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OH THE
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN AND RICHARD BENTLEY,
NEW BURLINGTON
1831.
STREET.
CONTENTS
Horses of Arabia
Camels
Locusts
.. ....
THE WAHABYS.
family
Bedouin Tribes
50 68
89
Introduction
131
Administration of Justice
135
151
Wahabys
the
162
Baghdad,
at
war with
WahabysThe
holy
180 cities, Mekka and Medinah, taken by the Wahabys Mohammed Aly, Pasha of Cairo, despatches his son,
to
invade
IV
CONTENTS.
Arabia
Thomas
PAGE
Keith,
a Scotchman, (Ibrahim
His
218
Ahmed
Medinah taken by
dered to them
.....
the Turks,
Arrives
Djidda and
Mekka
246
Cairo
at
Taraba
as
at
Taraba
Wahabys
in.
268
Hedjz
Massacre
Bahra
Mohammed
Medinah
in
Aly
Pasha
to
The
Wahabys
from
Mekka
feated there
.290
Mekka
Ibn Saoud
.322
Ne Peace
Cairo342
361
.
concluded
Mohammed
in
Aly
returns
to
Hedjaz
Appendix, (comprising
Index of Arabic words
six articles)
....
.
.
379
ACCOUNT
OF
THE BEDOUINS.
ADDITIONS TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF
BEDOUIN TRIBES.
tribe reside
Desert of Arabia.
The tribe of el Hessenne. Their chief is named Mehanna, having been born in the
w low-grounds," so called in the Desert, be-
which
are denominated
" wadys,"
and of
Aeneze
tribes in winter
2
time,
ADDITIONS TO THE
and extend
Wady
Hauran,
During the
Arabs,
last
between
Mowaly
but at present inhabit the desert about Aleppo, and the Beni Khaled tribe from
erful,
Basra.
On
accustomed
meet
in winter,
and contend
The Djelds, or
el
Rowalla.
not properly
cipal tribes.
1.
El Rowalla
(a
their
el
minor
Doghama,
Feregge,
and
9,.
el
Naszyr.
jel.
The Omhallef, whose sheikh is el MaadTo these belong the tribes of Abdelle,
and
el
Fersha, el Bedour,
Sowaleme.
tribes, as I
have
entitled to passage-
purses
it
among
number
of their individuals.
is
surra to the
same amount
taken by the
present are
receive
Wold
Aly.
tribes,
The
tually
They
are
known
which they fought with the Baghdad troops in the year 1809, upon a piece of ground
formed into a corner or angle by the river
Euphrates and
Rahaba.
the
Khabour, opposite to
several small guns
Having taken
tents,
and some
as plunder, they
Those Djelas
tribe of the
and warlike
By
their
lat-
ADDITIONS TO THE
terly
many
Arabs,
to
whom
Sebaa.
% The
Selga Arabs.
Of these the
greater
Of
Medhet/dn,
tribe
called
is
Ouldd Soleymdn.
The
Selga
sheikh
of the
Wahabys.
He
Moham-
med Aly
and
it
ertions that
1815, from
become
The
now
almost extinct.
These people generally Wold Aly in Hauran, and occupy above two
to
the
Of
these Djaafere,
went over
to
Egypt
;
Muselman conquest their descendants are now settled on the western banks of the Nile in Upper Egypt, among the numerous villages
between Esna and Assouan,
It
may be
re-
marked
that the
as
an extraordinary circumstance,
this tribe of
The
leyman
on the
vicinity of
Khaibar
they
tribe,
and warlike
tents.
occupying about
five
thousand
The Sebaa
Arabs,
who
at present live
on
ADDITIONS TO THE
in
merly
Nedjd.
They
left
that
country
Wahaby
chief.
Ahl
el
Shemal.
This denomination
is
Aeneze
Shemdl, or "
known
in
and
now
and
their great
abundance of
the
cattle,
douins account in
following
manner.
They
relate that
Wayl, their
illustrious fore-
father,
moment
of the Leilet
Kader
is
mighty
and
own
touched
his prayers
and daughters
in
and
his people
became rich
This story
is
a multiplicity of camels.
related
El Mowahj.
tribe,
this
in
Syria,
of Aleppo in his
and
the
his son, a
office
open
through their
Of
these advantages
ADDITIONS TO THE
to small
numbers, and
The
tribes
who
and
in general
found that
all
is
which
them,
individuals
among them.
Thus
They endeavour
by an exercise of
in Syria, the
Mowalys and
;
Fehelys
are
but,
for treat-
The
Fehelys,
in
particular,
are
despised,
The Howeytat
derive
their origin
;
from
from
whom
Maazy
on
the
Terabein, the
the Tyaha.
Those Arab
tribes dwelling
Red
Sea, generally
They
Akaba
coast of the
Red
very
Sea.
The Omran
independent
spirit.
Their
frequent
who
are
Mohammed
Omran
still
proved ob-
from Medinah to
principal tribes are
Damascus.
the Hadndn.
Among their
10
ADDITIONS TO THE
are tribes that
Akaba they
;
are
tribes
of
Omran and
also dwell
Howeytat:
in the
same quarter
the Seyayhe.
Among
are, el
el
Tyaha
is
called
Hekouk
the
hydy
(or
the Oulad
There
is
also a small
tribe about
called lieley-
mdt,
and
the Khanasera.
These
Sinai,
and
the
Sowa-
11
The
Sozvaleha,
who
OwaThose
whom
as the
Towara
tribes,
maintain very
bours.
The Mezeyne descended from a tribe of the same name residing eastward of Medinah. The Mezeyne and Aleygat tribes
2.
The Akygdt.
tribe,
Me-
zeyne
hundred matchlocks.
The Aleygats
settled
acknowledged by
tioned, the
likewise pas-
peninsula of
Mount
Sinai.
12
ADDITIONS TO THE
Barbary
the Beni
WAszel
None
of the
at present
any
horses.
To
wander about
subjoined
in
Arabs of
the
Sherkyeh of Egypt.
tribes,
of the
Mamelouk
reign in Egypt,
might be
province of Sherkyeh
from
all
the villages
indeed
many
villages
these
owners.
The
whom they
bestow their
girls in marriage),
them more easy to Mohammed Aly, Pasha of Egypt, who not only subdued, but almost wholly exterminated them in doing which he very materially served his own Egyptians, who had been always extremely ill-treated
;
by those
tribes,
of
whom the
principal are
El Sowaleha
monly found in the flat country not far from Cairo. They occupy about one hundred
tents
;
their
minor
Dje-
The Howeytat
east,
related
to
those of the
14
ADDITIONS TO THE
They are
business between
branch-tribes
are,
Cairo
el
together
hundred
tents.
wide-spread nation,
The
Djeheyne.
The
come
bers
Bily
likewise eastern
all
these tribes
may
These Arabs of
all
and
of
would be
suffi-
cient to render
all
them despicable
in the opinion
The
small
Bedouin
15
still
retain the
Bedouin
douins of Syria
among whom they reside. The Aleygdt a kindred tribe of those in the mountains of Sinai. They derive their
lahs,
origin
The
Heteym.
Upper Egypt.
sometimes pasture
and Genne.
who have
all
purity.
They
east-
remain.
In the course
much
an-
16
ADDITIONS TO THE
noyed by various enemies, they abandoned their homes and sought refuge in Egypt.
their journey
by land,
Howeytats.
and arrived
that the Sherkye was fully peopled with Bedouins, they retired to the mountains east-
ward of the
quently at
numbers are
the ut-
considerably reduced.
At
present,
hundred horsemen.
variance with the
reside
They
are constantly at
Within the
The Handdy, a tribe of Moggrebyn Bedouins, who have adopted the dress and customs of the Barbary and
Libyan
Arabs.
17
much
superior to
them
in
to
more powerful
rivals,
they
retired
From
five to
six
we may
believe their
own
reports.
The Pasha
at present,
them
and observes
their
movements
are not
with so
much
The
is
dis-
the most
may be added
el
numHowd-
Red
Sea, I shall
18
ADDITIONS TO THE
south as
Mekka and
Tayf.
bourhood of Moeyleh.
Among
them, in the
sea, are
Heteym
wady
its
Megna, which
are partly
is
Arabs,
vators.
who
husbandmen
or culti-
we
find the
Maazy
who
They
constitute a force of
Maazys.
The Beni
Kerek
they
surrounding country.
Mesayd
hood of Moeyleh.
19
El
Bily,
The
where
Wodje
is
situated
on the mountain,
sea,
a good harbour
of about a dozen
Moggrebyn
this
Bily
Syria
who
live in
adverns.
In spring time
many
and goats
rains have
islands.
Some
;
Kebly, to distin-
Heteym.
To
Of the innumerable
who people
20
ADDITIONS TO THE
is
more
In
dispersed,
all parts
of that
in
the Heteym.
Syria,
Lower and Upper Egypt, along the whole coast of the Red Sea down to Yemen, in Nedjd and Mesopotamia, encampments of the Heteym are always to be found. Perhaps it
is
are
much
less respected
tribe.
call
for the
Heteyms
ple,
mean
race of peo-
They
to
are,
pay
and
I believe
dering on the
of the land
is
Red
Sea,
no where regarded
case with all genuine
the
Thus
in Egypt, Syria,
their
Conscious of the
little
esteem
Heteyms have renounced all their martial spirit, and have become of a peaceable character,
them
still
more
disliked.
reputation
and the Arabs say that the slave of a Heteymy will never attempt to run away,
because his mistress never hesitates about admitting
ever,
him
for
to her embraces.
