Research Process (Quantitative Study)

Phase (Conceptual phase) Reading. Conceptualizing. Theorizing. Re-conceptualizing. Reviewing ideas. Step 1 Formulating & delimiting the problem Is this research question important? Is this research question relevant? Is there a broader conceptual context for better understanding of this problem? Could finding from this research be useful in clinical practice? How can this question best be studied to develop high quality evidence? Does this problem fulfill ethical commitment? OR o Substantive dimensions o Practical dimensions o Ethical dimensions Step 2 Reviewing the related literature. Step 3 Undertaking clinical framework. Step 4 Defining the framework / developing conceptual definitions. I

Step 5 Formulating hypothesis A hypothesis is a statement of the researcher's expectations about relationships between the variable under investigation in other words is a prediction of expected outcomes; it states the relationships that the researcher expects to find as a result of the study. For example: is preeclamptic toxemia in pregnant women associated with stress factors present during pregnancy? Pregnant women with a higher incidence of emotionally disturbing or stressful events during pregnancy will be more likely than women with lower incidence of stress to experience preeclamptic toxemia. Phase II Designing and planning phase Methodologic decisions Validity and credibility of the study findings Step 6 Selecting a research design Experimental research design Non experimental research design Step 7 Developing intervention protocols.

Step 8 Identifying the population. 1. Population refers to the aggregate or totality of all the objects or subjects 2. For example: a researcher might specify nurses (RN) and residence in the United States as the attitudes of interest; the study population would then consists of all licensed RNs who resides in the US. Step 9 Specifying methods to measure research variables. The researcher must develop a method to observe or measure the research variables as accurate as possible, then researcher needs to select or design and appropriate method of operationalizing the variable, that is, of collect the data. 1. Bio physiological measurements 2. Self reports 3. Observation Step 10 Designing the sample plan. Sampling plan specifies in advance how the sample will be selected and how many subject there will be. Step 11 Developing methods to safeguard subjects. Step 12 Finalizing the research plan. Normally researchers have there research plan reviewed by several individuals or groups before proceeding with the actual implementation plans. Phase III The Empirical Phase The collection of research data and the preparation of those data analysis. Step 13 Collecting the data. 1. The actual data collection procedure ( eg., where, when) 2. Describing the study to participants. 3. Obtaining their consent 4. Training the individuals who will be involved in the collection of research data. 5. Clerical and administrative work. 6. Material availability 7. Confidentiality Step 14 Preparing the data for analysis. This step involves preparing data for editing, coding and classifying the data Phase IV The Analytic Phase This phase involves two main steps i.e analyzing the data and interpreting the data Step 15 Analyzing the data. 1. Analysis involves estimating the values of unknown parameters of the populations and testing of hypothesis for drawing inferences. 2. Quantitative information is analyzed to statistical procedure Step 16

Interpreting the results. 1. It is the process of making sense of studying results and examining their implications. 2. Researcher attempts to explain the findings in light of prayer evidence, theory and their clinical experiences. 3. Interpretation also involves determining how the findings can best be used in clinical practice or what further research is needed before utilization can be recommended. Phase V The Dissemination Phase 1. In this phase researcher communicates the findings the study. 2. Researcher's responsibilities are not completed until the study results disseminated. Step 17 Communicating the finding. It is the final task of a research project in the preparation of the research report that can be shared with others. Researchers can communicate their integrated findings or inferences to other either orally or writing. Oral presentations can be a formal talk in front of audience or integrated with written materials, such as dissertation, journals, articles presentations at conferences. Utilizing the findings in practice. Thank You