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Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge


Section 0. Trigonometric Formulas Section 1. Complex Numbers Section 2. Exponential Functions, Logarithmic Functions and Their Limits Section 3. Differentiation Section 4. Integration

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.2

Section 0. Trigonometric Formulas 0.0.0 Compound angle 1. sin( A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B . 2. cos( A B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B .

3. tan( A B) =

tan A tan B . 1 m tan A tan B

0.0.1 Double angle 1. sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A .

2. cos 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A 1 = 1 2 sin 2 A .


0.0.2 Sum to Product

1. sin A + sin B = 2 sin 2. sin A sin B = 2 cos

A+ B A B cos . 2 2 A+ B A B sin . 2 2 A+ B A B cos . 2 2 A+ B A B sin . 2 2

3. cos A + cos B = 2 cos

4. cos A cos B = 2 sin

0.0.3 Product to Sum 1. 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A B) . 2. 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A B) . 3. 2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B) . 0.0.4 General solution 1. If sin = k , then = n + (1) n ;

2. If cos = k , then = 2n ; 3. If tan = k , then = n + , where n N and is one of the roots.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.3

Section 1. Complex Numbers Definition 0.1.0 A complex number z is defined to be a number of the form a + bi,

where a , b R and i 2 = 1.
a is called the real part of z and is denoted by Re(z), b is called the imaginary part of z and is denoted by Im(z).

If Im(z)=0, z is real. If Re(z)=0 and Im( z ) 0 , z is called a purely imaginary number.

Definition 0.1.1

Let z1 = a + bi , z 2 = c + di , where

a , b, c, d R , be two

complex numbers, then z1 is equal to z2 if and only if a = c and b = d, i.e. z1 = z2 iff Re( z1 ) = Re( z2 ) and Im( z1 ) = Im( z2 ) .

Definition 0.1.2

(Arithmetic operations of complex numbers)

Let z1 = a + bi , z 2 = c + di where a , b, c, d R , be two complex numbers, then the rules of arithmetic operations are defined as i) z1 + z 2 = ( a + c) + (b + d )i ii) z1 z 2 = ( a c) + (b d )i iii) z1z 2 = ( ac bd ) + ( ad + bc)i iv)
z1 ac + bd bc ad = + i z2 c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2

if z2 0 .

e.g.0.1.0 Evaluate i) (1 + 2i )(3 5i ) ;

ii)

2 + 3i . 7 6i

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.4

e.g.0.1.1 Find z C such that z 2 = 3 + 4i .

e.g.0.1.2 Solve the following equations: i) x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 ; iii) x 3 1 = 0 ; ii) x 2 6 x + 10 = 0 ; iv) x 4 + x 2 + 1 = 0 .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.5

Section 2. Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions 0.2.0 Revision --Indices Notation and indices laws

For any real number a and any positive integer n, an is defined to be the product of a by itself n times. That is,
an : = a a ... a (n times).

For any positive real number a, we define


1 a := 1 am
m

if m is zero, if m is a negative integer.

For any non-negative real number a and any positive integer n, we define a1/n to be the unique non-negative real root of the equation xn = a. Sometimes, we write
a := a 2 and n a := a n for n 3.
1 1

For any non-zero rational number r, there is a unique pair of non-zero integers m and n such that n is positive, m and n are relative prime (that is, they have not common prime factor) and r =
m , we define n
m 1 n a = (a ) 0
r

if a > 0, if a = 0 and > 0.

It is not difficult to prove that the following Indice laws.: For any real numbers a, b > 0 and for any rational numbers x and y, we have (2.0) (2.2) (2.4) (2.6) a0 = 1, ax ay = ax + y, (ab)x = axbx, (ax)y = axy.
Table 0

(2.1) (2.3) (2.5) (2.7)

a1 = a, ax = ax y, y a ax a ( )x = x b b If ax = ay then x = y.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.6

e.g.0.2.0 Solve the following equations. a) 493x = 343; c) 22x 5(2x) + 4 = 0;


1 3+ x ; b) 52 x = 125

d) 25x = 23(5x)+ 50.

