Plan position indicator Plan position indicator is the radar display which is used to display the objects that

are in the radar surrounding. It is mostly the polar coordinate display of a surrounding that comes in radar platform. It has a large screen so that all the area covered by radar can be display on the screen. It has a radial sweep pivoted at the center of the display. The antenna or own position is indicated at the origin of the sweep so that the distance of object from radar and its heigth above the ground can be drawn as a concentric circle. The sweep rotated according to the rotation of the radar Radar Polarization In electromagnetic field the direction of electric field is always perpendicular to the propogation of wave and the direction of a electric field is called polarization. In radar polarization pattern can be controlled to get different effects. Polarization may be linear circular vertical horizontal For example the wave which is reflected by the matel usally returns linear polarization the wave refelected by fractal objects such as mountain will give circular polarization. False alaram. In radar there is some perticular threahold for te received signal. Some time due to the addition of the noise the received signal voltage may increase above then threshold than this is called false alaram. Clutter Clutter the those received signal that are reflected by those objects which are not the interest of the radar. For example bulidings birds rain drips et Primary radar In primary radar only the radar system present on the ground is involve in a tracking operation. There is no action from the object that has to detected. The radar tranmits a high power signal which on hitting the target some of its energy is retured to receiver. The azimuth oriention of antenna detect the heigth from ground and the time taken taken by signal to reach back to the radar will gives the distance of the object. The advantage of a promary radar is that it is independent to the target object. Because there is no action of target is involve. So due to primary servelance radar any object can be detected and it is mostly used in military purpose to detect enemies. The disadvantage of a psr is that high transmitted power signal is required so that it can strick the long distance target and can come back to receiver. Other disadvantage is that a small amount of energy is received at the radar receiver. And some time the energy is so small that target cannot be detected corectly.

Secondary radar. Sencondary radar involves the action of both the ground base radar and target in tracking operation. In secondary radar the target object contain the transponder due which they can reply to the radar on ground. The signal is transmitted to the object. When target receives the signal through transponder it send the codes to the radar in order to give information of them. This information may include the identity of a target ., there heigth there altitude and other information. These radar are used with primary radars because if the target donot contain transponder than secondary

radar cannot track the object or if target is non cooperative then in this case primary radar has to be used. The advantage of seconday radar is that there is no need to transmit high power signal because the target on receiving the signl will transmits its own signal which cantain enough energy that can be received by radar. The disadvantage of ssr is that target must have a transponder Radar cross section Rcs is the measure of how detectinle the target is with the radar. A object having larger rcs can be detected easily by radar. Rcs is that area of an object dua to which the radar waves can be reflected back to the radar. Rcs of an objects depend upon the following things. 1. Size of an object on which wave can be reflected back to radar receiver 2. Material of object. Metal object have more rcs because they can reflect wave easily while fibre or glass object sre transparent to radar wave. Color of object also effects the rcs 3. Relative size of object that is related to wavelenght of a radar wave. 4. Polarization of a transmitted and received signals. 5. Angle of incident that is the angle at which transmiited wave hits the object it is depend upon the shape of an object. 6. Angle of reflection that is depends upon the angle Of incident. 7. Shape of an object. Flat shape has less rcs which round and spherical shape objectbhas greater rc