MOTOROLA

Order this document by AN1308/D

SEMICONDUCTOR
APPLICATION NOTE

100 and 200 Watt High Fidelity Audio Amplifiers Utilizing a Wideband Low Feedback Design
Prepared by: Andrew Hefley Audio Engineering Consultant

AN1308

INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades many types of solid state, high fidelity audio amplifier design approaches have been tried. Many of these designs have used large amounts of negative feedback to ensure low closed-loop harmonic distortion. The main contributors to this type of distortion are the output devices. Other contributors to this harmonic distortion are the drivers, or devices preceding the output devices and the high voltage gain stage, also referred to as the transconductance stage. A side effect of a high open-loop gain is that wide bandwidth is very difficult to achieve with two gain stages, therefore most of these high gain designs have an open-loop bandwidth of less than a few kilohertz. This means there is a need for even more than necessary gain mid-band (referring to the audio band) to get a low distortion number at 20 kHz in the closed-loop condition. The audio band is defined as 2 Hz to 20 kHz with the mid-point from 1 kHz to 2 kHz. It was found that large amounts of negative feedback increased TIM (transient intermodulation distortion). The approach to dealing with this problem in amplifiers is to use lower open-loop voltage gain sections and increase the open-loop bandwidth to 20 kHz. The loss of feedback (and increased closed-loop distortion) has inspired different solutions for the output section as well as the voltage gain section. One approach is to change the distortion specification; however, this may not produce optimal results. A better solution is to use multiple output devices to keep the current excursion low for each device, so as to stay within a linear range of gain. This has been a popular approach with some manufacturers; however, it is a more costly solution. Other approaches use high feedback, linearized, unity gain output stages. This is done with either bipolar devices or with power MOSFETs. This note focuses on the use of a new pair of complementary Motorola bipolar power output transistors,

the 2SC3281 and 2SA1302. These devices have better linearity than devices previously targeted for this type of application. The amplifier circuits presented use a topology that is fully complementary in design with a dual differential input. Other parameters sought after are a wide open-loop bandwidth, (greater than the audio band) and a minimal amount of negative feedback, (25 dB or less).

BASIC AMPLIFIER DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

A conservative design approach was taken with effort made to keep the circuitry design simple. The purpose of this note is to show that a low feedback design with wide bandwidth can yield quite low distortion without any special distortion cancelling circuitry or localized feedback loops. Design Description of the 100 Watt Amplifier A block diagram of the 100 watt amplifier is shown in Figure 3. This design begins with the MPS8099 and MPS8599 complementary pair for the input stage. These devices are rated at 80 volts, giving them adequate margin on a nominal 52 volt supply. These devices are arranged as dual differentials. For simplicity, no current sources are used. A 24 volt zener with 10K ohm resistors supplies approximately 2.25 mA of current to each pair. This scheme supplies enough current to achieve the bandwidth necessary in the first stage while keeping the bias currents low enough for an acceptable amount of input voltage offset error. In an attempt to eliminate a coupling capacitor in the feedback loop, low offset is important when trying to DC couple the feedback. The input impedance of the amplifier is primarily determined by the 33.2K ohm resistor used as the input return path to ground. That, coupled with the 2.2 F coupling capacitor, sets the low corner frequency at approximately 2 Hz.

MOTOROLA INC., 1992

AN1308

Figure 1. 100 Watt High Fidelity Audio Amplifier

Figure 2. 200 Watt High Fidelity Audio Amplifier

MOTOROLA 2

AN1308

+ VCC TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE

PROTECTION OUTPUT STAGE

INPUT INPUT STAGE

FEEDBACK OUTPUT

OUTPUT STAGE PROTECTION

TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE VCC

Figure 3. Block Diagram of 100 Watt Amplifier

The second stage of voltage gain, sometimes referred to as the transconductance stage, is made up of a darlington pair. The input devices of the darlington pairs are the MPSW06 and MPSW56 respectively. Both of these devices are also rated at 80 volts. These devices are operated in a common collector mode with their collectors grounded to minimize the Miller effect. Idling current is approximately 3.5 mA with 511 ohm emitter resistors which in turn set the idling currents for the 2SC3298B and 2SA1306B. Because the idling currents are set at approximately 50 mA or 2.4 watts in each of these devices, a small heat sink is required to keep the case temperatures down. The 2SC3298B and 2SA1306B devices are rated at 200 volts which is more than adequate to handle the nominal voltage swings of 100 volts for this stage of the amplifier. The transconductance stage is loaded by both the output stage and a pair of 2.7K ohm resistors. These resistors set the voltage gain at this stage. Looking at the input stage and the second stage respectively, their gains are approximately

18.5 dB for the input stage and 34 dB for the second stage thus giving an overall gain of about 52.5 dB. Compensation networks are used on the outputs of both stages to provide good gain and phase margin for the closed-loop condition. The closed-loop gain is set for approximately 1 volt sensitivity giving the amplifier a closed-loop gain of 27.8 dB. The output stage is a complementary darlington configuration. This stage utilizes three 2SC3281 NPN devices and three 2SA1302 PNP devices connected in parallel. These are driven by the complementary pair consisting of an MJF15030 and MJF15031. The output devices are rated at 15 amps and 200 volts with power dissipation ratings of 150 watts. The drivers are 8 amp, 150 volt transistors with power dissipation ratings of 36 watts. The voltage ratings are adequate to handle the 100 volt nominal supply voltage. The drivers and output devices have excellent gain linearity which helps to minimize the amount of feedback needed to achieve a low distortion number.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 3