4 x 5 y = 7, e.g.0.2.1 Solve the following system of simultaneous equations: x 1 4 + 5 y 2 = 9.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.7

0.2.1 Exponential functions and their graphs

We plot y = 2x against all rational numbers x. The following graph is obtained. y 4

Since the symbol 2x is not defined for all irrational numbers, the above graph is not a continuous curve. However, it is easily to see that there is one and only one continuous curve y = g(x) satisfying g(x) = 2x for all rational numbers x. Then we can define 2 x := g ( x) In general, we can prove that i) If f(x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all rational numbers x and y, then f (r) = f (1)r for all rational numbers r. for any irrational number x.

ii) For any real positive number a, there is one and only one continuous function fa defined on the real line such that fa(r) = ar for all rational numbers r.

We define
ax : = fa(x)

for irrational number x.

where fa is the unique continuous function satisfying fa(x) = ax for all rational number x.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.8

Furthermore, we can show that all indices laws ( (2.0) - (2.7) ) in table 0 hold even
the powers are irrational. Definition 0.2.0 For any a > 0, the continuous function f(x) = ax defined on the real line is called an Exponential Function with Base a.

Since a0 = 1 for any positive real number a, the exponential curve y = ax must passes through the point (0, 1). When a = 1, the graph y = 1x is just a horizontal straight line. If a > 1 then ax < ay

whenever x < y; (i.e. strictly increasing)

However if 0< a < 1, then ax > ay whenever x < y; (i.e. strictly decreasing) In both cases a > 1 and 0 < a < 1, x-axis is a horizontal asymptote to the curve y = ax. 1 1 ) is the mirror image of that of the Besides the graph of the curve y = ( ) x (= a ax

curve y = a x about the y-axis. The graphs of exponential functions y = ax and y = ax


y

y = ax , a > 1 a

1
1 a

y = 1x

1 y = ( )x a
x
1 2

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.9

e.g.0.2.2 Sketch the following curves in one graph. a) y = 3x 1 1 b) y = ( ) x (= ) ; 3 3x c)


y=

4(3x); 4(3x) 1 ;

d) y = e) f)
y=

1 x (3 ); 2 1 (3x). 2

y = 2

Class Practice 0.2.0 Sketch the following curves in one graph.

a)

y = 0.2 x ;

b)

y = 5 x ; c)

y=

2(0.2x);
0 .2 x . 5

d)

y=

0 .2 x ; 5

e)

y = 32(0.2x) ;

f)

y = 3+

0.2.2 The limits of exponential functions Theorem 0.2.0 (I) if a >1,

(i)

x + x

lim a x = + ,

(ii) lim a x = 0,

(II) if 0< a <1, (i)


x + x

lim a x = 0,

(ii) lim a x = + .

e.g.0.2.3 Evaluate the following limits a)


lim 2 x ;

x +

b)

x +

lim

2
x 1+ 32

c)

x +

lim

4(33 x ) 1 1 + 33 x

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.10

d)

lim

4(33 x ) 1 1 + 33 x

e)

x + 3 4(0.5 x )

lim

2(0.5 x )

f)

x 5 4(0.7) x

lim

2(0.7) x +1

g)

lim

3(0.1) x + 4(0.1) 2 x + 3 7 2(0.1) x

e.g.0.2.4 Sketch the following graphs a)


y=

1 3x + 1

b)

y=

3x + 1

c)

y=

1 3x 3x + 1

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.11

Class Practice 0.2.1 1. Evaluate the following limit.

a)

x +

lim 0.4 x ;
x

b)

lim 1

3x . 2

c) d) e) f)

43 lim ; x + 5
x x +

lim 5 kx lim a bx

where k is a positive constant; where a and b are positive constants but a <1; 1
x

x 3 + 2(0.1

lim

g)

)
i)

x + 1 3(0.12 x )

lim

h)

x + 2 x

lim

2x 4

x + 2(3 x ) + 5

lim

4(3 x ) 1

j)

lim

2 ( 0 .3 x ) + 3 0 .3 x 1

k)

lim

2(5 x ) + 4 2 3(5 x )

l)

x + 3( 2 2 x 1 ) 1

lim

2 2 x +1 + 2 x

2. Sketch the following graphs a) y = 4+ 1 3(5 x ) + 2 ; b)


y=
3 2(5 x ) 5x +1

0.2.3 Logarithm and Logarithmic Function Definition 0.2.1

Let a (1) and x be two positive real numbers. If there is a real number y such that ay = x, we write logax = y and y is called the logarithm of x with base a.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.12

Let a > 0 and a 1. (2.8) (2.9) (2.10) loga ax = x


y = a log a y

for any real number x; for any y >0;


a0 = 1. a1 = a .

loga 1 = 0, loga a = 1.

