aq) Base Name sodium hydroxide

pH Formulas
pH = log10[H3O+(aq)] [H3O+(aq)] = 10(pH) [ ] = concentration (mol/L)

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Relative Strengths of Selected Acids and Bases for 0.10 mol/L Solution at 25C
Acid Name hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid nitric acid hydronium ion oxalic acid sulfurous acid hydrogen sulfate ion phosphoric acid orange IV nitrous acid hydrofluoric acid methanoic (formic) acid methyl orange benzoic acid ethanoic (acetic) acid carbonic acid (CO2(g) + H2O(l)) bromothymol blue hydrosulfuric acid phenolphthalein ammonium ion hydrogen carbonate ion indigo carmine water (55.5 mol/L) Acid Formula HCl(aq) H2SO4(aq) HNO3(aq) H3O+(aq) HOOCCOOH(aq) H2SO3(aq) HSO4(aq) H3PO4(aq) HOr(aq) HNO2(aq) HF(aq) HCOOH(aq) HMo(aq) C6H5COOH(aq) CH3COOH(aq) H2CO3(aq) HBb(aq) H2S(aq) HPh(aq) NH4+(aq) HCO3(aq) HIc(aq) H2O(l) Conjugate Base Formula Cl(aq) HSO4(aq) NO3(aq) H2O(l) HOOCCOO(aq) HSO3(aq) SO42(aq) H2PO4(aq) Or(aq) NO2(aq) F (aq) HCOO(aq) Mo(aq) C6H5COO(aq) CH3COO(aq) HCO3(aq) Bb(aq) HS(aq) Ph(aq) NH3(aq) CO32(aq) Ic(aq) OH(aq)

AcidBase Indicators at 25C

Indicator methyl violet thymol blue thymol blue orange IV methyl orange bromocresol green litmus methyl red chlorophenol red bromothymol blue phenol red phenolphthalein thymolphthalein alizarin yellow R indigo carmine 1,3,5trinitrobenzene Abbreviation (acid/conjugate base) HMv(aq) / Mv(aq) H2Tb(aq) / HTb(aq) HTb(aq) / Tb2(aq) HOr(aq) / Or(aq) HMo(aq) / Mo(aq) HBg(aq) / Bg(aq) HLt(aq) / Lt(aq) HMr(aq) / Mr(aq) HCh(aq) / Ch(aq) HBb(aq) / Bb(aq) HPr(aq) / Pr(aq) HPh(aq) / Ph(aq) HTh(aq) / Th(aq) HAy(aq) / Ay(aq) HIc(aq) / Ic(aq) HNb(aq) / Nb(aq) pH Range 0.0 1.6 1.2 2.8 8.0 9.6 1.4 2.8 3.2 4.4 3.8 5.4 4.5 8.3 4.8 6.0 5.2 6.8 6.0 7.6 6.6 8.0 8.2 10.0 9.4 10.6 10.1 12.0 11.4 13.0 12.0 14.0 Colour Change as pH Increases yellow to blue red to yellow yellow to blue red to yellow red to yellow yellow to blue red to blue red to yellow yellow to red yellow to blue yellow to red colourless to pink colourless to blue yellow to red blue to yellow colourless to orange

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Genetics
Pedigree Chart
Offspring listed in birth order. Roman numerals symbolize generations. Arabic numbers symbolize individuals within a given generation.

DNA Nitrogen Bases

Nitrogen Base adenine cytosine guanine thymine Abbreviation A C G T

Alleles
Upper casedominant Lower caserecessive Sex linkedX?Y or X?X?

DNA Base Triplets and Their Corresponding Amino Acids

S E C O N D T TTT phenylalanine T TTC phenylalanine TTA leucine TTG leucine CTT leucine C CTC leucine CTA leucine CTG leucine ATT isoleucine C TCT serine TCC serine TCA serine TCG serine CCT proline CCC proline CCA proline CCG proline ACT threonine ACC threonine ACA threonine ACG threonine GCT alanine GCC alanine GCA alanine GCG alanine B A S E A TAT tyrosine TAC tyrosine TAA STOP** TAG STOP** CAT histidine CAC histidine CAA glutamine CAG glutamine AAT asparagine AAC asparagine AAA lysine AAG lysine GAT aspartate GAC aspartate GAA glutamate GAG glutamate G TGT cysteine TGC cysteine TGA STOP** TGG tryptophan CGT arginine CGC arginine CGA arginine CGG arginine AGT serine AGC serine AGA arginine AGG arginine GGT glycine GGC glycine GGA glycine GGG glycine T C A G T C A G T C A G T C A G

F I R S T B A S E
G

T H I R D B A S E

ATC isoleucine ATA isoleucine ATG

methionine or START*

GTT valine GTC valine GTA valine GTG valine

Note: This table uses base triplets from the complementary (5 3) strand of DNA. *Note: ATG is an initiator base triplet but also codes for the amino acid methionine. **Note: TAA, TAG, and TGA are terminator base triplets.

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References
Lide, D.R. 2005. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 86th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. 2002. http://physics.nist.gov Speight, James G. 2005. Langes Handbook of Chemistry. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.