Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Copyrights The Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other countries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including the exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, any copyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this document may not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Motorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product. Restrictions The software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a license agreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Motorola. Accuracy While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the use of the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent rights of others. Trademarks Motorola and the Motorola logo are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc. Intelligence Everywhere, M-Cell and Taskfinder are trademarks of Motorola Inc. All other brands and corporate names are trademarks of their respective owners.
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Objectives . . . . . . . UMTS Services. . . . . IMT-2000 Roadmap . . IMT-2000 Objectives . . Research and Proposal. Proposals . . . . . Standardisation (1998) . 3GPP . . . . . . . 3GPP2 . . . . . . . Harmonisation (1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-10 1-10 1-12 1-12 1-12 1-14
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Contents
CDMA-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multi-carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct-Sequence (DS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permitted Carrier Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . CDMA2000 Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spreading Rate 3 (SR3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data Only (1xEV-DO) . . . cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data and Voice (1xEV-DV) UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) . . . . . . . . . . FDD Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTRA TDD Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . World-wide Spectrum Allocation for IMT-2000. . . . . . . . WARC 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WARC 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European Frequency Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Licence Allocation in the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
Node B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wideband Digital Modem (WDM) . . . . . . . . . . The Wideband Transceiver (WBX) . . . . . . . . . Linear Power Amplifier (LPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . User Equipment (UE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to User Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . UE Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integrated Circuit (IC) Card . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminal Equipment (TE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile Equipment (ME). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MT Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mandatory Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using IP options on the open interfaces . . . . Separation of bearer and control . . . . . . . . Adding Iu-CS and MSC functionality . . . . . . Adding access independent multimedia overlay. Application Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2-24 2-24 2-24 2-24 2-26 2-26 2-28 2-28 2-30 2-30 2-30 2-30 2-32 2-32 2-32 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-36 2-36 2-36
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Contents
Traffic handling priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation/Retention Priority . . . . . . . . . . The Security Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User authentication: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network authentication: . . . . . . . . . . . . Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile equipment identification . . . . . . . . . Authentication and Key Agreement . . . . . . . . . Distribution of authentication data from HE to SN Authentication and Key Agreement . . . . . . . Ciphering Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generation of Authentication Vectors/Tokens . . . . SQN and RAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authentication Key Management Field . . . . . Algorithms f1 -f5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTN and AV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USIM Authentication Function . . . . . . . . . . . Retrieval of SQN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computation of X-MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . Verification of SQN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computation of CK and IK . . . . . . . . . . . User Authentication Response . . . . . . . . . Access Link Data Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data integrity protection method . . . . . . . . Input parameters to the integrity algorithm . . . COUNT-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MESSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ciphering of User/Signalling Data . . . . . . . . . . Input parameters to the cipher algorithm . . . . COUNT-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BEARER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3-16 3-16 3-18 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-22 3-22 3-22 3-24 3-24 3-24 3-26 3-26 3-26 3-26 3-26 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32
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Contents
Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iub Protocol Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iur Protocol Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Plane Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radio Interface Protocol Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RRC Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broadcast of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network) . . . . . . . . . Broadcast of information related to the access stratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection . . . . . RRC connection mobility functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paging/notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Routing of higher layer PDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control of requested QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outer loop power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control of ciphering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial cell selection and re-selection in idle mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integrity protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation of radio resources for CBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration for CBS discontinuous reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLC Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAC Layer Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping between logical and Transport channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transport format selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAC Multiplexing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamic Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identification of UEs on Common Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MUX/DEMUX of PDUs into Transport Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traffic Volume Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamic Transport Channel Type Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ciphering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Access Service Class Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol Stacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Plane Protocol Stack (Dedicated Channels CS-Domain). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iu UP Frame Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedicated Channel Frame Protocol (DCH FP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN SIGNALLING, Dedicated Channels, CS-Domain & PS-Domain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RANAP Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP3-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAAL-NNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN Signalling, Shared Channels, CS-Domain) . . . . . . . RACH/FACH Frame Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Plane Protocol Stack (Dedicated Channels, PS-Domain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, User Plane (GTP-U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Path Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-10 4-10 4-10 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-22 4-22 4-22 4-22 4-22 4-22 4-24 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-28 4-28 4-28 4-28 4-30 4-30 4-30 4-32 4-34 4-34 4-34 4-34 4-34 4-36 4-36 4-38 4-38 4-38
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NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 2 - Spreading/Despreading . . . . Exercise 3 - Spreading/Despreading . . . . Scrambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scrambling Codes vs Channelisaton Codes Short Codes vs Long Codes . . . . . . . . Scrambling and Summation . . . . . . . . De-Scrambling and Data Recovery . . . . . Multi-path Radio Channels . . . . . . . . . Inter-symbol Interference . . . . . . . . Signal Fade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matched Filter Operation . . . . . . . . . . The Rake Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SCH and P-CCPCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PICH Channel Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinuous Reception (DRX) on the PICH . . . . . . . . . DRX Cycle length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paging Occasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paging Indicator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) . . . . Secondary CCPCH Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) . . . . . . . . . . . Structure of the PRACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Random Access Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRACH Pre-amble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structure of the random-access transmission . . . . . . . . . Structure of PRACH Message Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between PRACH and AICH . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels (DL-DPCH). . . . . . . . DL-DPCH Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downlink Slot Formation in Case of Multi-Code Transmission . Uplink Dedicated Physical channels (UL-DPCH) . . . . . . . . . Downlink Flow Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uplink Flow Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radio Frame Equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DTX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7-34 7-36 7-36 7-38 7-38 7-38 7-38 7-40 7-41 7-42 7-42 7-42 7-42 7-43 7-44 7-46 7-48 7-50 7-50 7-52 7-54 7-56 7-58 7-58 7-58 7-58
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Compressed Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed mode by puncturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressed mode by reducing the spreading factor by 2 . Compressed mode by higher layer scheduling . . . . . . Cell Selection/Re-selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cell Re-selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macro Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handover Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handover Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soft and Softer Handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-RNS Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open Loop Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Closed Loop using the Inner Loop method . . . . . . . . Closed Loop using the Outer Loop method . . . . . . . . Site Selection Diversity Power Control (SSDT) . . . . . . Open Loop Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Closed Loop Power Control (Inner Loop) . . . . . . . . . . . Closed Loop Power Control (Outer Loop) . . . . . . . . . . . Multi-Cell Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Site Select Diversity Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) . . . . . . . . . . . . Closed Loop Mode Transmit diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . Admission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call Admission Control (CAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Congestion Control (LCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detailed Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cell Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detailed Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hierarchical Cell Structure Layered Cell Traffic Absorption .
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8-14 8-14 8-14 8-14 8-16 8-16 8-18 8-20 8-20 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-26 8-26 8-26 8-26 8-28 8-30 8-32 8-34 8-36 8-38 8-40 8-42 8-42 8-42 8-44 8-44 8-46 8-46 8-48
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New Physical Channels and Transport Channel with HSDPA . . . No Fast Power Control and variable Spreading Factor . . . . . . New UE Capabilities / Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New MAC-hs in NodeB and UE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on NBAP and Frame Protocol Procedure . . . . . . . . . New Channels with HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transport Channel: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) . . . . . . Physical Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH). . . . . . . High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) Uplink Dedicated Control Channel Associated with HS-DSCH HS-DPCCH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Enhancements of HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preview to HSUPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available Transmission Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Much larger Dynamic of the UL Power Control . . . . . . . . . . UL does not suffer from Channelization Code Shortage . . . . . . Fast Power Control cannot be abandoned in UL . . . . . . . . .
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General information
General information
Important notice
Motorola disclaims all liability whatsoever, implied or express, for any risk of damage, loss or reduction in system performance arising directly or indirectly out of the failure of the customer, or any one acting on the customers behalf, to abide by the instructions, system parameters or recommendations made in Motorola Customer Product Documentation. If this manual was obtained when attending a Motorola training course, it will not be updated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If it was supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major software release, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form of General Manual Revisions (GMRs).
Purpose
Motorola Technical Training manuals are intended to support the delivery of Technical Training only and are not intended to replace the use of Motorola Customer Product Documentation. WARNING Failure to comply with Motorolas operation, installation and maintenance instructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.
These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered by Motorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gained through such training.
ETSI standards
The standards in the table below able are protected by copyright and are the property of the European Telecommunications Standards Institue (ETSI). ETSI specification number GSM 02.60 GSM 03.60 GSM 03.64 GSM 04.01 GSM 04.02 GSM 04.03 GSM 04.04 GSM 04.05 GSM 04.06 GSM 04.07 GSM 04.08 GSM 04.10 GSM 04.11 GSM 04.12 GSM 04.13 GSM 04.60 GSM 04.64 GSM 04.65 GSM 08.01 GSM 08.02 GSM 08.04 GSM 08.06 GSM 08.08 GSM 08.16 GSM 08.18 GSM 08.51 GSM 08.52 GSM 08.54 GSM 08.56 GSM 08.58 GSM 09.18 GSM 09.60
Figures from the above cited technical specifications standards are used, in this training manual, with the permission of ETSI. Further use, modification, or redistribution is strictly prohibited. ETSI standards are available from http://pda.etsi.org/pda/ and http://etsi.org/eds/
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General information
Version 1 Rev 0
General information
Feature references
Most of the manuals in the set, of which this manual is part, are revised to accommodate features released at Motorola General System Releases (GSRn) or GPRS Support Node (GSNn) releases. In these manuals, new and amended features are tagged to help users to assess the impact on installed networks. The tags are the appropriate Motorola Roadmap DataBase (RDB) numbers or Research and Development Prioritization (RDP) numbers. The tags include index references which are listed in the manual Index. The Index includes the entry feature which is followed by a list of the RDB or RDP numbers for the released features, with page references and hot links in electronic copy. The tags have the format: {nnnn} or {nnnnn} Where: {nnnn} {nnnnn} The tags are positioned in text as follows: Table 1 New and amended feature information New sentence/s or new or amended text. Complete new blocks of text as follows: Full sections under a main heading Full paragraphs under subheadings Tag position in text Immediately before the affected text. Immediately after the headings as follows: Main heading Subheading is: the RDB number the RDP number
New or amended complete Figures and Tables Warning, Caution and Note boxes. General command syntax, operator input or displays (in special fonts).
After the Figure or Table number and before the title text. Immediately before the affected text in the box. On a separate line immediately above the affected item.
For a list of Roadmap numbers and the RDB or RDP numbers of the features included in this software release, refer to the manualSystem Information: GSM Overview (68P02901W01), or to the manual System Information: GPRS Overview (68P02903W01).
Cross references
Throughout this manual, references are made to external publications, chapter numbers and section names. The references to external publications are shown in italics, chapter and section name cross references are emphasised blue in text. This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, are divided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the top of each page???, and are listed in the table of contents.
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General information
General information
Data encryption
In order to avoid electronic eavesdropping, data passing between certain elements in the GSM and GPRS network is encrypted. In order to comply with the export and import requirements of particular countries, this encryption occurs at different levels as individually standardised, or may not be present at all in some parts of the network in which it is normally implemented. The manual set, of which this manual is a part, covers encryption as if fully implemented. Because the rules differ in individual countries, limitations on the encryption included in the particular software being delivered, are covered in the Release Notes that accompany the individual software release.
Text conventions
The following conventions are used in the Motorola cellular infrastructure manuals to represent keyboard input text, screen output text and special key sequences. Input Characters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this. Output
Messages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities, and environmental variables that appear on the screen are shown like this.
Special key sequences Special key sequences are represented as follows: CTRL-c ALT-f CR or RETURN Press the Control and c keys at the same time. Press the Alt and f keys at the same time. Press the pipe symbol key. Press the Return key.
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Procedure
Whenever a safety issue arises: Safety issue reporting 1 2 3 Make the equipment concerned safe, for example by removing power. Make no further attempt to adjust or rectify the equipment. Report the problem directly to the Customer Network Resolution Centre, Swindon +44 (0)1793 565444 or China +86 10 88417733 (telephone) and follow up with a written report by fax, Swindon +44 (0)1793 430987 or China +86 10 68423633 (fax). Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the Customer Network Resolution Centre.
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Warnings
A definition and example follow below: Definition of Warning A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life, physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, for example, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment. Example and format WARNING Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or data in/out connectors. Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.
Cautions
A definition and example follow below: Definition of Caution A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, software or individual items of equipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel. Example and format CAUTION Do not use test equipment that is beyond its due calibration date; arrange for calibration to be carried out.
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General warnings
Version 1 Rev 0
General warnings
Observe the following specific warnings during all phases of operation, installation and maintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola manuals: Potentially hazardous voltage. Electric shock. RF radiation. Laser radiation. Heavy equipment. Parts substitution. Battery supplies. Lithium batteries,
Failure to comply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola manuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure to comply with these requirements.
Warning labels
Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment. Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warning labels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over or obscured in any way.
Specific warnings
Specific warnings used throughout the GSM manual set are shown below, and will be incorporated into procedures as applicable. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, in the illustrations and on the equipment. Potentially hazardous voltage Potentially hazardous voltage WARNING This equipment operates from a potentially hazardous voltage of 230 V ac single phase or 415 V ac three phase supply. To achieve isolation of the equipment from the ac supply, the ac input isolator must be set to off and locked.
When working with electrical equipment, reference must be made to the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (UK), or to the relevant electricity at work legislation for the country in which the equipment is used. NOTE Electric shock WARNING Do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the electric circuit is broken. Switch off. If this is not possible, protect yourself with dry insulating material and pull or push the victim clear of the conductor. ALWAYS send for trained first aid or medical assistance IMMEDIATELY. In cases of low voltage electric shock (including public supply voltages), serious injuries and even death, may result. Direct electrical contact can stun a casualty causing breathing, and even the heart, to stop. It can also cause skin burns at the points of entry and exit of the current. In the event of an electric shock it may be necessary to carry out artificial respiration. ALWAYS send for trained first aid or medical assistance IMMEDIATELY. Motorola GSM equipment does not utilise high voltages.
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General warnings
General warnings
If the casualty is also suffering from burns, flood the affected area with cold water to cool, until trained first aid or medical assistance arrives. RF radiation WARNING High RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in this equipment when in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antenna connections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminated cavities or feeders.
Relevant standards (USA and EC), to which regard should be paid when working with RF equipment are: ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields High Frequency (10 kHz to 300 GHz). Laser radiation WARNING Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.
Lifting equipment WARNING When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, a competent responsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations.
When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competent responsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipments have to be manhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations 1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in which the equipment is used. Parts substitution WARNING Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification of equipment, because of the danger of introducing additional hazards. Contact Motorola if in doubt to ensure that safety features are maintained.
Battery supplies WARNING Lithium batteries WARNING Lithium batteries, if subjected to mistreatment, may burst and ignite. Defective lithium batteries must not be removed or replaced. Any boards containing defective lithium batteries must be returned to Motorola for repair. Do not wear earth straps when working with standby battery supplies.
Contact your local Motorola office for how to return defective lithium batteries.
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General cautions
Version 1 Rev 0
General cautions
Observe the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola manuals. Failure to comply with these cautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola manuals may result in damage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure to comply with these requirements.
Caution labels
Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any caution labels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over or obscured in any way.
Specific cautions
Cautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with the equipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on the equipment. Fibre optics CAUTION Static discharge CAUTION Motorola equipment contains CMOS devices. These metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices are susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. See the section Devices sensitive to static in the preface of this manual for further information. Fibre optic cables must not be bent in a radius of less than 30 mm.
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Introduction
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Introduction
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: State the services UMTS aims to provide. State the IMT-2000 objectives Describe the evolution of UMTS from 2G systems. Describe the UMTS operating modes. State the frequency allocations for UMTS.
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UMTS Services
UMTS Services
UMTS is expected to deliver voice, graphics, video and other broadband information direct to the user, regardless of location, network or terminal. These fully personal communication services will provide terminal and service mobility on fixed and mobile networks, taking advantage of the convergence of existing and future fixed and mobile networks and the potential synergies that can be derived from such convergence. The key benefits that UMTS promises include improvements in quality and security, incorporating broadband and networked multimedia services, flexibility in service creation and ubiquitous service portability. Networked multimedia includes services such as pay-TV; video and audio-on-demand; interactive entertainment; educational and information services; and communication services such as video-telephony and fast, large file transfer. UMTS services are also likely to be used by other sectors, including systems with limited mobility (e.g. in areas with low population density), and in private/corporate markets, ranging from home use to wireless PBXs, emergency and cordless systems.
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UMTS Services
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UMTS Services
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IMT-2000 Roadmap
IMT-2000 Roadmap
The diagram opposite points out the possible routes to 3G. On one extreme we see the route taken by 3GPP culminating in the adoption of W-CDMA. Centre stage we see the route chosen by the UWC 136 supporters. UWC 136 will be built on TDMA technology by enhancing its modulation techniques to meet ITUs requirements for IMT2000. Far right we see the route chosen for 3GPP2 which has its origins in the IS95 standards known as CDMAOne culminating in CDMA 2000. The three different systems are: 1. UMTS W-CDMA 2. UWC-136 3. CDMA2000 Which have been designed by three separate organisations; 1. 3GPP 2. UWCC 3. 3GPP2 GSM ETSI GPRS EDGE UWCC TIA 3GPP UWC 3GPP2 Global Systems for Mobile Communication European telecommunication Standard Institute General Packet Radio Service Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Universal Wireless Communication Committee Telecommunication Industry Association Third Generation Partnership Project Universal Wireless Communications Third Generation Partnership Project 2
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IMT-2000 Roadmap
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IMT-2000 Roadmap
GSM Association ETSI T1 UWCC CDG
TIA
2G
GSM
IS-95A
3G
W-CDMA
UWC-136
cdma2000
3GPP
UWCC
3GPP2
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IMT-2000 Objectives
IMT-2000 Objectives
The objectives of IMT-2000 are to encourage global service provision and convergence of the many, essentially competing, wired and wireless access technologies currently in use. IMT-2000 aims to be a global standard that provides the flexibility required by existing operators to seamlessly evolve their networks towards the needs of their subscribers in the future. In doing IMT-2000 it expected to reduce the "telecommunications gap", by offering cost effective access to telecommunications facilities to the billions of people who do not currently have a phone. IMT-2000 incorporates many current radio access technologies, including both terrestrial and satellite components. Fixed and mobile access, on both public and private networks Will offer a much wider range of services and types of terminals than any of the preceding radio access technologies.
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IMT-2000 Objectives
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IMT-2000 Objectives
Global service capabilities Terrestrial and satellite components Reduce the "Telecommunications gap" Flexible/seamless service Wider range of services/terminals Fixed/Mobile and Public/Private Improved operational efficiencies
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Proposals
At the June 1998 deadline, ITU had received a total of 16-proposals, all of which would meet or exceed the basic aims and objectives of IMT-2000. The proposals included 10 terrestrial and six satellite based radio access technologies. Of the terrestrial options, only 2 were TDMA based, with the remainder proposing CDMA; either narrow band, wideband or multi-carrier. The main European contender was Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), although now generally accepted as translating to "UMTS" Terrestrial Radio Access. UTRA proposed a wide band, Direct Spread CDMA (DS-CDMA) and includes a combination CDMA/TDMA mode. UTRA was designed to be backward compatible with existing GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) core network. Another dominant proposal was also based on DS-CDMA, but called for the use of multiple narrow band carriers in the down link and is hence referred to as Multi Carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA). The MC schema make the re-use of existing IS-95 and PCS frequencies for 3G more feasible. This, along with the fact that a ANSI-41 core was specified, make the proposal more attractive to current IS-95 operators in the US and Asia.
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Europe
W-CDMA W-TDMA TDMA/CDMA OFDMA ODMA June 1998 10 Terrestrial proposals to ITU 8 x CDMA 2 x TDMA
Japan
W-CDMA W-TDMA OFDMA
USA
W-CDMAS N/A W-TDMA MC-CDMA WIMS W-CDMA WP-CDMA
Korea
W-CDMA (Asynch) W-CDMA (Synch)
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Standardisation (1998)
Standardisation (1998)
At the close of the research and proposal phase in June 1998, ten suitable terrestrial radio access technologies had been proposed. Each proposal naturally tended to favour compatibility with the existing 2G systems in the proposing bodies region, and ITU accepted this need for "Flexible/Seamless" migration. However, it became evident that although many technical aspects of the proposals were similar, allowing each region to independently define its own specifications would, in addition to being a waste of resources, mean that equipment compatibility on a global basis would be very difficult to achieve. ITU therefore started initiatives to achieve further standardisation. From these initiatives two forums were created, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3GPP2
3GPP
The Standards Development Organisations (SDOs) involved in the creation of 3GPP were, Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) from Japan, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), The Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) of Korea and T1P1 for the USA. The partners agreed to joint efforts for the standardisation of W-CDMA based on the UTRA Proposal. Later during 1999, The China Wireless Telecommunications Standards Group (CWTS) also joined 3GPP. As well as the SDOs, manufacturers and operators also have membership of 3GPP, along with industry interest groups such as the GSM association, UMTS forum, Global Mobile Suppliers Association, Ipv6 Forum and the Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC).