(2.11)

For any x, y > 0, we have (2.12) log ax = ylogax, = a y log a x .


xy = (a log a x )(a log a y )
y

x y = (a log a x ) y

(2.13) log a(xy) = logax + logay,

= a log a x + log a y . 1 1 = log a x x a = a log a x .


x a log a x = y a log a y = a log a x log a y .

1 (2.14) loga = log ax , x

(2.15) loga(

x ) = logax logay, y

If logax = logay then x = y. log b x (2.17) logax = log b a (2.16)


(change of base)

whenever b > 0 and b 1.

log b x = log b (a log a x ) = (log a x)(log b a ).

Table 1

Definition 0.2.2 The inverse function of the exponential function with base a is called the Logarithmic Function with Base a and is denoted by loga. That is, for x > 0,

logax = y if

y is the unique number satisfying

ay = x.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.13

If a > 1, then logax is strictly increasing. If 0 < a < 1, then logax is strictly decreasing. The graph of logarithmic function y = logax (a) passes through the point (1, 0). (b) has a vertical asymptote x = 0 (the y-axis) (c) is the mirror image of that of its inverse function y = ax about the line y = x y y = ax y y=x y = logax O 1 x O x y = logax y = ax y=x

a>1 e.g.0.2.5 Solve the following equations. a) c) log8(x 3) + log8(x 5) = 1; 32x+1 = 5x; b) d)

0<a<1

log10(x2 + 4) 2 log10x = 1; 232x 7x+1=56.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.14

e.g.0.2.6 Solve the following simultaneous equations.


log10 ( x 2) + log10 2 = 2 log10 y, log10 ( x 3 y + 3) = 0.

Definition 0.2.3 The base of Natural Logarithm is denoted by e. This number e be defined by
1 e = lim (1 + ) n 2.7182818284 n n

The exponential function with base e is simply called the Exponential function and denoted by exp. That is, exp(x) = ex for any real number x.

The Natural Logarithmic Function and denoted by ln or log is the logarithmic Function with base e. That is, ln x = log e x . The importance of e will be shown in next sections.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.15

Section 3. Differentiation

You should learn the following formulas/theorems in CE Additional Mathematics:


0.3.0 Let u and v be differentiable functions of x and c is a constant, then

i) ii) iii)

d c = 0; dx d du dv (u v ) = ; dx dx dx d dv du (uv ) = u + v (Product rule); dx dx dx d u ( )= dx v v du dv u dx dx , v 0 (Quotient rule). v2

iv)

0.3.1 (Chain Rule)

If y then

is a differentiable function of u and

u is a differentiable function of x,

dy dy du = . dx du dx

0.3.2 (Inverse Function Theorem)

If y is a differentiable function of x given by y=f(x), and if x = ( y ) is the inverse function of y=f(x), then '( y ) = 1 dy 1 , or = . dx dx f '( ( y )) dy

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.16

e.g.0.3.0 Prove or disprove:

d 2 y d 2 y d 2u = . dx 2 du 2 dx 2

e.g.0.3.1 sin: ( . ) ( 1,1) is differentiable and bijective. 2 2 its inverse function, find dy . dx

Let y = sin 1 x be

e.g.0.3.2 It is known that

d d x 1 a . (log a x ) = (where a > 0, 1 ). Find dx dx x ln a

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.17

Theorem 0.3.0

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

d x = x 1 , is a real constant; dx d sin x = cos x ; dx d cos x = sin x dx d tan x = sec2 x ; dx d cot x = csc2 x ; dx d sec x = sec x tan x ; dx d csc x = csc x cot x ; dx d x e = ex ; dx d 1 ln x = ; dx x

vii)

viii) 1) ix) 1) x)