The MPS650 and the MPS750 devices are used for current limit protection. Both devices are rated at 2 amps giving them excellent saturation and gain characteristics at 100 mA. A discussion on how the current limiters are set and the choice of the number of output devices used is discussed in the Output Transistors section. Design Description of the 200 Watt Amplifier A block diagram of the 200 watt amplifier is shown in Figure 4. The design of the 200 watt gain stages is very similar to the 100 watt amplifier with a few minor exceptions. Due to higher power supply voltages, a cascode configuration was used for the input stage. The level shifter portion of the cascode is tied to the 33 volt zener supplies which are used for the input current resistors. An additional change is the use of paralleled pre-drivers, or transconductance stage transistors. This accommodates the increased

current needed to bring the dual 2.7K ohm load and increased base current requirement of the output stage to the higher supply voltage. The benefit is a small increase in the voltage slew rate. The extra device also increases the open-loop gain by approximately 4 dB. This in turn helps the closed-loop distortion that was increased because of a 3 dB increase in closed-loop gain. This was done to keep the sensitivity of the amplifier for full power at 1 volt. Another change is the use of a cascode (series output stage). By effectively doubling the number of output devices without increasing the voltage seen in operation, second breakdown will not be a concern. The outside, or slave devices, are driven by a series resistive divider network tied to the output of the amplifier. This divider network forces the string of output devices to share the voltage and power delivered to the load.

+ VCC TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE

SLAVE + 33 V PROTECTION OUTPUT STAGE

INPUT INPUT STAGE

FEEDBACK OUTPUT

OUTPUT STAGE PROTECTION

33 V SLAVE

TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE VCC

Figure 4. Block Diagram of 200 Watt Amplifier

MOTOROLA 4

AN1308

POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

There are a number of formulas and philosophies pertaining to the selection of the size of a power transformer and the supply filters for use in an audio amplifier. The selection of these components affects the supply regulation and the amount of ripple the amplifier will see under varying load conditions. One specification that has come into widespread use over the past decade is a concept called dynamic headroom. Dynamic headroom is a measure of the difference in the RMS power an amplifier can deliver continuously and the power it can deliver dynamically as defined by the Federal Trade Commission. It is measured in dB, and can range from 0 dB for an amplifier operating in a full class A mode to 3 4 dB for a class AB type amplifier with poor supply regulation. Over the years designers have found that they prefer a lower dynamic headroom, which make certain rules of thumb work well and provides acceptable performance. For transformer selection, take the expected 4 ohm full power performance in watts, for example, 180 watts for the 100 watt amplifier, and double it. This could be considered a worst case load for the power supply even though under typical operating conditions this level of output will never be seen. By doubling the power rating, a VA (Volt-Ampere) rating of 360 becomes the rating for the transformer to be selected. VA ratings typically are based on a temperature rise of + 55 to + 65C, which equates to a regulation of approximately 5% for a resistive load equal to the VA rating of the transformer. This does not equate to the regulation performance in the amplifier application. DC supply voltages are derived by the rectified diodes that charge the supply filters and these only occur during the voltage peaks of the sine wave input. 360 VA and 600 VA transformers were chosen for the 100 watt and 200 watt amplifiers respectively. To avoid the cost of custom transformers, standard off-the-shelf toroidal transformers were chosen. These transformers were then modified. To achieve the exact voltage required for the designs, several extra turns were added to the secondary winding (see Figures 25 and 34). Cost becomes an issue in choosing the amount of filtering needed. In practice, the amount of filtering can be looked at in terms of stored energy, or joules. Typically 1 to 2 joules of stored energy per 10 watts of output power is sufficient. In the 100 watt amplifier, the maximum output power is 180 watts at 4 ohms. This equates to 18 to 36 joules of stored energy. The power supply in the 100 watt amplifier has a pair of 10,000 F filter capacitors with 52 volts across each capacitor. Using the formula 1/2CV2, this equates to 26

joules of stored energy. The 200 watt amplifier has a maximum output power at 4 ohms. Based on the previous discussion, 30 to 60 joules of stored energy is required. The power supply for the 200 watt amplifier contains four 4,700 F filter capacitors with 80 volts across each capacitor. This equates to 60 joules of stored energy.

OUTPUT TRANSISTORS
There are a number of considerations to be addressed when selecting output transistors for use in a high fidelity audio amplifier design. Two key considerations are the use of a complementary pair and the type of device packaging, i.e., plastic or metal. Newer designs are using plastic packages due to their simplicity in mounting and thermal performance equalling the older metal packages such as the TO-204 (TO-3). Other areas of design importance include breakdown voltage, power dissipation, safe operating area (SOA), current gain linearity, and fT. At present, there are a limited number of complementary devices rated at 100 volts in plastic packages. Additionally, very few of these devices have good current gain linearity beyond one amp. Most of these devices have second breakdown points that usually fall between 20 and 40 volts. They may be classified as 150 watt transistors, but operate efficiently only up to 40 volts; then their power handling capability drops off rapidly. The output devices that were selected are the 2SC3281 and 2SA1302 NPN and PNP transistors. These complementary devices are rated at 200 volts, 15 amps, and have power dissipation ratings of 150 watts. They are packaged in the TO-3PBL package, a high power plastic package with an isolated mounting hole and excellent thermal characteristics. The thermal resistance junction-to-case of this package is less than 0.83C / watt with a maximum junction temperature, TJ equal to 150C. The current gain is adequate beyond 3 amps of collector current, the fT is greater than 20 MHz and the second breakdown point is greater than 70 volts. With these specifications these devices are ideal for use under the type of load conditions and voltages expected to be seen in low distortion wideband linear amplifier designs. Operating characteristics for these devices are shown in Figures 5 through 10. Setting the Current Limits Setting the current limits of an output stage in an audio amplifier is not an easy task. Calculation can be used to find a starting point, however the actual results must be determined through experimentation. There are two limitations to consider when dealing with the power handling