3GPP2
Work done by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and TTA was merged to form 3GPP2, focused on the development of CDMA2000, a multi-carrier solution. This activity is running in parallel with the 3GPP project, with participation from ARIB, Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC) and CWTS as member organisations.
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Standardisation (1998)
Version 1 Rev 0
Standardisation (1998)
ETSI ARIB/ TTC TIA ARIB/ TTC 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Standardisation for a common MC-CDMA Specification
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Standardisation for a common W-CDMA Specification
CWTS
T1P1
TTA
CCSA
TTA
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Harmonisation (1999)
Harmonisation (1999)
During the spring of 1999 several operators and manufacturers met to seek further convergence of the CDMA based 3G solutions (UTRA W-CDMA and CDMA2000). As a result of these meetings, the Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG) was founded and agreed to adopt a "Harmonised" global 3G CDMA standard consisting of three modes: 1. 2. 3. A direct spread wide band CDMA, Known as UTRA Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). A wideband CDMA/TDMA option, known as UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD). A multi-carrier CDMA option, known as CDMA2000 (or 1X/3X).
The main technical impacts of the harmonisation activities were as follows: 1. 2. 3. The change of the UTRA FDD and TDD Chip rate from 4.096 Mcps to 3.84 Mcps. The inclusion of a common pilot channel for UTRA FDD. A requirement for ALL core networks to support all radio access technologies.
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Harmonisation (1999)
Version 1 Rev 0
Harmonisation (1999)
Manufacturers and operators agreed to adopt a Harmonized global 3rd generation standard consisting of three modes: Multi Carrier CDMA Direct Spread CDMA (UTRA FDD) Time Division Duplex (UTRA TDD) Main Technical Impacts: All core networks to support all air I/F alternatives Change of UTRA FDD & TDD Chip Rates from 4.096 Mcps to 3.84 Mcps Inclusion of a common pilot for UTRA FDD
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CDMA-2000
CDMA-2000
CDMA-2000, the 3G system promoted by 3GPP2, is based upon the IMT-2000 proposal known as Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA). 3GPP2 has specified an air interface system that is backward compatible with existing IS-95 systems. This approach being necessary because in North America, IS-95 networks already use the frequency spectrum allocated for 3G. CDMA-2000 must therefore coexist with the older systems on the same radio frequency bands. For CDMA-2000, the carrier composition can be different in downlink and uplink (known as Forward and Reverse links respectively for this system). Carrier composition is determined by the Spreading Rate employed. Two Spreading Rates are currently defined by 3GPP2. Spreading Rate 1 (SR1) - SR1 is often refered to as "1X". In this mode, both forward and reverse links use a single, Direct-Sequence spread carrier, with a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Allowing for the required "Guard Bands" this requires a RF carrier Bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. Spreading Rate 3 (SR3) - SR3 is often referred to as "3X". A SR3 Forward CDMA Channel uses 3-Direct-Sequence spread carriers (i.e. Multi-Carrier), each with a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps and a bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. A SR3 Reverse CDMA channel uses a single Direct-Sequence spread carrier with a chip rate of 3.6964 Mcps
Multi-carrier
In Multi-carrier configurations, multiple (up to 12) narrow band (1.25 MHz) carriers can be used to provide a single composite forward radio link. Early deployments of CDMA-2000 will, as described above, utilise three such carriers and is referred to as "3X" mode. As these carriers have the same bandwidth as IS-95, they can be used in overlay mode with IS-95. This is possible because CDMA-2000 spreading codes can be chosen to be orthogonal with the code in IS-95, thus minimising inter-system interference. Close timing synchronisation within and between different systems is also essential for this type of operation.
Direct-Sequence (DS)
In the Direct-Sequence configuration, the whole available link bandwidth is allocated to one direct spread narrow band (SR1) or wideband (SR3) carrier. CDMA-2000 does not use time synchronisation on the uplink and therefore cannot use codes that are orthogonal with IS-95. Thus, when using SR3, splitting the reverse link carrier into several narrow band components, as with the forward Llnk, yields no benefits.
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CDMA-2000
Version 1 Rev 0
CDMA-2000
Direct Sequence Configuration (SR1)
1.25 Mhz
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CDMA-2000
CDMA-2000
CDMA2000 Evolution
cdma2000 systems, based upon 3GPP2 Spreading Rate 1 standards, commonly known as "cdma200 1x" are currently being deployed throughout North America and Asia. These systems provide a packet data service, offering an average user data rate of 144 kbps. In addition, when compared with IS-95 A/B, a 50% increase in voice capacity is obtained. This system uses a single 1.25 MHz bandwidth carrier pair and, is capable of co-existing with IS-95 on the same radio spectrum. However, cdma2000 1x alone, cannot provide the IMT-2000 objective of ISDN H12 channel equivalence, this being data services at 2.048 Mbps. To obtain this rate, further evolution is required. Three evolution options are available, as follows: Spreading Rate 3 (SR3) The original 3GPP2 specifications included standards for a SR3 service, commonly referred to as "cdma2000 3x". As previously described, this mode uses multiple narrow (1.25 MHz) band channels in the forward direction and, a single wideband (5 MHz) Direct Sequence carrier in the reverse direction, to achieve the require data bandwidth. The requirements for large spectrum allocations and the inability to coexist with IS-95 systems, makes this option the least attractive to operators. cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data Only (1xEV-DO) Technical innovations since the 3GPP2 specifications were originally drafted, have led to a numbers of options being proposed to enhance the SR1 or cdma2000 1x system. The first of these is known as "1xEV-DO". This system provides a standalone packet data service, offering maximum data rates of 2450 kbps, with a user data throughput of 600kbps being a practical figure. A 1.25MHz carrier pair is required to provide this service. Concurrent voice services may be offered by the operator using IS-95 A/B or cdma2000 1x, using separate radio spectrum allocations. cdma2000 1x Evolution - Data and Voice (1xEV-DV) By using sophisticated Modulation techniques, "1XEV-DV" provides a method of obtaining both voice and high speed data, including real time data services, using a single 1.25 Mhz carrier pair. This system is 100% backward compatible with both cdma2000 1X and IS-95 A/B systems.
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CDMA-2000
Version 1 Rev 0
CDMA-2000
IS-95 A/B Cdma2000 (1x) Cdma2000 (3x) cdma2000 (1xEV-DO) Cdma2000 (1xEV-DV)
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FDD Mode
In the FDD mode of operation, uplink and downlink transmissions use separate radio carriers in different sub-bands of the IMT-2000 spectrum allocation. These "paired" radio carriers must be separated by a minimum of 130 MHz. Each radio carrier is allocated a bandwidth of 5 MHz, in each direction. The 5 MHz of bandwidth of each radio carrier is shared among multiple users. Individual users are separated using Channelisation Codes, which give a unique signature to that user. The exact code assigned to a user, determines how much of the shared bandwidth resource that user is allocated. The number of users that can be accommodated on a radio carrier is dependent upon the resource requirements of those users. The higher the data rate of a user, the greater the bandwidth required to transport that data, therefore the lower the number of users that can be supported. The theoretical maximum number of users per carrier is 512, this being limited by the number of available Channelisation Codes. In practice this figure will be much lower. Because separate uplink and downlink radio frequencies are used both network, and user can transmit and receive simultaneously, allowing full duplex operation. However, in addition to the transfer of user data the radio interface must support certain Layer 1 control procedures (e.g. power control). These procedures must be performed at regular intervals, and to define these intervals a radio frame and timeslot structure is defined. Each carrier is divided into 10 ms radio frames and each frame is further divided into 15 timeslots. It should be noted that unlike GSM, where Mobile Stations are allowed to transmit and receive in set timeslots, UMTS User Equipments operating in FDD mode can transmit and receive in every timeslot, during every radio frame.
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10 ms
TS0
TS14
190 MHz
10 ms
TS0
TS14
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10 ms
OR
10 ms
OR
10 ms
OR
10 ms
(Examples Only)
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WARC 2000
More recently the WARC 2000 meeting, held in Istanbul, has allocated a further 519 MHz of radio spectrum for 3G services. Again not all regions will be able to make full use of this spectrum. The frequency bands added are: 806 MHz - 960 MHz 1710 MHz - 1885 MHz 2500 MHz - 2690 MHz
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Version 1 Rev 0
1950
2000
1980 2010 2025
2050
2100
2110
2150
2170
2200
2200
2250 Mhz
ITU Allocations
1880
MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
Europe
DECT
UMTS
MSS
UMTS
MSS
WLL
WLL
China
GSM 1800
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
1893 1919
PHS
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
MSS = Mobile Satellite Services MDS = Multipoint Service/ Mobile Data Service 2250 Mhz
1990
2160
North America
PCS
A D B E F C A D B E F C
MSS
Reserve
M D S
MSS
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
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DECT
20MHz
60MHz 140MHz
FDD
GSM 1800
TDD
30MHz
2110
2170
Downlink 12 x 5 MHz
6 x 5 MHz
60MHz 90MHz
FDD
30MHz
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MSS
2200
SPA
Version 1 Rev 0
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2170 MHz
1922.8 MHz
A 10.0 MHz Licence C 14.6 MHz Licence A 14.8 MHz Licence B 10.0 MHz Licence D 10.0 MHz Licence E
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
1980 MHz
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Network Architecture
Version 1 Rev 0
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Network Architecture
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Name and state the purpose of the UMTS Domains Describe the architecture of a UMTS network. Describe the purpose of the major network components. Describe the options for evolution to future releases.
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UMTS Domains
UMTS Domains
Domain split
A basic architectural split is between the user equipment (terminals) and the infrastructure. This results in two domains: the User Equipment Domain and the Infrastructure domain. User equipment is the equipment used by the user to access UMTS services. User equipment has a radio interface to the infrastructure. The infrastructure consists of the physical nodes which perform the various functions required to terminate the radio interface and to support the telecommunication services requirements of the users. The infrastructure is a shared resource that provides services to all authorised end users within its coverage area. The reference point between the user equipment domain and the infrastructure domain is termed the "Uu" reference point (UMTS radio interface).
USIM Domain
The USIM contains data and procedures which unambiguously and securely identify itself. These functions are typically embedded in a standalone smart card. This device is associated to a given user, and as such allows to identify this user regardless of the ME he uses.
Infrastructure Domain
The Infrastructure domain is further split into the Access Network Domain, which is characterized by being in direct contact with the User Equipment and the Core Network Domain. This split is intended to simplify/assist the process of de-coupling access related functionality from non-access related functionality and is in line with the modular principle adopted for the UMTS. The Access Network Domain comprises roughly the functions specific to the access technique, while the functions in the Core network domain may potentially be used with information flows using any access technique. This split allows for different approaches for the Core Network Domain, each approach specifying distinct types of Core Networks which can be connected to the Access Network Domain, as well as different access techniques, each type of Access Network connected to th Core Network Domain. The reference point between the access network domain and the core network domain is termed the "lu" reference point.
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UMTS Domains
Version 1 Rev 0
UMTS Domains
Home Network Domain [Zu] SIM CARD Cu Uu Iu [Yu]
Serving Network Domain USIM Domain Mobile Equipment Domain Access Network Domain Core Network Domain Infrastructure Domain
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UMTS Domains
UMTS Domains
Access Network Domain
The Access Network Domain consists of the physical entities which manage the resources of the access network and provides the user with a mechanism to access the core network domain.
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UMTS Domains
Version 1 Rev 0
UMTS Domains
Home Network Domain [Zu] SIM CARD Cu Uu Iu [Yu]
Serving Network Domain USIM Domain Mobile Equipment Domain Access Network Domain Core Network Domain Infrastructure Domain
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GMSC
C
AuC
H Gc
GGSN
Gp
HLR
PSTN PSTN D F Gs IuCS IuPS IuCS Iur Gr
G E A
EIR
Gf
Gn
SGSN
IuPS
CN
Gb
RNS BSC
BSS
Abis
RNC
lub
RNC
lub
BTS
BTS
Um
Node B
Node B
Node B
Uu SIM-ME I/f
Node B MS
BTS
Um
BTS
ME
Cu or
SIM
USIM
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GMSC
C
AuC
H Gc
GGSN
Gp
HLR
PSTN PSTN D F Gs IuCS IuPS IuCS Iur Gr
G E A
EIR
Gf
Gn
SGSN
IuPS
CN
Gb
RNS BSC
BSS
Abis
RNC
lub
RNC
lub
BTS
BTS
Um
Node B
Node B
Node B
Uu SIM-ME I/f
Node B MS
BTS
Um
BTS
ME
Cu or
SIM
USIM
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MSC OMC-T (Transport) OMC-U (UTRAN) UTRAN RNS Iub Node B RNC Iub Node B Iu-CS
SGSN Iu-PS
RNC Iub
RNS
Node B
Uu User Equipment
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MSC OMC-T (Transport) OMC-U (UTRAN) UTRAN RNS Iub Node B RNC Iub Node B Iu-CS
SGSN Iu-PS
RNC Iub
RNS
Node B
Uu User Equipment
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UTRAN Functions
The following is a list of the functions performed by the UTRAN sub-systems. These functions will be discussed in further detail in later chapters. Functions related to overall system access control Admission Control Congestion Control System information broadcasting Radio channel ciphering and deciphering Functions related to mobility Handover SRNS Relocation Functions related to radio resource management and control Radio resource configuration and operation Radio environment survey combining/splitting control Radio bearer connection set-up and release (Radio Bearer Control) Allocation and deallocation of Radio Bearers Radio protocols function RF power control RF power setting Radio channel coding/decoding Channel coding control Initial (random) access detection and handling CN Distribution function for Non Access Stratum messages
Functions related to broadcast and multicast services NOTE: Only Broadcast is applicable for Release 1999. Broadcast/Multicast Information Distribution Broadcast/Multicast Flow Control CBS Status Reporting
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RNS
RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B
RNS
RNC Iub Node B
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Controlling of the Radio Resources Provision of Services to the Node-B Load and Congestion Control Admission Control Code Allocation for new Radio Links
C-RNC
Iu lur
Iu
C-RNC
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Termination of the Radio Resource Control Signalling between the RNC and the UE L2 Processing (PDCP RLC, MAC) , Radio Resource Control Operations Mapping of Bearer Parameters onto Transport Channel Parameters Hand-Over Decisions Outer Loop Power Control Macro-diversity Combining and Splitting
S-RNC
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Macro-diversity Combining and Splitting No L2 Processing Transparent Routing except for Common/Shared Channels
S-RNC
D-RNC
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Node B
Node B
A Node B is a logical node in the RNS that is in charge of radio transmission and reception in one or more cells. Each Node B is identified within the UTRAN by a unique Node B ID. Typically a Node B will support up to six cells. Each cell is a specific radio coverage area and is Identified by a unique Cell ID, which will be broadcast across the entire cell area. The diagram opposite shows the typical architecture of a Motorola Node B.
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Node B
Version 1 Rev 0
Node B
123 123
Iub
WDM(s) WBX
I/P Matrix
123
O/P Matrix
To Antenna
123 123
Trunked linear
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Speech Only Videophones Data Terminals Wideband Data Terminals Fax Terminals Application Specific Terminals Multiband/Multimode Terminals Dynamic Software Configurability Value Adding Features
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USER APPLICATION
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT R
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
TAF
NT Tu RT
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USER APPLICATION
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT R
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
TAF
NT Tu RT
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Additional Features The Standard should support the following additional functionality for UMTS terminals: A mechanism to download service related information (parameters, scripts or even software), new protocols, other functions and even new APIs into the terminal; An API capability to allow information transfer through a well known interface; Maintenance of the VHE using the same user interface and or another interface while roaming; Optional insertion of several cards. An example scenario for this feature is a fax machine with a multiple IC card slots, where several users could insert their IC card and receive faxes.
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Mandatory Functions
At least one IC Card interface SP and Network Registration/Deregistration Location Update MO or MT of services Unalterable Equipment ID Basic ID of Equipment Capabilities Emergency calls without USIM Dynamic Software Configurability Support of Authentication and Encryption
Optional Functions
Support for download of service related information API capability through well known interfaces Support of VHE Optional insertion of multiple IC cards
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Network Evolution
Network Evolution
The ultimate target of 3GPP is to drive UMTS towards an all Internet Protocol (IP) architecture. The exact detail of this architecture is still under development and will the subject of staged "future" releases of 3GPP Technical Specifications, Known as Release 4 (previously known as Release 2000) and Release 5. Motorola will track this evolution through its core network (GSN) product, which will also evolve in a series of stages to deliver aspects of all-IP functionality. The all IP system, shown in the diagram opposite, complies with UMTS all-IP specifications as defined by 3GPP.
Product evolution
There are four stages in the evolution of the GSN from Release 99 to Release 4: Using IP options on the open interfaces Since most of the GPRS core network interfaces are already based on IP, this is a relatively straightforward change. For the GSN, the Iu-ps interface operates using a different protocol stack for signalling which uses SCTP protocol rather than C7 MTP3b at the lower layer. This can be implemented by a software upgrade for both GSN and RNC. Additionally, GSM MAP messages can also be routed via SCTP rather than C7 MTP allowing IP to carry all signalling traffic. This would require software upgrade within the GSN, and the addition of a signalling gateway at the edge of the network to interwork between the C7 and IP protocol stacks. Initially, this reduces the need for operators to maintain a separate and expensive C7 signalling network. Longer term, it also allows inter-network signalling traffic to be routed via IP which can be secured using IPSec, both saving costs and increasing security. For interoperability with other vendors, existing Release 99 interfaces are retained as a configurable option. Separation of bearer and control Our GSN architecture follows the current GPRS standard that uses the same SGSN node to handle both signalling and bearer traffic, although these are physically processed on different cards. By ensuring there are separate routes and processing cards for both types of traffic, a higher capacity, more scalable, efficient and resilient GSN architecture can be realised. This will be achieved by scaling a GSN separately for signalling load (based on number of subscribers, context activations etc) and for bearer load (based on number of packets per second, total throughput etc). A distributed GSN is also enabled at this stage, with redundant routers providing 99.999% system availability using some 99.9% availability components.
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Network Evolution
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Network Evolution
PDN Data
PSTN Voice
PSTN Gateway
C7 Gateway
Border Gateway
Network Control Elements GPRS/UMTS Intranet IP Intranet MExE WAP Application Servers Call State Control Function HSS/ Call Control + SGSN functionality SDB
Other RAN
IP/ATM
SDUs
Location Prepaid
Node B
Node B
Node B
Feature Servers
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Network Evolution
Network Evolution
Adding Iu-CS and MSC functionality Adding further processing cards within the GSN, supplemented by a PSTN Gateway, extends the GPRS core network to handle voice services and voice traffic without the need for an MSC. The evolved SGSN is termed the Call State Control Function (CSCF) and provides the call control aspects, and along with the GGSN, also provide the functionality to allow calls to and from IP end points that may be an IP-enabled phone, enterprise IP-based PBX, PC, or any other voice-enabled IP device. The PSTN gateway provides the interworking functionality for MS to PSTN, or PSTN to MS calls. The PSTN gateway is the interface from the IP core network to the PSTN. Processing within the gateway holds the vocoding algorithms for converting between a voice call encapsulated in an air interface frame and PSTN Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM). HLR functionality is offered by our Home Subscriber Services (HSS) node, which also provides secure provisioning of WAP/MExE services. Adding access independent multimedia overlay This major new network, the IP Multimedia Sub-system (IM), will require a number of new elements, including packet and circuit gateways and further processing. The IM overlay uses the SIP multimedia call model, DIAMETER or RADIUS authentication and billing, and offers the same set of services across a wide range of access technologies. New terminals, roaming agreements and services are required to take full advantage of this technology, which takes full advantage of widespread IP deployment and accessibility in this timeframe.
Application Servers
In addition to providing telecommunications services (Voice and data) it is envisaged that network operators will start to provide "Network Services", such as Internet access, e-mail facilities, etc. To provide these services, a range of applications servers will be required. Network services are covered in further detail in the next chapter.