It must,
how-
mended
towards strangers
some degree,
Like
all
the
oast,
fishermen
they
sell their
The Heteyms
provision of corn at
but they
live principally
but their
22
flocks of
ADDITIONS TO THE
sheep are very numerous, and they
for sale to
take
them
In
Red
such
good pasturage
and they
live at
The Beni
Abs.
among which
still
continue
(from three
Yembo,) and
el
an island opposite to
it,
called
Harra.
They
still
who
preserve the
exist
from that
name of Abs; although there many tribes who claim descent illustrious nation, but are known
Like the Heteyms,
of the Abs tribe are held in
;
by other denominations.
these people
much
disrepute
is
name of Heteymy.
Hedjaz and Suez
The Abs
possess several
rains cease,
In the beginstill
ning of the
last
a numerous tribe
had enforced.
Djeheyney.
To the
sany (northward of
scribed), begin the
Yembo
as
above de-
to
From Yembo,
Medinah
The
also
of Yembo
el
Nakhel
belong to them.
vators,
douins.
They
sand matchlocks.
24
ADDITIONS TO THE
Wahaby
chief,
it
ex-
pedient to attack
them
in their mountains,
some plundering
parties against
them.
The Djeheynes nominally acknowledge the they supremacy of the Sherif of Mekka
:
Like
all
Of their
I
branch tribes
now proceed
to
to
and thence on
Medinah.
Bedouins of the
Desert between
Akaba
el
Shdmy
hearsay,
and
well-authenticated
reports,
while
of
Mekka and Tayf. The tribes which I am now about to describe are all Wahabys, continuing to profess themselves such even after
the
campaign of
Mohammed Aly
Pasha
of Akaba, as far as
are
But the watering-places of that Desert few, and on that account the Bedouins
parts,
The
tribes
encamped
in
these districts
The Oulad
26
ADDITIONS TO THE
neighbourhood of Khaibar.
The Rowalla
of the Djelds,
who
are like-
El Fokara, belonging
Hedjer.
to the
These Fokara
are
The Beni Shammar whose sheikh, Ibn Aly, is a man of considerable influence at the Wahaby court. These Beni Shammar possess
but few horses; they
are,
however, able to
men,
all
Some of
where
cultivators.
in Mesopotamia,
of the Beni
CLASSIFICATION OP BEDOUIN TRIBES.
27
El Djaafar.
El Rehaay
Orar
chief,
Deyghami,
tales.
often mentioned in
Bedouin
The Zegeyrdt
of
descended
Imam
Hosseyn.
Bedouin
There
is
scarcely
encampment
all
in Nedjd.
The
inhabitants of
Bedouin
tribes,
whom
they
much
institutions.
Of
those tribes
who wander
28
Their
chief,
ADDITIONS TO THE
with the
Wahaby government.
horsemen
;
of
whom
they can
The Beni Lam related to those bearing the same name, who pasture their flocks on
the banks of the Shat
el
Arab
they form
but a small
tribe.
wandering
They
Wahaby
doctrines,
The
Helal.
Ageyl.
In
small
They now are scattered about in numbers among the villages of Nedjd.
tribe called also
But another
lately
Murad.
settlers!
who
repair to Baghdad,
29
and
and
is,
The
of
Baghdad
is
among
sha.
bravery.
Baghdad
re-
classes
at
The Zogorty
and
dividuals
2.
pedlars.
vans.
Among
and
these
of Ageyls are
such as El Hassa, El
Those
settlers of the
Zedeyr
to
district
(forming
part of Nedjd,)
who come
SO
ADDITIONS TO THE
the frontiers of
Yemen,
be found
among
(or, as
these Ageyls.
Meteyr
nated, Emteyr).
These
consisting of twelve
from
live
six to eight
thousand matchlocks.
They
in Nedjd, chiefly in
Tou-
called
Merykhy.
3.
and
4.
El Borsdn.
inveterate
Some
ene-
Mesopotamia
they are
all
inhabited by the
in
numbers only
to
and next
them con-
Bedouins in Arabia.
SI
From
men armed
and such
is
the numerical
them
body
;
is
tribes are
;
are settlers
some
are Bedouins.
Almost every
ed both modes of
They
derive consider-
and Egyptian
Hedjaz.
The Arabs belonging to this tribe of Harb frequently make plundering excursions
* It may be here remarked that the word
bic signifies
Harb
in
Ara-
" war."
32
ADDITIONS TO THE
Of the Harb
9
tribe, east
of Medinah, are
thousand matchlocks.
mitted
they are
all
Bedouins.
The Wohoub, and the Gharbdn. The Djendyne.Some of these are settlers, and cultivators of fields among the hills eastward of
M edinah
to the distance of
:
between
they
from
this
Beni Aly.
and followers
In numbers they
amount
to five
hundred matchlocks.
in fertile
;
A few
where
of them are
settlers.
ing-places, situated
but continue to
under
tents,
S3
Of
the
Harb
tribe
and southward.
Beni Safar
Beni Ammer.
on the
east
This
is
a tribe
amounting to between two and three thousand matchlocks, and three hundred horse-
men
they
live
and have the character of being cowardly and of bad faith many of them are
dinah,
;
cultivators.
The
district of
El Fera, (from
over Hedjaz,
is
all
and which
possession.
is
in their
first
joined
over
Kasym went
El Hdmede
of
;
Medinah equal
the Beni
who was
Mekka
34
ADDITIONS TO THE
The
tribute of the
selves
and many
individuals.
the vallies of
live in
;
where they
houses
but few of
sand
five
they receive
pass through
their territory.
The Howdseb,
Djedeyde and
these
to
whom
belongs
el
Hamra,
The
greater part of
Howaseb
Sobh.
five
are Bedouins.
The
sand
locks,
These can
and reckoned the most warlike among the tribes of Harb. To them belong Beder
?
35
have seen
them
sit
held),
and
mount
Some
Beder
of
;
them
are permanently
settled
at
the greater
number
inhabit the
mounis
which
in-
the
Harb
Wahabys, who
it.
Upon
abundance.
and Khadhera.
tribes.
They occupy
the mountains
southward of
The
most
name
of
Owf is dreaded
as far as
Mekka, and
of
enterprising robbers,
and
parties
them
amounting to three or four hundred men have been known to carry off at night, by force,
valuable loads out of the midst of the en-
campments of the
hadj.
36
ADDITIONS TO THE
upon
its
return by night,
beyond
El Haib, a branch of the Owf, has emigrated (as I have already mentioned) into
Syria,
its
camels the
fertile
Mount
Li-
Dwy
Dhaher.
towards Mekka.
encampments of
Wady
army
Fatme.
Beni Harb
el
(in the
low country, or
Tehama
or
Zebeyde.
These
Yembo, down
to
the
Heteym may
likewise be seen.)
Of the
37
Zebeyde
tribe
neighbour-
northward of Djidda
is
But
as their territory
is
means of subpas-
ture alone.
men
They are very active as fishermany of them are sailors, and serve as
between
pilots
Yembo and
Djidda.
Their
Harb
to look
disdain.
man
resent
to call
as a serious insult if
"
him a
el
Zebeyde"
Some
on
the Shat
Among
With most
of the
Harb
the'
tribe above
;
men-
and the
names of others of
38
ADDITIONS TO THE
but
are,
Sedda, Djemmela,
reside
and westward
To
bited
by the powerful
tribe of Ateybe,
whose
Their
pos-
They
they have also horses, and are in good reputation for bravery, being
with
all their
neighbours.
They
were, before
tribe,
and derived
profit
there being
in a western direction
39
the
less
other, in
an eastern direction
through their
branches I
own.
With
their different
am
not acquainted.
Their force
cannot be
Bedouins of Mekka.
live the
Be-
reside
and where
travellers halt.
The others
pasture their
flocks
in
the
neighbouring
fifty
matchlocks.
The Be-
Mekka
commodities and
Those of Tayf
much more
at their ease.
40
ADDITIONS TO THE
in
Tehama, or the
Low
Country."
Here dwell the Beni Fahem, who supply Mekka with charcoal and sheep. They are
celebrated for having retained in
its
purity
hundred.
the country
Wady LemYemen.
caravans from
Mekka
to the coast of
From Mekka
In the
Wady
Fatme, and
reside
Wady Zeyme
or
Wady Lymoun,
tribe of
some
Sherifs of the
the
Dwy
Barakat,
who
cultivate those
fertile vallies,
in the
neighbouring desert.
The Koreysh.~Of
famous
tribe only
41
:
now remain
esteemed by the
derives from
other Bedouins.
supplies of milk
Mekka
and
is
them
can-
butter.
The
Ryshye.
This
a small tribe
it
The
Ryshye engage in the transport trade between Mekka and Djidda. They are of recent origin,
little
repute.
Wady
Noman, on the way from Arafat towards Tayf and in that wady they cultivate some
;
fields.
The Kabdkebe.