2) 2)

d x a = a x ln a , a>0 is a constant; dx

d 1 log a x = , a > 0, 1 is a constant. dx x ln a

d sin1 x = dx

1 1 x 1
2

; ;

d cos1 x = xi) dx

d ; tan 1 x = dx 1 + x2 1 d xiii) . cot 1 x = dx 1 + x2

xii)

1 x 1

e.g.0.3.3 Find the derivatives of the following functions a)


e ;
7x

b) 4 e

x2

c) 4 e ;

d)

x 2e x ;

e)

1+ ex 1 ex

; f) e (tan

x)2

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.18

e.g.0.3.4 Find the derivatives of the following functions a) f(x) = 3lnx; b) g(x) = ln( x 2 + 1) ; c) h(x) = ln x ; x d)

y(x)= x 2 ln x .

e.g.0.3.5 a) Let y =

(4 + 5 x) 2 2 3x x2 +1

2 dy d for x > . Find (ln y ) and . 3 dx dx


dy d (ln y ) and . dx dx

b)

Let y = xx for x > 0. Find

Class Practice 0.3.0 1. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

a) y = ekx (k is a constant.); c) y = 4 e ( 2 x +5) ;


6

b) y = 4e8x + 15 e 3 ; d) y = x3e2x ;

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.19

e x +1 ; e) y = 7 4x
2

f) y = log3 x;

g) y = log2 (x2 + x 1); i) y = 3x;

h) y = ln ln x; j) y = 5lnx

3 k) y = 54 x 2 x ;

l) y = e e .

2. (Logarithmic differentiation) Find a) y = (x2 + 3)4(2x3 1)5; c) y = xlnx

dy d (ln y) and of the following functions. dx dx

b) y =

( x 1)( x 3) ; ( x + 1)( x + 3)

d) y = (log2 x)x.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.20

Section 4. Integration 0.4.0 Method of Substitution Definition 0.4.0 Let y = f ( x) be a function of x, and let x be a small increment of x. The product f ' ( x)x is defined to be the differential of y and denoted by dy.

Since dx =

dx x = 1 x , we have dy = f ' ( x)x = f ' ( x)dx . dx

e.g.0.4.0 Find the differential of i ) y = cos x and ii ) y = x sin 2 x .

Theorem 0.4.0 (Method of Substitution/ Change of Variable)

If

d g ( u) = f ( u) and u = h( x ) , then du

f ( h( x)) h'( x)dx = f ( u)du = g( h( x)) + C ,


where C is a constant.

e.g.0.4.1 Evaluate i) ii)

1 dx by the substitution u = 2 x 7 ; ( 2 x 7) 2

sin(7 3x)dx x( x x
2 2

by the substitution u = 7 3 x ;

iii) iv) v)

+ 1) 2005 dx by the substitution u = x 2 + 1 ;

(2 x 3 + 1)10 dx by the substitution u = 2 x 3 + 1 ; by the substitution u = sin x or u = cos x .

sin x cos xdx

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.21

(ax + b) n +1 Remark: i) If n 1 , (ax + b) dx = +C . a (n + 1)


n

ii) iii)

sin(ax + b)dx = cos(ax + b)dx =

cos(ax + b) +C . a

sin( ax + b) +C. a

e.g.0.4.2 Evaluate the following integrals by a suitable substitution: i) iv)

sin x 1 cos x

dx ;

ii)

csc

d ;

1 + 2007 tan x x dx ; v) ( x 1) 6

sec 2 x

dx ;

iii) ( x 3 + 2 x 2 ) 2 (3x 2 + 4 x)dx ; vi)

(x

x 1 dx . 2 x + 1) 2

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.22

e.g.0.4.3 Evaluate the integrals in e.g.0.4.1 and 0.4.2 directly.

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.23

e.g.0.4.4 (Trigonometric Substitution) Case 1. If the integrand contains (a 2 x 2 ) , make the substitution x = a sin . Case 2. If the integrand contains (a 2 + x 2 ) , make the substitution x = a tan . Case 3. If the integrand contains ( x 2 a 2 ) , make the substitution x = a sec . Evaluate i)

1 x 2 dx ;

ii)

4 x2 dx ; iii) x2

dx (5 + x )
2 3 2

; iv)

x3 x2 + 9

dx .

