Head rest Reinforced passenger compartment Crash resistant door pillars Windscreen

Anti-lock brake system (ABS)

Crumple zones

bumpers

Air bags Importance Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force produced during an impact is thereby reduced Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.

Safety features Padded dashboard

Rubber bumper

Shatter-proof windscreen Air bag Safety seat belt

Prevents the windscreen from shattering Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers. Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops abruptly /suddenly. Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on collision.

Side bar in doors

1.By using physics concepts, explain the modifications to the bus that help to improve that safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
- The absorber made by the elastic material : To absorb the effect of impact (hentaman) during it moving - Made by the soft material of bumper : To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive force will be decreased. - The passengers space made by the strength materials. : To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident. - Keep an air bag at the in front of dash board and in front of passengers : Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers. - Shatter-proof windscreen : Prevents the windscreen from shattering.

Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly crashes into a wall. Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player. a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum? (ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a physics concept, and name this concept. Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing. In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts, describe the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the rocket upright.

b) c)

a)

(i)

momentum is product of mass and velocity

(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained. - The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder) - The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more than the time taken when the car hit the wall. - The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased. - The concept is the impulsive force. b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string. - Impulsive force will be increased. - The force act to the ball will be increased. - The velocity of ball will be increased. c) - Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering) : To decrease air friction - Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials : To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik). - Made by the low density of material. : To reduce the mass/weight - The structure is fractional engine : The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase. - Made by the high of heat capacity of materials : It will be high heat resistance.