These
fifty
nity of Sheddad, a
station
beyond Arafat,
to about
amount
matchlocks.
forty years ago these
tribe,
mustering one
families,
and
latterly they
by
Mohammed
They were an
42
ADDITIONS TO THE
Hedjaz
for bravery
first
and
hospitality,
and
They were
of Mekka.
The
all
the
were accustomed
eight days old to
when
among the
tribe of
Adouan, with
It
whom
they
known that Mohammed himself was brought up in a similar manner among the tribe of Beni Sad. Their present system of politics has made them hostile to Mekka. Their late sheikh, Othman el Medhayfe, the brother-in-law of Sherif Ghaleb (who took him prisoner and beheaded him at Constantinople), had been
a horse with dexterity.
is
well
all
the Be-
Mekka and
fell
Tayf.
;
On
his death
re-
into decay
among
the Ateybes.
fixed
over the
country from
Djidda to Tayf.
Such was
43
we now look
for
Harreth,
race.
were
all
Sherifs, of the
Beni Hashem
Bedouins of Tayf.
but in general
Mekka
to Tayf,
They
They
their bravery.
three
The Wahabys killed above hundred of their best men before the
44
tribe
ADDITIONS TO THE
would submit.
;
horses or camels
ever,
their sheep
are numerous.
They
Ne-
dowyein,
and Bent
Khtikcl.
The
the
Toweyrek.
These
live
southward of
:
Hodheyl upon the same mountain in numbers they amount to about five hundred
matchlocks.
character
is
of
which charge
not
made
The
its
Thekyf.
This
is
Many
tribe; others of
tents.
them continue
to dwell in
Like
all
The principal tribes of the Thekyf are Beni Sofydn, who live altogether as Bedouins they
;
Two
minor
tribes,
doubt whether
It is these
first cataract.
raise
Wa-
habys.
Tribes
in
Yemen.
Of these
ritories
whose
ter-
are
more
particularly described in
my
Arabian Travels.
from North
to
South.
Ossoma
a tribe of Ateybe,
el
and
at Taraba,
Begoum.
From thence
46
ADDITIONS TO THE
we
At
Ranye
and about
Wady
Southward of
;
them
the
strongest
and most considerable between the Ateybe and Hadramaut. They possess a good
breed of horses, and their camel- riders are the
best soldiers of the southern plains.
The Beni Kahtan are subdivided into two Es-Sahama whose sheikh, Gormola, tribes was very much the friend of Saoud and the tribe of el Amy, whose sheikh, Hesher, is the
:
settlers.
Of the
tivators.
tribes above
clusively
The Kahtan and Dowaser are exBedouins. The Kahtan are more
any Bedouins of the East-
ern Desert.
and a man
is
47
all
of a black
cultivators in the
Wady
a warlike tribe
whom
members profess the Persian creed the more orthodox among them are subdivided
into the minor branches of
Marra.
There
is
a saying
hammed, that " the worst of all names are Harb and Marra." The Beni Kholan, bordering upon the territory of the
Imam
of Szana.
the
Mountains southwards.
Of them and
I
of the Kah-
Masowdy
says,
in
his
work entitled
tribes about
Mekka,
48
ADDITIONS TO THE
known
in Ara-
Mohammed.
Beni
re-
in the
most
when Arabian
greater part,
The
Zohrdn.
Of these
hundred
to
one
thousand matchlocks
fifteen
the Zohran as
many as
these
hundred.
a very strong tribe
:
The Shomrdn,
plains.
The
Ahmar, the
Ibn
el
The
numerous and
their
warlike tribe of those mountains, and exercising considerable influence over all
They can assemble fifteen thousand men armed with matchlocks. The Abyde, the Senhdn, the Wadaa (a
neighbours.
territory of the
Imam
of
49
but
many
individuals of
them
live
in tents,
is
abun-
and they
sell it
Horses.
(See Vol.
I.
p. 203.)
It
is
Arabia
is
in such
that horses
thrive,
while those
districts of
poor
soil
It
is
most rich
are those
who dwell
in the comparatively
fertile plains
HORSES OF ARABIA.
51
horse.
We
so
find that in
numerous
as
and they
scarce in proportion as
we proceed
mountainous
In Hedjaz, especially
in the
The Aeneze
some smaller
bourhood
tribes
and
many. To
at
while thf
sym, (that
is
ten thousand.
Among
Red
Sea,
to the south
52
HORSES OF ARABIA.
far as
In the eastern
tribe of Kah-
celebrated for
excellent studs
The Yemen
horses
;
settled
are not
much
and
I believe it
fair
may be
stated as a
moderate and
five
calculation, that
between
and
six
number of horses
from Akaba
towards
The
Oman
is
more
scarce
than in Yemen.
that the aggregate
bia, (as
When
I affirm, therefore,
number
of horses in Ara-
bounded by the
river
Euphrates and
thousand,
(a
by
Syria,), does
not exceed
inferior to
fifty
number much
HORSES OF ARABIA.
06
Europe would
furnish,) I
is
am
confident
that
my calculation
than Mesopotamia
numbers than
all
Me-
The
The
khomse
are found in
and particularly
exists
The Bedouins
and
only.
In
all
the
Mekka
to
Medinah, between
sea, a distance
of at
54
least
do not
believe
found
may be remarked all along the Red Sea, from Yembo up to Akaba. The united armies of all the southern Wahaby chiefs who attacked Mohammed Aly
Pasha in the year 1815, at Byssel, consisting
of twenty-five thousand men, had with
them
only five hundred horsemen, mostly belonging to Nedjd, and the followers of Faisal, one
of Saoud's sons,
troops.
who was
many
try,
of
them
indeed,
first
the
gene-
The Imam
of Sana, and
all
the go-
from Nedjd, and the inhabitants of the sea-coast receive considerable numbers by way of Sowakin from the countries borhorses
The
horses taken in
Ro walla
HORSES OF ARABIA.
sold by
55
them
and by the
latter to the
it
Arabs of
Yemen
choosing
who
are not,
so
may be here
and
observed, by any
means
nice
fastidious in
chief,
more
among
They were sold by their owners purchasers, who took them to Yeand Basra
;
men,
Syria,
Saoud or
them;
his
successor
for it
The
posses-
an obliga-
many Arabs
district of
In the
Djebel Shammar,
many
encampments have been lately seen without a single horse, and it is well known that the
Meteyr Arabs (between Medinah and Kasym;
56
HORSES OF ARABIA.
few
years,
dred.
The late
Nedjd were taken to Mekka for sale, and it became a fashion among the Bedouin women going on a pilgrimage to Mekka, that they
should bring their husbands' stallions as presents to the Sherif, for which, however, they
stuffs, ear-rings,
and
From
all
that has
come
to
I
my
knowledge,
have no hesita-
may be found in
is
Syria
and that
in this respect
may be purchased at first cost, and chosen among the camps of the Arabs themselves, who occupy the plains in spring time. The
horses bought
up
at
hand from
Bedouin
dealers,
and an Arab
descend to
offer a
True
have been
HORSES OF ARABIA.
credibly informed, seldom find their
57
way
to
Basra
solicitous
might perhaps
employed
them
in Syria, as the
best
mode
studs.
own
sons.
am
any of the
first
rate
among them,
al-
Syria, Barbary,
and
The Bedouins
tian
Egyp-
mare coupled with a blood Arabian produces a good breed, much better than that
not considered of any value, even though
It
would be errone-
quality
and
beauty.
58
HORSES OF ARABIA.
the descendants of the famous horse
;
Among
Eclipse
may be found mere hacks thus I have seen many Koheyl that had little more
to
their
name, although
seems common to
The
khomse
are far
more numerous than the common horses belonging to the same breed but still, among
;
and action
pertribe.
say,
more
Of these
latter,
I believe that
any
successful
attempt could be made to ennoble and improve the European race, while the horses
usually exported are all of the second
third quality.
or
HORSES OF ARABIA.
59
are accustomed to
and the
fillies
produced between
never saw any geld-
In Egypt
there
is
itself,
distinguished.
The
;
finest
grows
which
is
in
Upper Egypt,
Menzaleh.
to
Lower Egypt,
in the territory of
porting fatigue,
fertile
is
but
little requisite
are,
knees, a short
The head
is
sometimes fine
but
They
fatigue
;
60
HORSES OF ARABIA.
brilliant action
much more
horses
:
from
In their
first
much
of light cavalry
required, the
less
The Libyan Bedouins derive their supplies of horses from their own breeds, as well as
from Egypt.
preserved the
horses
;
breeds
of Arabian
vici-
but
this
in
among
they as well
HOUSES OF ARABIA.
the owners.- But
to
61
their horses
as Basra,
Bagh-
Mekka,
and
it is
is
douin
he
an
would laugh
of his mare.
This
may
serve
to correct
Red
Sea,
them
in partnership.
They
divide each
horse
into
twenty-four
is
always
three,
by
kerats),
and
different persons
buy
and share
So
little
is
known concerning
62
HORSES OF ARABIA,
soldiers in Egypt, that
among the
when
in
them one
to another, as if
;
they
while
them
at least
For a hundred
Egypt.
