Pakistan-US relations Presentation Transcript 1. Pakistan-United Sates Relations 2.

. Zulfiqar General Zias History Bhuttos Era EraSarah EjazUroosa Jeelani Zara Naeem Hyder Hasan MuftiAhmed Qamar Umer Fariq Unstable Musharrafs Democratic Era and Post Governments 9/11 M. Haseeb Siddiqui Sohaib Bin Shahid Omer Farooq Butt M. Saad Afridi Danish Ali Kazmi 3. INTRODUCTION 4. The foreign policy of Pakistan aims to: o Develop friendly relations. o Sa feguard vital security. o Resolve core issues. o Portray a strong image. o Augme nt economic and commercial interests. o Protect interests of Pakistanis abroad 5. HISTORY1947-1971 6. US established diplomatic relations with Pakistanon October 20, 1947. Thes e relations developed against the backdrop ofthe Cold War and since then this re lationship hasbeen based on economic and military assistance. Pakistans relations with the US improved in early1950s when President Eisenhower came to power 7. In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual DefenceAgreement the US and subsequentl y becamemembers of SEATO and CENTO. These treaties put Pakistan under US influenc eand thus Pakistan was used as a base for militaryreconnaissance flights over So viet territory. 8. SEATOSouth East Asian Treaty Organization September 8, 1954 9. Members: Australia, France, NewZealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdomand the United States. Purpose: oEstablish a collective security ar rangement for Southeast Asia. o Enhance trade relationships.Reasons for its failu re: o Lack to willingness to resolve issues. o Ultimate inability of the other S EATO nations to act militarily. 10. Ayubs Era(1952-1969) Beginning of a cosy relationship with the US... 1953Food Crisis Aid 1954-Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement First military assistanc e from the US exclusively to maintain our internal security...and legitimate self -defence 11. CENTOCentral Treaty Organization 1955 12. Members: Iran, Iraq, Turkey and United Kingdom. Purpose: o U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading t o the agreement. o Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil pro ducing countries. Reasons for failure: Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conf lict. Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states (Egypt, Syria, Ira n, etc) 13. Ayubs Era(1952-1969) Pakistan as a strategic partner in completing the rin g of containment around Soviet Union. Significance of SEATO and CENTO Military ai d increased to $500 million by 1957 Further strengthening of US-Pak relationship Became United States "most-allied ally" in Asia. 14. Ayubs Era(1952-1969) U2 Crisis of 1960 July 1957 - U.S. requested permissi on from Pakistan for the establishment of a secret U.S. intelligence facility in Pakistan Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar April 9, 1960 - U-2 spy plan e of the special CIA unit crossed the national boundary of the Soviet Union and flew over four Soviet top secret military objects but was detected by the Soviet Air Defence Forces . 15. Ayubs Era(1952-1969) U2 Crisis of 1960 Pakistan became a wholehearted ally w hich undertook real responsibilities and risks by providing facilities highly impor tant to US national security. Compromise on Pakistans security and worsened relat ions with the Soviet Union Soviet Union threatened the nuclear annihilation of P akistani cities. 16. Ayubs Era(1952-1969) Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and half a billion in US f unds. Pakistans growing friendship with communist China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war irked the U.S The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War embargo on arms shipments to Pakis tan and India The ban remained in place during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. 17. Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and 1971 Army Chief General Yahya took over power from President Ayub Khan in March 1969. The country had been in a ps eudo military rule since 1958. Political representation had been insufficient and regional succession movements were strengthening in the country especially in t

he eastern Pakistan province of Bengal. Elections were held in the country in 197 0 with the East Pakistani party Awami League taking a majority in the elections. The military government did not hand over power to the winning party and in a po litical deadlock, unleashed a crackdown against the East Pakistan population. Thi s led to a limited civil war in 1971 and India siding with the dissidents launch ed a war in December 1971. After a fortnight of fighting, the Pakistani forces i n East Pakistan accepted default and the state of Bangladesh was established Duri ng the war between Pakistan and India . The US policy in this debacle was aligne d with the military establishment of Pakistan due to its earlier links and defen se relationships. 18. On the other hand, President Nixon used the Pakistani links with China t o start a secret diplomacy with China which culminated with Henry Kessingers secr et visit to China in July 1971 while he was visiting Pakistan . The Chinese relat ionship was vital for the US as it was trying to fix the mess in its Vietnam pol icy. With thes`e concerns, the US administration neglected the internal domestic issues of Pakistan and allowed the dictator to have its way in East Pakistan. Rat her than focusing on their domestic problems and working effectively to find sol utions, the military rulers in Pakistan had been focusing in international affai rs and the Great Game and considered the close relationship with the US as a gua rantee for their own domestic survival. America supported Pakistan throughout the war and supplied weapons to West Pakistan although Congress had passed a bill s uspending exporting weapons to the nation. 