AN1308

MOTOROLA 5

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR OUTPUT DEVICES

2SA1302 PNP
1000 500 h FE , DC CURRENT GAIN 300 TC = 100C 25C 100 50 30 25C COMMON EMITTER VCE = 5 V h FE , DC CURRENT GAIN 1000 500 300

2SC3281 NPN

COMMON EMITTER VCE = 5 V TC = 100C

100 50 30

25C 25C

10 5 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30

10 5 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30

IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Figure 5. DC Current Gain

Figure 6. DC Current Gain

200 f T, TRANSITION FREQUENCY (MHz) f T, TRANSITION FREQUENCY (MHz) 100 50 30 COMMON EMITTER VCE = 5 V TC = 25C

200 100 50 30 COMMON EMITTER VCE = 5 V TC = 25C

10 5 3 1 0.01

10 5 3 1 0.01

0.03

0.1

0.3

10

0.03

0.1

0.3

10

IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Figure 7. Current-Gain Bandwidth Product

Figure 8. Current-Gain Bandwidth Product

I C, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

IC MAX (CONTINUOUS) 10 5 3 1 0.5 0.3 DC OPERATION TC = 25C *SINGLE NONREPETITIVE *PULSE TC = 25C CURVES MUST BE DERATED LINEARLY WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE 1 3 10 30

I C, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

50 30

IC MAX (PULSED)* 1 ms* 10 ms* 100 ms*

50 30 10 5 3 1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3

IC MAX (PULSED)* IC MAX (CONTINUOUS) 1 ms* 10 ms* DC OPERATION TC = 25C *SINGLE NONREPETITIVE *PULSE TC = 25C CURVES MUST BE DERATED LINEARLY WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE 1 3 10 30 100 100 ms*

VCEO MAX 100 300 1000

VCEO MAX 300 1000

0.1 0.3

VCE, COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

VCE, COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Figure 9. Active Region Safe Operating Area

Figure 10. Active Region Safe Operating Area

MOTOROLA 6

AN1308

r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)

1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

D = 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 SINGLE PULSE 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000 P(pk) t1 t2 DUTY CYCLE, D = t1 / t2 RJC(t) = r(t) RJC RJC = 0.83C / W MAX D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER PULSE TRAIN SHOWN READ TIME AT t1 TJ(pk) TC = P(pk) RJC(t)

t, TIME (ms)

Figure 11. Thermal Response of Output Devices

ability of a transistor: the average junction temperature and second breakdown. In a class AB output stage, the output devices are not really in a 50% duty cycle situation. The bias current needs to be added to the calculated current that the load may present to the device. At higher frequencies the peak power can be considerably higher than the average power. At low frequencies the duration that one side of the output stage may endure during a load condition may be several hundred milliseconds, which nearly constitutes a DC condition. By examining the thermal response curve of the output devices in Figure 11, the actual value of RJC for the low frequency condition can be determined by multiplying the specified value of RJC by r(t) = 0.9. With this information, there are three more parameters that connect the transistor junction to its surroundings the thermal resistance from the transistor junction to the case of the transistor, the thermal resistance of the mounting interface, and the thermal resistance of the heat sink to air. Figure 12 shows the load conditions for the entire output stage of the 100 watt amplifier. The load line for an 8 ohm, 45 degree load indicates the need for 6 amps of collector current dropping to 4 amps of collector current when the collector voltage drops to 50 volts. Figure 12 also shows the peak currents at lower resistive load conditions. Most loudspeakers present a load impedance of less than 8 ohms; however, most dont present a reactive load of less than 8 ohms. As shown in Figure 12, a 90 reactive 8 ohm load is handled easily and resistive loads as low as 2 ohms do not present a problem. The constant power curve shown at 375 watts is drawn along the line where the current limits were set for this amplifier. If this power is shared between 3 devices, they will each be required to dissipate 125 watts at the point where the power will be limited by the current limiters. By limiting the power linearly from 150 watts at 25C to 0 at 150C, the case temperature can rise to approximately 60C. This is determined from Figure 14, the power derating curve. By allowing the case temperature to rise to this limit, the power output will have to be limited to 75% of 150 watts,