Spanish
dollars a
good
The
for
an
Egyptian horse
three,
hundred
dollars
es-
pended considerable
their breed in Egypt.
propagating
The
present masters
who, in
many respects, had adopted Arab notions, and. had made it a fashion among them to acquire
a competent knowledge of horses, and to keep
their stables
esta-
blishment.
names of Ara:
race.
HORSES OF ARABIA.
63
El Nezahhy, a breed of the Hadabo. Some tribes reckon the Nezakhy stallions among
the number of blood horses.
are
much
The
Koheyl
horses of the
race)
are
stallions.
The Bedouins
khomse
use
exclusively as stallions.
The
first
never be
employed
as
breeder.
The
chief,
favourite
Wahaby
his expeditions,
The
what to do with
it,
as
64
horses,
The
hundred
dollars.
A troop
in the
summer
in
and
all killed
except one
fled.
He
mounted Bedouins
them
mare.
Upon
from
Go
feet of
up the water."
This expression
used by
their
HORSES OF ARABIA.
65
classes,
who
The
is
When
a stallion
of breeding,
if
he
he may
if
the offspring
The Bedouins never allow a horse, at the moment of its birth, to fall upon the ground
they receive
it
it
in their arms,
and
so cherish
washing and
it
stretching
as they
it
would a baby.
feeble steps
with
prognosticating
66
HORSES OF ARABIA.
In Nedjd, the people feed their
horses
At Derayeh, and in the country of El Hassa, dates are mixed with the birsim, or dried clover, and given
regularly upon dates.
to
them
as
food.
Barley, however,
is
the
all parts
The wealthy
inhabitants of Nedjd
know
man
at
assured
me that
he had
meat before
commencement
of a fatiguing journey,
also related to
me, that
it
upon
roasted pork,
and mettle to such a height, that it became absolutely unmanageable, and could be no longer an object of
which excited
its spirit
a leg of mutton
pain
which
HORSES OF ARABIA.
a horse
causes
feels in biting
67
it,
after a
few
lessons, to
abandon the
vicious habit.
less
much
ever and require to be constantly tied, while the Arab horses wander freely and quietly
about the
camps
like
camels.
Egyptian
all
treatment of horses
insomuch that
have always a
Turkey make
it
a rule
to
They curry
devote so
it,
much
is
that
it
usual in
parts of
Egypt
to
have as many grooms as horses in the stable, each groom having the peculiar charge of one horse only.
The Wahaby
chief,
who
possesses, indispu-
whole
mounted
frequently
68
It
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
has
Wahaby
Arabs should
is
sell
one third
of a mare, as frequently
practised by the
Northern Aenezes.
He
to unlawful
and cheating
but he permits the selling of one half (See the preceding remarks on of the mare.
I.
horses, Vol.
p. 203.)
I.
p. 194.)
in the northis
a consi-
and in
wool.
much
under
tents, (fabricated in
hair),
and camel's
reeds; the
Arabian
camels
generally
also
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
69
among them.
colour.
The
further
we approach the
becomes the
white,
and
I never
country.
The
dolia, of
the
Turkman breed
the smallest
Yemen.
Beni Tay, in
In
but
it is
that camels
hills.
are not
in
Thus
scanty.
The
is
Om
el Bel.
or "
Syria,
The mother
of camels."
It
furnishes
Hedjaz, and
Yemen
with
During
my
;
residence in Hedjaz,
a good
70
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
commanding
in Hedjaz.
number are brought there by dealers from Nedjd. They use them in propagating the breed of Turkman camels called Maya
(see the
former account).
is
No
so remarkable
Nedjd,
during years of
fertility.
much
who from
repair to
flocks.
their
Among
males.
wanted
for their
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
71
The
people
who
inhabit
but the
for
Bedouins
riding.
generally
prefer
he-camels
The common
is
load of an Arabian
five
camel
from four to
hundred pounds
to
Mohammed
and well-
Aly,
and
pounds.
The
well-fed
of coffee, or
to the
water
From
is
Cairo to
Suez, the
same camels
;
will carry
The
ney to be undertaken, and the fewer wells to be found on the way, the lighter are the
loads.
are distinguished
72
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
in bearing
this latter
Eastern Africa.
The
in size to those of
Darfur.
The
siderably
among the
The
supply of
water
and
if this
be withheld in summer-
Duin
and
the
In sum-
a longer
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
I believe that all over
73
summer nor
;
is it
necessary that
no
any
are
traveller
crossing
and a
half.
In case of abso-
might per-
haps go
traveller
five
extraordinary circumstance;
dis-
The
that I
any others
know
banks of the
accustomed to
perish.
There
The
74
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
must
on a
and
It is true that
many
There
and
still less
a Syrian or Egyptian.
are
The
more
who on
never under-
its
stomach.
possibility
seldom
indeed the
of thirst rento
and unable
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
75
have frequently
The Darfur
cara-
may
Africa,
but
it
extreme
distress.
is
What
djein,
called in
he-
and
in
same race with the heavy carrying distinguished from the latter only as
is
a hunter
from a coach-horse.
Whenever
any indication of
its
76
of riding
care to
;
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
and
if it
be a female, he takes
fine
well-bred
male.
of a male
is
;
one
being
of
a hired stallion.
The
breeds
which I have mentioned are those of heavy transport camels, as well as the lighter kind
destined for the saddle.
are said to
deloul el
The
Om&ny,
Arabs.
is
While
was at Djidda,
Mohammed
;
Aly Pasha received two of those camels as a present from the Imam of Maskat they
were sent by
sea.
In their appearance
it
distin;
their
and slender
all
generous
may be distinguished from the common breed. Of other delouls in Arabia, the
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
77
the tribes of
family),
Aeneze
hedjein,
and of Sherarat.
called
any
are by
much
and have
so
and pleasant an
most of them
are whitish.
The name
is
known
in
in-
have reason
Were
Bedouins on
78
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
cre-
proved to be
told
facts.
An Ababde Bedouin
me
once,
father
in
went on some occasion from that place one day to Siout, a journey of at least two
fifty
hundred and
miles
which had performed such an expedition, was not in the slightest degree fatigued.
But
shall
what
immediately mention,
and am perexertion.
The
ever came to
my
knowledge, satisfactorily
is
that of
dred and
fifty
Spanish dollars.
This camel
was to go
sun-rise
for a wager, in
and
sun-set,
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
79
and back
miles.
It
again, the
in
Esne, where
its
strength failed,
and
and twice
;
this
twenty minutes.
space
of
slow rate of
caravan-travelling,
might be
may
But
man could go on
foot during
80
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
common
is
horse.
The
gallop of a camel
(which
it
forced exertion
degree of
The
for
is
not so conit
and he
will support
hours without
evincing
many
symptoms of being distressed. But even of that forced trot I must here remark, that it is much less expeditious than the same pace
of a moderately good horse, and I believe
that the rate of twelve miles an hour
is
the
may
cannot
not, therefore,
by extreme
celerity
stories related
Europe and
in the
But they
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
any quadrupeds
carry
for the ease
81
an
own
favour-
which
is
a kind of gentle
and easy
describe
To
so soft that
you
may drink
upon him."
At the
in
case of
in
two
know
to
from
Baghdad
Sokhne
This
is
Mes-
left
Baghdad,
have
ing to the
common
calculation
and
known Mekka
camels.
couriers go from
(forty-five
Cairo by land to
usual journies) in
days'
82
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
The
first
is
undertake
Should he find
the
with
fat,
Arab knows
The
upon the
fat of its
and gradually
and and
yields to fatigue.
hump,
it
months of repose
to
copious
nourishment
restore
flesh.
Few
animals
fat,
nourishment produce a
augmentation
employed
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
resists
83
much
hump
pyramid, extending
back,
less,
obliged to work.
and seldom
In
months upon the tender verdure, increase so much in fat, that they no longer seem belonging to that species of the hard-labouring,
caravan or peasant camel.
After the fore teeth of the
camel have
first
reached their
full length,
the
pair of
Early
back
84
teeth,
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
standing behind, and quite separate
and
last pair
push forward,
The
full
it
its
year,
and then
called ras.
To know
The camel
lives as
long as forty
years
and he
is
no longer
ca-
pable of enduring
much
fatigue.
If a camel
become
rendered fat
sell
and
him
at a
in
Egypt
is
(very
called
from a horse-saddle)
ghabeit.
The
worked
in leather,
is
called gissa.
The
is
pack-
and
Syrians,
called
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
shaghour.
derive
85
(From
whom
they style
shaghaore.)
The
pack-
Upper
same
The
deloul
saddle
is,
throughout every
The
asses in
given to
made
of
ropes fastened to
On
its
by
cross
bars,
This
among the
vehicle
their
natives of Hedjaz
the favourite
it
admits of
stretching
and sleeping
at pleasure.
but on a shorter
and narrower
scale,
are
86
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
and then
called shekdef.
One person
Both of
with
is
do not allow of
likewise,
this
these
shekdefs are
covered,
;
and
the
vehicle
used
for
conveyance
of
women.
Different from that
is
rather takht
ravdn,
is
as
the
from
litter
whom
the term
borrowed, call
carried
before,
and the
other behind.
more frequently
shorn
and
it
whom
number
the
or-
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
dered by him to keep hedjeins
his
;
87
and
his son,
string attached
nose-ring.
