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Moles By definition the mole is defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C. Avogadro=s # = 6.022 x 1023 atoms One mole of a compound is its formula weight in grams. One mole of Ca2+ weighs 40 grams. One mole of Na+ weighs 23 grams. One mole of Cl- weighs 35.45 grams. Each of the above has 6.022 x 1023 atoms per mole. One mole of H2O is 2x1(H+) + 16(O2-) = 18 grams. One mole of NaCl is 23g (Na+) + 35.4 g (Cl-) = 58.4 grams. Each of the above has 6.022 x 1023 molecules per mole. Dissolve 0.5 grams of NaCl in 1 L of water. What are the number of moles of NaCl dissolved? (0.5 g)/(58.4 g/mol) = 8.5 x 10-3 mol How many ions of Na+ and Cl- are in solution? For every one mole of NaCl dissolved releases one mole of Na+ and one mole of Cl-. Result is 8.5 x 10-3 mol of Na+ and 8.5 x 10-3 mol of Cl-. Since there are 6.022 x 1023 ions per mole: 8.5 x 10-3 mol x 6.022 x 1023 ions /mol = 5.15 x 1021 ions Reporting concentrations: Solutions are reported in units of weight per volume, with the volume typically 1L of water. A pure liter of water contains 1 million milligrams of water molecules at 3.890C, the temp. that water is most dense and weighs 1Kg. (106 mg/L or 1 mg/K or 1 ppm). A common assumption is that 1ppm equals 1 mg/L. The density and therefore the weight of water varies with temperature and the

dissolved solids content, and therefore, this is not an accurate way to report concentrations, however, it is still commonly used. Best not to report concentrations of dissolved constituents in ppm, but in mg/L or mol/L. Best to save concentrations of ppm for solids, say 1 gram of Fe in 1 Kg of soil is = 1 ppm Fe. mol/L : molarity (M) or commonly shortened to molar A one molar solution (1 M) is one mole of a substance in 1 L of water. A 1 M solution of NaCl is 23g (Na+) + 35.4 g (Cl-) = 58.4 grams dissolved in 1 L of water. What is the molarity of dissolving 0.5 g of NaCl in 1 L of water? 8.5 x 10-3 mol/L of NaCl, Na+ and ClWhat is the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in mg/L? First multiply molarity by the gram-atomic weight (g/mol), then multiply by 1000 mg per g. Example for Na+ 8.5 x 10-3 mol/L * 23g/mol * 1000 mg/g = 197 mg/L for Cl8.5 x 10-3 mol/L * 35.4g/mol * 1000 mg/g = 303 mg/L To convert from mg/L to molarity of a substance: molarity = mg/L x 10-3/ formula weight in grams for example, say we have 10 mg/L of Ca2+ in a water sample. The molality of Ca2+in this water sample is: 10 mg/L x 10-3/40 grams/mol =2.5x10-4 mol/L (mole per liter) or 0.25 mmol/L (millimole per liter). Don=t confuse molarity (mol/L) with molality (mol/kg). Normality is a common term used for most acids.

Defined as the number of equivalents per L, with equivalents being the atomic wt. divided by the valence. For acids, the valence is the number of H+ or OH- ions produced. HCl = H+ + Clone proton

molecular wt of HCL = 36.5 g/mol divided by 1 = 36.5 g/mol = 1N = 1M H2SO4 =2H+ + SO42two protons

molecular wt of H2SO4 = 98 g/mol divided by 2 = 49 g/mol = 1N = 0.5 M Milliequivalents are used when adding dissolved substances of different valence. Can not add the molality of Ca2+ and Cl-, because of their different valence states. To convert from molarity to milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), multiply the molarity by the valence state then divide by 10-3. meq/L = mol/L x valence of the ion x 1000 Ca2+, 2.5x10-4 mol/L x 2/10-3 = 0.5 meq/L. Once the major cations and anions are determined, then a check on the validity of the measurements can be made with a charge balance. In a charge balance, the sum of the cations in milliequivalents per liter should equal the sum of the anions in milliequivalents per liter. The Charge balance error (CBE) is determined as:

cation sin milliequivalent anion sin milliquivalents cation sin milliequivalent + anion sin milliquivalents

CBE%= X100

Typically, the CBE should be less than 5%. If it is more than 5% than one or more of the chemical analysis may be in error, or there are one or more additional ions contributing to the charge balance that were not determined. There are several ways to depict the major ion composition of a water sample. One example is a Piper diagram. This is a trilinear diagram consisting of two

triangles, and one diamond. On the left hand triangle, each of the cations are plotted as a percentage of the total cations. On the right hand triangle, the anions are plotted as a percentage of the total anions. See Figure 16.6 in your text and the example problem underneath. Once the cations and anions are plotted on the lower triangles, the compositions are projected into the upper diamond following lines that are parallel to the outer sides of the triangles. Where the two points meet in the upper triangle a point is plotted to represent the overall water chemistry of that water sample. Regions of the triangle are used to classify water samples based upon their dominant ions. For instance, groundwater in a carbonate terrain (limestone) would have Ca2+ as its dominant cation and HCO3- or CO32- as its dominant anion. Such water is called a Calcium-bicarbonate or carbonate type water. Whereas, seawater would be dominated by the ions Na+ and Cl- and would be called a sodium-chloride type water. Besides describing the overall chemistry of a water sample, a Piper diagram can be used to discern changes in groundwater chemistry as it travels downgradient. An example would be changes in water chemistry of the Floridan Aquifer as it moves downgradient from its recharge area. It changes from a calcium bicarbonate type water to one with higher concentrations of magnesium and sulfate. This is due to the dissolution of the minerals gypsum (CaSO4@2H2O) and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] along the flow path. Piper diagrams can also be used to identify mixing of different types of waters. See Piper diagram of Everglades samples. Another example of a graphical representation of a water sample is a Stiff Diagram. See handouts in class. In this method, the concentrations of cations and anions are plotted in milliequivalents per liter, with the cations on the left side of the diagram and the anions on the right. With this method, high concentrations of ions can be depicted by a large size of the diagram. The different shapes of the diagrams correspond with different water types.