Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Contents
Ill talk about: Stress-activated charge carriers in rocks Surface potentials Surface electric fields Massive air ionization Thermal Infrared Anomalies Ill have little or no time to talk about: EM emission other pre-EQ indicators
The tools familiar to seismologists are wonderful and powerful, well suited to study seismic events
but the same tools may not be appropriate to study non-seismic, non-geodesic
pre-earthquake phenomena
! {O3Si/OO/SiO3} !
broken peroxy link
O3Si/OO/SiO3 + [SiO4]3
broken peroxy link + h
O in a matrix of O2 is a defect electron Positive hole or phole for short A phole is a positive charge carrier, h
the h reside in the oxygen anion sublattice the h reside in the valence band the h propagate at ~200 m/sec (measured) the h travel fast and far meters in the lab, kilometers in the field
2. 3. Current 1. Load
~10 MPa
50 min
1. Current instantly starts to flow at very low stress levels 2. Current saturates 3. Current continues to flow at constant load
battery
If h travel along valence band, they will pass across any grain-to-grain contact
In addition,
h accumulate at the surface
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + + + + + ++ + + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- e
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++
When rock is stressed at one end, air molecules become field-ionized at the other end forming
positive ions
Load
Load
O2 O2 +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + e- e-
e- e -
+
O2 +
ee- e -
O2 + O2
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + e- e-
O2
Surface potential
starts out positive increases with load, reaching +3 V begins to fluctuate collapses
continues to fluctuate
turns negative
Load
Applications
If h arrive at Earth surface and create high E fields, we expect to see: Field-ionization of air molecules
San Francisco
No air conductivity sensor
Air Conductivity
Negative charges
Oct 4
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Air Conductivity
Negative charges
Oct 18 19 20 21 22 23
Negative charges
24 25
Negative charges
26 27 28
74% RH
29
30
31
M5.4 Date
20:04 LT
Positive ions
mostly small
Negative ions
mostly large
Kanagawa Station, June 2008
6:00
14:00
22:00
6:00
Courtesy of Shou Zhonghao (after Guo Guangmeng & Wan Bin 2008)
Ionospheric Perturbation
M=6.4 EQ Alaska 23. Oct. 2002 at 11:27 UT
23 hrs before
2-D projection
20 hrs before
Epicenter
Summary so far
When rocks are stressed, they turn into a battery Currents flow out of stressed rock volume Charge carriers are positive holes, h h accumulate at the surface High electric fields
Emission of IR photons
primary IR photons
Ionosphere
h h
pe hot ro lin xy k
TEC
IR emission
+++++++++++++++++++++
h h
Experiment
1m 50 cm
IR emission anorthosite
Failure
St
ar
tl
ng
Wavelength
[micron]
Before stressing
During stressing
Time
oa
di
Difference spectra
Failure Failure
St
ar
tl
Start loading
Wavelength
[m]
93
G. Pacchioni, private comm. D. Ricci et al. Phys. Rev. 2001
cm
Before stressing
During stressing
-1
10
.7
m
120
Anorthosite
Run #12 Excess IR Emission during first 4 min after start of loading region in !
O-O
100
80
Tim e
2-4 min 0-2 min after loading 1"0 40 950 900 850 2"1 3"2 60
ng
Time
oa
di
930 cm
-1
10.7 m
Wavenumbers [cm ]
-1
800
Failure
Start loading
beginning
end
Excess IR emission
Anorthosite Run #12
Tim e
This is
Applications
Thermal Infrared Anomalies
First reported in early 1990s Areas of enhanced IR emission begin several days before major EQs spread over large areas (up to 500 x 500 km2) end soon after seismic event and aftershocks
15 Feb 05
16 Feb 05
AVHRR
19 Feb 05
20 Feb 05
21 Feb 05
22 Feb 05
23 Feb 05
InSAR
Wenchuan M~7.9
Sichuan, China, May 12, 2008
USGS location map TIR anomaly average March 2008
AVHRR/NOAA-18
Other transient phenomena reported like EM emissions no time today Two posters on display: EM Emissions: Why, When and How? Hydrogen Peroxide at Rock-Water Interface
Conclusions
Non-seismic pre-EQ phenomena appear as Atmospheric effects
Ionospheric effects IR emission other ephemeral phenomena like EM emissions
Collaborators
Ipek Kulahci, Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View. Gary Cyr, San Jose State University Foundation. Minoru Freund, Jennifer Dungan, Vern Vanderbilt, Christine Hlavka, Buzz Slye NASA Ames Research Center.
Summer Students NASA Engineering Staff Jerry Wang, Lynn Hofland, Frank Pichay, Ben Helvensteijn Milton Bose, Julia Ling, Jeremy Tregloan-Reed, Matthew Winnick, Shicong Xi, James King
Start loading
Wavelength
[m]
Tim e
400,000 V/cm
Surface potential
Electric field
Surface potential
- e
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++
Sensor saturated
M=5.4
- e
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++
O2 +
- e
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + e e e e ee eee+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + e e e e e-
O2 + O2
O2 + O2
1,000 100 10
Cosmic Beta gamma from Earth
Height [m]
1.0 0.1
Radon etc.
0.01
1.0
M = 6.4 event in SE Iran 22 Feb. 2005 Desert environment Ideal viewing conditions NOAA AVHRR satellite
Epicenter
Uplift
subsidence
InSAR