Those of
in
the
all occasions,
make
Nedjd would think herself degraded, were she to ride upon any
of
A woman
but,
on the con-
The
mel of
to
practice
of
known
in Egypt-
I have seen
them
in
in Syria
be common
Although of
Aralss these
small swivel-guns
very
excellent
apted
to inspire
them with
camel
The
price of a
is
found to vary
in
88
CAMELS OF ARABIA.
:
may
fluctuate
from twelve
to forty dollars.
A
In
;
good
Nubia,
dollars.
for camels
and
sixty
There
a considerable
demand
as three
Nedjd
for delouls
of the
to
first quality.
pay
as
much
hundred
dollars for
an
Oman
camel.
distinguish in their camels va-
The Arabs
rious defects
their value.
el
and
vices, that
very
much
is
affect
The
it
principal defect
called
;
asaab
and
they regard
and a proof of
is
great weakness.
The next
or rises
el
fekeh, a
up
this, like-
El
el hellel,
elfahoura,
and many
Most of the
and the
car-
from excessive
fatigue,
LOCUSTS OF ARABIA.
rying of too heavy loads.
89
this circum-
When
They
same
process,
cautery, in cases of
hump, and of
great weight.
Towards the
close of a long
is
recently burnt
in-
on the ground.
rise, if
It cannot,
how-
be forced to
Locusts,
It
has
been remarked in
my
different
found in Egypt,
all
Nubian, and in
all parts
Those that
all
have
90
LOCUSTS OF ARABIA.
It
seems,
not
In the year
from
I
and
same year
had
These they
particle, the
and green
trees
remaining like
The province of
their ravages;
to such a de-
they
It
has
come
and
upon
trees,
new
brood,
and
the
young
LOCUSTS OF ARABIA.
locusts, before
fly
91
(there-
from the
end of May,
when the
observations
made by the
Arabs,
who
believe
entertain
considerable
They remain
for the rest of
the year.
Some few
year,
but great
such
is
year;
unwelcome
ever, they
visits.
successive
rable numbers.
are
92
LOCUSTS OF ARABIA.
locusts.
have seen
locust- shops,
where
In
by measure.
The
Arabs, in preparing
article of food,
throw them
few
the head,
feet,
from the
salt
and
dried
after
which
process
filled
They
;
a breakfast,
when spread
over un-
may here seem worthy of remark, that among all the Bedouins with whom I have
It
MATERIALS
FOR A HISTORY OF
THE WAHABYS.
MATERIALS
FOR A HISTORY OF
THE WAHABYS,
INTRODUCTION.
Respecting the Wahabys, various contradictory
Some anecdotes
tion to
which
East,
may
prove interesting to
many
readers.
I must,
my
re-
96
were qualified
to give faithful
;
and
Wahabys while those Bedouins of the common classes, who had adopted the new faith, were, in general,
accurate details of the
wholly ignorant of
trines.
its
The
habys
religion
both the
and
same manner
did over his
this
Mohammed
:
converted countrymen.
sect
is
The founder of
already
el
known
JVafiab,
a learned Arabian,
named Ahd
rious
who had
visited va-
schools
(as is
East
much
Mohammedism,
and obscured
had become
totally corrupted,
THE WAHABYS.
But new
little
97
doctrines
the
el
West and no attention was paid to Abd Wahhb until, -after long wanderings in
was the principal person of the town. This man became his first convert, and soon after
married his daughter.
therefore,
other.
These two
families,
for
each
Wahab, the founder of the sect, was, by birth, of the tribe of Temym, and of the clan called El Wahabe. The Beni
Abd
Temym
men
is
are,
husband-
in
at
Nedjd their principal place of abode El Howta, a village five days' journey
Dowasyr, and the birth-place of
Wady
el
Abd
Wahab.
Temym
who
fled
to
jurisdiction of the
villages
Pasha of Baghdad,
Helle and
in the
between
Meshed
Aly.
98
cha-
which
distinguish
them from
other Bedouins.
Wahaby government,
is
of the
Wold
Aly,
The
Mokren
it,
(ujSlo) or, as
set-
Derayeh, and
acquired influence
there
and
it
was to
them
Wahab
of
addressed himself.
first
who assumed
was then
the
title
Emir ; but
it is
his
force
so small,
that in his
as
first
related,
To
trace
sect,
is
to
tribe
is
fortu-
and ex-
tends
its
influence over
its
neighbours.
By
Azyz
efforts,
Abd
el
OF THE WAHABYS.
first
99
in
car-
leader,
Mohammed, succeeded
and while they propagated their religious tenets, they established a supremacy of power conformably with these tenets, which
Arabia
;
in the
first
same person,
as
promulgation of
history,
resume their
though
am
Mohammed
But
it
The
doctrines of
Abd
;
el
Wahab were
were
not
di-
those of a
new
religion
his efforts
among Bedouins
as indifferent
it
prescribed.
case
by
his friends
The
latter,
hearing of a
new
100
hammed,
did,
much
less
were
easily
They were
first,
in this belief,
by the
of the
among
all
the neighbouring
al-
The
Sherif of
interest in widen-
order to render
The Pashas of Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo, who were nearest to the dreaded Bedouins,
were no
less
faith.
They
cities,
had
and
became
their interest to
magnify the
OF THE WAHABYS.
if
101
to be justified in keeping
secretly
caravans subjects
great expenses.
ports of
these
Pashas to very
Added
to this,
were the
re-
many
hadjys or pilgrims
who had
Wahaby
Upon
and
in
We
need
prised if it
out the East, that the Wahabys were endeavouring to establish an entirely
new
religion,
were Muselmans
the
These were Bedouins who, before they knew Wahibyism, had been alto invalidate.
most wholly ignorant of Islam, and whose notions of it now were very imperfect. The
new
102
to
them
new
religion,
and
especially so,
them with
which
The
spirit of fanaticism
by
all
had themselves very imperfect notions and this satisfactorily explains, how it happened
that they accused the Turks of being infidels,
and were
as such.
by the
latter
The few
intelligent
Syrians
or
to
converse
with the well-informed sectaries, might probably be convinced that the Bedouin creed
Wa-
habys
infidels.
with-
out exposing
and especially
when
OF THE WAHABYS.
103
Wahabys were determined enemies of the Muselman religion. In two short treatises on the Wahabys, written at Baghdad and Aleppo, about 1808,* by M. Rousseau, it is positively asserted, that the Wahabys
that the
in-
town
and
it
is
surprising that
it
and
as
he
states that
"
he derived part of
his infor-
mation
an
office in
am
* The
first is
of the Pashalick of
a Memoir
in the
104
of Sherif Ghaleb
avail, direct
Wahabys
is
better known,
minions
of
Mekka
is
masters,
most
who
there in-
new
sect.
the
their
When
Saoud
inhabi-
of Mekka, he distributed
among the
by
heart.
in public
Its
con-
more than what the most orthodox Turk must admit to be true. Saoud
Mekka
OF THE WAHABYS.
105
and when Saoud found that they were better informed than his own people, he
;
it
among
it
them.
The
will
Muselman empire.
of
The
traditions
Mohammed
commentators
spected,
followed.
In the attempt, however, to exhibit the primitive practices and pure dogmas of the original founder of Islam
lowers, as established
and of his
first
fol-
upon these
laws, they
opinions
and
numerous
cases in
which
Turks acted
am
not qualified by a
suffi-
sent
my
106
and
the
memory
many be much
of
mistaken.
By once
numerous passages
wherein
it is
Mohambut the
med
is
their
men proved
buried,
of
alive
and
easy for
him
to
adherents.
manner
as
we
say "
Lord
!"
and
OF THE WAHABYS.
this
107
They Mek-
and,
when standing
before
it,
uttered
Wainfi-
who
the Almighty.
many
sheikhs,
same extent.
;
In
in
many tombs
and
renowned
is,
saint,
whose exemplary
life,
(that
him
to
Their country-
men thought
ings,
it
incumbent
on
them
honour their memory, by erecting small buildwith cupolas or vaulted roofs over their
tombs, and in these places particularly to
offer
up
in-
clined to second
their supplications
before
fact,
the
108
Mohammedan
to
and are
said
latter.
and
in every
town and
vil-
lage there
tival in
is
honour of
particular patron.*
The
equal
Wahabys
men were
;
in the eyes of
God
and
invoke
departed
and
to
tombs
and
which
it
the
more necessary
in the
much venerated
Deto
in
sacrifices to
idols.
OV THE WAHABYS.
109
with the
common mass
of the Wahabys,
who
The
saints
destruction of cupolas
and tombs of
taste of the
Wa-
habys. In Hedjaz,
Syria, this
result of their
victory
and
the
destroying these
single cupola
At Mekka, not
those even
Mohammed, and
his
wife,
of his
uncle,
Abou
all
Taleb, and
Khadydje, were
broken down.
While
in
Wahabys
"
who
built
them
!"
Even the large dome over the tomb of Mohammed, at Medinah, was destined to share
110
a similar fate.
it
should be demolished
but
its
solid struc;
and
by
after several of
killed
falling
given up.
declared
have
interposition of Heaven.
The
the Turks towards their religious laws, except what relates to prayer, purification, or
fasting,
Wahaby
sect inveighed.