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Network Evolution
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Network Evolution
PDN Data
PSTN Voice
PSTN Gateway
C7 Gateway
Border Gateway
Network Control Elements GPRS/UMTS Intranet IP Intranet MExE WAP Application Servers Call State Control Function HSS/ Call Control + SGSN functionality SDB
Other RAN
IP/ATM
SDUs
Location Prepaid
Node B
Node B
Node B
Feature Servers
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Network Evolution
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Network Services
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Network Services
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe the UMTS service classifications Describe Quality of Service Architecture Describe the UMTS Security Architecture
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Classification of Services
Classification of Services
Teleservices
Teleservices provide the full capabilities for communications by means of terminal equipment, network functions and possibly functions provided by dedicated centres. The methodology used covers both single media and multimedia services, the single media services being a particular type of multimedia services. Multimedia services are classified into categories with similar functional characteristics. The six categories are multimedia conference services, multimedia conversational services, multimedia distribution services, multimedia retrieval services, multimedia messaging services and multimedia collection services.
Bearer Services
Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between access points and involve only low layer functions. PS and CS domains provide a specific set of bearer capabilities. The Circuit bearer services are described in 22.002. The packet services (GPRS) is described in TS 22.060.
Supplementary services
A supplementary service modifies or supplements a basic telecommunication service. Consequently, it cannot be offered to a user as a stand alone service. It shall be offered together or in association with a basic telecommunication service. The same supplementary service may be applicable to a number of basic telecommunication services.
Multimedia services:
Multimedia services combine two or more media components (e.g. voice, audio, data, video, pictures) within one call. For some services, synchronisation between the media is necessary (e.g. synchronised audio and video). A multimedia service may involve multiple parties, multiple connections, and the addition or deletion of resources and users within a single call.
Service Capabilities
Service capabilities are based on functionality and mechanisms/toolkits such as provided by SAT, MExE, IN and CAMEL. These service capabilities can be made visible to the applications through an application interface.
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Classification of Services
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Classification of Services Teleservices Bearer Services Supplementary Services Multimedia Services Service Capabilities
TAF
UE
MT
PLMN
Terminating network
TE
UE: User Equipment MT: Mobile Termination TE: Terminal Equipment TAF: Terminal Adaption Function
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Description of Services
Description of Services
Bearer services are characterised by a set of end-to-end characteristics with requirements on QoS. The characteristics and requirements cover major network scenarios, i.e. the cases when the terminating network is PSTN, ISDN, GSM, IP networks/LANs, X.25 and a PLMN. Quality of Service is the quality of a requested service (Teleservice or Bearer Service or any other service, e.g. customer care) as perceived by the customer. QoS always means end-to-end. Network Performance of several network elements of the originating and terminating network(s) contribute to the QoS as perceived by the customer including terminals and terminal attachments. In order to offer the customer a certain QoS the serving network needs to take into account network performance components of their network, reflect the performance of the terminal and add sufficient margin for the terminating networks in case network performance requirements cannot be negotiated. As far as the QoS to the subscriber is concerned network elements have to provide sufficient performance (reflecting possible performance constraints in terminating networks) so that the PLMN cannot be considered as a bottleneck. This section outlines the requirements on bearer services in two main groups; Requirements on information transfer, Information quality characteristics, which describe the quality of the user information transferred between two or more access points. It shall be possible to negotiate / renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session / connection establishment and during an on going session / connection.
Information Transfer
Requirements on information transfer, which characterise the networks transfer capabilities for transferring user data between two or more access points. These characteristics include the following: Connection oriented / connectionless services Both Connection oriented and connectionless services shall be supported. Traffic type. It is required that the bearer service provides one of the following: guaranteed/constant bit rate, non-guaranteed/dynamically variable bit rate real time dynamically variable bit rate with a minimum guaranteed bit rate. Real time and non real time applications shall be supported. Real time video, audio and speech shall be supported. This implies the: ability to provide a real time stream of guaranteed bit rate, end to end delay and delay variation. ability to provide a real time conversational service of guaranteed bit rate, end to end delay and delay variation. Non real time interactive and file transfer service shall be supported. This implies the: ability to support message transport with differentiation as regards QoS between different users. Multimedia applications shall be supported. This implies the: ability to support several user flows to/from one user having different traffic types (e.g. real time, non real time)
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Description of Services
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Connection Oriented Services Connectionless Services Bearer Service must provide one of the following Guaranteed/Constant Bit Rate Non-guaranteed/Dynamically Variable Bit Rate Real Time/Dynamically Variable Bit Rit With Minimum Guaranteed Bit Rate Real Time Video, Audio and Speech Non Real Time Interactive and File Transfer Services Multimedia Applications
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Description of Services
Description of Services
Traffic characteristics
It shall be possible for an application to specify its traffic requirements to the network by requesting a bearer service with one of the following configurations Point-to-Point Uni-Directional Bi-Directional Symmetric Asymmetric Uni-Directional Point-to-Multipoint Multicast Broadcast A multicast topology is one in which sink parties are specified before the connection is established, or by subsequent operations to add or remove parties from the connection. The source of the connection shall always be aware of all parties to which the connection travels. A broadcast topology is one in which the sink parties are not always known to the source. The connection to individual sink parties is not under the control of the source, but is by request of each sink party. At USR 2.0 Point to Multipoint Cell Broadcast is supported. Messages are received from the CBC by the RNC over the Iu-BC interface. The message destination is specified by the CBC as a Service Area. This is expanded by the RNC into an actual list of cells that receive the message. The messaging interface between the CBC and RNC is called the Service Area Broadcast Protocol (SABP). This is specified in the 3GPP spec 25.419.
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Description of Services
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Description of Services
Description of Services
Information Quality
Information quality characterises the bit integrity and delay requirements of the applications. Maximum transfer delay Transfer delay is the time between the request to transfer the information at one access point to its delivery at the other access point. Delay variation The delay variation of the information received information over the bearer has to be controlled to support real-time services. The possible values for delay variation are not a limited set, but a continuous range of values. Bit Error Ratio (BER) The ratio between incorrect and total transferred information bits. The possible values for BER are not a limited set, but a continuous range of values. Data rate The data rate is the amount of data transferred between the two access points in a given period of time.
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Description of Services
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Error tolerant
Voice messaging
Fax
Error intolerant
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At Least 144 Kbps in Rural Outdoor Radio Environments (<500km/h) At Least 384 Kbps in Urban/Suburban Outdoor Radio Environments (<100km/h) At Least 2048 Kbps in Indoor/Low Range Outdoor Radio Environments (<10km/h)
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Quality of Service
Quality of Service
Network Services are considered end-to-end, this means from a Terminal Equipment (TE) to another TE. An End-to-End Service may have a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which is provided for the user of a network service. It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with the provided QoS or not. To realise a certain network QoS a Bearer Service with clearly defined characteristics and functionality is to be set up from the source to the destination of a service. The diagram opposite illustrates the QoS classes for UMTS. The main distinguishing factor between these QoS classes is how delay sensitive the traffic is: Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay sensitive while Background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class. Conversational and Streaming classes are mainly intended to be used to carry real-time traffic flows. Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet, FTP and News. Due to looser delay requirements, compared to conversational and streaming classes, both provide better error rate by means of channel coding and retransmission.
Conversational Class
The most well known use of this scheme is telephony speech (e.g. GSM). But with Internet and multimedia a number of new applications will require this scheme, for example voice over IP and video conferencing tools. Real time conversation is always performed between peers (or groups) of live (human) end-users. This is the only scheme where the required characteristics are strictly given by human perception. (e.g. The real time data flow is always aiming at a live (human) destination).
Interactive class
Interactive traffic is the other classical data communication scheme that on an overall level is characterised by the request response pattern of the end-user. At the message destination there is an entity expecting the message (response) within a certain time. Round trip delay time is therefore one of the key attributes. Another characteristic is that the content of the packets shall be transparently transferred (with low bit error rate). Examples are: web browsing, data base retrieval, server access.
Streaming Class
This scheme is one of the newcomers in data communication, raising a number of new requirements in both telecommunication and data communication systems. It is characterised by the fact that the time relations (variation) between information entities (i.e. samples, packets) within a flow shall be preserved, although it does not have any requirements on low transfer delay. The delay variation of the end-to-end flow shall be limited, to preserve the time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream. When the user is looking at (listening to) real time video (audio) the scheme of real time streams applies.
Background Task
Background traffic is one of the classical data communication schemes that on an overall level is characterised by that the destination is not expecting the data within a certain time. The scheme is thus more or less delivery time insensitive. Another characteristic is that the content of the packets shall be transparently transferred (with low bit error rate). Examples are background delivery of E-mail notification, SMS, download of databases and reception of measurement records.
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Quality of Service
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Quality of Service
Quality of Service Classes Conversational Voice Video Maximum bitrate Guaranteed bitrate
Delivery order Maximum SDU size SDU format information bits SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs Transfer Delay Traffic Handling Priority Allocation/Retention Priority
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QoS Attributes
QoS Attributes
UMTS bearer service attributes describe the service provided by the UMTS network to the user of the UMTS bearer service. A set of QoS attributes (QoS profile) specifies this service.
Allocation/Retention Priority
Specifies the relative importance compared to other UMTS bearers for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer. The Allocation/Retention Priority attribute is a subscription attribute which is not negotiated from the mobile terminal.
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QoS Attributes
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QoS Attributes
Traffic Class
Conversational class
Streaming class
Interactive class
Background class
Maximum bitrate Delivery order Maximum SDU size SDU format information SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs Transfer delay Guaranteed bit rate Traffic handling priority Allocation/Retention priority
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X
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User Application
(V) TE
(I)
(I) HE (II)
(I)
SN Transport Stratum
(I) MT AN
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Network authentication:
The property that the user corroborates that he is connected to a serving network that is authorised by the users HE to provide him services; this includes the guarantee that this authorisation is recent.
Confidentiality
Cipher algorithm agreement: the property that the MS and the SN can securely negotiate the algorithm that they shall use subsequently; Cipher key agreement: the property that the MS and the SN agree on a cipher key that they may use subsequently; Confidentiality of user data: the property that user data cannot be overheard on the radio access interface; Confidentiality of signalling data: the property that signalling data cannot be overheard on the radio access interface.
Data integrity
Integrity algorithm agreement: the property that the MS and the SN can securely negotiate the integrity algorithm that they shall use subsequently; Integrity key agreement: the property that the MS and the SN agree on an integrity key that they may use subsequently; Data integrity and origin authentication of signalling data: the property that the receiving entity (MS or SN) is able to verify that signalling data has not been modified in an unauthorised way since it was sent by the sending entity (SN or MS) and that the data origin of the signalling data received is indeed the one claimed.
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Security and Privacy User Authentication Network Authentication Confidentiality Data integrity Mobile equipment identification
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MS
HE/HLR
Generate vectors AV (1 . . . n) Authentication data response AV (1 . . . n) Store authentication vectors Select authentication vectors
User authentication request RAND(i) || AUTN(i) Verify AUTN(i) compute User authentication RES(i) Compare RES(i) and XRES(i) Compute CK(i) and IK(i) Select CK(i) and IK(i) Authentication Key
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Ciphering Algorithms
Ciphering Algorithms
The ciphering algorithms used in UMTS are shown on the slide opposite. As can be seen a lot of different algorithms are active in the UMTS system. Algorithms f1 to f5 are of the type that are used to compute numbers for use in authentication procedures. Two very important algorithms, f8 and f9 are also shown, they have the following functions.
F8
This algorithm will perform the ciphering function. The ciphering function is performed either in the RLC sub-layer or in the MAC sub-layer according to the following rules: If a radio bearer is using a non-transparent RLC mode (AM or UM), ciphering is performed in the RLC sub-layer. If a radio bearer is using the transparent RLC mode, ciphering is performed in the MAC sub-layer (MAC-d entity). Ciphering when applied is performed in the S-RNC and the ME and the context needed for ciphering (CK, Count-C, etc.) is only known in S-RNC and the ME.
F9
Most of the control signalling information elements that are sent between the MS and the network are considered sensitive and must be integrity protected. Therefore a message authentication function has been developed to solve this problem. The MS will still go through the initial RRC connection establishment sequence and perform the set-up security functions. After this however some signalling messages will be encoded using the f9 algorithm. This will be the case for all RRC, MM, CC, GMM and SM Messages. The MM procedure in the MS will be the process responsible for starting the integrity protection procedure. AK AKA AUTN MAC XRES Anonymity Key Authentication and key agreement Authentication Token The message authentication code included in AUTN, computed using f1 Expected Response
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Ciphering Algorithms
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Ciphering Algorithms
F1 - Message authentication function used to compute MAC F1* - Message authentication function used to compute MAC-S F2 - Message authentication function used to compute RES and XRES F3 - Key generating function used to compute CK F4 - Key generating function used to compute IK F5 - Key generating function used to compute AK in normal procedures F5* - Key generating function used to compute AK in re-synchronisation procedures K-Long-term secret key shared between the USIM and the AuC F8 - Data transfer between the UE and RNC F9 - Signalling elements between the UE and RNC
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Algorithms f1 -f5
Subsequently the following values are computed using the various algorithms (f1 - f5): A message authentication code MAC = f1K(SQN || RAND || AMF) where f1 is a message authentication function. An expected response XRES = f2K (RAND) where f2 is a (possibly truncated) message authentication function. A cipher key CK = f3K (RAND) where f3 is a key generating function. An integrity key IK = f4K (RAND) where f4 is a key generating function. An anonymity key AK = f5K (RAND) where f5 is a key generating function.
AUTN and AV
Finally the authentication token (AUTN = SQN AK || AMF || MAC) and the authentication Vector (AV:=RAND||XRES||CK||IK||MAC) are constructed from the products of the algorithms. Here, AK is an anonymity key used to conceal the sequence number as the latter may expose the identity and location of the user. The concealment of the sequence number is to protect against passive attacks only. If no concealment is needed then f5 0 (AK = 0).
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f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
MAC
XRES
CK
IK
AK
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Retrieval of SQN
Upon receipt of RAND and AUTN the USIM first computes the anonymity key AK = f5K (RAND) and retrieves the sequence number SQN = (SQN AK) AK.
Computation of X-MAC
Next the USIM computes XMAC = f1K (SQN || RAND || AMF) and compares this with MAC which is included in AUTN. If they are different, the user sends user authentication reject back to the VLR/SGSN with an indication of the cause and the user abandons the procedure. In this case, VLR/SGSN shall initiate an Authentication Failure Report procedure towards the HLR. VLR/SGSN may also decide to initiate a new identification and authentication procedure towards the user.
Verification of SQN
Next the USIM verifies that the received sequence number SQN is in the correct range. If the USIM considers the sequence number to be not in the correct range, it sends synchronisation failure back to the VLR/SGSN including an appropriate parameter, and abandons the procedure. If the sequence number is considered to be in the correct range however, the USIM computes RES = f2K (RAND) and includes this parameter in a user authentication response back to the VLR/SGSN.
Computation of CK and IK
Finally the USIM computes the cipher key CK = f3K (RAND) and the integrity key IK = f4K (RAND). USIM shall store original CK, IK until the next successful execution of AKA.
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Version 1 Rev 0
XMAC
RES
CK
IK
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DIRECTION The direction identifier DIRECTION is 1 bit long. The direction identifier is input to avoid the use of identical set of input parameter values up-link and down-link messages. The value of the DIRECTION is 0 for messages from UE to RNC and 1 for messages from RNC to UE. MESSAGE The signalling message itself with the radio bearer identity. The latter is appended in front of the message. Note that the radio bearer identity is not transmitted with the message but it is needed to avoid the circumstance where for different instances of message authentication codes the same set of input parameters is used.
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COUNT-I MESSAGE
DIRECTION FRESH
COUNT-I MESSAGE
DIRECTION FRESH
IK
f9
IK
f9
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COUNT-C BEARER
DIRECTION LENGTH
COUNT-C BEARER
DIRECTION LENGTH
CK
f8
CK
f8
PLAINTEXT BLOCK
KEYSTREAM BLOCK
CYPHERTEXT BLOCK
KEYSTREAM BLOCK
Sender UE or RNC
Receiver RNC or UE
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UMTS Protocols
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UMTS Protocols
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe the General Protocol Model for UMTS. Describe the Interface specific protocol structure for the following interfaces: lu CS lu PS lu b lu r
Describe the Radio Interface Protocol Architecture Describe the functions and service provided by the following Radio Interface Protocols: Medium Access Control (MAC) Radio Link Control (RLC) Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Broadcast Multicast (BMC) Radio Resource Control (RRC)
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Access Stratum
The Access Stratum (AS) is a functional entity that encompasses radio protocols between the UE and the UTRAN and, terrestrial interface (Iu) protocols between the UTRAN and the Core Network (CN). These protocols all terminate within the UTRAN.
Non-Access Stratum
The Non-access Stratum (NAS) includes CN protocols that form a direct connection between the UE and the CN itself. The NAS is transparent to the UTRAN and thus these protocols do not terminate in the UTRAN. The NAS protocols encompass functions such as; Mobility Management (MM), Call Control (CC), Short Message Services (SMS) and Suplementary Services (SS) associated with the circuit switched CN and, GPRS Mobility Management (GMM), Session Managment (SM) and GPRS SMS assocoiated with the packet switched CN. The NAS tries to remain independent of the underlying radio technology. Thus the NAS protocols can remain unchanged regardless of the Radio Access Network (RAN) that carries them.
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UTRAN
Non-Access Stratum
Uu-Interface
Iu-Interface
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Horizontal Layers
The General protocol stack only consists of two layers, the Transport Network Layer and the Radio Network Layer. From the bottom, the Physical layer (Part of the Transport Network Layer) will provide the physical medium for transmission. Above the Physical layer is the Transport layer (Part of the Transport Network Layer) which contains the transport protocols. These protocols are not defined within the UMTS specifications. The Transport Network Protocol proposed for UMTS is ATM. The top layer is called the Radio Network layer, this is the layer responsible for all UTRAN related tasks. The tasks performed on Radio Network Layer are transparent to Transport Network Layer.
Vertical Planes
Control Plane The Control plane only exists on L3 of the Horizontal planes and is responsible for all UMTS specific signalling. The protocols used for the control plane are the RANAP protocol for the Iu interface, the RNSAP protocol for the Iur interface and the NBAP protocol for the Iub interface. These are all termed Application protocols and will be used for tasks like setting up bearers to the UE. Operation & Maintenance actions will always set up the signalling Bearers for the Application protocol. User Plane This plane is being used for transfer of all kinds of information e.g. multimedia, e-mail, speech etc. The User Plane consists of the Data Stream that will be transported on the Data Bearer. Each data stream is identified and characterised by one or more frame protocols. Transport Network Control Plane This plane is used for all signalling that must be transferred in the Transport Layer and does not include any Radio Network Layer information. The protocol used for the Control Plane is called Access Link Control Application Protocol (ALCAP). This protocol will handle the setting up of Data Bearers for the User Plane of the Transport layer. The introduction of the ALCAP protocol made it possible for the Application Protocols to run with complete independence of the data bearing technology. It should be noted that we shall not use the ALCAP protocol in the setting up of the Signalling Bearers for the Application Protocols or for ALCAP. Transport Network User Plane Both the Signalling Bearer (for Application Protocol) in the Control Plane and the Data Bearer in the User Plane belong to the Transport Network Layer. The Data bearers in the Transport Network User Plane are directly controlled by the Transport Network Control Plane during real time operations. The control of the Signalling Bearer(s) for Application Protocol are considered Operations and Maintenance functions.
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Data Bearer(s)
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On the Transport Network Layer the following protocols can be seen: SCCP MTP3-b SAAL-NNI SSCF SSCOP AAL5 Signalling Connection Control Part Message Transfer Part - Broadband Signalling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces Service Specific Co-ordination functions Service Specific Connection Orientated Protocol ATM Adaptation Layer 5
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SCCP MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP AAL5
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The main functions of D-NBAP are: Set-up, release and reconfiguration of radio links for the UE Context Softer Combining Management Compressed Mode Control Dedicated and Shared Channel Management Reporting and Initialisation of Radio Link specific measurement Downlink Power Drifting Correction Radio link Fault Management
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RACH FP
NBAP
FACH FP PCH FP
DCH FP
User Plane
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SCCP MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
Q.2150.1 MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
M3UA SCTP IP
SSCOP AAL5
SSCOP AAL5
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L3
RRC control control control control control
L2/PDCP L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
L2/MAC
Transport Channels
PHY
L1
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RRC Functions
RRC Functions
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer handles the control plane signaling of Layer 3 between the UEs and UTRAN. The RRC performs the following functions:
Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN
The establishment of an RRC connection is initiated by a request from higher layers at the UE side to establish the first Signalling Connection for the UE. The establishment of an RRC connection includes an optional cell re-selection, an admission control, and a layer 2 signalling link establishment. An RRC Connection Request message from the UE with an Establishment Cause of Emergency Call is supported. If no resources are available, other users will be removed to allow the emergency call to be processed. The release of an RRC connection can be initiated by a request from higher layers to release the last signalling connection for the UE or by the RRC layer itself in case of RRC connection failure. In case of connection loss, the UE requests re-establishment of the RRC connection. In case of RRC connection failure, RRC releases resources associated with the RRC connection.
Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection
The RRC layer handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, CPCH channels) needed for the RRC connection including needs from both the control and user plane. The RRC layer may reconfigure radio resources during an established RRC connection. This function includes coordination of the radio resource allocation between multiple radio bearers related to the same RRC connection. RRC controls the radio resources in the uplink and downlink such that UE and UTRAN can communicate using unbalanced radio resources (asymmetric uplink and downlink). RRC signals to the UE to indicate resource allocations for purposes of handover to GSM or other radio systems.
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RRC Functions
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RRC Functions Broadcast of information related to the non-access stratum (Core Network) Broadcast of information related to the access stratum Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection RRC connection mobility functions Control of requested QoS UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting Outer loop power control Control of ciphering Slow Dynamic Channel Allocation (TDD mode) Paging Initial cell selection and cell re-selection Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH RRC message integrity protection Timing advance (TDD mode) CBS control.
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RRC Functions
RRC Functions
Paging/notification
The RRC layer can broadcast paging information from the network to selected UEs. Higher layers on the network side can request paging and notification. The RRC layer can also initiate paging during an established RRC connection.
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RRC Functions
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RRC Functions Broadcast of information related to the non-access stratum (Core Network) Broadcast of information related to the access stratum Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection RRC connection mobility functions Control of requested QoS UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting Outer loop power control Control of ciphering Slow Dynamic Channel Allocation (TDD mode) Paging Initial cell selection and cell re-selection Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH RRC message integrity protection Timing advance (TDD mode) CBS control.
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RRC Functions
RRC Functions
Control of ciphering
The RRC layer provides procedures for setting of ciphering (on/off) between the UE and UTRAN.
Integrity protection
This function adds a Message Authentication Code (MAC-I) to those RRC messages that are considered sensitive and/or contain sensitive information.
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RRC Functions
Version 1 Rev 0
RRC Functions Broadcast of information related to the non-access stratum (Core Network) Broadcast of information related to the access stratum Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection RRC connection mobility functions Control of requested QoS UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting Outer loop power control Control of ciphering Slow Dynamic Channel Allocation (TDD mode) Paging Initial cell selection and cell re-selection; Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH RRC message integrity protection Timing advance (TDD mode) CBS control.
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RLC Protocol
RLC Protocol
The Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol provides segmentation and retransmission services for both user and control data The diagram opposite gives an overview model of the RLC layer. The figure illustrates the different RLC peer entities. Each RLC instance is configured by RRC to operate in one of three modes Transparent Mode (Tr) Unacknowledged Mode (UM) Acknowledged Mode (AM) The mode to be used is determined by the SAP into which the higher layer deliver their PDUs. The mode chosen indicates which services and functions are to be applied and what (if any) response will be passed to higher level protocols regarding error detection. For all RLC modes, CRC error detection is performed by the physical layer and the result of the CRC check is delivered to RLC together with the actual data.
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RLC Protocol
Version 1 Rev 0
Tr-SAP
UM-SAP
AM-SAP
UM-SAP
Tr-SAP
Transmit Tr-Entity
Transmit UM-Entity
AM-Entity
Transmitting Side
Receiving Side
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Dynamic Scheduling
Under certain circumstances UEs may use common or shared transport channels to receive data in the downlink. Use of these shared resources is dynamically scheduled by the MAC-sh layer according the UEs QoS requirements.
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MAC Layer Functions Mapping of Logical Channels to transport Channels Transport Format Selection MAC Multiplexing Algorithm Priority Handling of Handling Between UEs by Dynamic Scheduling Identification of UEs on Common Channels MUX/DEMUX of Higher Layer PDUs Into/ Transport Blocks Traffic Volume Monitoring Dynamic Transport Channel Switching Ciphering (Transport RLC Mode Only) Access Service Class Selection
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Ciphering
The MAC-D entity performs ciphering if a logical channel is using transparent RLC mode. Ciphering is an XOR function where data is XORd with a ciphering mask produced by a ciphering algorithm.
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MAC Layer Functions Mapping of Logical Channels to transport Channels Transport Format Selection Priority Handling of Data Flows of one UE Priority Handling of Handling Between UEs by Dynamic Scheduling Identification of UEs on Common Channels MUX/DEMUX of Higher Layer PDUs Into/ Transport Blocks Traffic Volume Monitoring Dynamic Transport Channel Switching Ciphering (Transport RLC Mode Only) Access Service Class Selection
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Protocol Stacks
Protocol Stacks
The following pages construct the protocol stacks for each UMTS network entity. The exact protocol structure is dependent upon which Core Network domain (CS or PS) is providing the Bearer Service, and whether the information transfer is user plane or control plane.
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Protocol Stacks
Version 1 Rev 0
CS Payload RLC MAC-d RLC MAC-d Split/ Select Split/ Comb Split/ Comb DCH FP AAL2 DCH FP AAL2 lu-UP AAL2 lu-UP AAL2
CS Payload
ATM Phys
B
ATM Phys
ATM Phys
Phys
UE
Phys
Node
SRNC
MSC
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Protocol Stacks
Protocol Stacks
Dedicated Channel Frame Protocol (DCH FP)
User data is received at the SRNC, via the transport layer and Iu UP protocol and the passed to the Radio Interface Control protocols for RLC and MAC processing as appropriate. The resultant Transport Blocks are delivered to the DCH FP. DCH FP transfers DCH data frames every transmission time interval from the SRNC to the Node B for downlink transfer and from Node B to the SRNC for uplink transfer. An optional error detection mechanism may be used to protect the data transfer if needed. At the transport channel set-up it shall be specified if the error detection on the User data is used. In addition to the transfer of user data, DCH FP provides the following services Transport of outer loop power control information between SRNC and Node B. Support of transport channel synchronisation mechanism. Support of Node Synchronisation method. Transfer of DSCH TFI from SRNC to Node B. Transfer of radio interface parameters from the SRNC to the Node B.
The specification of Iub DCH data streams is also valid for the Iur DCH data streams.
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Protocol Stacks
Version 1 Rev 0
CS Payload RLC MAC-d RLC MAC-d Split/ Select Split/ Comb Split/ Comb DCH FP AAL2 DCH FP AAL2 lu-UP AAL2 lu-UP AAL2
CS Payload
ATM Phys
B
ATM Phys
ATM Phys
Phys
UE
Phys
Node
SRNC
MSC
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Protocol Stacks
Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN SIGNALLING, Dedicated Channels, CS-Domain & PS-Domain)
The diagram opposite illustrates the protocol stack for UE to CN signalling, when the UE is connected to the network and operating in dedicated mode. RANAP Services RANAP provides the signalling service between UTRAN and the CN that is required to fulfil the RANAP functions. RANAP services are divided into three groups based on Service Access Points.
Notification services
Notification services are related to specified UEs or all UEs in specified area, and are accessed in CN through the Notification SAP. They utilise connectionless signalling transport provided by the Iu signalling bearer.
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Protocol Stacks Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN SIGNALLING, Dedicated Channels, CS-Domain & PS-Domain)
RRC RLC MAC-d Split/ Comb DCH FP AAL2 Split/ Comb DCH FP AAL2 SCCP MTP3-b SAALNNI SCCP MTP3-b SAALNNI RANAP RANAP
Combining
ATM Phys
ATM Phys
ATM Phys
ATM Phys
MS
Phys
UE
Phys
Node
SRNC
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Protocol Stacks
Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN Signalling, Shared Channels, CS-Domain)
The diagram opposite illustrates the protocol stack for UE to CN signalling, when the UE is connected to the network and operating on shared or common channels. The stack differs from that of dedicated mode, in that the CRNC is no longer transparent. This continues to provide the majority of the Layer 2 services (RRC, RLC, MAC-d), However, the CRNC is responsible for terminating the MAC-c/sh entity. On the diagram, the MUX-1 box in the CRNC represents the multiplexing of the various AAL2 connections coming from multiple SRNCs into MAC-c/sh. The MUX-2 box represents the multiplexing of various instances of MAC-d from the same SRNC into AAL2, for transfer to the MAC-c/sh at the CRNC. RACH/FACH Frame Protocol RACH/FACH Frame Protocols (FPs) are responsible for the transfer of Transport Blocks between the Node B and the DRNC for common/shared channels. These FPs will always add overhead to the payload, in the form of a header. In addition to providing a data transfer function, the common/shared FPs provide the following services: Support of transport channel synchronisation mechanism. Support of Node synchronisation mechanism.
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Protocol Stacks Control Plane Protocol Stack (UE-CN Signalling, Shared Channels, CS-Domain)
RACH/ FACH FP
AAL2 ATM
AAL2
SCCP
AAL2
MTP3-b SAALNNI
ATM
ATM
ATM
Phys
UE
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys Phys
SRNC
Phys
CN
Node B
CRNC
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IP
Protocol Stacks
User Plane Protocol Stack (Dedicated Channels, PS-Domain)
The diagram opposite shows the user plane protocol stack for user data transfer, using dedicated channels via the CN-PS. The user CS payload will be received at the GGSN from the external network (e.g. the Internet). The protocols used to transfer the payload across this interface may vary and are not described in this document. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, User Plane (GTP-U) The user payload data packets, known as T-PDUs, arrive at the GGSN from the external PDN. Typically these will be IP based and addressed to an application running on the target UE. Alternate transport mechanisms, such as X25, may also be used. The T-PDUs will be presented to GTP, via the appropriate NSAPI for the source protocol. For UMTS the second version of GTP (version 1) will be used. GTP allows multi-protocol packets to be tunnelled through the UMTS/GPRS Backbone between GSNs and is necessary to forward packets between an external packet data network and an MS user. In the user plane, GTP uses a tunnelling mechanism (GTP-U) to provide a service for carrying user data packets. The GTP-U protocol is implemented by SGSNs and GGSNs in the UMTS/GPRS Backbone and by Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) in the UTRAN. No other systems need to be aware of GTP. UMTS/GPRS UEs are connected to an SGSN without being aware of GTP. A GTP tunnel in the GTP-U plane is defined for each PDP Context in the GSNs and/or each RAB in the RNC. A GTP tunnel is identified in each node with a Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID), a UDP port number and an IP address. The TEID unambiguously identifies a tunnel endpoint in the receiving GTP-U protocol entity. The TEID values are negotiated and exchanged between tunnel endpoints using control plane procedures defined in protocols such as GTP-C (or RANAP, over the Iu) messages during the activation of the PDP context or RAB. Path Protocols UDP/IP is the only path protocol defined to transfer GTP messages in the version 1 of GTP.
UDP
A User Datagram Protocol (UDP) compliant with STD 0006 shall be used. The UDP destination port number for GTP-U messages is 2152.
IP
An Internet protocol compliant with STD 0005 shall be used. The IP destination address in a GTP message shall be the IP address of the destination GSN/RNC. The source address shall be the IP address of the originating GSN/RNC.
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IP
Version 1 Rev 0
AAP
AAP
IP
IP
IP
GTP-U UDP IP
L2
L2
Phys UE
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys
Phys PDN
Node B
SRNC
SGSN
GGSN
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IP
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: State the transport mechanisms used for the UMTS transport network. Describe the basic principles of ATM. Describe the use of PDH and SDH bearers for UMTS.
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Terrestrial Interfaces
Terrestrial Interfaces
One very important aspect that is sometimes overlooked is the transport medium required between the different entities. In the case of UMTS the Network Operator will run into problems if the wrong links are utilised. Speed of transfer and cost will be two of the major determining factors when planning the UMTS network. Other issues that need to be addressed are the types of converting equipment used between the different types of terrestrial interfaces. In the following pages a closer look will be taken at these aspects. It should also be mentioned that as data rates increase the use of E1/T1 systems become more difficult. ATM is the preferred transport mechanism on the CN. Voice and IP over ATM is conducted using ATM adaptation layers.
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Terrestrial Interfaces
Version 1 Rev 0
Terrestrial Interfaces
Uu Iub Iu-PS Iu-CS RNC SGSN MSC Gn PSTN GGSN GMSC Gi/Gp PSTN PS or CS Network
UE
Node B
ATM E1
ATM SDH
IP PCM
IP X25 PCM
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ATM Principles
ATM Principles
ATM is used to transfer different types of information with different rate factors over one or more common link with a high bit rate. This properties makes ATM an extremely useful system when it comes to wideband or broadband data transfer. With the standards in place it is now possible for packet switching techniques like Frame Relay or ATM to deliver high quality speech. Some of the intrinsic advantages ATM has over other network technologies are listed below: Considering data, voice, and video payload requirements, ATM was constructed. ATM cells are of fixed size, 53 bytes each with 48 bytes for payload and 5 for ATM header. This helps in reducing the packetization delay significantly, which is one of the major delay parameters. It supports extensive Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, which allows voice traffic to be transmitted across the network in a reliable jitter-free way. Various ATM Adaptation Layers (AALs) support various service classes capabilities. ATM switches have always been designed with effective traffic management capabilities, for example, call admission control, usage parameter control, traffic shaping, etc. Single network for voice, data, and video. Interworking with PSTN is relatively straightforward.
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ATM Principles
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ATM Principles
Fixed Bit Stream Variable Bit Stream
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Data transferred in Cells Fast Switching Supports Real-Time Services Connection Orientated - Virtual Circuits Resource Allocation on Requirement Basis Primary User Rate - 155.2 Mbps Network Interface - 622.08 Mbps No Error Correction or Flow Control
Header 5 Bytes
Payload 48 Bytes
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ATM Path
Each VP within the physical layer has a different VPI value Each VC within a VP has a different VCI value
VP Switch
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Endpoint of VPC
VP Switch
VP Switch
Representation of VP Switching
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Not Required
Bit Rate
Constant
Available
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User Data
Header
CS PROCESS H CS-SDU T
User Data
Trailer
CS-SDU
CS-SDU
CS-PDU
SAR-SDU
SAR-SDU
T SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
ATM Cell
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CPCS
User information, from multiple users is received at the CPCS sub-layer and placed into a container of variable length CPS-Information Field (1-64 Octets) and a three octet CPS Header. The header contains; the Channel ID(CID) which identifies the sub-stream within the AAL2 connection. The Length Indication(LI) indicates the length of the CPS-INFO payload. The User-to-User Indication(UUI) carries information between the SSCSs/Applications running above the CPS. The Header Error Control(HEC) can be used to report errors within the header. Dependent upon size multiple CPS Packets, from different sources, can be multiplexed to form 47 Octet CPS-SDUs, (If necessary, padding can be added to give 47-Octets). A further header is added to the SDU to yield a 48 Octet CPS-PDU. The CPS-PDU header contains an Offset Field(OSF) which is a pointer to the first octet of the next CPS-Packet in the CPS-SDU. The 1 bit sequence number is an alternating logic-1, logic-0, logic-1, etc sequence. A single parity bit is also included. The Complete CPS-PDU is now 48-octets, and is now passed unchanged to the ATM layer, to be built directly into an ATM cell.
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CID 8bits
LI 6bits
UUI 5bits
HEC 5bits
CPS-Packet
Start Field CPS-SDU
OSF 6bits
SN P 1bit 1bit
CPS-PDU
HEADER
OSF
SN
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AAL 5 SDUs
1 - 65,535 bytes
CPCS-PDU Payload
0-47
PAD
1
UUI
1
CPI
2
LI
4
CRC
CPCS PDUs
SAR Payload
SAR Payload
SAR Payload
SAR PDUs
H SAR Payload
H SAR Payload
H SAR Payload
ATM CELLS
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E1/T1 Architecture
E1/T1 Architecture
Logical Links
We have seen some of the mediums over which the data is transmitted, now let us consider the format of the data that is carried over these mediums. In GSM all the data is in digital form, and the path that the data takes is called a logical link. The format of the data is dependent on where in the system the data is and what sort of data needs to be transferred.
E1
In the European GSM system the basic building block of data that gets carried around the network is based around the multiplexed 2.048 Mbit/s frame. This frame contains 32 channels of 64 Kbit/s. 30 are used for user information. Channel 0 is reserved for timing and synchronisation and channel 16 is used for signalling. E1 also specifies the sampling rate, frequency bandwidth, bits per sample, time slots per frame, output bit rate, encoding law and the dedicated signalling and synchronisation channels.
T1
T1 is the American version of E1. There are significant differences in the make up of the TDM frame. T1 uses 24 time slots per frame, with 24 PCM channels per frame. The output bit rate is 1.544 Mbit/s and the signalling used in the frame is only used once every 6th frame, instead of every frame in E1.
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E1/T1 Architecture
Version 1 Rev 0
E1/T1 Architecture
E1 Frequency Range Sample Rate Bits per Sample Time Slots per Frame Output Bit Rate Encoding Law Signalling Capabilities 300 - 3400Hz 8000Hz 8 32 2.048 Mbps A LAW TS0 Sync TS16 Signalling T1/DS1 Frequency Sampling Rate Bits per Sample Bits per Frame PCM Channels per Frame Output Bit Rate Encoding Law Signalling Capabilities 300 - 3400Hz 8000Hz 8 193 24 1.544 Mbps Law 1st bit in frame - Sync 1 bit in timeslots 6 and 12
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E1 Link Multiplexing
E1 Link Multiplexing
The standard E1 and T1 streams can be further multiplexed to put more channels over one transmission path.
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E1 Link Multiplexing
Version 1 Rev 0
E1 2.048 Mb/s
E2 8.448 Mb/s
E3 34.368 Mb/s
E4 139.264 Mb/s
E5 564.992 Mb/s
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Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) Inverse Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of ATM cells
Physical Link #0
PHY
Single ATM CellStream from ATM Layer
Physical Link #1
PHY
Original ATM Cell Stream to ATM Layer
PHY
Physical Link #2
PHY
Tx direction: cells distributed across links in round robin sequence Rx direction: cells recombined into single ATM stream
IMA Frames
IMA Frame 2
ATM ATM ATM F ICP2 F
IMA Frame 1
F ATM F ICP1 ATM
IMA Frame 0
F ATM F ICP0 Link 0
M-1 F
1 F
0 F
M-1 ATM
M-1
1 F
0 F Link 1
ICP2 ATM
ICP0 ATM
ATM
Link 2
Time
ICP1 ICP Cell in Frame # 1 F Filler Cell ATM ATM Layer Cell
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Network Simplification
Synchronous transmission equipment eliminates the multiplexer mountain, leading to lower equipment and maintenance costs, and improved service provisioning. The diagram shows how 2Mbps channels can be dropped and inserted from a Synchronous Transfer Module, Type 1 (STM-1) by means of remote commands at a network management station. The flexibility of SDH transmission is attractive to carriers because it offers the potential of generating new revenues.
Survivability
SDH includes overheads for end-to-end monitoring and maintenance of transmission equipment; the network management station can immediately identify the failure of links and equipment. Furthermore, as shown in the diagram, an SDH network can be constructed with a self-healing ring architecture that automatically reroutes traffic until the faulty segment is repaired; there will be no disruption of service to the end user, allowing carriers to guarantee service levels.
Software Control
SDH also includes overheads for management channels; these are used for performance monitoring, equipment configuration, resource management, network security, inventory management, network planning and network design. Since all of these management operations can be performed remotely, SDH offers the possibility of centralised network management and provisioning, with associated cost savings.
Bandwidth on Demand
The flexibility of SDH allows carriers to allocate network capacity dynamically in that users will be able to subscribe at very short notice to large bandwidth services e.g. video-conferencing. This feature opens up the possibility of providing new services e.g. high-speed LAN interconnection and High Definition TV.
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Version 1 Rev 0
SDH Mux
2Mbps interface
SDH Mux
2Mbps interface
12
63
155Mbps
155Mb/s
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Principles of SDH
Principles of SDH
Although a full description of SDH is beyond the scope of this course, this section will cover the main principles. The diagram shows the SDH multiplex structure, indicating how an STM is formed from various PDH traffic rates. The following terms are used in the diagram, and further explained below: C - Container VC - Virtual Container TU - Tributary Units TUG - Tributary Unit Group AU - Administrative Unit AUG - Administrative Unit Group STM - Synchronous Transfer Module
The following table lists the container size suffices used when referring to equivalent PDH traffic rates within SDH signals: Container Suffix 0 11 12 21 22 31 32 4 Bit rate kbps 64 1,554 2,048 6,312 8,448 34,368 44,736 139,264
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Principles of SDH
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Principles of SDH
SDH Multiplex Structure
STM-N AUG x1 AU-4 VC-4 x3 x3 TUG-3 x7 AU-3 VC-3 x7 C-3 C-4 140 Mbit/s
x1
TU-3
VC-3
45 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
TUG-2
x1 x3
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
6 Mbit/s
x4
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2 Mbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
1.5 Mbit/s
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Daisy Chaining
From USR 2.0 it will be possible to configure Node Bs in a daisy chain. All types of daisy chain are supported with the exception of closed loop. Up to 3 Node Bs (4 including hub node B) can be daisy chained.
