An Analysis of Vegetative Indices

Derived from DCS, MASTER,

and Landsat 7 ETM+
Lucy Maria Flores
M.S. Candidate, Environmental Science
Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi
Faculty Advisor: Dr. Susan Ustin
Mentor: Shane Grigsby
August 2012

OUTLINE
Background
Remote Sensing:
DCS, MASTER vs. Landsat 7 ETM+

Vegetative Indices

Objective
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
Discussion

Background: Remote Sensing

Technique

Use of sensors to record electromagnetic

energy
Sensors can obtain very specific information about
an object or area.
Ex. Agriculture, Water Supply, Land use

According

to Jensen (2007),
approximately 70% of Earths land surface
is covered with vegetation.

Background: DCS, MASTER &

Landsat 7 ETM+
Remote Sensors:
Cirrus Digital Camera System(DCS)
MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER)
Landsat 7 ETM+
ge
a
m
I
sat s)
d
n
a
L
Band
d
a
(B

DCS

Has 3 bands

MASTER

Has 50
bands

Aircraft
Based (P-3)

Aircraft
Based (P-3)

Pixel Size:
0. 379554m

Pixel Size:
4.5m

Landsat 7
ETM+
Has 8 bands
Satellite
Based: Flies
over Earth
every 16 days
Pixels Size:
30m

Background:Vegetative Indices

What is a Vegetative Index ?

Measure that indicates relative abundance and activity

of green vegetation.

Ex. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index & Leaf Area Index

Background:Vegetative Indices
Normalized

Difference Vegetation Index

(NDVI)
For vegetation ~ 0 to 1
Rouse et al. (1974)

FORMULA

IS
NDVI = (NIR VIS)/(NIR + VIS)

Background:Vegetative Indices
Soil Adjusted Vegetation

Index (SAVI)

Accounts for different levels of soil brightness

Developed by Huete (1988)

FORMULA

IS

SAVI = [(NIR - red)/(NIR + red + L)] (I+L)

Background:Vegetative Indices
Leaf Area

Index (LAI)

Quantifies leaf area per land surface area

Determined Directly
Stripping and clipping of plant canopy foliage

Determined Indirectly
Use of NDVI, SAVI, etc.

LAI

ranges from 0 (bare ground) to over

10 (dense conifer forests)

Objective

Methodology
Divided

Delano Farms table

grape vineyard into 4
quadrants

Input

sensor data into ENVI:

Direct LAI measurements

8 specific locations

Calculated NDVI & SAVI

Analyzed

indices:

Created a linear trendline

NDVI vs. Direct LAI (control)
SAVI vs. Direct LAI (control)

Results:Vegetative Indices
Sensor

MASTER 1557








MASTER 1604








MASTER 1611

Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326
Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326
Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326

Direct LAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
Direct LAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
DirectLAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266

Vegeta-ve Indices

SAVI
0.5296
0.5673
0.5615
0.6194
0.5642
0.6053
0.6052
0.6217
SAVI
0.5717
0.5939
0.5554
0.5673
0.5233
0.5422
0.5351
0.5665
SAVI
0.6355
0.6629
0.6387
0.6797
0.6042
0.6110
0.6335
0.6819

NDVI
0.4819
0.5162
0.5109
0.5636
0.5134
0.5507
0.5507
0.5657
NDVI
0.5202
0.5404
0.5054
0.5161
0.4762
0.4933
0.4869
0.5154
NDVI
0.5782
0.6031
0.5811
0.6185
0.5498
0.5559
0.5764
0.6205

KEY

GRAY Stressed
Blue Control

Results Contd
Sensor
LANDSAT 1








LANDSAT 2








DCS 4617








DCS 4604

Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326
Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326
Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326
Plot
305
327
310
311
348
313
321
326

Direct LAI

1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
Direct LAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
Direct LAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
Direct LAI
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266

Vegeta-ve Indices
SAVI
0.5835
0.5709
0.5173
0.5231
0.5587
0.5649
0.5049
0.5589
SAVI
0.5649
0.5680
0.4877
0.5251
0.5432
0.5339
0.4936
0.5436
SAVI
0.3124
0.3468
0.3345
0.3396
0.3052
0.3234
0.2888
0.3356
SAVI
0.2419
0.2160
0.2326
0.2151
0.2122
0.1957
0.1448
0.2058

NDVI
0.5308
0.5193
0.4705
0.4811
0.5082
0.5139
0.4593
0.5084
NDVI
0.5139
0.5167
0.4437
0.4777
0.4942
0.4856
0.4490
0.4945
NDVI
0.2199
0.3152
0.3040
0.3087
0.2774
0.2940
0.2625
0.3051
NDVI
0.2199
0.1964
0.2115
0.1956
0.1929
0.1779
0.1316
0.1871

Results: SAVI vs. Direct LAI

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

DCS: SAVI vs. Direct LAI

MASTER 1557
MASTER 1604
MASTER 1611

0.5

0.6

0.7

SAVI

Linear (MASTER
1557)
Linear (MASTER
1604)
Linear (MASTER
1611)

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

DCS 4617
DCS 4604

LAI

LAI

MASTER: SAVI vs. Direct LAI

Linear (DCS
4617)
Linear (DCS
4604)
0.1

Landsat: SAVI vs. Direct LAI

0.2 SAVI 0.3

0.4

SAVI vs. Direct LAI Equa-ons

1.6

Sensor

LAI

1.4

MASTER 1557
MASTER 1604
LANDSAT 2
MASTER 1611
Linear (LANDSAT 1)
Landsat1
Linear (LANDSAT 2)
Landsat2
DCS 4617
DCS 4604
LANDSAT 1