Alms
by the law
Mo-
hammed
so
justice, for
which the
first
;
Khalifahs were
spirit
much
distinguished
the martial
to
be con-
whatever might
inebriate,
unlawful
com-
practices
others,
contrary to
and various
not
were so many
violated with
precepts
the
OF THE WAHABYS.
impunity.
Ill
The
scandalous conduct of
many
hadjys
who
and
all
train of pride
and
selfishness
the numerous
acts of treachery
all
unreformed Muselmans
and presented a
manners
and
is
to
to the humility
bound
En-
trines
indignant at
and
feeling,
perhaps,
no
he preached against
disorders,
Abd
el
Wa-
thing but a desire to bring back his adherents to that state of religion, morals,
and
112
nation, prevailed
first
pro-
mulgated in Arabia.
was evidently framed
formers found
to the
little
it
code of law
same people
their
spirit
own northern manners to the true of Islam. Not a single new precept
Abd
Wahab
Mohammed)
dif-
is,
that the
Wahabys
To
faith
Wa-
haby
religion,
would be
;
to recapitulate the
Muselman
this sect
and
to
show
in
what points
which the
differs
am
strongly warranted
by the opinion of
In the
autumn
Wahaby
chief,
one of
whom
OF THE WAHABYS.
was a perfect Wahaby scholar.
Ali Pasha wished
113
Mohammed
an explana-
them
they,
to give
men
the
of Cairo
;
in consequence,
met
he
repeatedly
best
of the
because
knew by
heart,
and
The olemas
no heresy
a declaration
it is
in the
as this
was
themselves,
book had
also
rious treatises
on religious
himself:
subjects, written
it
by Abd
el
Wahab
and
if
was read by
unani-
many
olemas,
they
declared
mously, that
opinions of
As the
its
fanatic
mob
of a
new
sect
can
of
spirit
Abd
el
Wahab
con-
114
were rather
their
new
religion.
Next
to the
war
rich
Turk-
costume
is
little in
absosilver,
and
except the
latter,
in
small quantity.
The
Wahabys beheld the gaudy robes of the Turkish pilgrims with disdain and as they knew that the Prophet had worn an abba
;
like them,
to be as necessary
mode
It
round
his
head
silk,
or his
gown
that
in
Respecting the
well
known
repeatedly,
to
be a forbidden
OF THE WAHABYS.
practice.
115
One
" hateful."
great
number
of olemas in
from
it
on
much used
He
making
so great a sa-
as
naturally
bitter
enemies
to all those
who
still
The
means of inflaming the minds of the Wahabys against the Turks it has be:
come
of
it
a rallying
word
to the proselytes
but
all
The Wahabys
declared
it
to
be an
it.
It
116
this,
however,
it
is
not
the
fact,
to
an
immoderate degree.
much to be doubted whether Abd el Wahab, when he preached reform at Derayeh, had any idea of establishing a new
It
is
dynasty
Arabia.
to
reign
over
the
proselytes
of
The
strength of his
relations' families
of
Abd
el
Mohammed
Ibn
Saoud.
the Arabs,
Abd
el
Wahab
Whether the
commonly received
orthodox, or
doctrine considered as
Mohammedan
little
re-
after
;
all,
a matter of
con-
sequence
press
but
it
became important
indifference
to sup-
that
infidel
all
which had
pervaded
OF THE WAHABYS.
117
effect
on the morals of
a nation
acknowledgment even of a
religion.
The
Wahabys,
in
my
opinion,
certain religion
for
and ungovernable
in the practice of
desire
state in
of their religion
induced
Abd
el
Wahab and
Mohammed, and
were the
leaders
spiritual
after
him the
as
Khalifahs,
as well
;
the political
of their nation
in
how
religious
and
in
civil
affairs.
Nedjd,
of the
which
became
the
principal
seat
118
Wahaby
number
of small territories,
and
villages, totally
engaged in warfare.
strongest
No
was acknowledged
open country or within the walls of towns, and personal security was always purchased
at the price of individual property.
this,
Besides
Bedouin
endless wars
and pre-
of perpetual
bloodshed.
It
many hard
struggles that
Abd
el
Azyz
extended at
of Nedjd;
the whole
and being then no longer the chief of a tribe, but of a province, he assumed the supreme power, and assimilated
his authority to
by the
first
followers of
Mohammed.
would have
he
left
To
been a
attempt
them
but
in the
obliged
them
and
Thus
time the
Wahaby
chief
OF THE WAHABYS.
119
part
became
Arabia
;
governor
his
of the greater
free,
of
it
government was
because
commonwealth.
He
all
the
he directed, while
all
and
and
it.
at liberty, except
now
punishment
if
they infringed
Formerly an
Arab
will
;
acknowledged no
he was forced by
own
the
Wahaby chief to obey the ancient Muselman laws. These enjoined him to give
tithes or tribute to the great chief,
and that
he should be
It
dis-
fixed,
Wahaby
tribute,
military conscrip-
and
rigid administration
of justice.
in carrying these
120
MATERIALS
FOlt
A HISTORY
and seemed
the efforts of
to be firmly established,
when
Mohammed
Aly,
and
his gold,
to the
before.
shall
now
this
enter
into
further
details concerning
interesting
govern-
ment
details
many
new
doc-
el
Azyz, who
Besides
was assassinated
Abd
el
sons,
Abderrahman
forty-five
and
or
Saoud
died, aged
and
to his death
may be
He
is
some man, with one of those fine countenances for which his family has been
; ;
OF THE WAHABYS.
distinguished.
is
121
He
among Bedouins, and so much hair about his mouth that the people of Derayeh called him Abou Shozvdreb, or the
generally seen
"
Father of Mustachios
/'
his
enemies, praise
Saoud
for his
wisdom
in counsel
;
and
his skill
in deciding litigations
in the
Muselman law
although
it
his
justice,
chiefs,
disgusted
many
of his
his
Arabs.
From
some distance
in the rear.
It is i*elated in a battle
when
his father
Abd
el
Azyz.
By
his first
;
wife,
now
children
Abdallah,
who during
life-time
occupied
supreme govern-
ment.
five
mare
and he
more eminent
for courage
than his
122
father, as
constant
rule
to
fight every
life
where in person.
were described
During the
his
of Saoud, the
mental qualities of
son, Abdallah,
as of the first
order,
as a
prodigy of
wisdom and
Aly seem
but
the
measures
which he adopted
in opposing
Mohammed
to prove that
he by no means posDesert on
He
is
esteemed
in the
He
married a
girl of the
Zab Arabs,
brethren,
the
most celebrated
Arabs,
is
Fay ml, reputed the handsomest man in Derayeh, and the most amiable. To him
the
Arabs
are
much
attached.
He
has
fought
many
battles in
Turkish troops.
son
of Saoud
;
he
fell
in
against Maskat,
By
Saoud had
Saoud never
exercise
permitted
his
children to
affairs,
ex-
OF THE WAHABYS.
cept Abdallah,
counsels.
to them.
2S
who
participated in all
his
The
inhabitants of
Mekka
sitting
still
pilgrimage,
under
the
gate
in their sacred
At that
moment
dren.
for
him the
infant,
whom
from
seen.
He
took
it
kissed
it
affectionately,
and
in
presence
pressed
time.
it
of
all
the
assembled
pilgrims
to his
bosom
for a considerable
man-
by
his father
little
on the declivity of
above the town of
the mountain, a
Derayeh.
124
lies,
Of
he
;
is
some jealousy
them
kept
to
his
leave Derayeh.
treasures,
and received
those
who came on
tribes,
business to Derayeh.
There
of considerable
feasted
on their
but
arrival,
or camels.
may
easily
be conceived, that
to every
He had
several Egyptians
for
who
served
as
porters,
and
bribe
would admit
of obtaining
The
surest
mode
OF THE WAHABYS.
125
and
to
enter
with his
attendants.
Saoud
after-
After
room
all
;
his
sons
all
Derayeh
and
One
Mohammed, and
al-
difficult passage.
It is
knowledge of
reli-
his
and sweet
at the
say, that
words
all
Upon
but
it
126
for
his
igno-
rance
in
Thus, having
con-
cluded by saying,
"
"
;"
Wa
Allahou aalem"
God knows
best
and persons
until
who had
two hours
business with
after
him remained
:
sun-set
these assemblies
Arab endeavoured
hood.
to deceive occasions,
him by a
he
false-
On
such
sometimes
seized a stick,
self;
he soon
this
During
Saoud
very rarely
house, except
when he
to
fear,
went on Fridays
OF THE WAHABYS.
127
which
assassination
to
and
conspire
against his
bility of
if
him.
But
he was
home
in study.
shirt.
The
Mekka
relate, that
during his
He
would not
and he chose
his
Mekam
el
more
Shafey.
Not only
in his
own
palace, but
throughout
128
his dominions,
and
at his
sat
(madjlis), every
body
a convenient place,
Saoud.
sat
among
all
the
that was
The
and he
politely inquired
and
affairs of all
whom
he
knew
in the room.
The
In
;
was used
!"
said, "
!"
Saoud
or
"
or "
father of
Mushis
every
man by
or compli-
among Eastern
tinction
nations in general.
dis-
from
his
own Arabs
he only wore
an abba, a
shirt,
OF THE WAHABYS.
yet
it is
129
articles
said that
he chose these
from
among
had
his
perfumed with
civet.