Circuit Emulation
From USR 2.0 the node B has the ability to terminate an ATM AAL1 connection and generate a circuit data stream for use by another piece of network equipment connected to the Node B. Using circuit emulation, the E1 connections are routed first through the UMTS base station where it uses its ATM data, and converts the ATM AAL1 data to circuit data. The resulting circuit data is sent out another E1 connection to the attached network equipment. This is likely to be a BTS as operators move from GSM to UMTS.
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RNC
OMC
STM-1 Ethernet
ATM Switch
MSCu
RNC
STM-1
SGSN
E1, IMA
Node B
Node B Node B
BTS
RNC
Circuit Emulation
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W-CDMA Theory
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W-CDMA Theory
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe various options for multiple access schemes. State the Characteristics of UMTS W-CDMA. State why W-CDMA has been chosen for the UMTS multiple access scheme. Describe W-CDMA spreading and despreading procedures. Describe the use of orthagonal codes and the channelisation code tree. Describe the scrambling and summation process. Describe the effects of multi-path radio channels and the purpose of the RAKE receiver.
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Time
Time
Frequency
Time
CDMA Frequency
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W-CDMA Characteristics
W-CDMA Characteristics
The vital statistics for our W-CDMA UMTS system is shown opposite. Dont be confused by the slots and frames, this is not a TDMA system, every user does share the same band. The frames and slots are used for interleaving, power control. The major points are: FDD requires paired frequencies for up and down channels. The chip rate of 3.84 Mcps provides a bandwidth of 5 MHz. A chip is the original signal split or chipped by the spreading code. The carrier spacing of 200 kHz is used to allow re-farming of GSM frequencies which have been set at 200 kHz spacing. The frame length is set at 10 ms. Each frame is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot contains user data, power control and signalling data. The UMTS system does not require synchronisation due to the framing structure and use of matched filters for the framing alignment. The spreading factor is the ratio between the user data and the chip rate. As the user data increases this factor will vary between 4 and 512. The spreading factor is a rough indication of the number of users in the system. The user data rates available in the FDD system is up to 384 Kbps.
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W-CDMA Characteristics
Version 1 Rev 0
W-CDMA Characteristics
Multiple Access Scheme Duplexing Method Chip Rate Bandwidth Carrier Spacing Frame Length Slots per Frame Inter-cell Synchronization Spreading Factor User Data Rate
CDMA FDD 3.84 Mcps 5 MHz 200 kHz Raster 10 ms 15 None Variable (4-512) 3-384 Kbps
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Re-Use of Frequency
Re-Use of Frequency
Mobile telephones and cell broadcast networks use cellular radio, a technique developed in recent years to enable the use of mobile telephones. It would be impossible to provide each phone with an individual radio frequency, so the idea of cellular radio evolved. A region is divided into geographical areas called cells, varying in size depending on the number of users in the area. In cities cells are small whereas in rural areas cells are much larger. In GSM cells use a set of frequencies that are different from any neighbouring cell, but can be the same as another cell as long as it is far enough away. For UMTS, a frequency re-use of one, may be employed. This means that all cells within a given geographical area, or even an entire network may use the same carrier frequency. An alternate method of discriminating between neighbouring cells must therefore be found.
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Re-Use of Frequency
Version 1 Rev 0
Re-Use of Frequency
2 4 1 5 7 4 1 3 5 7 4 1 3 6 1 2 7 4 6 1 3 5 2 7 4 6 3 5 2 6 1 7
5 4 6 3 5 7 4 1 3 3 2 6 2 2
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Re-Use of Codes
Re-Use of Codes
Codes are used to uniquely identify a cell in the network. Frequency planning is more or less a thing of the past but code planning will have to be implemented. Code planning will be much easier then frequency planning since we have 512 Codes to play with, the code re-use pattern will thus be extremely large. Codes can be reused when the separation between cells containing the same channel set is far enough apart so that co-channel interference can be kept below acceptable levels. The number of cells in a cluster is 512, which provides greater separation between co-channel cells than GSM.
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Re-Use of Codes
Version 1 Rev 0
Re-Use of Codes
31 1
30 29 26 32 36
7 28 27 25 34 35
5 6 7 14 2 37
1 4 15 4 13 33 41
2 17 16 6 5 40
10 4 12 22 23 24
11 19 18 21 38 20 39
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Receiver
The modulated carrier is moved by the radio demodulator to the digital demodulator which can be very complicated due to the large number of users. Here the input is multiplied by the de-spreading codes to produce digital speech.
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Output
5 MHz
5 MHz
5 MHz
Digital Signal
Digital Modulator
Radio Modulator
Radio Demodulator
Digital Demodulator
Digital Signal
Tx
Radio Carrier
Radio Carrier
Rx
Digital Signal
Radio Modulator
Radio Demodulator
Digital Signal
Input
External Interference
t0
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Spreading
Spreading
The spreading operation is the multiplication of each user data bit with a "Spreading Code" , which is a pre-defined bit pattern. To discriminate between User data "bits" and spreading code "bits", the symbols in the spreading code are referred to as "Chips". The chip rate for UMTS is fixed at 3.84 Mcps. After the spreading operation each "Bit" of the data signal is represented by a number of "chips". The number of chips representing each bit is referred to as the Spreading Factor (SF) and is given by dividing the chip rate by the source signal bit rate; in this example: 3.84 Mcs / 480 kbps = (SF=8) The spreading operation has resulted in an increase of the "signalling rate of the user data, in this case by a factor of 8, and corresponds to a widening of the "spectrum" occupied by the user data signal. Due to this, CDMA systems are more generically referred to as "Spread Spectrum" systems. The SF is also referred to as the Processing Gain (PG), which is expressed as a Decibel ratio and describes the gain or amplitude increase that will be applied to the signal at the receiving station as a result of the de-spreading operation. This concept is described in more detail later in this chapter
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Spreading
Version 1 Rev 0
Spreading
Data 480 kB/s
1 1
1 1
Spread Data
1 1
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De-spreading
De-spreading
De-spreading is performed at the receiving station (UE or Node B) by multiplying the chip rate, spread user data signal by a chip rate spreading code. By using the same spreading code as used at the transmitting station for the spreading operation, the multiplication of the two chip rate signals will reproduce the original bit rate user data signal. To aid accurate recovery of the user data, a Correlation Receiver is employed in most CDMA systems. The correlation receiver integrates the product of the de-spreading process on a chip-by-chip basis. In the upper diagram opposite, the example shown illustrated that for a perfectly received de-spread signal, the correlation receiver output has effectively "Lifted" the amplitude of the received signal by a factor of 8, a function of the processing gain.
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De-spreading
Version 1 Rev 0
De-spreading
Spread Data
1 1
Spreading Code
1 1
Recovered Data
1 1
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Orthogonal Codes
Orthogonal Codes
Transmissions from a single source are separated by channelisation codes. The channelisation codes of UTRA are based upon the Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) technique. There are a finite number of OVSF codes available, and some restrictions in their use. OVSF codes are, as their name implies, orthogonal codes. Orthogonal codes possess good cross correlation properties allowing easy discrimination between signals produced using correctly selected codes. For OVSF the cross correlation between codes is zero, meaning interferer signals between different codes is effectively "zero" after correlation.
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Orthogonal Codes
Version 1 Rev 0
Cch, 8, 0
Cch, 4, 0 Cch, 2, 0 (1, 1) Cch, 4, 1 Cch, 1, 0 (1, 1, -1, -1) (1, 1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
Cch, 8, 1
(1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1)
Cch, 8, 2
(1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1)
Cch, 8, 3
(1, 1, -1, -1,- 1, -1, 1, 1)
(1)
Cch, 4, 2 Cch, 2, 1 (1, -1) Cch, 4, 3 (1, -1, -1, 1) (1, -1, 1, -1)
Cch, 8, 4
(1, -1, 1,- 1, 1, -1, 1, -1)
Cch, 8, 5
(1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1)
Cch, 8, 6
(1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1)
Cch, 8, 7
(1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
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1 -1
1 -1
Recovered Data 1 at UE A -1
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Processing Gain
Processing Gain
Processing Gain can be defined as the Chip Rate divided by the bit rate. This gives a ratio that can be converted to decibels by using the following formula. PG = 10 x log SF The gain that we get from the Processing Gain is an extremely important part of CDMA. It is in fact because of this relationship that CDMA is so effective and is used even in space transmissions. Processing gain will determine how much the received signal can be lifted out of the noise floor. There is one simple rule to follow, the higher the SF the higher the processing gain will be, the lower the SF the lower the processing gain. As we know, the SF is also inversely proportional to the speed of the transmission. This means that the higher the speed of transmission the lower the processing gain will be. Due to this relationship the power output must be increased for any transmitter if the transmission rate is increased due to the loss in Processing Gain. This will also mean that if the Frame Erasure Rate (FER) is increased on the receiver side the power must be increased or the transmission rate must drop on the transmitter side to meet the FER requirement.
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Processing Gain
Version 1 Rev 0
Processing Gain
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Exercise 1 - Spreading
Exercise 1 - Spreading
This Exercise demonstrates the Modulo-2 Addition, Spreading Factor usage, Code Lengths and in general will give the student a feel for the Spreading Principle.
NOTES
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 1 - Spreading
Version 1 Rev 0
Exercise 1 - Spreading
Spreading Data 1 -1
Spreading Code 1 -1
Spread Data
1 -1 De-spreading
Spreading Code 1 -1
De-spread Data
1 -1
Calculation Box SF = 4 PG = 4 (ratio) PG = 6 dB
S/N = 5dB
C/I = 5 dB - 6 dB = -1 dB
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Exercise 2 - Spreading/Despreading
Exercise 2 - Spreading/Despreading
To gain some experience in Spreading the student can complete the following exercise. The student can complete the despreading part of the exercise and then calculate the SF and PG. See if it matches with the answers provided. Note the irregular structure in the answer. NOTES
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 2 - Spreading/Despreading
Version 1 Rev 0
Exercise 2 - Spreading/Despreading
Spreading Data 1 -1
C/I = 5 dB - 6 dB = -1 dB
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Exercise 3 - Spreading/Despreading
Exercise 3 - Spreading/Despreading
In this exercise the student must complete the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Determine the SF used? Do the spreading part of the exercise? Do the despreading part of the exercise using the right code? Do the despreading part of the exercise using the wrong code? Complete the calculation?
NOTES
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 3 - Spreading/Despreading
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Exercise 3 - Spreading/Despreading
Spreading Data 1 -1
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Scrambling
Scrambling
As previously described, OVSF spreading codes can be used to separate individual users on a common RF carrier freq. However, because of the need to maintain orthogonality of codes, the number of codes available is very limited (512 Downlink, 256 Uplink). These 512 code must be reused in every cell, as such they do not become unique to a cell and users located at the boundaries of cells, would receive transmissions using the same OVSF code, from more than one cell. For UMTS therefore, OVSF codes are used only as channelisation codes, used identify individual physical channels. A further coding, process, known as a "Scrambling" is performed, in order to discriminate between the transmissions between different cells on the downlink and different UEs on the uplink. Each physical channel is first individually spread to chip rate using a channelisation code (Cch sf,k) taken from the OVSF code tree, resulting in an increase in bandwidth of the signal form "Bit Rate" to "Chip Rate" The Sequence of chips produced by the channelisation process is then "Scrambled", using a chip-to-chip multiplication with a complex-valued scrambling code (Csc). The code chosen is used to identify the source of the signal. As scrambling is performed on top of spreading, it has no further effect on the bandwidth of the signal. Although the primary purpose of using a scrambling code is to identify all channels from a single source, that single source may use more than scrambling code. For example, in the downlink, a cell may transmit using one of 16 possible scrambling codes. After scrambling, all physical channels are then combined, using complex addition, before being forwarded to the RF Modulator for transmission.
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Scrambling
Version 1 Rev 0
Scrambling
Channel x Data
Cch SF,x Csc,x
Channel y Data
Cch SF,x Csc, x
Channel z Data
Cch SF,x Csc,x
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CC Usage Uplink Usage Downlink Length Uplink Length Downlink Number of Codes available Separation of Data & Control Channels (from the same UE) Separation of channels to different UEs 4 - 256 Chips 4 - 512 Chips 512 Uplink and Downlink
SC Separation of UEs Separation of Cells LC - 10ms=38400 Chips or SC = 66.7us = 256 Chips LC =38400 Chips Uplink = 2 1 = 16,777,215 18 Downlink = 2 1 = 262,143 (truncated to 8,192) LC=10ms = Gold Code SC = Extended S2 Family No effect on Bandwidth
24
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Short codes Code sequence length <Timeslot Code sequence repeated within every timeslot Good auto correlation properties Bad cross correlation properties Planning Difficult
Long codes Code sequence length >> Timeslot Code sequence repeated for each Radio Frame Bad auto correlation properties (long repetition cycle) Good cross correlation properties Planning easy
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Spread Data Channel X Cch 8,1 Spread Data Channel Y Cch 8,2 Spread Data Channel Z Cch 8,3 Scrambling code Channel X after scrambling Channel Y after scrambling Channel Z after scrambling Complex added scrambled codes
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3
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+1
-1 -2 -3 1 -1 +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3
+3 +2
Correlation Output
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Inter-symbol Interference
Inter-symbol interference occurs when the signal energy from more than one radio path, pertaining to a single symbol (or chip in the case of W-CDMA), such that the energy from the various paths overlaps. This results in the smearing of the signal, such that is hard to define where one chip starts and one chip ends and the true value of the chips may be distorted. This problem can be resolved, providing the delay between the two paths is greater than one chip period (0.26s at 3.84 Mcs). This equates to a path length difference of 78 m). Delays of 1 or 2 s are typical in urban areas, with 20s possible in hilly areas.
Signal Fade
In multi-path situations where path lengths are multiples of half a wavelength of the received frequency (7cm at 2GHz), the signals on two (or more) paths will arrive in anti-phase to each other. This results in cancellation of the signals, causing fast or Rayleigh fading. Such fading can result in signal level drops in the order of 20 to 30dB, making the reception of error free data bits very difficult.
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Matched Filter
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D0
t1 Cch sf,k
D1
t2 Cch sf,k
D2
t3 Cch sf,k
D3
Cch sf,k
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe the procedures performed by the Air Interface Physical Layer Describe the UMTS Channel Structure. Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
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When network elements (UEs and network) provide compatible service bearers (for example support a speech bearer) they should be assured of successful interworking. Moreover, different implementation options of the same (optional) feature would lead to incompatibility between UE and network. Therefore, this shall be avoided.
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QPSK
QPSK
The modulation scheme used in W-CDMA is quadrature phase shift keying (PSK) which allows 2 bits to be sent per symbol (I and Q). The reason for using QPSK is that it is fairly resilient to amplitude variations. The major problem with CDMA is that all users are on the same frequency and thus interfering with each other.
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QPSK
Version 1 Rev 0
QPSK
QPSK
Q
(0,1) (0,0)
I
(1,1) (1,0)
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Structure of Transmission
Structure of Transmission
The physical layer receives information, on a transport channel, as Transport Blocks (or Transport Block sets) from Layer 2. This information will consist of User Plane or Control Plane streams. In addition the physical layer will generate Layer 1 control information, used to maintain the radio bearer between the UE and the UTRAN. This layer 1 control information must be transmitted on the physical channel along with the transport channel information. As previously discussed, even when FDD mode is in use, a radio frame/timeslot structure is observed. (A 10 ms radio frame is divided into 15 timeslots). Though it is important to note that any given radio bearer is able to use all timeslots in every radio frame.
Downlink Transmission
On the downlink each timeslot will contain transport channel information and Layer 1 control information in time-multiplex. Each timeslot will contain fields supporting transport block information, interspersed with Layer 1 control fields. The exact structure of the fields is dependent upon the type of physical channel in use, and is described in detail later in this chapter.
Uplink Transmission
On the Uplink a time-multiplex structure is not practical as Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) is frequently employed. The combination of DTX and Time-multiplex would result in a "Bursty" transmission, which would generate audio band noise perceptible to the other party in a voice call. To overcome this problem, the transport channel information and Layer 1 control information are I/Q code multiplexed within each timeslot, allowing them to be transmitted in parallel. This make the transmission of Layer 1 control information continuous and hence prevents bursty transmission, even when DTX is applied.
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Structure of Transmission
Version 1 Rev 0
Structure of Transmission
I Q
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Channel Locations
Channel Locations
The radio interface is the section of the network between the UE and the Network. This section of the network is where the biggest limitation lies at the moment, it is the most vulnerable section and therefore very complex methods have to be invented in order to transmit the required data at the high speeds that is demanded of todays networks. The radio interface is composed of Layers 1, 2 and 3. The slide opposite shows the UTRA radio interface protocol architecture around the physical layer (Layer 1). The physical layer interfaces with the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer of Layer 2 and the Radio Resource Control (RRC) Layer of Layer 3. The physical layer offers different Transport channels to MAC. A transport channel is characterized by how the information is transferred over the radio interface. MAC offers different Logical channels to the Radio Link Control (RLC) sub-layer of Layer 2. The type of information transferred characterizes a logical channel. Physical channels are defined in the physical layer. In FDD mode, physical channels are defined by a specific carrier frequency, scrambling code, channelization code (optional), time start and stop (giving duration) and, on the uplink, relative phase (0 or /[Symbol_ps2]). In the TDD mode the physical channels is also characterized by the timeslot. The physical layer is controlled by RRC.
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Channel Locations
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Channel Locations
Layer 2
RLC
Logical Channels
Layer 2
MAC
Transport Channels
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Physical Channels
UE
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PDCH
PCCH
S-CCPCH
PICH
PRACH
SCH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Primary
Secondary
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Logical Channels
Logical Channels
The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. A set of logical channel types is defined for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC. Each logical channel type is defined by what type of information is transferred. A general classification of logical channels is into two groups: Control Channels (for the transfer of control plane information). Traffic Channels (for the transfer of user plane information).
Control Channels
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) A downlink channel for broadcasting system control information. Paging Control Channel (PCCH) A downlink channel that transfers paging information. This channel is used when the network does not know the location cell of the UE, or, the UE is in the cell connected state (utilising UE sleep mode procedures). Common Control Channel (CCCH) Bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. This channel is commonly used by the UEs having no RRC connection with the network and by the UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is established through RRC connection set-up procedure.
Traffic Channels
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) A Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink. Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs.
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Logical Channels
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Logical Channels
DCCH
DTCH
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH
CTCH
U-RNTI
PTM
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Transport Channels
Transport Channels
The physical layer offers information transfer services to MAC and higher layers. The physical layer transport services are described by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the radio interface. An adequate term for this is Transport Channel. A general classification of transport channels is into two groups: Common transport channels (where there is a need for inband identification of the UEs when particular UEs are addressed. Dedicated transport channels (where the UEs are identified by the physical channel, i.e. code and frequency for FDD and code, time slot and frequency for TDD).
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Transport Channels
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Transport Channels
DCH
BCH
PCH
FACH
RACH
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Physical Channels
Physical Channels
Common Physical Channels (CPCHs)
P-SCH ; S-SCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH Primary Synchronisation Channel; Secondary Synchronisation Channel Synchronisation to the network Primary Common Control Physical Channel Cell Information and Frequency info Secondary Common Control Physical Channel Paging Information and Transfer of small amounts of user data. Downlink only. PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Initial message when UE wants to gain access to the network; Transfer of small amounts of data; Uplink only PICH AICH Paging Indicator Channel Provides UEs with efficient sleep mode operation Acquisition Indicator Channel Acknowledges an effective request for access after preamble has been send up P-CPICH; S-CPICH DPDCH/DPCCH Primary Common Pilot Indicator Channel; Secondary Pilot Indicator Channel Helps with channel estimation and shows the attractiveness of the cell Dedicated Physical Channels Uplink and downlink control and data information; Dedicated to a single user
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Physical Channels
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Physical Channels
PDCH
PCCH
S-CCPCH
PICH
PRACH
SCH
CPICH
AICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Primary
Secondary
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Channel Mapping
Channel Mapping
The diagram opposite summarises the mapping of logical channels onto transport channels, and transport channels onto physical channels. The DCHs are coded and multiplexed, as described later in this chapter, and the resulting data stream is mapped sequentially (first-in-first-mapped) directly to the physical channel(s). The mapping of BCH and FACH/PCH is equally straightforward, where the data stream after coding and interleaving is mapped sequentially to the Primary and Secondary CCPCH respectively. Note that the BCCH logical channel can be mapped to both BCH and FACH, so as to be available to idle mode and connected mode UEs respectively. Also for the RACH, the coded and interleaved bits are sequentially mapped to the physical channel, in this case the message part of the PRACH.
