COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Basic Concepts
Line Configuration
Line configuration refers to the way two or more communication devices attached to a link. Line configuration is also referred to as connection. A Link is the physical communication pathway that transfers data from one device to another. For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in same way to the same link at the same time. There are two possible line configurations. 1. Point-to-Point. 2. Multipoint.

Point-to-Point
A Point to Point Line Configuration Provide dedicated link between two devices use actual length of wire or cable to connect the two end including microwave & satellite link. Infrared remote control & tvs remote control. The entire capacity of the channel is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most pointto-point line configurations use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible. Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the easiest and most conventional network topologies. It is also the simplest to establish and understand. To visualize, one can consider point to point network topology as two phones connected end to end for a two way communication

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Multipoint Configuration
Multipoint Configuration also known as Multidrop line configurationone or more than two specific devices share a single link capacity of the channel is shared. More than two devices share the Link that is the capacity of the channel is shared now. With shared capacity, there can be two possibilities in a Multipoint Line Config:

Spatial Sharing: If several devices can share the link simultaneously, its called Spatially shared line configuration Temporal (Time) Sharing: If users must take turns using the link , then its called Temporally shared or Time Shared Line Configuration

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

v Network Topology
Topology means physical and logical layout of network. A topology is defined as the arrangement of nodes,cables,connectivity devices that make up the network. Topologies are divided into two categories:1) Physical Topology:-It describes the actual layout of transmission media. 2) Logical Topology:-It describes the logical pathway a signal follows as it passes among the network nodes. There are following Topologies:-

1) Bus Topology

Bus topology is also known as Linear Bus. In a bus topology all devices are connected to an common shared cable called also called backbone. All the nodes and printer are connected to backbone. In bus topology data on the network is sent to all the computers on the network, but only one computer can accept the data. Only one computer at a time can send messages. It is suitable with small network. Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA (AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA) 3

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Most of the bus topology broadcasts signals in both directions on the backbone,so all the devices can directly receive the signals. A special connector called the terminator must be placed at the end of the cable to Restrict data bouncing and interference from another network. Advantages of Bus Topology

1. It is very simple and easy to understand. 2. Suitable for small networks. Disadvantages of Bus Topology 1. It is difficult to trouble-shoot. 2. When the strength of network is increased then it results in heavy network traffic. So data transfer rate would become slow. 3. The virus can be easily spread out in the network.

2)

Ring/Circular Topology

In a Ring Topology all the nodes are wired in a circle, so it looks like a ring. Each node is connected to its neighbors on either side and data passes around the ring in one direction only. Each device incorporates a receiver and transmitter and serves as a repeater that passes the signals on to the next device in the ring, so each signal regenerates at each device. Ring Topologies are ideally suitable for Token-Passing Access methods. The token passes around the ring, and only the node that holds the token can transmit data. Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA (AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA) 4

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. You can easily expand your network. 2. Due to token passing no one computer can monopolize the network, because Each computer is given equal access to token.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. If one computer on the network is failed, then the ring topology will be failed. 2. It is difficult to find fault in the ring topology.

3) Star Topology

In a star topology all the devices are connected to a central hub. The hub receives signals from other network devices and routes the signals to the proper destinations. The hub can be active or passive. An Active hub regenerates the electrical signals and sends it to all the computers connected to it.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Advantages of Star Topology 1. It is easy to modify or add new computer to a star topology. 2. The fault finding is easy. 3. Single computer failure doesnt effect the whole network. Disadvantages of Star Topology 1. If Hub fails then whole network fails. 2. It costs more than other topologies because of centralized Hub. Because in a big network, you have to put more than two Hubs.

4) Mesh Topology

The mesh topology is designed by haven affected links between all devices. A true mesh configuration has links between each devices in the network. It is suitable for small network. In a small network you can easily troubleshoot it.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Advantages of Mesh Topology

It is easily possible in small networks It is easy to transmit in small network. In small network it is easy to troubleshoot.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Its cost is more when network is large. When the network is large it is difficult to troubleshoot.

5) Tree Topology

Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology multiple star networks to other star networks.

connects

Here if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

v Types of Networks
The network can be classified according to its geographical size as follows:-

1. LAN(Local Area Network) 2. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) 3. WAN(Wide Area Network)

1. LAN (Local Area Network)

Local area network is a group of computers and network communication Devices interconnected within a geographically limited area, such as building or campus. It provides network within range of 10 kilometers. They transfer data with higher speeds Connectivity and resources, especially the transmission media, usually are managed by the company running the LAN.

1. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

Metropolitan area network is a group of computers and network communication devices interconnected within a geographically limited area, such as city. The network range is more than LAN but less than WAN. Example Cable TV Network

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

3. WAN (Wide Area Network)

A Wide area network interconnects LANs. A WAN can be located entirely within a state or a country, as it can be interconnected around the world. They exist in unlimited geographical area. They transfer data at lower speeds Their technology is more expensive. More complex to build as compared to LAN. Connectivity and resources, especially the transmission media, usually are managed by third party-carrier such as telephone or cable company. WANs are further classified into two categories:-

1. Enterprise WANs:The enterprise WAN connects widely separated computer single organization 2. Global WANs:Interconnects networks of several corporations. Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

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COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Internetwork

INTRANET

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

10

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Types of Servers
The multiple types of servers or types of network servers are as follows:

Server Platform: Server platform is the fundamental hardware or software for a system which acts as an engine that drives the server. It is often used synonymously with an operating system. Application Server: Also known as a type of middleware, it occupies a substantial amount of computing region between database servers and the end user, and is commonly used to connect the two. Audio/Video Server: It provides multimedia capabilities to websites by helping the user to broadcast streaming multimedia content. Chat Server: It serves the users to exchange data in an environment similar to Internet newsgroup which provides real-time discussion capabilities. Fax Server: It is one of the best options for organizations that seek minimum incoming and outgoing telephone resources, but require to fax actual documents. FTP Server: It works on one of the oldest of the Internet services, the file transfer protocol. It provides a secure file transfer between computers while ensuring file security and transfer control. Groupware Server: It is a software designed that enables the users to work together, irrespective of the location, through the Internet or a corporate intranet and to function together in a virtual atmosphere. IRC Server: It is an ideal option for those looking for real-time discussion capabilities. Internet Relay Chat comprises different network servers that enable the users to connect to each other through an IRC network. List Server: It provides a better way of managing mailing lists. The server can be either open interactive discussion for the people or a one-way list that provides announcements, newsletters or advertising. Mail Server: It transfers and stores mails over corporate networks through LANs, WANs and across the Internet. News Server: It serves as a distribution and delivery source for many public news groups, approachable over the USENET news network. Proxy Server: It acts as a mediator between a client program and an external server to filter requests, improve performance and share connections. Telnet Server: It enables the users to log on to a host computer and execute tasks as if they are working on a remote computer. Virtual Servers: A virtual server is just like a physical computer because it is committed to an individual customer's demands, can be individually booted and maintains privacy of a separate computer. Basically, the distance among shared and dedicated (hosting) servers is reduced providing freedom to other customers, at a less cost. Now, it has become omnipresent in the data center. Web Server: It provides static content to a web browser by loading a file from a disk and transferring it across the network to the user's web browser. This exchange is intermediated by the browser and the server, communicating using HTTP.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

11

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Transmission mode

Half-duplex transmission is like the center lane on some three-lane roads. It is a single lane in which traffic can move in one direction or the other, but not in both directions at the same time. Halfduplexmode limits data transmission because each device must take turns using the line. Therefore, data can flow from A to B and from B to A, but not at the same time. Figure 1-8 illustrates halfduplex transmission.

Figure 1-8. Half Duplex (Center Turn Lane)

Full-duplex transmission is like a major highway with two lanes of traffic, each lane accommodating traffic going in opposite directions. Full-duplex mode accommodates two-way simultaneous transmission, which means that both sides can send and receive at the same time. In full-duplex mode, data can flow from A to B and B to A at the same time. Figure 1-9 illustrates fullduplex transmission.

Figure 1-9. Full Duplex (Interstate Highway)

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

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COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

note

Full-duplex transmission is, in fact, two simplex connections: One connection has traffic flowing in only one direction; the other connection has traffic flowing in the opposite direction of the first connection.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

13

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

Two distinct techniques are used in data communications to transfer data. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are the connection-oriented method and the connectionless method:

Connection-oriented Requires a session connection (analogous to a phone call) be established before any data can be sent. This method is often called a "reliable" network service. It can guarantee that data will arrive in the same order. Connection-oriented services set up virtual links between end systems through a network, as shown in Figure 1. Note that the packet on the left is assigned the virtual circuit number 01. As it moves through the network, routers quickly send it through virtual circuit 01. Connectionless Does not require a session connection between sender and receiver. The sender simply starts sending packets (called datagrams) to the destination. This service does not have the reliability of the connection-oriented method, but it is useful for periodic burst transfers. Neither system must maintain state information for the systems that they send transmission to or receive transmission from. A connectionless network provides minimal services.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

14

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

etwork Peer to peer and Client - Server

There are two common types of networking Architecture's, Peer to Peer and Client-Server. Below are descriptions of each. Client - Server Network Architecture A network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either aclient or a server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers ). Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as files, devices, and even processing power.

Another type of network architecture is known as a peer-to-peer architecture because each node has equivalent responsibilities. Both client/server and peer-to-peer architectures are widely used, and each has unique advantages and disadvantages. Peer to peer Network Architecture Often referred to simply as peer-to-peer, or abbreviated P2P, a type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving the others. Peer-to-peer networks are generally simpler, but they usually do not offer the same performance under heavy loads. Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA (AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA) 15

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

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