The principal expense of Saoud's establishment was for his guests and his horses he
;
is
two thouproperty.
own
Of these,
at Derayeh,
in the province of
is
excelin his
The
finest
possession.
Some of
punishment
he had pur;
chased
is
many at very considerable prices it known that he paid for one mare a sum
fifty
or six
hundred pounds
sterling.
To each
men.
horse-
life
of his father,
these
To
may
be
delouls, or swift
camels, of
in Arabia.
The members
of his
130
strangers
to
whom he
amounted
hundred persons.
and mutton,
Saoud perthe great
and
was
rice
and mutton
treated
body-guard which
is
Con-
no such
feasts
propagation of
Yet he allowed
his
Arabs to amuse
He
also ob-
cousin,
Derayeh
day, the
On
the
father,
Saoud's
brother, treated
the
male inhabitants
OF THE WAHABYS.
of the town and a
331
On
On
the
the company.
in
house.
He
;
own
male children
similar practice
rifs
prevalent
among
the she-
of Mekka,
who educate
own
father's house.
Mohammed
Adouiin*
Wahaby Government.
This
is
He
divided his
132
a governor or sheikh
and subordinate
chiefs.
them
are various
minor
to
The
great
Bedouin sheikhs,
whom
Wahaby
Omera.
Emir
el
The
principal
el
governorships
el
are
Hassa
Aredh, (which
Kasym, Dje-
Shammar,
el
Bedouin
of
or emirs
the
mountains
southward
and
el
Yemen.
The governors
for
are
where placed
rity
own kadhys.
The
authois
very
limited, not
much exceeding
that which an
If he
himself commit
an appeal
is
made
OF THE WAHABYS.
133
hence Derayeh
is
sheikhs
The
principal duty
incumbent on the
tion of justice)
is
to
Wahaby
army, and to
the tax-gatherers.
In the time of war, the chiefs of these provinces, as well as the great
Bedouin sheikhs,
form a council
in
to the
family
;
of
Abd
el
Wahab, founder
at
of the sect
they are
numerous
able influence.
es*
That family
I
is
called "
Oulad
Sheikh"
positive
rights
they possess
but
to
it
is
certain, that
Saoud communicated
affair
before a final
chief
The Wahaby
may
The
as
liberties of
in
former
times
He
is,
in fact,
134
his
own
governors,
their
all
fluence in
respective
who
In-
to
which the
Bedouins never
yield.
The
and
number of
lesser sheikhs
we
accordingly find
many
chief,
who, in
uniting
them
all
has succeeded, after violent struggles, in establishing an order of things in Arabia, equally
is
now
(1816)
While
sheikhs
Abd
el
Azyz
lived,
the principal
were required to swear allegiance to his son Saoud, w ho succeeded to the supreme autho7
rity,
Saoud was
still living.
The
Arabs, however,
OF THE WAHABYS.
135
do not think
it
might have nominated one of his brothers to succeed him, and so far we may presume
that the
all
same system
prevails at
Derayeh
as
a tribe.
The
and
chief
Wahaby
election
if a
made by
and
ceed him.
Administration of Justice.
all
the
among
have not
I
have
my
account of the
Bedouins.
Abd
el
their Arabs
136
and
by the decision
Abd
el
first
who
his
sent kadhys
sway.
He
them
chose them
among
contending parties.
to
might
The next
against robbers.
Before
Abd
el
Azyz had
number
of independent
states
Abd
made
el
Azyz, and,
still
unknown and
;
those
who were
invasion of a
camp
or town,
OF THE WAHABYS.
137
by a
amount of
cattle
away by the
robbers.
Thus every
protecting
tribe
its
So that both
among the settlers as well as Bedouins of Arabia, who formerly delighted in nothing so much as in pilfering and plundering. For
ceased
the
first
time, perhaps,
single
since
the
days of
Mohammed, a
would be carried
seem
off
by noc-
turnal depredators.
chiefs
to
have been
long-established
custom of
own hands
the punishment
They,
espe-
more
content
But
chief
138
sufferer's
fine, if offered
if
by the
orders
but
man who
rights.
Arab
If disputes
arise
among
if
his
people and
occasion blows,
and
friends (as
is
in the affray,
demns
sion,
all
those
who meddled on
and arms, or
the occa-
by the
In a quarrel
draw
his
for
If,
commence
upon a
hostilities,
Saoud imme-
and
OF THE WAHABYS.
139
to
from each
tribe,
pay to
who perished in the first onset. Tribes were commanded to bring their public disthose
Negro
known
as
to arrest,
a prisoner to Derayeh.
man
of
His
him soon
;
to dis-
cover
when
a witness prevaricated
in
and
this
he punished always
an exemplary manner.
and
death
As the Bedouins
any money, he
them
in
and sheep.
It is this severity
which has excited against him so many enemies among his own Arabs.
spects the protection given to
He
never re-
a delinquent
by other Arabs.
He
140
might be used
If an
Arab
may
seek dakheil at a
The
An
who
possesses
and generally
prevails
on Saoud to
it
commute
for a
The
offence which
fre-
Arabs with
heretics.
Wahaby
all
creed was
first instituted,
positive orders
other nations
new
doctrine
for
it
was
said, that
the sword
OF THE WAHABYS.
141
ever,
orders
sary
so that at last
Saoud found
it
neces-
on that subject.
He
even
employed
rying business of the hadj, he never would allow any of his Arabs to trade with Syria
or
Baghdad
that if a
or mer-
would
and
prove,) his
cattle
treasury.
But
in returning
is
respected.
142
Wahaby
he owed
treasury for
some
offence.
Wealthy
indivi-
and
this
perhaps
is
is
the only
the case.
The
The
Arabs, however,
murmur
at a
kind of
him on
his expeditions
must
find
their
own
horses,
and receive
in return
no emolument
able to take.
may be
Such expeditions, are therefore very expenOn the other hand, any man sive to them.
who
by some minor
sure to conciliate
him by The
from
pleased those
to de-
OF THE WAHABYS.
predations and disorders of any kind.
settlers,
143
The
and
therefore,
of Nedjd, Hedjaz,
Yemen, became most sincerely attached to the new system, because they had suffered
most from the defects of the
old.
Caravans
The
it
found
much more
whose
first
difficult
to
obey a government
mode
of subsistence.
prising that
Wahaby
creed, until
how
to
judge in cases of transgression, and implacable towards his enemies, he was equally
144
warmth and
sincerity of
friendship,
and
and
has
faithful
adherents.
Any
sheikh
who
on
all
however considerable,
The greatest punishment inflicted by order of the Wahaby chief is the shaving of the
culprit's beard.
This
is
some a disgrace more intolerable than death. An Arab thus shaved endeavours to
conceal
himself from
grows again.
An
to
to sell her
this time, a
sheikh
some
offence.
When
presence
the
of
O Saoud,
take
for
Shammary
as a
ransom
OP THE WAHABYS.
145
;
my
beard
.'"
hundred
swearing that no
sum
of
to part
of a noble Kahtany.
But
ample
for
consi-
ment of shaving.
I
shall
Wahaby
laws,
hammed.
A haramy,
offence
is
or robber,
is
obliged to return
;
but
if
the
violence,
hand
is
cut
off.
One who
if
it
a dispute
to death
:
condemned
he
is
kills
146
The
is
fixed at one
is
now
hundred
Whoever curses a Wahaby, or calls him " infidel," incurs very heavy penalties. The terms of insult are measured among the Wahabys
with great exactness
nable to the law)
is is
;
man
" dog."
The common
is
insult
doer of
is,
evil or mischief), or
(that
leaver-off of religious
duties).
The
lower
stocks,
called
debabe,
in
is
which the
own
mansion
cially
those espe-
certain sum,
comply.
In some
The
is
always
severely punished.
When
OF THE WAHABYS.
147
his
vidually
prayers regularly
if
man
in his
own
armed with
large sticks,
and
to drive
;
a harsh
Saoud
When-
was in
his
last
was performed
When-
from
my
wife),
he ordered
148
that the
man
should be beaten.
To
to
break
man
capital
Abd
el
more
to
Arab
well
The smoking
;
of tobacco publicly
forbidden
but
it
is
known
Nedjd con;
and even
On
the
them on
after,
fire,
together with
in
all
the tobacco
that
could be found
the shops.
time
Mekkans disregarded
and
still
smoked.
Where
"
did you
see
them smoke
?"
asked Saoud.
In their
"
own
Do
"
Having quoted
this
OF THE WAHABYS.
149
The Mekkans
still
remember, with
grati-
on his
first
taking the
on an expedition
may be
of the troops.
was mentioned,
an in-
some
at
lost
of them were
owners of
were
desirous of returning.
his
domi-
with those
mans.
whom he
The
;
principal trade of
Nedjd
is
in
in-
provisions
terior
tribes
from the
of the Desert
;
required
and
With
150
and
he allowed them to
sell at their
own
;
prices,
for
he
Moham-
med
their capitals as
much
could obtain.
not
uncommon among
the Be-
money was
were gene-
and
to take
profits.
particular
;
coin.
and
articles
money of
what-
During the
late
war
in Hedjaz,
when
the
Wahabys killed and stripped any Turkish soldiers, and found some piastres in their
them with
indig-
OF THE WAHABY8.
