MINI PROJECT

Sub: TOUCH ALARM

Group Members
Shreyas Bhandare (07) Rahul Chugh (14) Mihir Ghangrekar (18)

INDEX
TOPIC
PAGE
INTRODUCTION.. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM . PCB LAYOUT . COMPONENTS PLACEMENT. COMPONENTS INFORMATION. PNP 2N6107 TRANSISTOR DATASHEET.. NPN BC547B TRANSISTOR DATASHEET. IC 40106 DATASHEET........................................ DIODE 1N4148 DATASHEET............................

WORKING...

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES...
APPLICATIONS.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

 INTRODUCTION
Circuit 1:
Touch Alarm basically works on the principle that if you touch the touch wires or sensing wires of the circuit with your finger, it starts beeping goes on for some time and then stops. This circuit is just consists of a touch sensor and a directly coupled transistor amplifier with a small loudspeaker as the output load. Touch alarm circuit which is designed requires three NPN transistors and one PNP transistor. The circuit consist of a sounder which is loudspeaker. The rest of the circuit contains resistors and capacitors. The Circuit is highly sensitive and even a small bridge gap between the touch points, formed by solder flux in PCB will trigger it.

Circuit 2:
The working principle is same in this circuit. When you place your hand around the doorknob which is connected to touch wire or touch plate, the alarm starts sounding. This is another touch alarm circuit which uses an IC40106 Schmitt trigger inverter. This IC40106 is a heart of this circuit. This circuit contains an oscillator part, full-wave rectification part and a time delay part in it. The rest of the construction and working is explained in the further part of the report.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Circuit 1:

Circuit 2:

 WORKING
Circuit 1: Notation
First some notation about transistor types and schematics. Transistors usually appear on schematics like this :

To keep emitter notation straight, you can think of a PNP's emitter emitting electrons, and an NPN's emitter emitting holes (positive charge). The arrow in a schematic is always the emitter. The collector then collects current carriers (holes or electrons). The direction of the arrow on the emitter distinguishes the NPN from the PNP transistor. If the arrow points in, (Points in) the transistor is a PNP. On the other hand if the arrow points out, the transistor is an NPN (Not Pointing in). Another point you should keep in mind is that the arrow always points in the direction of hole (positive charge) flow, or from the P to N sections, no matter whether the P section is the emitter or base. Notation aside, the three pins base, emitter, and collector are typically labelled on the data sheet for a transistor, or on the back of the box if you buy them at Radio Shack. The Darlington transistor (I mention this because its a term one comes across frequently, and because sometimes you actually need to use one for switching applications) is really two BJTs in one: Darlington can be used to yield very high amplification of a control current (since a Darlington's total gain is equal to the

Product of the gains of the two BJT transistors it is made from). These are generally used for high-current loads.

The Circuit is divided in to two Stages mainly.

Stage 1:
Under normal conditions, no current flows through switching transistors T1 and T2 and the potential across capacitor C1 is almost 0 volts. The Stage one contains two switching transistors T1 and T2. Unless you touch the wires, the base of the T1 (NPN BC547B) does not acquire the supply current of hence, the circuit does not works. When we touch the wires, the wires are practically shorted and the base of the T1 is gets enough current from the power supply. Thus Base-Emitter junction of T1 goes in forward bias mode. This applies transistor T1 as a switch. Transistor T1 enables transistor T2. Thus T2 Also acts as a switch.

Stage 2:
Stage two is a very important stage and the main oscillator part of the circuit comes under stage two. Transistor T3 and T4 forms a complementary pair of amplifier, with positive feedback generation provided to the base of first transistor T3 via R3 and C2. The Sound generator oscillates at a frequency determined by C2 and R3 and bias voltage of T3. The bias voltage of T3 can be changed by changing values of R2 and R1. The alarm will provide quite loud output sound into 8ohm speaker with 9 volt battery at a current drain of less than 100mA. Experimenting with the different values of R1, R2, C1 and C2 the frequency at which the sounder oscillates can be varied.

Circuit 2:
Heart of the circuit is a single 40106 Schmitt trigger inverter IC. Together with a piezoelectric alarm and a handful of other components. The first Schmitt inverter (IC1a) together with its associated 10kW feedback resistor and 22pF capacitor forms a simple oscillator with a nominal frequency around, 1MHz. The Oscillator output passes via 15pF capacitor to a second Schmitt trigger inverter, IC1b which in turn is AC-coupled to a fullwave rectifier circuit. As long as the door handle (or a metal plate) is left untouched, the oscillator output will alternately switch the input to IC1b above and below its two trigger voltages. IC1bs output will thus switch the alternately low and high at the clock rate to drive the rectifier circuit. If, however, the door handle or metal plate is touched, most of the signal from the oscillator will be capacitively shunted to the shield ground that forms a pseudo earth. The alarm will thus continue to sound for as long as contact is made with door handle. Included in the circuit is a simple time delay network consisting of a 4.7uF capacitor, a 470k variable resistor and a 1N4148 diode. Its purpose is to provide a minimum alarm time, should momentary contact be made with the touch plates. The delay presently provided for alarm is for two/three seconds. The delay can be varied by varying the R&C values. Power for the unit is derived from a single 9V battery with decoupling provided by 4.7uF electrolytic capacitor. An adaptor can be used if we want the fixed installation of the circuit.

 ADVANTAGES
- These are simple circuits that work efficiently. - No Integrated circuits are involved in the first circuit. - The Layout designing and component placement is simple and can be performed easily. - The components used over here are standard value and rated components (Datasheet attached). They are easily available.

DISADVANTAGES
- The first circuit is highly sensitive and even a small bridge between the touch points, formed by solder flux in PCB will trigger the circuit. - The commercial use of these circuits is yet to be tested.

APPLICATIONS
- This plate can be place in any metal such our doors or in metal knobs. It can be use as your simple burglar alarm or security circuit that can place in your doors. - It can be used in automobiles such as indicator in cars and bikes. - This circuit can be used in wildlife sanctuaries to detect any escape of an animal.

 CONCLUSION
Thus a simple touch alarm circuits using transistors as well as integrated circuit is studied, simulated, tested on breadboard as well as on PCB.

REFERENCES Websites: www.electroschematics.com

www.wikipedia.org www.circuitstoday.com

Books:

Linear Integrated Circuits by D.Roy

Choudhary and Shail B. Jain. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad.

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