or 112.5 watts. With this number and the information known about the thermal response of the device, one can allow the peak power dissipated by each transistor to reach 125 watts. This means that under operating conditions where the temperature is less than 60C, the output devices will be operating safely. Examining the safe operating area curves in Figures 9 and 10, it can be seen that above 70 volts, the power the output devices can dissipate, begins to drop. Using 100 volts as a reference, the power dissipation has dropped from 150 watts at 70 volts to about 800 mA at 100 volts, or 80 watts. The power derating curve (Figure 14) shows a reduction in power dissipation as temperature is increased with the derating factor dropping even lower for the second breakdown derating. The 60C point on this curve is 85%, or 68 watts. This implies that the output devices are only safe for a total power dissipation of 204 watts when operating the three devices at the full supply voltage of the 100 watt amplifier. This is where the current limiters do not fully protect the output devices. As shown in the load line plots in Figures 12 and 13, the protection provided by the current limiters allows the power to reach 375 watts at 100 volts. A fully reactive load of 90 degrees will never be seen in a loudspeaker and the current limits need to be set by experimentation. Figures 15 and 16 show photos of the current limit, or protection circuit tested into a capacitor. Although Figures 15 and 16 show that the output devices are capable of more than their published specifications, it is recommended that one not exceed published limits as shown on the manufacturers data sheets in the interests of achieving long term reliability. Measurements of the protection circuit shown in Figures 15 and 16 show the actual current limit points of the amplifiers when driving large capacitive loads at a frequency of approximately 100 Hz. As measured, the limits are set about 25% higher than needed for the load conditions outlined. The type of current limiters used begins to limit the current slightly lower than their final value causing substantial distortion in the form of compression before the final limit value is reached.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 7

15 12 9 I C , CURRENT IN OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (AMPS)

CURRENT LIMIT 375 WATT CONSTANT POWER CURVE

3 0

8 45 DEG LOAD LINE

3 8 RESISTIVE 6 2 RESISTIVE 9 CURRENT LIMITATION POWER SUPPLY LIMITATION 4 RESISTIVE

12 15

20

40 60 VOLTAGE ACROSS OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (VOLTS)

80

100

Figure 12. Load Lines of 100 Watt Amplifier

25

20

I C , CURRENT IN OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (AMPS)

15 CURRENT LIMIT 750 WATT CONSTANT POWER CURVE 10

8 45 DEG LOAD LINE

5 8 RESISTIVE 10 2 RESISTIVE 15 CURRENT LIMITATION 4 RESISTIVE

20 25

32

64 96 VOLTAGE ACROSS OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (VOLTS)

128

160

Figure 13. Load Lines of 200 Watt Amplifier

MOTOROLA 8

AN1308

1 POWER DERATING FACTOR SECOND BREAKDOWN DERATING

0.8 0.6 THERMAL DERATING

0.4

0.2 0 20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Figure 15. Output Current Limit of 100 Watt Amplifier

TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (C)

Figure 14. Power Derating Factor for Output Devices

Series Connected Output Devices As discussed previously, the second breakdown of a transistor can severely limit the power dissipation capability of that device. When the supply voltages of an amplifier are greater than 100 volts, the output devices are pushing their limits. By configuring the output devices in a series-parallel configuration one can obtain an increase in output power from a set of devices rather than configuring them all in parallel. The load lines of the 200 watt amplifier indicate a constant power curve of 750 watts, which is twice that of the 100 watt amplifier. There are twice the number of output devices connected in a series-parallel configuration resulting in the same 125 watt criteria for each as in the 100 watt amplifier. Since these devices do not see more than 80 volts each in operation, second breakdown is of no concern. Although the devices can be operated in a series connected output stage, its operation is similar to a bridge configuration but the low impedance performance is diminished. This amplifier does current limit when driving a 2 ohm load where the 100 watt amplifier does not.

Figure 16. Output Current Limit of 200 Watt Amplifier between the devices and the heatsink. This allows for optimum heat transfer (less than 0.1C / W). The use of two 7 inch extrusions in the 100 watt amplifier gives the output stage the ability to dissipate about 90 watts while keeping a temperature rise of less than 35 above room temperature (TA = 25C). This is based on 1.8C of rise for a 3 inch piece making a 7 inch piece about 0.77C / W. Tests run have shown that with the 100 watt amplifier running at full power, the heatsinks stayed below 60C. Operation with air flowing across the heatsinks will give improved performance over the convection numbers published by the heatsink manufacturer. The addition of a fan blowing across the heatsinks will allow the amplifier to operate at a 4 ohm load continuously.

HEATSINK REQUIREMENTS
Choosing the right heatsink is very important. Regardless of the requirements of size, shape, form factor and cosmetics, the bottom line is heat transfer in terms of degrees centigrade per watt (C/W). The heatsink chosen for these two amplifiers is a standard aluminum extrusion made by AHAM TOR INC., model #6071 as shown in Figure 17. It is a tree shaped extrusion weighing 2.2 pounds per foot. It has a surface area of 31.7 square inches per linear inch and a convection heat transfer rating of 1.8C / W per 3 inch piece. The design of this heatsink lends itself well to the configuration used for mounting the output and driver devices. By using the PC board to clamp the devices to the heatsink, mounting hardware is eliminated. Another advantage to having the heatsinks board mounted is that the output transistors need not be electrically isolated from their mounting. This allows for nothing but thermal compound

EVALUATION BOARD DESCRIPTIONS

100 Watt Amplifier The 100 watt amplifier was constructed on a double-sided 0.062 G10 glass epoxy printed circuit board measuring 7 inches x 12 inches. All components are included on the PC board with the exception of the power transformer and bridge rectifier. Grounding is done with the star method; each point in the circuit that is connected to ground has its own trace running to the input connection. This helps to reduce ground loops and give optimum noise performance. The power supply center tap is connected as close to the center between the supply filter capacitors as is physically possible.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 9

This keeps the power supply ripple balanced and as low as possible. The input devices and transconductance stages are grouped as close as physically possible on the board. This helps to reduce parasitics. Table 1 shows the actual measured performance of the 100 watt amplifier. Plots of the measurements are shown in Figures 18 through 23. The DC stability of this amplifier measured at the output of the amplifier is 100 mV at room temperature. All measurements were made at room temperature. If this parameter is critical, a DC servo loop could be added to reduce the DC output offset. The schematics of the power supply and amplifier are shown in Figures 25 and 26. The components used in the construction of this amplifier are listed in Table 3.