0.4.1 Formula of Integration

e.g.0.4.5 i) Find the derivative of ln x for x 0. ii) Find the indefinite integral

x dx .
1

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.24

Theorem 0.4.1

1. 2.

x ndx =

1 n +1 x + C for n 1 . n +1

1 dx = ln x + C . x

3. i)

sin xdx = cos x + C ;


iii) v)

ii)

cos xdx = sin x + C ;


iv) vi)

sec

xdx = tan x + C ;

csc

xdx = cot x + C ;

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C ;

csc x cot xdx = csc x + C .

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

tan xdx = ln sec x + C . cot xdx = ln sin x + C .



x sec xdx = ln sec x + tan x + C = ln tan( + ) + C . 4 2 csc xdx = ln csc x cot x + C = ln tan i)

x + C. 2 dx =
1 kx e + C , where k is a constant; k

e dx = e
x

+C;

ii)

kx

9.

ax + C , where a > 0, 1 is a constant. iii) a dx = ln a 1 i) dx = tan 1 x + C ; 2 1+ x 1 1 x ii) dx = tan 1 + C , where a is a constant. a a x2 + a2

10.

i) ii)

1 x
1

dx = 2

1 1+ x ln + C; 2 1 x

a2 x
1

dx = 2

a+x 1 ln + C , where a is a constant. 2a a x

11.

i) ii)

1 1 x2 1

dx = sin 1 x + C ; dx = sin 1 x + C , where a is a constant. a

a2 x2

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.25

12.

i) ii)

x 1 1
2 2

dx = ln x + x 2 1 + C ; dx = ln x + x 2 a 2 + C , where a is a constant.

x a

e.g.0.4.6 Evaluate the following indefinite integrals by suitable substitutions: i) iv)

1 dx ; 2x + 1
ex

ii) v)

1 dx , x > 0; x ln x
esin 2 x sin 2 x e2 x dx .

iii)

x 2 e x dx ;

ex + 1 dx ;

e.g.0.4.7 (Integrals of the form Find i) iii)

ax 2 + bx + c dx ,
1 ii)
1

ax 2 + bx + c

dx )

x 2 + x + 1 dx ;
1

4 x 2 4 x dx ;
iv)

1 5 x2 4x

dx ;

x 2 + 6x + 1

dx .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.26

e.g.0.4.8 (Integrals of the form Find iii) i)

ax 2 + bx + c
dx ,
ii)
x+5

ex + f

ex + f ax + bx + c
2

dx )

2t 2 + 2t + 1 dt ;
dx .

8t 3

x 2 + 2 x + 8 dx ;

2x + 1 3x + 8x 1
2

Class Practice 0.4.0 Find the following integrals by the substitution.

a)

(5 2 x) dx ;
2x 2 + 4x

b)

(2 x 3)( x 2 3x + 1) 2 dx ;

c)

x 3 + 3x 2 2

dx ;

d)

(2 x 1) (6 x + 5) dx ; e)

1 dx . x ln x

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.27

0.4.2

Integration by Partial Fractions

Definition 0.4.1

An algebraic fraction or a rational function is an algebraic expression of the form

p(x ) , where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials in x and q ( x ) 0 . q (x )

Definition 0.4.2

A rational function

p(x ) is called q (x )

i) a proper fraction if deg( p ( x )) < deg( q ( x )) , ii) an improper fraction if deg( p ( x )) deg( q ( x )) , where deg(p(x)) is the degree of the polynomial p(x).

For

instance,

1 2 x 2 + 3x 1 , 1 + x ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)

are

proper

fractions

while

x 1 x 3 + 4x + 1 , are improper fractions. x + 1 x 2 + 2x 1 p(x ) If is an improper fraction, then by dividing p(x) by q(x), we get q (x ) p ( x ) q ( x ) Q( x ) + R ( x )
deg( R ( x )) < deg( q ( x )) . , where

Q(x),

R(x)

are

polynomials

and

It follows that

p(x ) R (x ) Q( x ) + , which is the sum of a q (x ) q (x )

polynomial and a proper fraction.

