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CE 5331:
Design of MSE Walls Priyantha Jayawickrama, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
In this chapter
Overview of design methods Sizing for external stability Sizing for internal stability Design Details Design Example
Limited to MSE walls having a near-vertical face and uniform length reinforcements
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Design Methods
Current practice.
Determine geometric and reinforcement requirements to prevent internal and external failure using limit equilibrium method of analysis External Stability Evaluations treat the reinforced section as a composite homogeneous soil mass and evaluate the stability according to conventional failure modes for gravity type wall systems
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures
Design Methods
Internal Stability Evaluations: Differences exist in calculating the development of the internal lateral stress and location of the most critical failure surface. Internal stability is treated as a response of discrete elements in a soil mass which suggests deformations are controlled by reinforcements rather than the total mass But this is inconsistent, given the much greater volume of soils Therefore, deformation analyses are generally not included in the current methods
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Design Methods
A complete design approach should consist of the following:
Working stress analyses Limit Equilibrium Analyses Deformation Evaluations
Design Methods
An analysis of working stresses consists of Selection of reinforcement location and a check that stresses in the stabilized soil mass are compatible with the properties of the soil and inclusions Evaluation of local stability at the level of each reinforcement and prediction of progressive failure
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Design Methods
Limit equilibrium analysis studies the overall stability of the structure (External, Internal and Combined stability) External stability involves the overall stability of the stabilized soil mass considered as a whole and is evaluated using slip surfaces outside the stabilized soil mass Internal stability analysis evaluates potential slip surfaces within the reinforced soil mass In some cases the slip surface is partly outside and partly inside the reinforced zone. Hence: Combined Analysis.
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures
Design Methods
Deformation evaluations check the anticipated performance of the structure with respect to horizontal and vertical displacement Horizontal deformation analyses are the most difficult and least certain of the performed analyses Approximate calculations are performed and/or it is assumed that the usual FOS against external and internal stability will ensure deformation within tolerable limits Vertical deformation analyses are obtained from conventional settlement computations, with particular emphasis on differential settlement (both longitudinal and transverse)
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Due to the flexibility and satisfactory field performance of MSEW, in some cases, lower FOS values as compared to reinforced concrete cantilever or gravity walls are used.
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Preliminary Sizing
Add the required embedment, established under project criteria (Section 2.7c) to the wall height in order to determine the design heights for each section to be investigated A preliminary length of reinforcement is chosen should be greater of 0.7H and 2.5m Structures with sloping surcharge fills or other concentrated loads generally require longer reinforcements (0.8H to as much as 1.1H) for stability
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Sliding Stability
The preliminary sizing should be checked w.r.t sliding at the base layer horizontal resisting forces PR FSsliding Pd 1.5 horizontal driving forces
Resisting force is the lesser of the shear resistance along the base of the wall or of a weak layer near the base of the MSE wall Sliding force is the horizontal component of the thrust on the vertical place at the back of the wall Soil passive resistance at the toe due to embedment is ignored as the soil may be removed
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures
Sliding Stability
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Sliding Stability
Sliding Stability
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qa
qult FS
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Local Shear
To prevent large horizontal movements of the structure on weak cohesive soils,
3c
If adequate support conditions cannot be achieved, ground improvement of foundation soil is suggested
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures
Overall Stability
Overall stability is determined using rotational or wedge analyses which can be performed by using a classical slope stability analysis method The reinforced soil wall is considered as a rigid body and only failure surfaces completely outside a reinforced mass are considered For simple structures (rectangular geometry, relatively uniform reinforcement spacing and a near vertical face) compound failure is normally not critical For complex structures, compound failures must be considered If FOS < 1.3, increase reinforcement length or improve foundation soil
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Seismic Loading
During an earthquake, the retained fill exerts a dynamic horizontal thrust PAE on the MSEW in addition to the static thrust The reinforced soil mass is subjected to a horizontal inertia force PIR = M*Am
where M is the mass of the active portion of the reinforced wall section assumed at a base width of 0.5H and Am is the maximum horizontal acceleration in the reinforced soil wall
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures
Settlement Estimate
Conventional settlement analyses to ensure that immediate, consolidation and secondary settlement of the wall satisfy the performance requirements of the project Significant total settlements at the end of construction indicate that the planned top of wall elevations need to be adjusted Significant differential settlements (greater than 1/100) indicate the need of slip joints, which allow for independent vertical movement of adjacent pre-cast panels
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Settlement Estimate
Where the differential settlement cannot be taken care of by these measures, consideration should be given to ground improvement techniques like wick drains, stone columns, dynamic compaction, use of lightweight fill etc.
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The resulting Kr/Ka for inextensible reinforcements ratio decreases from the top of the wall to a constant value below 6 m
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K/Ka Ratio
Ka
tan 2 (45
' ) 2
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Ka sin
sin 2 (
3
')
2
Kr
r
where
v
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Tmax
-
. Sv
Tmax
-
. Sv Rc
Tmax
Rc is the coverage ratio b/Sh
. At
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Ta
Tmax Rc
The connection of the reinforcements with the facing, shall be designed for Tmax for all loading conditions
Ta - The allowable tension force per unit width of the reinforcement
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La
Le
- For MSE walls with extensible reinforcement ' ) La ( H Z ) tan (45 2 - For wall with inextensible reinforcement
Base up to H/2
CE 5331-013: Design of Earth Retaining Structures a
0.6 ( H Z )
La
0.3H
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