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Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
Training Manual
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic analysis. C. C Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in Workbench. Workbench D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.
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Harmonic Analysis
Training Manual
What is harmonic analysis? A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency. Input:
Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known magnitude and frequency. May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.
Output:
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied loads. Oth derived quantities, such as stresses and strains. Other d i d titi h t d t i
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Harmonic Analysis
Training Manual
Harmonic analysis is used in the design of: Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such as compressors, engines, pumps, and turbomachinery. Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of fluids) such as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and towers.
Why should you do a harmonic analysis? To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different speeds). To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using dampers, dampers for example) example).
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Harmonic Analysis
Training Manual
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Theory
Training Manual
The entire structure has constant or frequency-dependent stiffness, damping, and mass effects. All loads and displacements vary sinusoidally at the same known frequency (although not necessarily in phase). Acceleration, bearing, and moment loads are assumed to be real (inphase) only.
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Theory
Development
Start with the linear general equation of motion:
Training Manual
{F } = {Fmax ei }eit {u} = {umax ei }eit = {Fmax (cos + i sin )}e i t = {umax (cos + i sin )}ei t = ({F1}+ i{F2 })e i t = ({u 1}+ i{u 2 })e i t
Note: The symbols an differentiate the input from the output:
= input (a.k.a. imposed) circular frequency = output (a.k.a. natural) circular frequency (a k a
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Theory
Development
Take two time derivatives:
Training Manual
i 2
({u 1}+ i{u2 })eit ({u 1}+ i{u2 })eit ({u 1}+ i{u2 })eit
& & [M ]{u&}+ [C ]{u}+ [K ]{u} = {F } 2 [M ]({u 1}+ i{u2 })ei t = + i[C ]({u 1}+ i{u2 })ei t = + [K ]({u 1}+ i{u2 })ei t = ({F 1}+ i{F2 })ei t ( 2 [M ] + i[C ] + [K ])({u 1}+ i{u2 }) = ({F 1}+ i{F2 })
This can then be solved using one of two methods.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Theory
Development
Training Manual
The full method solves the system of simultaneous equations directly using a static solver designed for complex arithmetic:
c denotes a complex matrix or vector
{uc } { 6444 [7]4444 64748 647}48 4K c 8 4Fc 4 2 [M ] + i[C ] + [K ] ({u 1}+ i{u 2 }) = ({F 1}+ i{F2 })
[K c ]{uc } = {Fc }
The mode-superposition method expresses the displacements as a p p p p linear combination of mode shapes (see Theory Reference for details).
(
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ i 2 j j + 2 y jc = f jc j
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July 2009 Inventory #002666
Theory
Solution Methods
FULL
Exact solution.
Training Manual
MSUP
Approximate solution; accuracy depends in part on whether an adequate number of modes h d have b been extracted to represent d the harmonic response. Generally faster than FULL. y Does not support nonzero imposed harmonic displacements. S l ti points may b either equally Solution i t be ith ll distributed across the frequency domain or clustered about the natural frequencies of the structure.
y Generally slower than MSUP. Supports all types of loads and boundary conditions. S l ti points must b equally di t ib t d Solution i t t be ll distributed across the frequency domain.
Solves the full system of simultaneous Solves an uncoupled system of equations equations using the Sparse matrix solver for by performing a linear combination of complex arithmetic. orthogonal vectors (mode shapes).
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Theory
Training Manual
xi = X i sin (t + i )
where X = amplitude
All loads and displacements, both displacements input and output, are assumed to occur at the same frequency. Calculated displacements will be complex if
damping is specified or applied load is complex.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Resonance
When the imposed frequency approaches a natural frequency in the direction of excitation, a phenomenon known as resonance occurs.
This can be seen in the figures on the right for a 1-DOF system subjected to a harmonic force for various amounts of damping.
Training Manual
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Contact Regions
Training Manual
Contact regions are available in harmonic analysis; however, since this is a purely linear analysis, contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types, as shown below:
Linear Dynamic Analysis Contact Type Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Frictional Static Analysis Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Frictional Initially Touching Bonded No Separation Bonded No Separation = 0, No Separation > 0, Bonded Inside Pinball Region Bonded No Separation Free Free Free Outside Pinball Region g Free Free Free Free Free
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Mode Superposition
Training Manual
The Mode Superposition method will automatically perform a modal analysis first
The number of modes necessary for an accurate solution will be estimated if a frequency range is not supplied.
the default range is from zero to twice the ending frequency
The harmonic analysis portion is very quick and efficient, hence, the Mode Superposition method is usually much faster overall than the Full method
Since a free vibration analysis is performed Mechanical knows what performed, the natural frequencies of the structure are and can cluster the harmonic results near them (see next slide)
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Training Manual
Cluster option captures the peak response better than evenly-spaced intervals.
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Harmonic Analysis
C. Procedure
Four main steps: Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve Review results
Training Manual
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Training Manual
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Training Manual
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Training Manual
Damping Choose from beta damping and p g damping ratio (constant damping ratio is most commonly used).
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Training Manual
Apply harmonic loads and solve Structural loads and supports may also be used in harmonic analyses with the following exceptions:
Loads Not Supported:
Gravity Loads Thermal Loads Rotational Velocity Pretension Bolt Load Compression Only Support (if present, it behaves similar to a Frictionless Support)
Remember that all structural loads will vary sinusoidally at the same excitation frequency
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Training Manual
Not all available loads support phase input. Accelerations, Bearing Load, and Moment Load will have a phase angle of 0.
If other loads are present, shift the phase angle of other loads, such that the Acceleration, Bearing, and Moment Loads will remain at a phase angle of 0.
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Training Manual
Loads are applied all at once in the first solution interval (stepped). Amplitude and phase angle
The load value (magnitude) represents p the amplitude Fmax. Phase angle is the phase shift between two or more harmonic loads. Not required if only one load is present. Non-zero valid for force, N lid f f displacement, and pressure harmonic loads.
Imagina ary
F2max
Real
F1max
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Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve Amplitude and phase angle (continued)
Training Manual
Mechanical allows direct input of amplitude and phase angle into the Details window.
Imagina ary
F2max
Real
F1max
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Training Manual
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Review Results
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve
Training Manual
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Review Results
Displacement vs. frequency plots Pick nodes that might deform the most, then choose the DOF direction. Then graph the desired frequency response.
Training Manual
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Review Results
Training Manual
Identify critical frequencies and phase angles Bode plot shows frequency at which highest amplitude occurs. The amplitude and phase angle at which the peak amplitude occurs are shown in the Worksheet tab.
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Review Results
Training Manual
Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire model at that frequency and phase angle. The frequency and p q y phase angle must be manually entered into the g y Details window.
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Review Results
Training Manual
A harmonic analysis produces a real and imaginary solution as separate sets of results. Plot deformed shape stress contours and other desired results at shape, contours, a specified frequency and phase angle.
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Workshop
Harmonic Analysis
Training Manual
In this workshop, you will examine the harmonic response of a fixed-fixed beam to harmonic forces caused by rotating machinery mounted on the beam. See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
WS3: Harmonic Analysis - Fixed-Fixed Beam
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