200 Watt Amplifier The 200 watt amplifier was also constructed on a double sided 0.062 G10 glass epoxy printed circuit board measuring 13.5 inches x 12 inches. Other than the addition of the additional output devices and the two additional heatsinks, this board is identical to the 100 watt amplifier. Table 2 shows the actual measured performance of the 200 watt amplifier. Plots of the measurements are shown in Figures 27 through 33. The schematics of the power supply and amplifier are shown in Figures 34 and 35. The components used in the construction of this amplifier are listed in Table 4.

2.490 R 63.246

2.400 60.960 .130 3.302

6071
WT. T.R. H.D.S. 2.22 LB/1 1.8C / W 31.7 SQ. / 1

1.250 31.750 2.360 59.944 2.625 66.675

.100 2.540 .255 DIA. 6.477

INCHES mm

Figure 17. Heatsink Profile

MOTOROLA 10

AN1308

Table 1. Specifications 100 Watt Amplifier

Parameter Output Power into an 8 ohm load Output Power into a 4 ohm load Power bandwidth @ 8 ohms + 0 dB, 3 dB Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 8 ohms Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 4 ohms Voltage Slew Rate DC output offset voltage Rise time Input Impedance Input Sensitivity for rated output Input Sensitivity for 1 watt out @ 8 ohms Output Impedance Damping Factor Output Noise A weighted Output Noise C weighted Signal to Noise A weighted Signal to Noise C weighted Short Circuit current Peak output current Open-loop bandwidth Open-loop voltage gain Closed-loop voltage gain Performance 100 watts 175 watts 2 Hz 210 kHz* < .03% < .05% 125 V / s < 50 mV < 1.8 s > 32 k ohm 1.18 volts RMS 118 mV RMS < 80 milliohms 100 < 75 V < 150 V 90 dB 105 dB 7.5 A 13 A 5 Hz 21 kHz 52.5 dB 27.8 dB 20 Hz to 20 kHz Referred to 8 ohms Input shunted with 600 ohms Input shunted with 600 ohms Referred to 1 watt out @ 8 ohms or 2.83 volts RMS Referred to 100 watts @ 8 ohms or 28.3 volts RMS Peak Resistive load No load, source impedance = 600 ohms, (small signal, inside output termination network) No load (small signal) No load @ 25C 50% of full scale output voltage with 8 ohm load 20 Hz to 20 kHz 100 watts @ 8 ohms or 28.3 volts RMS 20 Hz to 20 kHz 20 Hz to 20 kHz Source impedance = 600 ohms 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 100 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 175 watts Notes

*Output power above 10 kHz must be limited to 10% duty cycle to prevent over stressing the output termination network.

Table 2. Specifications 200 Watt Amplifier

Parameter Output Power into an 8 ohm load Output Power into a 4 ohm load Power bandwidth @ 8 ohms + 0 dB, 3 dB Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 8 ohms Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 4 ohms Voltage Slew Rate DC output offset voltage Rise time Input Impedance Input Sensitivity for rated output Input Sensitivity for 1 watt out @ 8 ohms Output Impedance Damping Factor Output Noise A weighted Output Noise C weighted Signal to Noise A weighted Signal to Noise C weighted Short Circuit current Peak output current Open-loop bandwidth Open-loop voltage gain Closed-loop voltage gain Performance 200 watts 300 watts 2 Hz 190 kHz* < .04% < .09% 125 V / s < 50 mV < 1.9 s > 32 k ohm 1.07 volts RMS 0.076 mV RMS < 80 milliohms 100 < 100 V < 200 V 89 dB 106 dB 9A 14 A 5 Hz 18 kHz 56.7 dB 31.3 dB 20 Hz to 20 kHz Referred to 8 ohms Input shunted with 600 ohms Input shunted with 600 ohms Referred to 1 watt out @ 8 ohms or 2.83 volts RMS Referred to 200 watts @ 8 ohms or 40 volts RMS Peak Resistive load No load, source impedance = 600 ohms, (small signal, inside output termination network) No load (small signal) No load @ 25C 50% of full scale output voltage with 8 ohm load 20 Hz to 20 kHz 200 watts @ 8 ohms or 40 volts RMS 20 Hz to 20 kHz 20 Hz to 20 kHz Source impedance = 600 ohms 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 200 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 300 watts Notes

*Output power above 10 kHz must be limited to 10% duty cycle to prevent over stressing the output termination network.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 11

100 WATT AMPLIFIER MEASUREMENTS

t 1.78 s

t 1.6 s

10 V/div

Figure 18. Square Wave Rise Time Full Scale 8

Figure 19. 20 kHz Square Wave Full Power 8

t 50 ms

f 20 Hz

10 V/div

T/div 0.2 ms

Figure 20. 20 Hz Square Wave Full Power 8

Figure 21. 1 kHz, Full Power, 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.018%

T/div 10 s

T/div 10 ms

Figure 22. 20 kHz, Full Power, 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.028%

Figure 23. 20 Hz, Full Power, 8 Harmonic Distortion= 0.016%

MOTOROLA 12

AN1308

T/div 10 s

Figure 24. 20 kHz, 1 Watt, 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.014%

+ 52 V

TERMINAL STRIP T1 BR1 52 V

120 Vac 60 Hz

THERMAL BREAKER 60C GND

5 AMP

Notes: 8 Bifilar turns of #15 magnet wire are added to the secondary of the transformer Notes: to increase the voltage needed to obtain the required dc voltage.