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.45

0.5 SAVI 0.55

0.6

Equa-on

R- Squared

y=2.3121x-.2491
y=7.8385x-3.2638
y=4.2901x-1.6586
y=5.8468x-2.1011
y=5.3669x-1.7562
y=6.6161x-1.037
y=-.1291x+1.1286

R2=.0612
R2=.3292
R2=.1626
R2=.2908
R2=.2617
R2=.1776
R2=.0001

Results: NDVI vs. Direct LAI

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

DCS: NDVI vs. Direct LAI

MASTER 1557
1.6
MASTER 1604
MASTER 1611
0.45

0.55

0.65

NDVI

Linear (MASTER
1557)

DCS 4617
1.4
DCS 4604

1.2
LAI

LAI

MASTER: NDVI vs. Direct LAI

Linear (DCS
4617)

0.8

Linear (DCS
4604)

0.6

Landsat: NDVI vs. Direct LAI

0.1

0.2

1.6

0.4

NDVI vs. Direct LAI Equa-ons

1.4
LAI

NDVI 0.3

LANDSAT 1

1.2

LANDSAT 2

Linear (LANDSAT 1)

0.8

Linear (LANDSAT 2)

0.6
0.42

0.44

0.46

0.48

0.5

NDVI

0.52

0.54

Sensor

Equa-on

R-Squared

MASTER 1557

y=2.5387x-.2479

R2=.0611

MASTER 1604

y=8.6141x-3.2633

R2=.3292

MASTER 1611

y=4.7105x-1.656

R2=.1624

Landsat1

y=6.4931x-2.138

R2=.2834

Landsat2

y=5.8994x-1.7559

R2=0.2617

DCS 4617

y=1.7455x+.6028

R2=.0322

DCS 4604

y=-.1421x+1.1286

R2=.0001

Results: Calculated LAI

NDVI vs. LAI
MASTER 1604





3




Landsat 1:





2




DCS 4617



Calculated LAI Avg. closest to
Direct LAI Avg. (Control)
1

NDVI
0.5202
0.5404
0.5054
0.5161
0.4761
0.4933
0.4869
0.5154
Average LAI

NDVI
0.5308
0.5193
0.4705
0.4811
0.5082
0.5139
0.4593
0.5084
Average LAI

NDVI
0.2199
0.3152
0.3041
0.3087
0.2774
0.2940
0.2625
0.3051
Average LAI

Calculated LAI
1.2178
1.3916
1.0899
1.1827
0.8383
0.9861
0.9308
1.1764
1.101705665

Calculated LAI
1.3086
1.2341
0.9172
0.9861
1.1620
1.1987
0.8441
1.1632
1.101764711

Calculated LAI
0.9867
1.1531
1.1335
1.1417
1.0870
1.1159
1.0610
1.1354
1.101790885

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Results: Calculated LAI

SAVI vs. LAI
MASTER 1604





3




Landsat 1:





2




DCS 4617



Calculated LAI Avg. closest to
Direct LAI Avg. (Control)
1

SAVI
0.5717
0.5939
0.5554
0.5673
0.5233
0.5421
0.5351
0.5665
Average LAI

SAVI
0.5835
0.5709
0.5173
0.5231
0.5587
0.5649
0.5049
0.5589
Average LAI

SAVI
0.3124
0.3468
0.3345
0.3396
0.3052
0.3234
0.2888
0.3356
Average LAI

Calculated LAI
1.2178
1.3917
1.0900
1.1827
0.8383
0.9861
0.9309
1.1765
1.101744796

Calculated LAI
1.3108
1.2371
0.9234
0.9574
1.1657
1.2019
0.8510
1.1669
1.101761692

Calculated LAI
1.0300
1.2572
1.1758
1.2097
0.9820
1.1024
0.8734
1.1836
1.101765972

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Direct LAI (Control)
1.1645
1.4058
0.8216
0.9000
0.6696
1.3672
0.9586
1.5266
1.101750792

Results: LAI Map

Used calculated equations
Input into ENVI BandMath
(7.8385*FLOAT(B1)-3.2638
Produced LAI image
LAI of 1.212637

SAVI vs. LAI Equa-ons

Sensor

Equa-on

MASTER 1557 y=2.3121x-.2491

MASTER 1604 y=7.8385x-3.2638
MASTER 1611 y=4.2901x-1.6586
Landsat1 y=5.8468x-2.1011
Landsat2 y=5.3669x-1.7562
DCS 4617
y=6.6161x-1.037
DCS 4604 y=-.1291x+1.1286

R-
Squared
R2=.0612
R2=.3292
R2=.1626
R2=.2908
R2=.2617
R2=.1776
R2=.0001

Conclusion

For both NDVI and SAVI inputs:

DCS produced a Calculated LAI Average closest to the

Direct LAI (control) Average.

Landsat 7 ETM+ produced a Calculated LAI Average

closer to the Direct LAI (control) Average than
MASTER

SAVI vs. LAI and NDVI vs. LAI illustrated positive

correlations.

Discussion

Errors: Why DCS, Landsat, Master?

DCS result expected
Atmospheric Interference:

Clouds and aerosols can often block sensors

Interference between pixels

Glare, other distortions

Distorted Landsat 7 ETM+ images

Erroneous Higher values

Scaling factors

Future Work
Mapping: LAI Image

Acknowledgments
Special Thank You To

Rick Shetter
Emily Schaller
SARP community!
Susan Ustin & Shane Grigsby

Questions ?