Physical signals
Physical signals are entities with the same basic on-air attributes as physical channels but do not have transport channels or indicators mapped to them. Physical signals may be associated with physical channels in order to support the function of physical channels. SCH, CPICH, and AICH are classified as physical signals and hence are not shown on the diagram opposite.
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Channel Mapping
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Channel Mapping
Uplink
CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH
Paging Control Channel
Downlink
BCCH CCCH CTCH
Common Traffic Channel
DCCH DTCH
Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel
RACH
DCH
PCH
BCH
FACH
DCH
PRACH
DPDCH DPCCH
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Radio Frame
As previously outlined the basic unit of the air interface is the radio frame. A radio frame is defined as a processing duration which consists of 15 timeslots. The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38,400 chips." With a system chip rate of 3.84 Mcps being employed, a radio frame thus has a duration of 10 ms.
System Frame
Several physical layer procedures (e.g. Paging and Random Access) span more than a single frame. To accommodate these procedures, a system frame is defined. The frame within the system frame structure is identified by a System Frame Number (SFN), which is a 12 bit binary number, thus a System Frame can consist of 4096 frames.
Timeslot
Each radio frame consists of 15 timeslots. A slot duration consists of fields containing bits. The length of the slot always corresponds to 2560 chips. The time duration of a timeslot is approximately 666 s. The number of fields within each timeslot is dependent upon the physical channel in use. Similarly the number of bits which can be accommodate by a timeslot is dependent upon the spreading factor in use for that physical channel.
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SLOT
Time Slot = 2560 chips
FRAME
TS0 TS1 TSn TS13 TS14
SYSTEM FRAME
Frame 1 Frame n 10ms 40.96 secs Frame 4094 Frame 4095
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acp
acp
acp
acp
acp
Secondary SCH
acsi,0
acsi,1
acsi,2
acsi,3
acsi,14
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The Primary CPICH is the phase reference for the following downlink channels: SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. The Primary CPICH is also the default phase reference for all other downlink physical channels.
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Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #14
Antenna 1
A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Antenna 2 -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A
slot #14 Frame#i Frame Boundary slot #0 Frame#i+1 slot #1
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Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i Tf = 10ms
Slot #14
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Frame. 10s
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Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #14
0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 16 0 16 0 16
0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8*
* If TFCI bits are not used, then DTX shall be used in TFCI field.
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PRACH Pre-amble
Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips. There are a maximum of 16 available signatures
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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) RACH access slot numbers and their spacing
Access slot
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
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Control
TFCI NTFCIbits
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #14
0 1 2 3
10 20 40 80
10 20 40 80
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a0 a1 a 2
a30 a31
Transmission Off
AS # 14 AS # 0
AS # 1
AS # i 20ms
AS # 14
AS # 0
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SFN mod 2 = 0 #0 #2 #1 #3 #2 #4 #3 #5 #4 #6 #5 #7 #6 #8 #7 #9 #8
#1
10ms
10ms
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TFCI
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #14
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Physical Channel 1
Transmission Power
Physical Channel 2
Transmission Power
Physical Channel L
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DPCCH
Pilot Npilotbits
TFCI NTFCIbits
FBI NFBIbits
TPC NTPCbits
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i Tf = 10ms
Slot #14
K = 0........7
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It should be noted that not every step is applicable to every data type.
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Rate matching
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Rate Matching
The rate matching operation in the uplink, is a much more dynamic process that may vary on a frame-by-frame basis. The rate matching operation needs to take into account the the number of bits coming from all transport channels. When the data rate of one service, the dynamic rate matching adjusts the rates of the remaining service as well so that all symbols in the radio frame will be used. For example if with two transport channels, one has a momentary zero rate, rate matching used repetition to increase the symbol rate for the other service sufficiently so that all uplink channel symbols are used.
DTX
Because Uplink rate matching ensures that all unused transport channel bits are filled, there is no requirement for DTX indication bits to be inserted in the uplink flow
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TrCH Multiplexing CCTrCH Physical channel segmentation 2nd interleaving Physical channel mapping
PhCH#1 PhCH#2
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe basic Radio Resource and Mobility Management functions.
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Cell Selection / Reselection Handovers Power Control Admission Control Load Control
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UE RRC States
UE RRC States
The two basic operational modes of the UE are Idle Mode and Connected Mode. The connected mode can be further divided into service states, which define what kind of physical channels a UE is using. The diagram opposite shows the main RRC service states in the connected Mode. It also shows the transitions between idle mode and connected mode, and the possible transitions within connected mode.
Idle Mode
In idle mode, after the UE is switched on, it selects (either automatically or manually) a PLMN to contact. The UE looks for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN, chooses that cell to provide available services and tunes to the control channel. This is known as "Camping on a cell". After camping on a cell in idle mode, the UE is able to receive system information messages broadcast from the cell. The UE stays in idle mode until such time as it transmits a request to establish a RRC connection. In Idle mode the UE is identified by IMSI, TMSI and P-TMSI. The UTRAN has no information of its own about individual idle mode UEs and can only address, for example, all UEs in a cell or all UEs monitoring a paging group.-
Connected Mode
Cell DCH In Cell DCH state a dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE and the UE is known by its serving RNC on a cell or active set level. The UE performs measurements and sends measurement reports according to measurement control information received from the RNC. The DSCH can also be used in this state, and UEs with certain capabilities are also able to monitor the FACH channel for system information messages. Cell FACH In Cell FACH state no dedicated channel is allocated to the UE, but the RACH and FACH channels can be used, both for transferring signalling messages and small amounts of data. In this state the UE is also capable of monitoring the broadcast channel to acquire system information. The CPCH can also be used when instructed by the UTRAN. In this state the UE performs cell reselections, and after a reselection always sends a Cell Update message to the RNC so the RNC knows the UE location on a cell level. For Identification, a C-RNTI in the MAC PDU header separates UEs from each other in a cell. When the UE performs cell reselection it uses an U-RNTI when sending the Cell Update message, so the UTRAN can route the message to the current serving RNC of the UE, even if the first RNC receiving the message is not the current SRNC. The U-RNTI is part of the RRC message, not in the MAC header. If the new cell belongs to another RAN system, such as GPRS, the UE enters idle mode and accesses the other system according to that systems access procedure
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UE RRC States
Version 1 Rev 0
UE RRC States
Cell DCH
Cell PCH
Idle Mode
Cell FACH
URA PCH
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UE RRC States
UE RRC States
Cell PCH In the Cell PCH state the UE is still known on a cell level in the SRNC, but it can be reached only via the paging channel. In this state the battery consumption is less than in cell FACH, since the monitoring of the paging channel includes a discontinuous reception (DRX) functionality. The UE also listens to system information on the broadcast channel. A UE supporting the CBS is also capable of receiving BMC message in this state. If the UE performs cell reselection, it moves autonomously to the Cell FACH state to execute the Cell Update procedure, after which it re-enters the Cell PCH state if no other activity is triggered during the Cell Update procedure. If the new cell belongs to another RAN system, such as GPRS, the UE enters idle mode and accesses the other system according to that systemss access procedure URA PCH The URA PCH state is very similar to the Cell PCH, except that the UE does not execute Cell Update after each reselection, but instead reads UTRA Registration Area (URA) identities from the broadcast channel, and only if the URA changes does the UE pass its location to the SRNC. This is achieved with the URA Update procedure (the UE enters the Cell_FACH state to execute the procedure and then reverts to the URA PCH state). One cell can belong to one or many URAs, and only if the UE cannot find its latest URA identification from the list of URAs in a cell does it need to execute the URA Update Procedure. This overlapping URA feature is needed to avoid pin-pong effects in possible network configuration, where geographically succeeding base stations are controlled by different RNCs. The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC connection is released or at RRC connection failure.
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UE RRC States
Version 1 Rev 0
UE RRC States
Cell DCH
Cell PCH
Idle Mode
Cell FACH
URA PCH
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UE Measurements
CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH. SIR Signal to Interference Ratio, defined as: (RSCP/ISCP)(SF/2). The SIR shall be measured on DPCCH after RL combination. UTRA carrier RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wide-band received power within the relevant channel bandwidth. Measurement shall be performed on a UTRAN downlink carrier. GSM carrier RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wide-band received power within the relevant channel bandwidth. Measurement shall be performed on a GSM BCCH carrier. CPICH Ec/No The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. The Ec/No is identical to RSCP/RSSI. Measurement shall be performed on the Primary CPICH. Transport channel BLER Estimation of the transport channel Block Error Rate (BLER). The BLER estimation shall be based on evaluating the CRC on each transport block after RL combination. UE transmitted power The total UE transmitted power on one carrier. UE Rx-Tx time difference The difference in time between the UE uplink DPCCH/DPDCH frame transmission on the first significant path, of the downlink DPCH frame from the measured radio link. Measurement shall be made for each cell included in the active set. The Observed time difference to GSM The Observed time difference to GSM cell is defined as: TRxGSMj - TRxSFNi, where: TRxSFNi is the time at the beginning of the P-CCPCH frame with SFN=0 from cell i. TRxGSMj is the time at the beginning of the GSM BCCH 51-multiframe from GSM frequency j received closest in time after the time TRxSFNi.
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CPICH RSCP SIR UTRA carier RSSI CPICH Ec/No Transport channel BLER UE transmitted power UE Rx-Tx time difference The Observed time difference to GSM
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RSSI SIR Transmitted carrier power Transmitted code power Transport channel BER Physical channel BER Round trip time PRACH Propagation delay Acknowledged PRACH preambles
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Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
In addtion to monitoring Node Bs on the same carrier, the UE must be able to monitor for potential target resources on other UMTS carriers, and in the case of dual mode UEs on alternative RAN technologies (e.g GSM/GPRS). This will involve at minimum retuning of the UEs receiver elements to a new radio frequency. As the transfer of information between network and UE is continuous in a CDMA system, time must be "created" for the UE perform this function. This achieved by the use of Compressed Mode. In compressed mode, time slots from Nfirst to Nlast are not used for transmission of data. Instead, the data that would normally be transmitted during those slots is compressed into the remaining timeslots within that radio frame. As illustrated in the figure opposite, the instantaneous transmit power is increased in the compressed frame in order to keep the quality (BER, FER, etc.) unaffected by the reduced processing gain. The amount of power increase depends on the transmission time reduction method What frames are compressed, are decided by the network. When in compressed mode, compressed frames can occur periodically, as illustrated, or requested on demand. The rate and type of compressed frames is variable and depends on the environment and the measurement requirements. The maximum idle length is defined to be 7 slots per 10ms frame (yielding 4.67ms). There are three methods of compressing the data:
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Compressed Mode
Version 1 Rev 0
Compressed Mode
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Cell Selection/Re-selection
Cell Selection/Re-selection
The goal of the cell selection procedures is to fast find a cell to camp on. To speed up this process, at "power up" or when returning from "out of coverage", the UE shall start with the stored information from previous network contacts. If the UE is unable to find any of those cells the initial cell search will be initiated. If it is not possible to find a cell from a valid PLMN the UE will choose a cell in a forbidden PLMN and enter a "limited service state". In this state the UE regularly attempt to find a suitable cell on a valid PLMN. If a better cell is found the UE has to read the system information for that cell. The cell to camp on is chosen by the UE on link quality basis. However, the network can set cell re-selection thresholds in order to take other criteria into account, such as, for example: available services; cell load; UE speed. In CDMA, it is important to minimise the UE output power, and also to minimise the power consumption in the UE. In order to achieve that, an Immediate Cell Evaluation Procedure at call set up can ensure that the UE transmits with the best cell, while keeping the power consumption low.
Cell Re-selection
The cell reselection procedure is a procedure to check the best cell to camp on. The evaluation of the measurements for this procedure is always active, in idle mode, after the cell selection procedure has been completed and the first cell has been chosen. The goal of the procedure is to always camp on a cell with good enough quality even if it is not the optimal cell all the time. It is also possible to have a "time to trigger" and hysteresis criteria in the cell reselection to control the number of cell reselections. The parameters needed for the cell reselection procedure (e.g., the offset value and the hysteresis) are unique on a cell to neighbour cell relation basis. These have therefore to be distributed, together with time to trigger value, in system information in the serving cell. This implies that the UE does not need to read the system information in the neighbouring cells before the cell reselection procedure finds a neighbouring cell with better quality.
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Cell Selection/Re-selection
Version 1 Rev 0
Cell Selection/Re-selection
go here whenever a new PLMN is selected cell information stored for the PLMN Stored Information Cell Selection no suitable cell found suitable cell found Cell Selection when leaving connected mode return to idle mode suitable cell found no suitable cell found 1 no cell information stored for the PLMN Initial Cell Selection
Connected Mode
Cell Reselection
go here when no USIM in the UE 1 no acceptable cell found an acceptable cell found Cell Selection when leaving connected mode return to idle mode Connected Mode (Emergency calls only) USIM inserted
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Macro Diversity
Macro Diversity
Macrodiversity provides an improved error correction capability through the use of combining/splitting at the RNC and Node B. Communications will be sent via the Iur interface from the RNC in the D-RNS to the RNC in the S-RNS and on to the Iu to the core network. This function controls the duplication/ replication of information streams to receive/ transmit the same information through multiple physical channels from/ towards a single mobile terminal. This function also controls the combining of information streams generated by a single source (diversity link), but conveyed via several parallel physical channels (diversity sub-links). Macrodiversity control should interact with channel coding control in order to reduce the BER when combining the different information streams. In some cases, depending on physical network configuration, there may be several entities that combine the different information streams, i.e. there may be combining/splitting at the S-RNC, D-RNC or Node B level. This function is located in the UTRAN.
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Macro Diversity
Version 1 Rev 0
Macro Diversity
UTRAN
lu D-RNS RNC
Iur
D-RNS RNC
Iur
S-RNS RNC
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Handover
Handover
Handover Strategy
The handover strategy employed by the network for radio link control determines the handover decision that will be made based on the measurement results reported by the UE/RNC and various parameters set for each cell. Network directed handover might also occur for reasons other than radio link control, e.g. to control traffic distribution between cells. The network operator will determine the exact handover strategies. Possible types of Handover are as follows: Handover 3G -3G; FDD soft/softer handover; FDD inter-frequency hard handover; FDD/TDD Handover; TDD/FDD Handover; TDD/TDD Handover; Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. Handover to GSM); Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. Handover from GSM).
Handover Causes
The following is a non-exhaustive list for causes that could be used for the initiation of a handover process. Uplink quality; Uplink signal measurements; Downlink quality; Downlink signal measurements; Distance; Change of service; Better cell; O&M intervention; Directed retry; Traffic; Pre-emption
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Handover
Version 1 Rev 0
Handover
Handover Strategy Handover 3G -3G; FDD soft/softer handover; FDD inter-frequency hard handover; FDD/TDD Handover; TDD/FDD Handover; TDD/TDD Handover; Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. Handover to GSM); Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. Handover from GSM). Handover Causes Uplink quality; Uplink signal measurements; Downlink quality; Downlink signal measurements; Distance; Change of service; Better cell; O&M intervention; Directed retry; Traffic Pre-emption
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Based on the measurements of the set of cells monitored, the Soft Handover function evaluates if any Node B should be added to (Radio Link Addition), removed from (Radio Link Removal), or replaced in (Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal) the Active Set. This procedure is known as the "Active Set Update" procedure.
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Eb/(No + lo)
Tadd Tdrop
Add A
Drop B
Time
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S-RNS Relocation
S-RNS Relocation
This functionality allows moving the Serving RNS functionality from one RNC to another RNC e.g. closer to where the UE has moved during the communication. The Serving RNS Relocation procedure may be applied when active cell management functionality has created a suitable situation for it. Both UTRAN and CN are involved.
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S-RNS Relocation
Version 1 Rev 0
S-RNS Relocation
Step 1 Step 2 D-RNS S-RNS lu RNC lur RNC lur lu RNC S-RNS
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Power Control
Power Control
Power control controls the level of the transmitted power in order to minimise interference and keep the quality of the connections. Three types of Power Control Procedures are identified:
Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop using the Inner Loop method
UL Inner Loop Power Control - located in both the UTRAN and the UE DL Inner Loop Power Control - located in both the UTRAN and the UE
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Power Control
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Power Control
Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control (Inner Loop) Closed Loop Power Control (Outer Loop) Site Selection Diversity Power Control
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Using DL path loss as "perceived" UL path loss, UE calculates TX power O/P required access network
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UE sends Transmit Power Control (TPC) information to Node B, adjusting Node B transmit power output in an attempt to acheive target SIR
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SRNC Checks FER and adjusts target quality value for the UL
Node B receives UL dedicated channel data, which is passed serving RNC along with a Quality estimate of the Transport Channel
SRNC
SRNC target quality Value sent to Node B as New Target SIR value for Inner Loop Power Control
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Node B
Node B
Node B
Increase
Node B
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b0
b1
b2
b3
b0
b1
b2
b3
-b2
b3
b0
-b1
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Ant 2
M U Ant 1 X
Tx Antenna 2
Data
Channel Encoder
Rate Matching
QPSK symbols
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Tx
x
Ant2
x
W2 CPICH2
Rx Rx
Tx
W1
W2
Weight Generation
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Admission Control
Admission Control
The Radio Resource Module (RRM) makes decisions on whether calls should be admitted or not. It could be a new call, a reconfiguration or a handover. If one of the following events occurs the RRM rejects the admission attempt: a) b) c) d) e) the OVSF code resource is low the Iub bandwidth resource is low the CPU resource is low the call request is rejected by the CAC module for DCH the call request is rejected by the CAC module for HSDPA admission.
System Load
Admission Control is performed according to the current system load and the required service. The call should be blocked if none of the suitable cells can efficiently provide the service required by the UE at call set up (i.e., if, considering the current load of the suitable cells, the required service is likely to increase the interference level to an unacceptable value). This would ensure that the UE avoids wasting power affecting the quality of other communications. In this case, the network can initiate a re-negotiation of resources of the on-going calls in order to reduce the traffic load. An example of Call Admission Control is given on the right side of the page. 1. 2. 3. 4. CN requests SRNC for establishing a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) indicating QoS parameters. According to QoS parameters the requested service is assigned a type of service. CAC is performed according to the type of service. Resources are allocated according to the result of CAC. Acknowledgement is sent back to CN according to the result of CAC. Sub-layers are configured accordingly.
In the case were PS domain interactive and background services are requested (BE service) and the cell loading is relatively heavy, the call could be rejected if the requested resources are above the allowed thresholds. This has resulted in fewer admissions that could have been granted if the initial bearer rate was reduced. An algorithm has been introduced to address this situation call RAB downsizing. If a PS domain interactive and background services are requested (BE service) is requested and the requested rate is high with a heavy cell loading then the algorithm reduces the initial admission rate , again and again until the RAB downsizing load calculation indicates that the admission control is likely to be successful or until the minimum rate has been reached. If the admission request after RAB downsizing is rejected again, it is possible to use queuing , pre-emption, or directed retry to ensure admission.
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Admission Control
Version 1 Rev 0
Admission Control
1. RANAP Message RANAP 4. RANAP Message RRM Entity 2. Mapping QoS Parameter Type of Service CAC 3. Resource Allocation
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Detailed Explanation
Downlink and uplink Load Congestion Control (LCC) have similar functions, and are operating independently. There are two stages for downlink and uplink LCC, namely the basic congestion stage and the overload congestion stage. When a LDR threshold is exceeded, the basic congestion stage is entered andLoad Reduction (LDR) actions are taken. During this stage, the cell load is close to but still below the Call Admission Control (CAC) admission threshold for other services. LDR actions such as inter-frequency handover, bit-rate reduction of BE services, bit-rate reduction of rate-controllable streaming services and adjustment of AMR mode will be taken to gradually reduce the system load and make room for the system to admit more new users. When a Overload Control threshold is exceeded, the overload congestion stage is entered and OLC actions such as fast Transport Format (TF) control and selective drop of users will be taken to quickly reduce system load and try to restore system stability. Upon detection of congestion, this feature allows the system to meet different quality of service requirements, to reduce the data rate of low-priority services and if necessary release some of high-priority services until the system returns to a stable un-congested state. When a cell is detected to be in the LDR stage, the following actions are taken in order to reduce load: Reduce the throughput of Best Effort(BE) interactive and background service Inter-Carrier Load Balancing (ICLB) Iu QoS renegotiation (Max bit rate of PS domain real time services renegotiated) Inter-RAT load balancing (Handover to GSM) When a cell is detected to be in the OLC stage, the following actions are taken. In addition the LDR actions are stopped when the OLC threshold is reached. Fast BE control (Progressively decreasing the maximum Transport Format (TF) of the TrCH that carries BE traffic) Selective drop of UEs (different criteria for uplink and downlink).