Figure 25. 100 Watt Amplifier Power Supply Schematic

AN1308

MOTOROLA 13

MOTOROLA 14
R33 15 R15 2.2 k D1 C7 0.1 F Q14 MPS650 Q19 MJF15030 R37 2 221 R38 221 R39 R50 221 1.2 R71 22.1 R51 R40 221 R41 221 R90 22 k R42 221 1.2 R63 0.47 R52 1.2 R53 1.2 C14 0.1 F R64 0.47 R65 0.47 + C13 100 F 2 1 C17 330P R26 2.7 k D3 1N4148 3 R73 500 2 1 Q6 MPSW06 R8 10.0 k Q8 2SC3298B +52 V R28 3.3 k R30 100 Q31 MPSA06 C16 330P R25 2.7 k 3 R32 100 R27 3.3 k R29 200 R49 1.2 R60 0.47 R61 0.47 R62 0.47 L1 2 H R69 4.7 R70 10 E4 E3 SPEAKER + R48 1.2 1 D2 1N4148 52 V R91 22 k Q20 2SC3281 Q21 2SC3281 + C3 470 F Z1 1N5252B Q5 MPSW56 3 R72 500 R93 100 C15 330P C91 22P 27.4 k Q1 MPS8099 R1 221 R4 221 Q4 MPS8599 R92 100 10P R24 1.0 k 221 R3 221 Q3 MPS8599 C90 22P C18 330P + C4 470 F Z2 1N5252B C6 R23 1N4148 R7 10 k Q7 2SA1306B R5 2.21 k R95 300 R9 511 R11 22.1 + C10 10,000 F +52 V E5 Q22 2SC3281 Q2 MPS8099 R2 D4 1N4148 C8 0.1 F Q13 MPS750 Q23 MJF15031 Q24 2SA1302 Q25 2SA1302 Q26 2SA1302 R16 2.2 k R6 2.21 k R94 300 R10 511 R12 22.1 R34 15 E6 52V + C12 10,000 F

C19 0.1 F

+ C1 1000 F

R17 51 k

C5

R21

E1

2.2 F

4.7 k

INPUT

R22 1 MEG

R19 33.2 k

R31 100 k

E2

R20 220

C20 0.1 F

+ C2

1000 F

R18 51 k

Figure 26. 100 Watt Amplifier Schematic

AN1308

200 WATT AMPLIFIER MEASUREMENTS

t 1.90 s

T/div 1 s

t 2 s

20 V/div

Figure 27. Square Wave Rise Time Full Scale 8

Figure 28. 200 kHz Square Wave Full Power 8

t 50 ms

20 V/div

T/div 0.2 ms

Figure 29. 20 Hz Square Wave Full Power 8

Figure 30. 1 kHz Full Power 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.019%

T/div 10 s

T/div 10 ms

Figure 31. 20 kHz Full Power 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.037%

Figure 32. 20 Hz Full Power 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.023%

AN1308

MOTOROLA 15

T/div 10 s

Figure 33. 20 kHz, 1 Watt, 8 Harmonic Distortion = 0.026%

+ 81 V

TERMINAL STRIP T1 BR1 81 V

120 Vac 60 Hz

THERMAL BREAKER 60C GND

8 AMP

Notes: 13 Bifilar turns of #15 magnet wire are added to the secondary of the transformer Notes: to increase the voltage needed to obtain the required dc voltage.