19. United States-Pakistani relations preceding the 1971 war were characteri zed by poor communication and much confusion. The administration of President Ric hard M. Nixon was forced to formulate a public stance on the brutal crackdown on East Pakistanis by West Pakistani troops that began in March 25, 1971. It mainta ined that the crackdown was essentially an internal affair of Pakistan in which direct intervention of outside powers was to be avoided. The Nixon administration expressed its concern about human rights violations to Pakistan and restricted the flow of assistance. Despite the United States widely publicized "tilt" toward Pakistan during the 1971 war, Pakistans new leader, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, felt b etrayed. In his opinion, the United States could have prevented India from interv ening in Pakistans civil war, thereby saving his country the trauma of defeat an d dismemberment. Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistans dependence on the United States. 20. The signing of the India-Soviet Union Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and C ooperation in August 1971, while not a mutual security treaty, was viewed in Was hington as a blank check to India in its confrontation with Pakistan. President Nixon warned Soviet officials not to encourage India and informed India that if it started a war with Pakistan, the United States would cut off aid. On November 22 1971, India launched an offensive against East Pakistan. The Nixon Administra tion cut off economic aid to India, and Nixon himself decided to "tilt" toward P akistan. This pro-Pakistan policy included support of Pakistan in the United Nati ons and pressure on the Soviets to discourage India, with accompanying hints tha t U.S.-Soviet dtente would be in jeopardy if Moscow did not comply. When Nixon le arned that Indian war plans were designed to liberate "Bangladesh" and southern Kashmir, and to destroy Pakistans military armored and air strength. 21. He ordered the U.S. carrier Enterprise and its escorts into the Bay of B engal. At the Presidents instruction, Kissinger met with Peoples Republic of Chin a Ambassador to the United Nations Huang Hua to brief him on the crisis and U.S. actions, and to suggest that China make military moves in support of Pakistan. 22. Zulfiqar Bhuttos Era 1971-1977 23. Relations before and during 1971 war Poor Communication and much confusio n. President Nixon formulated a public stance on the crackdown by West Pakistani troops in East Pakistan. Military aid to Pakistan was suspended which resulted in the cooling of relationship. 24. Bhuttos Presidency (1971-1973) After 1971 war Pakistan once again realized that US can support India against China but cant support Pakistan against India. Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistans dependence on the United States. Pakistan w ithdrew from Southeast Asia Treaty organization (SEATO) in 1972. He reluctantly s

ustained the countrys role in the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) but later o n he cut Pakistan ties with CENTO too. 25. Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1973-1977) Bhutto re-evaluated the nature of Pak-US relations. Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971, China-US rapprochement and the Paki stan militarys need for the US equipment forced him to call for a continued allia nce with USA. In 1976, Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over the issue of acqu isition of a nuclear processing plant. After Pakistans nuclear deal with France, t he relations between the Bhutto regime and the US deteriorated and military aid from USA was again suspended. 26. GENERAL ZIAS ERA 1980-1988 27. The Soviet- Afghan war General Zia seized power in Pakistan in a 1977 cou p. US opposed this dictatorship and stopped all economic and military aid to Pak istan as a result Also under Section 669 of the (FAA) aid was suspended because o f Pakistans secret construction of a uranium enrichment facility However after Sov iet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979, Pakistan became a frontline state again st Soviet expansionism. Fighting a proxy war for the US. 28. The Soviet- Afghan War An offer to Pakistan of $400 million in economic a nd security aid by the Carter Administration in early 1980 was turned down by Pr esident Zia-ul Haq as peanuts. In September 1981 Reagan Administration negotiated a $3.2 billion, 5-year economic and military aid package with Pakistan Pakistans s uperior negotiation ! Congress added Section 620E to the FAA, giving the Presiden t authority to waive Section 669 for Pakistan on grounds of national interest. 29. Arms and Narcotics aid Pakistan became a funnel for arms supplies to the Afghan resistance, as well as a camp for three million Afghan refugees. Nov 1982: the latest radar systems for Pakistans F-16 fighter planes transferred to Pakist an by President Wilson. Wilson negotiated a major weapons deal with Pakistan on b ehalf of the Israelis to support the Afghan war. The deal included delivery of T -55 tanks enemies turn friends? 1982-1989: US Turns Blind Eye to Pakistani Govern ment Involvement in Heroin Trade 30. Economic Aid to Pakistan Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced a n average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at t hat time. 1981 - $3.2 billion, 5-year economic and military aid package with Paki stan. A $4 billion, 6-year aid package for Pakistan was signed in 1986. 