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Cell Breathing
Cell Breathing
Load imbalance can happen between cells with same frequency (carrier). When the load of one cell is too heavy, it results in transmission loss and the quality of communications is decreased for the users at the edge of the cell. At the same time, neighbour cells still have many available resources. When this happens, cell breathing can be used to avoid this: the cell size will be reduced when the cell is overloaded and cell size will be increased when the cell is lightly loaded by adjusting the transmitted power of the pilot channel. The UE at the edge of the cell will be switched to the neighbour cells when the cell is overloaded and the UE at the edge of neighbour cells will be switched to the cell when it is lightly loaded. This results more efficient use of the radio resources.
Detailed Explanation
This algorithm can be used to distribute the traffic in a heavily loaded cell to surrounding cells by reducing the Primary CPICH power. On the other hand, if a cell is lightly loaded it can relieve the loading in surrounding cells by increasing the Primary CPICH power. The RNC then informs the Node B of any change in the Primary CPICH power through an NBAP Cell Reconfiguration Request message. On successful receipt of this message, the Node B reconfigures the Primary CPICH power and modifies both the DL common channel power levels and the dedicated channel maximum/minimum code powers that are set relative to the Primary CPICH power.
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Cell Breathing
Version 1 Rev 0
Cell Breathing
RNC
Node B
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Macro
CPICH quality above set threshold and all RABs supported and slow moving Hard handover to Micro
Hierarchical Cells
Micro
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HSDPA Overview
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HSDPA Overview
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Objectives
Version 1 Rev 0
Objectives
On completion of this chapter the Student will be able to: Describe the important changes and characteristics of HSDPA State the new channels of HSDPA and how they operate in principle Describe the extended UTRAN protocol stack with HSDPA State the advantages and disadvantages of HSDPA and future enhancements Describe the concept of HSUPA
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Feature Study
The HSDPA feature in 3GPP Release 5 is the result of a study carried out in the Release 4 time frame. This study considered a number of techniques in order to provide instantaneous high speed data in the downlink. Some of the considerations and goals taken into account in the evaluation of the different techniques were: To focus on the streaming, interactive and background services: services which require a constant and/high throughput or low error rate. To prioritise urban environments and then indoor deployments (but not limited to these environments and supporting full mobility). To enable compatibility with advanced antenna and receiver techniques: transmit and receive diversity methods are used and might be enhanced To take into account User Equipment processing time and memory requirements: UEs limitations are taken into account by the network To minimize changes on existing techniques and architecture: modest changes to NodeB hardware and UTRAN software
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HSDPA Targets
HSDPA Targets
Higher Data Rates for Streaming-, Interactive- and Background Services
HSDPA is a feature based on a downlink shared channel that allows user net-data rates of up to 10 Mbit/s. It is designed to support services that require instantaneous high rates in the downlink and lower rates on the uplink. This feature also decreases the level of retransmissions (at the radio link and hence higher layers), in turn allowing the reduction of delivery time. Examples of end-user services targeted by HSDPA are internet browsing and video on demand.
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HSDPA Targets
Version 1 Rev 0
HSDPA Targets
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HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA Characteristics
High Speed Downlink Packet Access comes with certain characteristics which distinguishes it clearly from Rel. 99 UTRAN.
Modulation Types
QPSK is already known from Rel. 99 UTRAN. Besides QPSK, HSDPA incorporates the 16-QAM modulation to increase the peak data rates for users served under favorable radio conditions. Support for QPSK is mandatory, though the support for 16-QAM is optional for the network and UE. 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) was newly introduced in Rel .5 with HSDPA. It is a so called higher order modulation which basically doubles the data rate in good radio conditions. Thus it increases the spectrum efficiency of WCDMA.
Hybrid ARQ
HARQ functionality combines retransmission with the original transmissions. There a two different ways for HARQ to operate. Either identical retransmission of the data block are sent or retransmission are not identical and differ in data and parity bits compared to the original transmission. The first method is known as chase combining and, the latter as incremental redundancy . HARQ operates on an N-channel Stop and Wait principle.
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HSDPA Characteristics
Version 1 Rev 0
HSDPA Characteristics
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QPSK
Each symbol corresponds to 2 consecutive input bits. The four symbols are represented by different phase shifts in the I/Q plane.
16QAM
Each symbol corresponds to four consecutive input bits. Thus the data rate can be doubled with 16-QAM compared to QPSK. The 16 symbols are represented in the I/Q plane by different phase shifts and amplitudes. In 16-QAM modulation the symbol value is determined by phase and amplitude. Compared to that, in QPSK the phase is only modulated and variation in amplitude have only minor influence on the decision space in the I/Q diagram. However with 16-QAM the decision space is heavily influenced by amplitude variations, thus higher constraints are put on the transmitter linearity. Note, a more accurate phase estimate is necessary with 16-QAM since constellation points have smaller differences in phase domain compared to QPSK. Note: The number of constellation points in the I/Q-diagram can be calculated with 2m, where m represents the number of bits or chips per modulation symbol. QPSK modulation has four constellation points in the I/Q-diagram: 2^m = 4 m = 2. 16-QAM modulation has 16 constellation points in the I/Q-diagram: 2^m = 16 m = 4
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HSDPA Rel. 5
In HSDPA the spreading factor for the user plane is fixed to 16. Thus up to 15 physical channels can be allocated at maximum per UE. QPSK: The downlink slot format # 0 allows for 320 bits/slot and per physical channel. This results in 960 bits/ 2 ms subframe. The maximum physical data rate considering 15 spreading codes @ sf16 is: 7.2 Mbit/s. 16-QAM The downlink slot format #1 allows for 640 bits/slot and per physical channel. This results in 1920 bits/ 2 ms subframe. The maximum physical data rate considering 15 spreading codes @ sf16 is: 14.4 Mbit/s.
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Uplink
1 bits/symbol x [3.84 Mcps / (4 chips/symbol)] x (6 OVSF's) = 5.76 Mbits/S
HSDPA Rel. 5
QPSK
2 bits/symbol x [3.84 Mcps / (16 chips/symbol)] x (15 OVSF's) = 7.2 Mbits/S
16-QAM
4 bits/symbol x [3.84 Mcps / (16 chips/symbol)] x (15 OVSF's) = 14.4 Mbits/S
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Transport Channel:
HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) The HS-DSCH is the actual transport resource carrying the packet data of the user applications. As it also follows the shortened TTI of 2 ms, it allows for short round trip delay in the operation between NodeB and UE. The 2 ms TTI is short when compared to 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms TTIs supported by Rel. 99 and Rel. 4 transport channels. HS-DSCH describes the physical layer processing by MAC-hs of a HSDPA transport block. Dynamic part: TB size = TBS size {1 to 200 000 bits with 8 bit granularity}; modulation scheme {QPSK, 16-QAM}; redundancy / constellation version {1 8}. Static part: TTI {2 ms for FDD}; type of channel coding {turbo coding}; mother code rate {1/3}, CRC size {24 bits} No semi-static attributes are defined for HS-DSCH.
Physical Channels
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) The HS-SCCH has a fixed spreading factor of value 128 and is configured only in the downlink direction. It also adopts the shortened TTI of 2 ms. In theory, up to 127 HS-SCCHs can be configured in a cell. However, the UE is required only to be able to listen to up to four HS-SCCH in parallel. The HS-SCCH allows the efficient sharing of one or more HS-PDSCHs among different users. Nevertheless every UE needs to be informed on the DCCH via RRC messages about the specific HS-SCCH-set that it shall monitor in order to receive data via the HS-PDSCHs. High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) The HS-PDSCH has a fixed spreading factor of value 16. Thus, it provides for multicode operation using up to 15 channelization codes in parallel. Of course the UE must support the use of up to 15 channelization codes which depends on its category. The HS-PDSCH adopts the shortened TTI of 2 ms. Uplink Dedicated Control Channel Associated with HS-DSCH Transmission (Uplink HS-DPCCH). The HS-DPCCH has a fixed spreading factor of value 256 and is only configured in uplink direction. The HS-DPCCH also follows the shortened TTI of 2 ms. Its purpose is to provide feedback information about the downlink receive quality and whether the packet data received by the UE are error-free or need to be retransmitted. Thus the NodeB is quickly notified of unsuccessful transmissions and/or changing radio conditions in downlink direction.
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Transport Channels
Physical Channels
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Beamforming
Beamforming makes use of adaptive antennas and can therefore provide a better C/I to UEs in the downlink. At the same time beamforming allows re-use of scarce downlink channelization codes as the individual UEs are separated in space and possibly through different downlink scrambling codes, thus making use of secondary scrambling codes. The signals toward different UEs from the same cell are typically transmitted under the same primary scrambling code and separated by means of orthogonal channelization codes. However, some of the beams may be transmitted under a secondary scrambling code with its associated channelization code tree, thereby increasing the resources in the cell. Note that the loss of the reduced orthogonality between primary and secondary scrambling code can be partly mitigated in the case of beamforming by splitting the cell into multiple scrambling code regions, so the spatial isolation between beams using different scrambling codes helps to compensate the lack of orthogonality.
Transmit Diversity
The downlink capacity could be improved by using receive antenna diversity in the UE. However for small and cheap mobiles it is not feasible to use two antennas and receiver chains. Therefore, the WCDMA standard already supports the use of base station transmit diversity in Rel. 99. There are two modes: open loop (TSTD and STTD) and closed loop mode (mode1 with phase adjustment only and mode 2 with phase and amplitude adjustment). The open loop mode simply transmits the coded information from two antennas, but on the diversity antenna the bits are time reversed and complex conjugated. The STTD method provides two kinds of diversity. The physical separation of the antennas provides space diversity and the time difference derived from a bit-reversing process provides for time diversity, thus the decoding in the receiver becomes more reliable. The closed loop mode can only be applied to the downlink channel, if there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode can only be used with dedicated channels (DPCH, PDSCH or HS-PDSCH with an associated uplink DPCCH).
MIMO
With MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) at the transmitter, x independent data streams are transmitted out of the x antennas on the same frequency band. At the receiver, each antenna receives all of the transmitted sub-streams superimposed, not separately. If multipath scattering is sufficient, these x data streams have different spatial signatures to each of the e.g. p receive antennas and they are separable, the signals arrive with different phases. When a transmitter has x antennas and the receiver has p antennas, the link speed increases linearly with min (x,p) given the same power and bandwidth budget.
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Preview to HSUPA
Preview to HSUPA
The aim of the HSUPA is to enhance the uplink DCH operation and performance, using several techniques in order to support services like video-clips, multimedia, e-mail, telematics, gaming and video-streaming. A study showed that various techniques such as Node-B controlled scheduling, shorter TTI and a hybrid ARQ layer in the Node-B can enhance the uplink packet transfer performance significantly compared to Release-99/Rel-4/Rel-5. The targeted improvements are a higher air interface capacity in the uplink and a better end user experience by increasing both the cell throughput and the coverage of higher bit rates in uplink. There are fundamental differences between uplink and downlink data transmission, making it impossible to simply introduce the same HSDPA solutions for the uplink.
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Preview to HSUPA
Version 1 Rev 0
Preview to HSUPA
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Preview to HSUPA
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Annexe A
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Chapter 10 Annexe A
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Annexe A
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Objectives
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Objectives
On completion of this chapter the student should be able to: Describe selected UMTS Signalling Flow procedures.
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RANAP
1. Paging
RANAP
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RANAP
1. Paging
RANAP
RRC
RRC
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Serving RNC
RRC
Allocate RNTI Select L1 and L2 parameters
NBAP
Start Rx
NBAP
NBAP
NBAP
DCH DCH
Start Rx
DCH DCH
RRC RRC
RRC RRC
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10. The Node B (Drift RNC) confirms the release of the link by sending the Radio Link Deletion Response to the Drift RNC. 11. The Drift RNC confirms the release of the link by sending the Radio Link Deletion Response to the SRNC. 12. The Node B (SRNC) initiates release of Iub Data Transport bearer using ALCAP protocol. 13. The Node B (Drift RNC) initiates release of Iub Data Transport bearer using ALCAP protocol. 14. The Drift RNC initiates release of Iur Data Transport bearer using ALCAP protocol.
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Node B
Serving RNS
Drift RNC
Serving RNC
RANAP
CN
1. Iu Release RANAP Complete 2. Iu Release RANAP RANAP Complete 3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release
RRC RRC
4. RRC connection Release 5. RRC Connection Release Complete 6. Radio Link Deletion
NBAP
RNSAP NBAP
8. Radio Link Deletion
NBAP NBAP
NBAP NBAP
NBAP RNSAP
11. Radio Link Deletion RNSAP Response
12. ALCAP Iub Bearer Release 13. ALCAP Iub Bearer Release ALCAP Iur Bearer Release
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RA Update
RA Update
This example shows location registration when changing Routing Area including change of 3G SGSN when the UE is in MM idle state towards the 3G SGSN. The illustrated transfer of MM signalling to/from the UE uses an established RRC connection. This RRC connection can have been established beforehand due to ongoing inter-working between UE and 3G-MSC/VLR or be established only for this location registration procedure towards the 3G-SGSN. For each indicated MM message sent in this case to/from UE, the CN discriminator indicates 3G-SGSN. The following procedure will take place to perform the RA update: 1. The RRC connection is established, if not already done. The UE sends the initial message Routing Area Update Request (old P-TMSI, old RAI, etc.) to the new 3G-SGSN. The old P-TMSI and the old RAI are assigned data in UMTS. The SRNS transfers the message to the 3G-SGSN. The sending of this message to 3G-SGSN will also imply establishment of a signalling connection between SRNS and 3G-SGSN for the concerned UE. The UTRAN shall add the RAC and the LAC of the cell where the message was received before passing the message to the SGSN. The new 3G-SGSN send an SGSN Context Request (old P-TMSI, old RAI) to the old 3G-SGSN to get the IMSI for the UE. (The old RAI received from UE is used to derive the old 3G-SGSN identity/address.) The old 3G-SGSN responds with SGSN Context Response (e.g. IMSI, PDP context information and Authentication triplets). Security functions may be executed. The new 3G-SGSN informs the HLR of the change of 3G-SGSN by sending Update GPRS Location (IMSI, SGSN number, SGSN address) to the HLR. The HLR cancels the context in the old 3G-SGSN by sending Cancel Location (IMSI). The old 3G-SGSN removes the context and acknowledges with Cancel Location Ack. The HLR sends Insert Subscriber Data (IMSI, subscription data) to the new 3G-SGSN. The new 3G-SGSN acknowledges with Insert Subscriber Data Ack. The HLR acknowledges the Update GPRS Location by sending Update GPRS Location Acknowledge to the new 3G-SGSN. The new 3G-SGSN validates the UEs presence in the new RA. If due to regional, national or international restrictions the UE is not allowed to attach in the RA or if subscription checking fails, then the new 3G-SGSN rejects the Routing Area Update Request with an appropriate cause. If all checks are successful, then the new 3G-SGSN responds to the UE with Routing Area Update Accept (new P-TMSI, new RAI, etc.). The UE acknowledges the new P-TMSI with Routing Area Update Complete.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10. When the location registration procedure is finished, the 3G-SGSN may release the signalling connection towards the SRNS for the concerned UE. The SRNS will then release the RRC connection if there is no signalling connection between 3G-MSC/VLR and SRNS for the UE.
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RA Update
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RA Update
UE SRNS New 3G_SGSN HLR Old 3G_SGSN
1. RRC connection establishment 1. RRC update required (old RAI, old P-TMSI) 2. SGSN Context Required (old P-TMSI, old RAI) 2. SGSN Context Resp. (IMSI, Auth.triplets) 3. Security Functions 4. Update GPRS Location 5. Cancel Location 5. Cancel Location Ack 6. Insert Subscriber Data 6. Insert Subscriber Data Ack 7. Update GPRS Location Ack 8. RA upd Accept (new RAI, new P-TMSI 9. RA update complete 10. Release 10. RRC connection release
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SRNC Relocation
SRNC Relocation
This example shows SRNS relocation when the source RNC and target RNC are connected to different 3G-MSC. The procedure is as follows: 1. The UTRAN makes the decision to perform the Serving RNC relocation procedure, including the decision of onto which RNC (Target RNC) the Serving RNC functionality is to be relocated. The source SRNC sends SRNC Relocation required messages to the MSC. This message includes parameters such as target RNC identifier and an information field that shall be passed transparently to the target RNC. Upon reception of SRNC Relocation required message the Anchor MSC prepares itself for the switch and determines from the received information that the SRNC relocation will (in this case) involve another MSC. The Anchor MSC will then send a Prepare SRNC Relocation Request to the applicable non-anchor MSC, including the information received from the Source RNC. The non-anchor MSC will send a SRNC Relocation Request message to the target RNC. This message includes information for building up the SRNC context, transparently sent from Source RNC (UE ID, No of connected CN nodes, UE capability information), and directives for setting up Iu user plane transport bearers. When Iu user plane transport bearers have been established, and target RNC has completed its preparation phase, SRNC Relocation Proceeding 1 message is sent to the non-anchor MSC. The Prepare SRNC Relocation Response that is sent from non-anchor MSC to Anchor MSC will contain the "SRNC Relocation Proceeding 1 received" command from the target RNC. When the "SRNC Relocation Proceeding 1" command has been received in the Anchor MSC, the user plane transport bearers has been allocated between the target RNC and Anchor MSC and the Anchor MSC is ready for the SRNC move. Then the Anchor MSC indicates the completion of preparation phase at the CN side for the SRNC relocation by sending the SRNC relocation proceeding 2 message to the Source RNC. When the source RNC has received the "SRNC Relocation Proceeding 2" message, the source RNC sends a SRNC Relocation Commit message to the target RNC. The target RNC executes switch for all bearers at the earliest suitable time instance. Immediately after a successful switch at RNC, the target RNC (=SRNC) sends "SRNC Relocation Complete" message to the non-anchor MSC. This message is included by the non-anchor MSC in the "Complete SRNC relocation message" that is sent to the anchor MSC. Upon reception of this message, the Anchor-MSC switches from the old Iu transport bearers to the new ones. After a successful switch at the Anchor MSC, a release indication is sent towards the Source RNC. This will imply release of all UTRAN resources that were related to this UE. When the target RNC is acting as SRNC, it will send New MM System Information to the UE indicating e.g. relevant Routing Area and Location Area. Additional RRC information may then also be sent to the UE, e.g. new RNTI identity.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
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SRNC Relocation
Version 1 Rev 0
SRNC Relocation
UE
Source RNC Target RNC
1. SRNC Relocation Required 2. Prepare SRNC Relocation 3. SRNC Relocation Request 3. SRNC Relocation Proceeding 4. Prepare SRNC response 5. SRNC Reloc Proceed 2 (a) 6. SRNC Reloc Commit 7. SRNC Reloc Complete 9. New MM System Info 7. Complete SRNC Reloc 8. Release
Anchor MSC
HLR
Non-anchor MSC
(b)
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SRNC Relocation
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SRNC Relocation
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SRNC Relocation
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Glossary
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Chapter 11 Glossary
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Glossary
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A Interface - AUTO
3GPP 8-PSK A Interface Third Generation Partnership Project 8 Symbol Phase Shift Keying Interface between MSC and BSS. The interface is based on the use of one or more E1/T1 digital links. The channels on these links can be used for traffic or signalling. Authentication algorithm that produces SRES, using RAND and Ki. A single algorithm performing the function of A3 and A8. Stream cipher algorithm, residing on an MS, that produces ciphertext out of plaintext, using Kc. Ciphering key generating algorithm that produces Kc using RAND and Ki. Anonymous Access ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (for real-time services) ( ITU-T I.363.2) ATM-Adaptation Layer 5 (non-real time) ( ITU-T I.363.5) Acknowledgement Request Bit ( used in LLC-protocol Logical Link Control) See Access Burst. Interface between a remote BSC and BTS. Motorola offers a GSM standard and a unique Motorola Abis interface. The Motorola interface reduces the amount of message traffic and thus the number of 2 Mbit/s lines required between BSC and BTS. Asynchronous Balanced Mode Answer Bid Ratio. The ABR is the ratio of successful calls to total number of calls. As a measure of effective calls, it reflects the performance of the total network AC-DC Power Supply module. Alternating Current. In electricity, AC occurs when charge carriers in a conductor or semiconductor periodically reverse their direction of movement. Household utility current in most countries is AC with a frequency of either 50 or 60 hertz (complete cycles per second). The RF current in antennas and transmission lines is another example of AC. An AC waveform can be sinusoidal, square, or sawtooth-shaped. Some AC waveforms are irregular or complicated. Square or sawtooth waves are produced by certain types of electronic oscillators, and by a low-end UPS when it is operating from its battery. Access Class (C0 to C15). Application Context. Automatic Congestion Control. A method by which congested switches automatically communicate their congestion level to other switches. (3GTS 22.011)
ABM ABR
ac-dc PSM ac
AC AC ACC
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ADCCP
ADPCM
AE
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AFC
AFN AGC
AGCH AH Ai AI AI
AM/MP
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Antenna
ARFCN
ARQ
ARP
AS AS ASC ASCE
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ASE
AU AUC
AUT(H) AUTO
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BBBX BBH
BCC
BCCH
BCD BCF
BCTP BCU
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bit/s
block Bm BMC
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BPSM BRI
BS BS BS
BSC
BSS
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BSSGP BSSC
BSSMAP
BSSOMAP BSU
BT BT
C - CW
C/R-Bit C/T-Field C C Interface C7 CA CA Command / Response Bit logical Channel / Transport channel identification Field Conditional. Interface between MSC and HLR/AUC. See SS7. Cell Allocation. The radio frequency channels allocated to a particular cell. Central Authority. Software process that controls the BSS.