Figure 34. 200 Watt Amplifier Power Supply Schematic

MOTOROLA 16

AN1308

AN1308
R33 R15 4.3 k R35 750 R45 1.2 C7 R46 1.2 R47 R57 0.47 R58 0.47 1.2 Q19 MJF15030 R37 D2 1N4148 221 R38 39.2 k C16 330 P C6 221 10 P 2 Q31 MPSA06 R30 100 R24 1.0 k C17 330 P R26 2.7 k R28 3.9 k + C13 100 F R25 2.7 k R29 200 221 R39 R50 1.2 R71 22.1 R40 221 R41 221 R42 221 Q23 MJF15031 2 R43 750 D4 Q6 MPSW06 Q8 2SC3298B R94 300 R10 511 R12 22.1 1N4148 Q10 2SC3298B R14 22.1 C8 0.1 F R90 22 k +81V R34 15 Q13 MPS750 R54 R75 51 1.2 R55 1.2 R56 1.2 R44 750 Q27 MJF15031 Q28 2SA1302 Q29 2SA1302 Q30 2SA1302 R66 0.47 R67 0.47 R68 0.47 + C11 4700 F + C12 4700 F Q24 2SA1302 Q25 2SA1302 Q26 2SA1302 R51 1.2 R64 0.47 R65 0.47 Q1 MPS8099 R1 221 R3 221 Q3 MPS8599 C90 22 P R92 100 D3 1N4148 3 R73 500 1 C18 330 P + C4 470 F Z2 1N4752A R6 2.21 k R8 11.5 k R16 4.3 k Q4 MPS8599 221 221 R4 Q2 MPS8099 R2 R49 1.2 R60 0.47 R61 0.47 R62 0.47 1.2 R48 Q20 2SC3281 Q21 2SC3281 Q22 2SC3281 R59 0.47 Q14 MPS650 R36 750 R74 51 0.1 F + C9 R7 11.5 k Z1 1N4752A D1 1N4148 330 P C15 Q5 MPSW56 Q7 2SA1306B Q9 2SA1306B R91 22 k R5 2.21 k R95 300 R9 511 R11 22.1 R13 22.1 81V 15 Q15 MJF15030 Q16 2SC3281 Q17 2SC3281 Q18 2SC3281 E5 +81 V + C3 470 F 4700 F + C10 4700 F Q11 MPS8099 2 R93 100 C91 22 P R23 3 R72 500 1 R19 33.2 k L1 2 H R69 R63 0.47 R52 1.2 4.7 R53 1.2 C14 0.1 F R70 10.0 E4 E3 SPEAKER + R27 3.9 k 3 R32 100 1 R20 220 Q12 MPS8599 E6 81 V

C19 0.1 F

+ C1 470 F

R17 51 k

C5

R21

E1

2.2 F

4.7 k

INPUT

R22 1 MEG

3 R31 100 1

E2

C20 0.1 F

+ C2 470 F

R18 51 k

Figure 35. 200 Watt Amplifier Schematic

MOTOROLA 17

Table 3. Electrical Parts List for 100 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board
Designators BR1 C1, 2 C3, 4 C5 C6 C7, 8, 14, 19, 20 C10, 12 C13 C15, 16, 17, 18 C90, 91 D1, 2, 3, 4 L1 Q1, 2 Q3, 4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q13 Q14 Q19 Q20, 21, 22 Q23 Q24, 25, 26 Q31 R1, 2, 3, 4, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 R5, 6 R7, 8 R9, 10 R11, 12, 71 R15, 16 R17, 18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25, 26 R27, 28 R29 R30, 92, 93 R31 R32 R33, 34 R48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 Qty 1 2 2 1 1 5 2 1 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 10 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 6 Description General Purpose Bridge Rectifier 1000 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 470 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor Low Leakage, Less than 50 A 2.2 F, Polypropolyne Capacitor 10 pF, Mica Capacitor 0.1 F, X7R Ceramic Capacitor 10,000 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor (35.5 mm x 51 mm x 10 mm) 100 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 330 pF, Mica Capacitor 22 pF, Mica Capacitor Signal Diode 2 H 6 turns airwound #16 wire, 1.625 diameter NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor 221 , Resistor 2.21 k, Resistor 10 k, Resistor 511 , Resistor 22.1 , Resistor 2.2 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 51 k, 5%, carbon film Resistor 33.2 k, Resistor 220 , 5%, Resistor 4.7 k, 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 M, 5%, carbon film Resistor 27.4 k, Resistor 1 k, Resistor 2.7 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3.3 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 200 , 5%, Resistor 100 , 5%, Resistor 100 k, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 100 , 20%, Trim Potentiometer 15 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 1.2 , 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 / 2 watt 1 / 2 watt 1 watt 1 / 2 watt Panasonic Panasonic Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B15 EVM-QOGA01B12 ERG-3SJ150 3 watt 2 watt Panasonic Panasonic ERG-3SJ272 ERG-2SJ332 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ222 80 volt 80 volt 80 volt 80 volt 200 volt 200 volt 40 volt 40 volt 150 volt 200 volt 150 volt 200 volt 80 volt Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola MPS8099 MPS8599 MPSW56 MPSW06 2SA1306B 2SC3298B MPS750 MPS650 MJF15030 2SC3281 MJF15031 2SA1302 MPSA06 63 volt 10 volt 500 volt 500 volt 1N4148 Panasonic Panasonic ECE S1JU103Z ECE-A1AGE101 500 volt 63 volt 50 volt Rating Manufacturer General Instruments Panasonic Panasonic Part Number KBPC35-02 ECE-A1JGE102 ECE-A50Z470

Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted. Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

MOTOROLA 18

AN1308

Table 3. Electrical Parts List for 100 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board (continued)
Designators R60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 R69 R70 R72, 73 R90, 91 R94, 95 T1 Z1, 2 Fuse Breaker Heatsinks, Output Heatsinks, pre-drivers Qty 6 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 Description 0.47 , 5%, non-inductive Resistor 4.7 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 10 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 500 , 20%, Trim Potentiometer 22 k, 5%, carbon film Resistor 300 , 5%, Resistor 120 V toroidal power transformer 24 volt, Zener Diode 5 amp slo-blo 250 volt 60C thermal breaker Aluminum Extrusion, 7 inches long Aluminum Extrusion, 2.5 inches long 14 pin IC socket tin plated 15A Elmwood Sensors Aham Tor Inc. Aham Tor Inc. #6071 #4405 360 VA 1 / 2 watt Toroid Corp. of MD Motorola 636.332 1N5252B Rating 5 watt 3 watt 3 watt 1 / 2 watt 1 / 2 watt Manufacturer RG Allen Co. Panasonic Panasonic Panasonic ERG-3SJ47R ERG-3SJ100 EVM-QOGA01B52 Part Number

Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted. Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 19

Table 4. Electrical Parts List for 200 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board
Designators BR1 C1, 2 C3, 4 C5 C6 C7, 8, 14, 19, 20 C9, 10, 11, 12 C13 C15, 16, 17, 18 C90, 91 D1, 2, 3, 4 L1 Q1, 2, 11 Q3, 4, 12 Q5 Q6 Q7, 9 Q8, 10 Q13 Q14 Q15, 19 Q16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22 Q23, 27 Q24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 Q31 R1, 2, 3, 4, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 R5, 6 R7, 8 R9, 10 R11, 12, 13, 14, 71 R15, 16 R17, 18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25, 26 R27, 28 R29 R30, 92, 93 R31 R32 R33, 34 R35, 36, 43, 44 Qty 1 2 2 1 1 5 4 1 4 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 10 2 2 2 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 4 Description General Purpose Bridge Rectifier 470 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 470 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor Lo Leakage, Less than 50 A 2.2 F, Polypropolyne Capacitor 10 pF, Mica Capacitor 0.1 F, X7R Ceramic Capacitor 4,700 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 35.5 mm x 51 mm x 10 mm) 100 F, 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 330 pF, Mica Capacitor 22 pF, Mica Capacitor Signal Diode 2 H 6 turns airwound #16 wire, 1.625 diameter NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor NPN Transistor PNP Transistor PNP Transistor NPN Transistor 221 , 5%, Resistor 2.21 k, Resistor 11.5 k, Resistor 511 , Resistor 22.1 , Resistor 4.3 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 51 k, 5%, carbon film Resistor 33.2 k, Resistor 220 , 5%, Resistor 4.7 k, 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 M, 5%, carbon film Resistor 39.2 k, Resistor 1 k, Resistor 2.7 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3.9 k, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 200 , 5%, Resistor 100 , 5%, Resistor 100 , 20%, Trim Potentiometer 100 , 20%, Trim Potentiometer 15 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 750 , non-inductive Resistor 1 / 2 watt 1 / 2 watt 1 watt 5 watt Panasonic Panasonic Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B15 EVM-QOGA01B12 ERG-3SJ150 3 watt 2 watt Panasonic Panasonic ERG-3SJ272 ERG-2SJ392 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ432 80 volt 80 volt 80 volt 80 volt 200 volt 200 volt 40 volt 40 volt 150 volt 200 volt 150 volt 200 volt 80 volt Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola MPS8099 MPS8599 MPSW56 MPSW06 2SA1306B 2SC3298B MPS750 MPS650 MJF15030 2SC3281 MJF15031 2SA1302 MPSA06 100 volt 50 volt 100 volt 500 volt 100 volt 100 volt 10 volt 500 volt 500 volt 1N4148 Panasonic Panasonic ECE S1JU472Z ECE-A1AGE101 Rating Manufacturer General Instruments Panasonic Panasonic Part Number KBPC35-02 ECE-A1JGE470 ECE-A50Z470

Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted. Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

MOTOROLA 20

AN1308

Table 4. Electrical Parts List for 200 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board (continued)
Designators R37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 R45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 R57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 R69 R70 R72, 73 R74, 75 R90, 91 R94, 95 T1 Z1, 2 Fuse Breaker Heatsinks, Output Heatsinks, pre-drivers Qty 6 12 12 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 Description 221 , Resistor 1.2 , 5%, carbon film Resistor 0.47 , 5%, non-inductive Resistor 4.7 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 10 , 5%, metal oxide Resistor 500 , 20%, Trim Potentiometer 51 , Resistor 22 k, ,5%, carbon film Resistor 300 , 5%, Resistor 120 V toroidal power transformer 33 volt, Zener Diode 5 amp slo-blo 250 volt 60C thermal breaker Aluminum Extrusion, 7 inches long Aluminum Extrusion, 2.5 inches long 14 pin IC socket tin plated 15A Elmwood Sensors Aham Tor Inc. Aham Tor Inc. #6071 #4405 600 VA 1 watt Toroid Corp. of MD Motorola 660.502 1N4752A 1 / 2 watt 1 / 2 watt 5 watt 3 watt 3 watt 1 / 2 watt RG Allen Co Panasonic Panasonic Panasonic ERG-3SJ47R ERG-3SJ100 EVM-QOGA01B52 Rating Manufacturer Part Number

Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted. Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

AN1308

MOTOROLA 21

Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. Typical parameters can and do vary in different applications. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customers technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

MOTOROLA 22

AN1308

AN1308

MOTOROLA 23

Literature Distribution Centers: USA: Motorola Literature Distribution; P.O. Box 20912; Phoenix, Arizona 85036. EUROPE: Motorola Ltd.; European Literature Centre; 88 Tanners Drive, Blakelands, Milton Keynes, MK14 5BP, England. JAPAN: Nippon Motorola Ltd.; 4-32-1, Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 Japan. ASIA-PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; Silicon Harbour Center, No. 2 Dai King Street, Tai Po Industrial Estate, ASIA-PACIFIC: Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong.

24

MOTOROLA

*AN1308/D*

AN1308/D AN1308