Definition 0.4.3 Partial fractions is the process which breaks a given fraction (proper or

improper) into an algebraic sum of several proper fractions and a polynomial. Process of resolving a rational fraction in partial fractions: 1. Express the given rational function as a sum of a polynomial (it may be a zero

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.28

polynomial if the given rational function is proper) and a PROPER fraction. 2. Factorize the denominator completely into product of linear and quadratic factors. 3. To a factor of the form ( ax + b ) n , n 1 , there corresponds a group of fractions

A1 A2 An + +L+ 2 ax + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) n
where A1 , A2 ,L , An are constants. 4. To a factor of the form ( ax 2 + bx + c) n , n 1 , there corresponds a group of fractions

A1x + B1 ax + bx + c
2

A2 x + B2
( ax + bx + c)
2 2

+L+

An x + Bn
( ax 2 + bx + c) n

where A1 , A2 ,L , An , B1 , B2 ,L , Bn are constants. 5. Find the constants A1 , A2 ,L , An , B1 , B2 ,L , Bn .

e.g.0.4.9 Resolve the following fractions in partial frations: i)


x 3 3x 4 x 2x 1
2

;
1

ii)

4 x + 4x
3

iii)

1 x +1
3

iv)

x5 x 4 + x 3 x 2 + x 1

v)

x 3 6x 2 + 4 x + 8
( x 3) 4

e.g.0.4.10 Evaluate i)

a 2 x 2 dx ;
1

ii)

x5 x 4 + x 3 x 2 + x 1dx ;
1

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.29

iii)

2 x 4 + x 3 + 3x 2 3x x3 1

dx ;

iv)

(x + 1)(x 4 1) dx .

2 x 2 + 6x + 8

e.g.0.4.11 Using the substitution t = ex , find i)

9 e x 4 e x

4 ex + 6e x

dx ;

ii)

1 + ex dx .

e2 x

Class Practice 0.4.1 By the method of partial fractions, find the following indefinite integrals. 1 x +1 dx ; a) b) dx ; 2 x ( x + 1) x + 4x 5

c)

6(2xx++33)2 dx

d)

x x 4x + 4
2

dx .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.30

0.4.3 Integration by Parts

Theorem 0.4.2 (Integration by Parts)

Let u=f(x) and v=g(x) be two real-valued functions with continuous first derivatives. Then

udv = uv vdu , i.e. f (x)g ' (x)dx = f (x)g (x) g (x) f ' (x)dx .

Integration by parts is particularly useful when the integrand contains i) a product of two factors; ii) an inverse trigonometric functions; iii) a logarithmic functions.

e.g.0.4.12 Evaluate i)

ln xdx ;

ii)

sin

xdx .

In the integral

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) =

du for some function u(x) and g(x) cant be dx

integrated by ordinary means, then try

f (x)g (x)dx = g (x)du = u(x)g (x) u(x)dg (x) .


e.g.0.4.13 Evaluate i)

x tan

xdx ;

ii)

sin x ln(tan x)dx ;

iii)

x(tan

x ) 2 dx .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.31

In the integral

x n g ( x ) dx , if g ( x ) =
n n

dv for some function v(x), then try dx


n n

x g (x)dx = x dv = x v(x) v(x)dx


e.g.0.4.14 Evaluate i)

xe

3x

dx ;

ii)

cos xdx .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.32

If there are sin n x or cosn x in the integrand, we should reduce them to compound angle. e.g.0.4.15 Evaluate

x cos

xdx .

Sometimes, after integrating by parts, the new integral on the right hand side may be expressible as a sum of a multiple of the original integral and an integral which can be readily integrated. examples. This technique is illustrated in the following

e.g.0.4.16 Evaluate i)

sec xdx ;
3

ii)

sin xdx ;

iii)

cos(ln x)dx .

Chapter 0. Basic Mathematical Knowledge/P.33

Class Practice 0.4.2 1. Using the method of integration by parts. Find

a) c)

x k ln xdx

where k 1;

b)

(1ln xx)2 dx

and

sec x tan2 xdx .


Derive the following reduction formula n 1 x n e ax dx = x n e ax x n1e ax dx a a

2.

a)

where a 0.

b)

Hence evaluate

x 3e2 x dx .

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