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CB
CBUS CC CC
CC
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CCBS CCCH
CCCH_GROUP CCPCH CCD CCDSP CCF CCH CCH CCITT CCM CCP CCPE CCS
CCTrCH CCU
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CDR
CEND
End of charge point. The time at which the calling, or called, party stops charging by the termination of the call or by an equivalent procedure invoked by the network or by failure of the radio path. Confrence des administrations Europennes des Postes et Telecommunications. Circuit Error Rate Monitor. Identifies when discontinuity is detected in a circuit. An alarm is generated and sent to the OMC-R when the error count exceeds an operator specified threshold. The alarm identifies the RCI or CIC and the path where the error is detected. Conversion Facility. Call Forwarding. A feature available to the mobile telephone user whereby, after initiation of the feature by an authorised subscriber, calls dialled to the mobile telephone of an authorised subscriber will automatically be routed to the desired number. See also CFC and CFU. Control Function. CF performs the SGSN mobility management functions and OA&M functions for the GSN module. Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Busy supplementary service. Service automatically redirects incoming calls for phone busy situations. Call Forwarding Conditional supplementary service. Service automatically redirects incoming calls for busy, no reply, or not reachable situations. See also CFB, CFNRc, and CFNRy. Configuration Fault Management RSS process.
CEPT CERM
CF CF
CF CFB
CFC
CFM
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CI CI C/I CIC
CIC CID CIDR CIO CIR, C/I Ciphertext CKSN CLI CLIP
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CLR CM
CM CM CMD CMM
CMIP CMISE
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CP
CPCH cPCI
Common Part Convergence Sublayer CCCH Paging Manager. The CPGM processes the paging messages sent from the SGSN to the BSC/BTS. Common Pilot Channel (UMTS Physical Channel / see also P-CPICH and S-CPICH) Code and Puncturing Scheme. Central Processing Unit. The portion of a computer that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions. Also, the portion of a digital communications switch that executes programmed instructions, performs arithmetic and logical operations on signals, and controls input/output functions. Command/Response field bit. Carriage Return (RETURN).
C/R CR
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CRC
CRE CREF
CNRC CRO
CT
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CTU CUG
Cumulative value CV CW CW
cwnd
D Interface - DYNET
D Interface D/A DAB DAC DACS DAK DAN DAS DAT Interface between VLR and HLR. Digital to Analogue (converter). See DAC. Distribution Alarm Board (in BTS6 cabinet). Digital to Analogue Converter. A device that converts an input number sequence into a function of a continuous variable. Digital Access Cross-connect System. A data concentrator and organizer for Tl / El based systems. Downlink Acknowledgement Digital ANnouncer (for recorded announcements on MSC). Data Acquisition System. Digital Audio Tape. Audio-recording and playback medium/format that maintains a signal quality equal to that of the CD-ROM medium/format.
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DCB DCCH
DCD
DCE
DCN
DC PSM DCS1800
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DGT
DHCP DHP
DIA Digit DINO E1/HDSL DINO T1 DISC Discon DIQ DIR DL DL DLCI
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DNS Downlink DP
DPC
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DRC
DS-1
DTCH DTE
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DTR
Dummy burst
DYNET
E - EXEC
E E1 See Erlang. Also known as CEPT1. The 2.048 Mbit/s rate used by European CEPT carrier to transmit 30 64 kbit/s digital channels for voice or data calls, plus a 64 kbit/s signalling channel and a 64 kbit/s channel for framing and maintenance. Interface between MSC and MSC. External Alarm. See EAS. Typical external alarms are: Door open, High humidity, Low humidity, Fire, Intruder. External Alarm System. The EAS is responsible for the monitoring of all customer-defined environmental alarms at a site. The customer defines the alarm string and the severity of the alarms based on the individual requirements of the site. Indications are provided when the alarms are set or cleared. Energy per Bit/Noise floor, where Eb is the signal energy per bit and No is the noise energy per hertz of noise bandwidth. Elementary Basic Service Group.
E Interface EA EAS
Eb/No EBCG
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
ECT
EGPRS EGSM900
EI EIA EIR
EIRP EIRP EL
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-25
Version 1 Rev 0
EMC
EMF
EMI
eMLPP
11-26
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
Equalizer
Erlang
FA FA FAC
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-27
Version 1 Rev 0
FC-AL
FCCH
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access. The use of frequency division to provide multiple and simultaneous transmissions to a single transponder. Fixed Dialling Number. The fixed dialling feature limits dialling from the MS to a pre-determined list maintained on the SIM card. It can be used to limit calling to certain areas, exchanges or full phone numbers.
FDN
11-28
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Version 1 Rev 0
FEP
FMC FMIC
FMUX FN FOA
FOX FPB
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-29
Version 1 Rev 0
Frame
Frame Alignment
Frequency Hopping
FS
FSL
Full Rate
11-30
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
GB, Gbyte GBIC GBL GBM GCC GCLK GCR GDP GDP E1 GDP T1 GDS GEA GERAN GGSN GHz GID GIP GMB GMM GMR GMSC GMSC-S GMSK GND
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-31
Version 1 Rev 0
GPRS
GPS
GR GSA
GSA GSD GSL GSM GSM GSM900 GSM MS GSM PLMN GSM RF GSN GSN Complex GSR
11-32
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Version 1 Rev 0
GWM GWY
H Interface - Hyperframe
H Interface H-M HAD, HAP Half Rate Interface between HLR and AUC. Human-Machine Terminals. HLR Authentication Distributor. Refers to a type of data channel that will double the current GSM air interface capacity to 16 simultaneous calls per carrier (see also FR - Full Rate). HANDOver. The action of switching a call in progress from one radio channel to another radio channel. Handover allows established calls to continue by switching them to another radio resource, as when an MS moves from one BTS area to another. Handovers may take place between the following GSM entities: timeslot, RF carrier, cell, BTS, BSS and MSC. Hierarchical Cell Structure Hybrid Combining Unit. (Used in Horizonmacro). Part of the DDF, the HDU allows the outputs of three radios to be combined into a single antenna. High level Data Link Control. A link-level protocol used to facilitate reliable point-to-point transmission of a data packet. Note: A subset of HDLC, LAP-B, is the layer-two protocol for CCITT Recommendation X.25.
HANDO, Handover
HCS HCU
HDLC
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-33
Version 1 Rev 0
HLC
HO HPU HOLD
HT100
HTTP HU
HW Hybrid Combiner
11-34
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
Hyperframe
I - IWU
I I+S IA Information frames. Part of RLP. Information + Supervisory Incoming Access supplementary service. An arrangement which allows a member of a CUG to receive calls from outside the CUG. International Alphanumeric 5 character set. Integrated Antenna Distribution Unit. The IADU is the equivalent of the Receive Matrix used on BTSs that pre-date the M-Cell range. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Initial Address Message. A message sent in the forward direction that contains (a) address information, (b) the signaling information required to route and connect a call to the called line, (c) service-class information, (d) information relating to user and network facilities, and (e) call-originator identity or call-receiver identity. Internal Alarm System. The IAS is responsible for monitoring all cabinet alarms at a BSS. Integrated Circuit. An electronic circuit that consists of many individual circuit elements, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and other active and passive semiconductor devices, formed on a single chip of semiconducting material and mounted on a single piece of substrate material. Interlock Code. A code which uniquely identifies a CUG within a network. Interlock Code of the preferential CUG. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Incoming Calls Barred. An access restriction that prevents a CUG member from receiving calls from other members of that group. Integrated Circuit(s) Card. Indicator Channel (UMTS Physical Channel / see also PICH, AICH, CD/CA-ICH) In-Call Modification. Function which allows the service mode (speech, facsimile, data) to be changed during a call.
IA5 IADU
IANA IAM
IAS IC
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-35
Version 1 Rev 0
IMACS IMEI
11-36
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
IMM
IMT-2000 IN
Interworking
IOV-I / IOV-UI
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-37
Version 1 Rev 0
IP
IPBCP IPC
IR Iridium
ISAKMP ISAM
ISC ISCP
11-38
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
ISG ISO
IST ISUP
IT ITC
ITU
ITU-T
IWMSC IWU
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-39
Version 1 Rev 0
L1 - LV
L1 L2 L2ML Layer 1 (of a communications protocol). Layer 2 (of a communications protocol). Layer 2 Management Link. L2ML is used for transferring layer 2 management messages to TRX or BCF. One link per TRX and BCF. Layer 2 Relay function. A function of an MS and IWF that adapts a users known layer 2 protocol LAPB onto RLP for transmission between the MT and IWF. L2R Bit Orientated Protocol. L2R Character Orientated Protocol. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( RFC 2661) Layer 3 (of a communications protocol). Link Adaptation. Location Area. An area in which an MS may move freely without updating the location register. An LA may comprise one or several base station areas.
L2R
11-40
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
LAN
LAPDm
LCN
LCP
LCS LE
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-41
Version 1 Rev 0
LF
LI LI
LMS LMSI
LPC
11-42
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
M - MUX
M M M3UA M-Cell M&TS Mandatory. Mega (106). MTP-3 User Adaptation Layer ( RFC 3332 / 3GPP 29.202 (Annex A)) Motorola Cell. Maintenance and TroubleShooting. Functional area of Network Management software which (1) collects and displays alarms, (2) collects and displays Software/Hardware errors, and (3) activates test diagnostics at the NEs (OMC). Mobile Allocation. The radio frequency channels allocated to an MS for use in its frequency hopping sequence. Medium Access Control. MAC includes the functions related to the management of the common transmission resources. These include the packet data physical channels and their radio link connections. Two Medium Access Control modes are supported in GSR5, dynamic allocation and fixed allocation. (UMTS 3GTS 25.321) (E)GPRS 3GTS 04.60 / 3GTS 44.060) Mobile Allocation Channel Number. See also MA. A cell in which the base station antenna is generally mounted away from buildings or above rooftop level. Mobile Additional Function. Mobile Access Hunting supplementary service. An automatic service which searches for the first available mobile user out of a defined group. Mobile Allocation Index. Mean Accumulated Intrinsic Down Time.
MA MAC
MAI MAIDT
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-43
Version 1 Rev 0
MDL MD-X ME
11-44
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
MEF
MF
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-45
Version 1 Rev 0
MLP MM MM
MOMAP
11-46
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
MSB MSC
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-47
Version 1 Rev 0
MT MT (0, 1, 2)
MTBE MTBF
MTC MTL
MTM MTP
MTP-3b MT/PP
MTTR
MTU Multiframe
11-48
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
NACK - nW
NACK, Nack NAS NAT N/W NB NBAP NBIN NBNS NC NCC No Acknowledgement Non-Access-Stratum ( UMTS) Network Address Translation ( RFC 1631) Network. Normal Burst (see Normal burst). NodeB Application Part ( 3GTS 25.433) A parameter in the frequency hopping sequence generation algorithm. NetBios Name Service Neighbour Cell Network Colour Code. The NCC and the BCC are part of the BSIC. The NCC comprises three bits in the range 000 to 111. It is the same as the PLMN Colour Code. See also NCC and BSIC. Neighbouring (of current serving) Cell. Notification CHannel. Part of the downlink element of the CCCH reserved for voice group and/or voice broad-cast calls and notification messages. Network Control Protocol ( PPP) Network Cell Reselection Manager. No Duplicates. A database column attribute meaning the column contains unique values (used only with indexed columns). National Destination Code. Part of the MSISDN. An NDC is allocated to each GSM PLMN. Network Determined User Busy. An NDUB condition occurs when a call is about to be offered and the maximum number of total calls for the channel has been reached. In practice, the total number of calls could be three: one for the basic call, one for a held call and one for call waiting. Network Element (Network Entity). A piece of telecommunications equipment that provides support or services to the user. Network Element Function block. A functional block that communicates with a TMN for the purpose of being monitored, or controlled, or both.
NCELL NCH
NCP NCRM ND
NDC NDUB
NE
NEF
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-49
Version 1 Rev 0
NF NFS
NHA
N-ISDN
NIU
NIU-m NL NLK Nm NM
NMASE
11-50
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
NMSI
NS NSAP
NSS
NT NTAAB
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-51
Version 1 Rev 0
Numbers
nW
O - Overlap
O OA Optional. Outgoing Access supplementary service. An arrangement which allows a member of a CUG to place calls outside the CUG. Operation, Administration, & Management. Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning. Operations and Maintenance. Off-Air-Call-Set-Up. The procedure in which a telecommunication connection is being established whilst the RF link between the MS and the BTS is not occupied. Outgoing Calls Barred within the CUG supplementary service. An access restriction that prevents a CUG member from placing calls to other members of that group. 8 bit Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator. High stability clock source used for frequency synchronization. Optional for operators to implement for their aim. % OverFlow. IDS shutdown state. IDS normal operating state.
OCB
11-52
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
OLCM OLM
OPC
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-53
Version 1 Rev 0
OVSF
PA - PXPDN
P1, P2, P3 P/F Bit PA PAB PABX Puncturing Schemes 1, 2, and 3. Polling/Final - Bit Power Amplifier. Power Alarm Board. Part of the BSS. Private Automatic Branch eXchange. A private automatic telephone exchange that allows calls within the exchange and also calls to and from the public telephone network. Packet Associated Control Channel. A sequence of binary digits, including data and control signals, that is transmitted and switched as a composite whole. The process of routing and transferring data by means of addressed packets so that a channel is occupied during the transmission of the packet only, and upon completion of the transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other traffic. Packet Assembler/Disassembler facility. A hardware device that allows a data terminal that is not set up for packet switching to use a packet switching network. It assembles data into packets for transmission, and disassembles the packets on arrival. Packet Access Grant Channel ((E)GPRS)
PAD
PAGCH
11-54
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
PC
pCA
PCHN PCHN
PCI PCI
PCM
pCM
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-55
Version 1 Rev 0
PCS
PCS System
PCS1900
P-CSCF PCU
PDP PDSCH
11-56
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
PI
PIA
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-57
Version 1 Rev 0
PICS
PIXT or PIXIT
PLMN PM
11-58
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Version 1 Rev 0
Presentation Layer
Primary Cell
PRM
PROM
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-59
Version 1 Rev 0
Ps
PS PSA
PSM pSM
11-60
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
PVC
PW PWR PXPDN
Quiescent mode
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-61
Version 1 Rev 0
RA RA RA RA250
RAM
11-62
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
RCP RCU
RDN
Registration
RELP-LTP
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-63
Version 1 Rev 0
RISC
RL
RLC RLC
11-64
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
RMSU
ROSE
Roundtrip
RPE RPE-LTP
RPLMN RPOA
RPR
RR
RR
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
11-65
Version 1 Rev 0
RRSM RS232
RSVP RSZI
RTC
RTE RTF
RTT
11-66
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
RXF RXLEV
S7- SYSGEN
S7 S/W SABM SABME SABP SACCH See SS7. SoftWare. Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode. A message which establishes the signalling link over the air interface. SABM Extended. Service Area Broadcast Protocol ( 3GTS 25.419) Slow Associated Control CHannel. A GSM control channel used by the MS for conveying power control and timing advance information in the downlink direction, and RSSI and link quality reports in the uplink direction.
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-67
Version 1 Rev 0
SAP
SAPI
SAR SAW
SB SBUS
SCI SCIP
11-68
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
SDL
SDR
SE Secondary Cell
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-69
Version 1 Rev 0
Session Layer
SF SFH
SFN SG SGSN
SI SI SI SIA SIB
11-70
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
SIF
SK
SL SL
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-71
Version 1 Rev 0
SM
SM SM SMAE
SMG
SMP
SMS
SMSCB
11-72
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
SMS/PP
Smt
SMTP SN SND SND SNDCP SNDR SNMP SNN SN-PDU SNR SNR SNU SOA SOAP Software Instance SP
SP SP
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-73
Version 1 Rev 0
SSA
SSAP SSC
SSCF/NNI
11-74
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
SSP
SSP
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-75
Version 1 Rev 0
SVM SVN
SW SWFM
Synthesizer hopping
SYS SYSGEN
T -TxBPF
T T Timer. Transparent.
11-76
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
T43
TAXI
TB TBD TBF
TC
TCAP
TCB
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-77
Version 1 Rev 0
TCP/IP
TDMA
TDU
11-78
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
TFS TFTP
Timing advance
TL TLLI
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-79
Version 1 Rev 0
TMN
TMSI
TN TOM TON TPC T-PDU TQI Traffic channels Traffic unit Training sequence
11-80
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
TRAU TRS
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-81
Version 1 Rev 0
TU50
TxBPF
U - UUS
UA Unnumbered Acknowledgment. A message sent from the MS to the BSS to acknowledge release of radio resources when a call is being cleared.(LAPD/LLC/RLP-Frame Type) User Agent User Agent Client UMTS Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number User Agent Server Universal Coded Character Set 2. A codeset containing all of the characters commonly used in computer applications. Unrestricted Digital Information. User Datagram Protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive datagrams over an IP network. It is used primarily for broadcasting messages over a network.( RFC 768)
11-82
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Version 1 Rev 0
UNIX
UPCMI
UPD Uplink
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-83
Version 1 Rev 0
UTRAN UUS
UWC
V - VTX host
V VA Value only. Viterbi Algorithm (used in channel equalizers). An algorithm to compute the optimal (most likely) state sequence in a model given a sequence of observed outputs. Voice Activity Detection. A process used to identify presence or absence of speech data bits. VAD is used with DTX. Videotex Access Point. Voice Broadcast Service. VBS allows the distribution of speech (or other signals which can be transmitted via the speech codec), generated by a service subscriber, into a predefined geographical area to all or a group of service subscribers located in this area.
11-84
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
Virtual Circuit
VLR
VLSI
VMSC vocoder
VOX
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-85
Version 1 Rev 0
VTX host
W - WWW
WAN Wide Area Network. A physical or logical network that provides data communications to a larger number of independent users than are usually served by a LAN and is usually spread over a larger geographic area than that of a LAN. WANs may include physical networks, such as ISDN networks, X.25 networks, and T1 networks. Wireless Application Protocol Windows Internet Name Service Wireless Local Area Network ( IEEE 802.11) Wrong Password Attempts (counter). Some supplementary services have the option of the subscriber using a password. If a password check is done with an incorrect password, the WPA is incremented by one. If a password check is passed, the WPA is set to zero. If the WPA exceeds the value three, the subscriber will have to register a new password with the service provider. Work Station. The remote device via which O&M personnel execute input and output transactions for network management purposes. Work Station Function block. Window Size Number World Wide Web. An international, virtual-network-based information service composed of Internet host computers that provide on-line information in a specific hypertext format. WWW servers provide hypertext metalanguage (HTML) formatted documents using the hypertext transfer protocol, HTTP. Information on the WWW is accessed with a hypertext browser.
WS
11-86
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MOTOROLA LTD.2002
Version 1 Rev 0
XCDR board
X Window
ZC
ZC Zone Code. Part of the RSZI. The ZC identifies a regional subscription zone as a pattern of allowed and not allowed location areas uniquely within a PLMN.
MOTOROLA LTD.2002
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11-87
Version 1 Rev 0
11-88
CP13 - Introduction to UMTS TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY - THIS MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED
MOTOROLA LTD.2002