Short answer type - each question - 2 marks (answer 3) 1. What is AI?

Ans: Definitions of artificial intelligence vary along two dimensions. Dimension I: Definitions based on thought processes and reasoning: 1. Systems that think like humans The exciting new effort to make computers think.machines with minds, in the full and literal sense. (Haugeland, 1985) [The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision making, problem solving, learning (Bellman, 1978) 2. Systems that think rationally The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models. (Charniak and McDermott, 1985)

The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act (Winston, 1992) Dimension-II: Definitions based on Behavior: 1. Systems that act like humans The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people. (Kurzweil, 1990) The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better. (Rich and Knight, 1991). 2. System that act rationally Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents. (Poole et al., 1998) AI is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.

2. What is an AI agent and what is a rational AI agent? Ans:

An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and executing actions using actuators.
Agent
Sensors

Percepts Environment

?
Actuators

Actions

An agent perceives its environment through sensors. The complete set of inputs at a given time is called a percept. The current percept, or a sequence of percepts can influence the actions of an agent. The agent can change the environment through actuators or effectors. An operation involving an effector is called an action. Actions can be grouped into action sequences. The agent can have goals which it tries to achieve. Thus, an agent can be looked upon as a system that implements a mapping from percept sequences to actions. A performance measure has to be used in order to evaluate an agent. An autonomous agent decides autonomously which action to take in the current situation to maximize progress towards its goals.
Ex:

1. Humans can be looked upon as agents. They have eyes, ears, skin, taste buds, etc. for sensors; and hands, fingers, legs, mouth for effectors. 2. Robots are agents. Robots may have camera, sonar, infrared, bumper, etc. for sensors. They can have grippers, wheels, lights, speakers, etc. for actuators. 3. We also have software agents or softbots that have some functions as sensors and some functions as actuators. Askjeeves.com is an example of a softbot. 4. Expert systems like the Cardiologist is an agent. 5. Autonomous spacecrafts. 6. Intelligent buildings.

Rational AI Agent A rational agent always selects an action based on the percept sequence it has received so as to maximize its (expected) performance measure given the percepts it has received and the knowledge possessed by it. Therefore rationality must take into account the limitations of the agent. The agent has to select the best action to the best of its knowledge depending on its percept sequence, its background knowledge and its feasible actions. An agent also has to deal with the expected outcome of the actions where the action effects are not deterministic.

3. What do you mean by PEAS? Ans: The task environments, which are essentially the problems to which rational agents are the solutions. The flavor of the task environment directly affects the appropriate design for the agent program. For any simple agent we had to specify the performance measure, the environment, and the agents actuators and sensors, we call this the PEAS (Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors).

Ex. Agent type Taxi Driver Performance Measure Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits Environment Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers Actuators Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn, display Sensors Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, accelerometer, engine sensors, keyborad

PEAS description of the task environment for an automated taxi.

4. What is the use of searching in AI? Ans: An intelligent agent can use to select actions in environments that are deterministic, observable, static, and completely known. In such cases, the intelligent agent can construct sequences of actions that achieve its goals; this process is called search. Before an agent can start searching for solutions, it must formulate a goal and then use the goal to formulate a problem. A problem consists of four parts: initial state, a set of actions, a goal test function, and a path cost function. The environment of the problem is represented by a state space. A path through the state space from the initial state to goal state is a solution.

A search problem consists of the following: S: the full set of states s : the initial state A:SS is a set of operators G is the set of final states. Note that G S These are schematically depicted in Figure above The search problem is to find a sequence of actions which transforms the agent from the initial state to a goal state gG. A search problem is represented by a 4-tuple {S, s , A, G}.
0 0

S: set of states s S : initial state

0

A: operators/ actions that transform one state to another state G : goal, a set of states. G S This sequence of actions is called a solution plan. It is a path from the initial state to a goal state. A plan P is a sequence of actions. P = {a , a , , a } which leads to traversing a number of states {s , s , , s
0 1 N 0 1 N+1

G}. A sequence of

states is called a path. The cost of a path is a positive number. In many cases the path cost is computed by taking the sum of the costs of each action.

5. Define a node

Ans:
Node data structure
A node used in the search algorithm is a data structure which contains the following: 1. A state description 2. A pointer to the parent of the node 3. Depth of the node 4. The operator that generated this node 5. Cost of this path (sum of operator costs) from the start state The nodes that the algorithm has generated are kept in a data structure called OPEN or fringe. Initially only the start node is in OPEN.

6. Name about 4 real life problems which can be solved using AI. Ans: Todays AI systems have been able to achieve limited success in some of these tasks. In Computer vision, the systems are capable of face recognition In Robotics, we have been able to make vehicles that are mostly autonomous. In Natural language processing, we have systems that are capable of simple machine translation. Todays Expert systems can carry out medical diagnosis in a narrow domain Speech understanding systems are capable of recognizing several thousand words continuous speech Planning and scheduling systems had been employed in scheduling experiments with the Hubble Telescope. The Learning systems are capable of doing text categorization into about a 1000 topics In Games, AI systems can play at the Grand Master level in chess (world champion), checkers, etc.

Broad type - each 7 marks 1. Discuss - DFS or BFS Ans: Lesson -4 2. A* algorithm Ans: Lesson-5 3. Hill climbing Ans: Lesson-6 4. Explain about predicate logic with one example Ans:See Rich Knight 5. Discuss about semantic network. Ans:See Rich Knight