31. Economic Aid to Pakistan October 1990, under the provisions of the Pressl er amendment, President Bush suspended most economic and all military aid to Pak istan as well as deliveries of major military equipment suspended. One major loss was the non delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter aircraft ordered in 1989. Narcotics assistance of $3-5 million annually was exempted from the aid cutoff. 32. Sharing of Intelligence Networks Pakistans ISI and Special Service Group cooperated with the CIA and the United States Army Special Forces to support the armed struggle against Soviets. 33. Military Aid In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. October 1980: Former President Nixon Indicated P akistans Nuclear Weapons Program may continue The way forward Zia began a series o f highly secretive meetings to explore trading its nuclear technology to other co untries. The urgency of this project was felt as the Soviet Union decided to end the Afghan war in 1986 and Pakistan realized US aid was finite. 34. Unstable Democratic Governments 1988-1999 35. Pak-US Relations in governments under Benazir Bhutto December 1988 to Au gust 1990 October 1993 to November 1996 36. Major events Increase in Islamic fundamentalism Intensification of Kashmir proxy war. Talibans creation 37. Policies Pak-US relations remained on a mixed note during her tenures. Man y people saw her as pro-Western and pro- democracy but that wasnt really the case . Wanted friendly mujahidin regime in Afghanistan. Initiated a program designed to make Pakistan a central member of both the Islamic bloc and the Trans-Asian axi s. Pakistan emerged with distinct roles such as center for finance, military and technology among the Muslim countries. 38. Dec.1988- Aug.1990 Benazir Bhutto had to pay back billions of dollars in loans made to Zia-ul-Haq. Pakistan faced heightened tensions with India over Kash

mir and problems associated with the unresolved Afghan war on the international front. U.S. aid and most arms sales to Pakistan were suspended when President Bus h could not certify to Congress, that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explos ive device. 39. Oct. 1993- Nov. 1996 The free and peaceful elections of October 1993, wer e welcomed by the US. In 1992 US relaxed sanctions on Pakistan to allow food and economic assistance to NGOs. However US continued to be concerned about reported terrorist activity, regional dissidence, and human rights abuse. The United State s strongly supported Pakistans economic reform efforts, including privatization of public sector industries, trade liberalization policies, and efforts to attra ct international investment. 40. Nawaz Sharifs Governments Elected twice as the 12th Prime Minister of Paki stan First term: 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993 Second term: 17 February 1997 to 12 October 1999. 41. Pak-U.S Relations during Nawaz Regimes Diplomatic ties between the two st ates: unfriendly Reasons:1. Inclination towards establishing an ISLAMIC Society2. Allegations of having links with Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden3. Being allege d for not cracking down on the Taliban as it flourished in Afghanistan and influe nced the Northwest Frontier Province 42. The Nuclear Dilemma Neither India nor Pakistan is signatories of the Nucl ear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Pa kistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on 28 May 1998, and on 30 May 19 98. Justification: National Security 43. The Nuclear Dilemma Various Sanctions imposed by the U.S:1. U.S. Aid Cut-o ff in 19902. Non-delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter aircraft ordered in 19893. In 1998, President Clinton imposed economic and military sanctions on Pakistan: Sec tion 102 of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA)4. Any U.S. exports to Pakistan re quired a Commerce Department license, and most license requests reportedly were denied 44. Pakistan-U.S Relations Post 9/11 45. George W. Bush September 11 attacks planted sour seeds early in the Bush Administration Bushs main focus was the Middle East (Bahrain, Philippines, Thailan d, Kuwait, Moroc co, Pakistan) More co-operation demanded from the Pakistan Gover nemnt 46. Pakistans Foreign Policy-Post 9/11 Remolding itself into a more co-operati ve ally Joining the War On Terror Weve captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United States. Weve earned bounties totaling millions of dollars P.M. 47. Post 9/11 Era Afghan war. Bushs statement. 2003: US forgave $1 billion in P akistani debt. Oct 2005: Condoleezza Rices statement regarding Kashmir earthquake. 11 Jun 08: Us airstrike on Pak-Afghan border killed 10 members of paramilitary fr ontier corps. Nov 2008: Mumbai attacks Iraq war stance: Prime minister Jamalis stat ement. 48. Present Relations andObama Administration 49. Present RelationsObama elected in Nov 2008.A stable, democratic, prosper ous Pakistan isconsidered vital to U.S. interests.The Obama Administration state s an intentionto continue pursuing close and mutuallybeneficial relations with I slamabad. 50. In the past, we too oftendefined our relationship withPakistan narrowly. Those days are over.... The Pakistani people must know Americawill remain a str ong supporter of Pakistans security and prosperity.- Barack Obama 51. The Aims of newly seated U.S. Administration A new concentration on stabi lizing Afghanistan. The appointment of US special representative Pakistani office rs are now allowed to view video feeds from unmanned American drones and to acce ss U.S. intercepts of militants communications. 52. October 2009: U.S. Aid Package A new $7.5 billion U.S. aid package for Pa kistan Expect to receive approximately 1.3 billion for 2010. Growth in anti-Americ ans feeling in Pakistan. 53. Pakistan military Operations Result of US demand of Do More and external pr essure. Relation remains fragile e.g. Faisal Shahzad incident.