Basic Concepts of Programming Programming - is the process of creating a set of instructions for the computer to These instructions are

written in a set of rules called language or languages which people can understand, and then "compiled" (literally, translated) into machine language, or interpreted by the computer from reading a script. PROGRAM list of instructions written in a programming language that is used to control the behavior of a machine, often a computer (in this case it is known as a computer program). A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer PARADIGMS Imperative programming Is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state. expresses commands to take action, imperative programs define sequences of commands for the computer to perform. Procedural programming is imperative programming in which the program is built from one or more procedures (also known as subroutines or functions). Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow which expresses what needs to be done, without prescribing how to do it in terms of sequences of actions to be taken. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions to design applications and computer programs

Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English. The Flowchart (Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of operations, as in a manufacturing process or computer program. (Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information system or program. Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source documents through the computer to final distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.

TYPES OF FLOWCHART A. System Flowchart Provides a broad overview of the entire operation w/o itemizing all of the specific input, process, and output steps that will actually be performed. B. Macro flowcharts/ Program Flowcharts Depicts the main segments of a complete computer program. Microflowcharts Detailed flowcharts that illustrate processing steps w/in a program module.

Problem Definition Planning Gathering of information Extracting requirements/software requirements R_ _U_R_ _E_T_ Used of Aids and Tools for creating a program Algorithms Structure charts Decision tables HIPO charts ___ __ S __ __ N Algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem using a finite sequence of instructions. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields.

Flowcharting guidelines Always use the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) symbols. Construct your flowcharts to read from top to bottom and left to right. Do not crisscross flowlines (use labeled connectors, and use arrowheads to indicate direction of flow. Make messages and labels in the flowchart symbol direct and descriptive. Strive for neatness, clarity and simplicity. If necessary, break a large flowchart down into microflowcharts Advantages of Flowcharts Can be learned & applied w/o formal knowledge of a programming language It enforces you to give attention to significant matters, even the less significant ones. Provides an alternative to the usual narrative description of a system or program. Easier to understand than a program written in a particular programming language. Disadvantages of flowcharts Do not represent a programming language and more of a person-to-person than a person-to-computer means of communication. Since thinking in graphic term is not normal, flowcharts cannot be viewed as a natural means of communication. Certain details may require a long sequence of interconnected in just a few lines of explanation. Does not convey WHY given set of operations are made. Flowcharts portray only HOW. Do not highlight the important details since each step receives as much attention as any other. Coding the algorithm or converting algorithms into programming language. is a system for executing programs written in a programming language. __M__L__M__ __T__ __I__N two general approaches to programming language implementation: Compilation A compiler - takes as input a program in some language, and translates that program into some other language, which may serve as input to another interpreter or another compiler.

Software development process

Interpretation: An interpreter -takes as input a program in some language, and performs the actions written in that language on some machine. methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program TYPES OF ERRORS Syntactical -Violation of the rules in a specific programming language. Logical - mistakes in the algorithm which is not easily detected. __ __R__ __ __C__ __I__ __ enhancing software to cope with newly discovered problems or new requirements can take far more time than the initial development of the software. hardcopy of the program __ O __ __ M__ N__A__ __O __