151
Revenues.
similar to that
which prevailed
in the time of
Mohammed.
They
consist
One
fifth
heretics.
most distant
it,
tribe is
the remittance of
siderable the
amount may
fifths.
Saoud never
remaining four
In common warfare
not plundered),
cities are
and sheep
thus obtained
is
distributed
himself,
and two,
every
as the
Arabs
has
his
mare)
camel-rider
one
share,
had
one share.
If in battle a
Wahaby
152
should
and get
allowed to keep
as his
own
of his valour.
Mohammed
2.
The
tribute
"
is
or, as
it is
called
by the
Wahabys,
of Islam
the Alms."
fundamental law
Moob-
hammed
served by the
Wahaby
is
legislator.
Similar
also,
but
left to
every man's
own
their
fixed
to bear
The sums
paid in proportion
to
to horses, sheep,
may be
seen
Saoud
two parts
Bedouins flows
OF THE WAHABYS.
tors, are
153
or
" Beit el
M&L"
watered by rains only, Saoud
of the produce
;
From
fertilised
tains,
fields
takes a tithe
from
fields
which
laborious
and expensive
to
to the collector.
however, well
known
merchant of Khadera,
He
ap-
who
directed
el
Mai, or treasury, at
had reported
it
his property to be
worth
and
it
appeared that
as
For
this false
and camels.
These alms, or
to the Arabs
154
were formerly
Distant
tribes
the exemption
from
douins
less hostile to
Aly Pasha than they otherwise might have been for his first measure was to declare,
;
from
3.
taxes.
The most considerable portion of the Wahaby chief's revenues are derived from his own domains. He has established it as a
rule, that
whenever any of
his
districts or
he plunders them
for
the
first
offence
he
He
former proprietors,
his farmers,
according
OF THE WAHABYS.
of the produce.
155
those
The property of
who
is
and
if
who had
to
joined
Mohammed
Nedjd belongs
;
treasury
entirely
and many
villages of Hedjaz,
at-
law.
The crime
of disobedience
fines.
is
generally
expiated by pecuniary
in the
Wahaby
courts, that
must pay a
fine to the
treasury.
or Beit el Mai.
Every
city or
156
village of
own
treasury, into
which
by the
the
inhabitants
pay
their
quotas.
Wahaby
The
sheikhs
the
money
paid.
ated to public
One
fourth
;
is
sent
Derayeh
one fourth
district of
the Beit
el
Mai
for the
pay of
for
One
half
is
expended
who
sity,
when they
set out
on an expedition,
;
or, in
case of neces-
with camels
of guests.
is
The money
who
all stran-
may
halt
and be fed
gratis
it is
thought
Thus Ibn
OF THE WAHABYS.
Aly, the sheikh of Beni
157
in Djebel
Shammar,
Shammar, has every year from the treasury of his province, two hundred camel-loads of com, two hundred loads of dates, and one
thousand Spanish dollars
;
and
expended
in the entertainment
who
are received
and fed
From
subjects,
whose property had been taken by the enemy. Derayeh is always full of Arabs
who apply
some part
to
Saoud
of
If
to
be a sincere
to the
Wa-
him
amount
treasury to Arabs
who have
through disease
or accidents.
If
upon an
been
killed, or dies,
if
158
Besides what
tricts,
towns, or villages, for the entertainof guests, the Bedouin sheikhs receive
ment
These dona-
tions
lars,
vary from
fifty to
in imitation of a similar
practice of
Mohammed.
revenue (called nawdb,
are
The
or me.zekki,
or alimil)
to
from Derayeh
tribes,
and receive a
sum
for their
Thus
to the
se-
Derayeh
The
sheikhs, as I have
When
is
are
going to pay,
the collector
OF THE WAIIABYS.
vent peculation.
159
gives
The
collector then
tribe
for
the
this tribute
im-
spring month,
when
young.
The
where
collector
some watering-
directed to repair.
Thus
In
the same
year,
the
Out of
life-guard.
his private
treasury,
Saoud pays
It cannot
Wahaby
his
income
is
which
is
him nothing.
The Arabs
complain, that
if
160
a
man
him
great
mare
as a fine.
The
riches
that
more
Imam Hos-
Yemen
of Saoud has
suffered
deterioration,
avaricious.
I
however, a
meanest
Arab of
The
avarice
of Saoud
Mo-
hammed Aly
attacked Hedjaz
and
if
Saoud
distributing
money among
the
sheikhs,
it
Mohammed
found
in that country.
severely
to say,
that were
own and
his friends'
OF THE WAHABYS.
evil doings, their religion
161
have found
tinople.
its
way
to Cairo
Many
made
respecting the
well-informed
amount
two millions of
it
one
million
of dollars
annually.
and towns
the year.
rich
sion at Derayeh.
much wealth
his
father
162
nor
is
it
to
still
less
to a foreign invader,
who may,
chains.
perhaps, pass
bind them
in
lasting
is
At present
their obedience
Saoud,
who
is,
may
that
know
much
of
it
is
expended
for
:
purposes
a conso-
never enjoy.
but
little
camp for an excursion against the enemy, and the corps is dissolved again as soon as
they return.
Such
is
Wahabys.
OP THE WAHABYS.
163
men
father
troops.
an attack, he
the Desert.
Sometimes the
number of soldiers from the sheikh, who then levies them by a kind of conscription from every village and camp
chief asks a certain
under
his control.
Thus,
if
one thousand
men
obliged to con-
population.
The
douins)
then
settle
the
matter
among
themselves.
All those
who
delouls, or
camels
;
fit
divide
one
war now,
All from
All
who
possess mares
must
join
unless
it
be
required
if a
away
164
fine.
of these fines
imposed on those possessing horses induced them to sell those valuable creatures, and
thus reduced considerably their number in
the territories under his dominion.
A general requisition
times
bers
:
for troops
was some-
made without any mention of the numin this case, all who possessed a deloul
On some
occasions
We shall
not count
who
:"
who
stay
behind
capable of
bearing arms,
el
Mai.
When
Damascus
in
1810, or against
chiefs to attend
is,
him with
select
case, not
(that
the most
In that
more than one out of twenty joined the army. But, on all occasions, some Arabs
contrive to abscond, or evade the conscription,
curring a heavy
Or THE WAHABYS.
165
fifty
from his
flour, fifty
the
of a
kneaded into a
and baked
in ashes,
The
on
camel
the
kill
many on
all
If the
man may
allowing
for
him
an
of about
forty days,
one takes
him,
statement
166
under
find
now
the
have
been erroneous.
All
male
Wahabys are so far soldiers, that the great chief may call upon them to serve at any moment and thus, at a fortnight's notice, assemble an army of excellent troops. But
;
this
system,
though
favourable
to
rapid
movements
or against
towards an
enemy's territory,
The Wahaby
war against
all
who have
As
reformed doctrine.
so
that
they only
and
Wahabys.
OF THE WAIIABYS.
167
himself sole
tribes
;
doubtedly wished
master of
those
true
to
all
to
render
its
Arabia and
and
sides
who
become
on
all
who damaged
or carried off
their their
and
date-trees,
cattle;
who
had embraced the new faith, continued unmolested by the Wahabys. Multitudes, therefore, affected to conform, that they might
save
their
property and
;
themselves from
constant annoyance
tribes, that
felt
Many leagues were formed with of Mekka for resisting the power
family
;
at first considered
would an
tribe,
alliance
which
and population, such as the mountains of Shammar, Hedjaz, and Yemen, and others
distant
from
in
the
chief
seat
of
Wahaby
power
168
MATERIALS
in
FOlt
A HISTORY
and irregular
At
first,
to
open
rebellion.
all
In this
the chief
informs
"such Arabs
his at liberty to
He
flying expeditions
them
and they
Saoud
say, that
no Arabs had
until they
Wahabys
had
Some very
they proin
themselves Wahabys.
Thus
1810,
when
it
prudent to
of
them by main
sheikhs,
a nominal obedience,
OF THE WAHABYS.
169
own
tribes,
Wamake
was
to
The neighbourhood
cattle
el
and
dates),
up
to
Anah,
His
even
forded
the
Euphrates,
and
un-
still
Saoud did not always accompany these expeditions himself, but sent one of his sons
as
commander, or some distinguished sheikh and we have even seen his black slave,
;
Hark
corps.
(J^*), at the
When
object of
known
to himself alone.
He
which
is
always selected
in
such a man-
170
Thus
if
army
is
assembled at a place
many
days'
He
marches
is
geneis
rally taken
by
This stratagem
summoned
spot
;
his troops to
if
meet at a certain
in-
and
The expeditions of Saoud were planned with much prudence arid foresight, and executed with such celerity, that they seldom
failed.
required thirty-
by two days
nor was
it
;
known what
and
thirty-
his
OF THE W'AIIABYS.
soldiers before the
171
make any demonstrations of defence. Of the bravest and most renowned warriors among his Arabs, Saoud has formed a bodyguard (mendjyeh), which he keeps constantly
at Derayeh,
Whenever he hears of any distinguished horseman, he invites him to Derayeh, and engages him in his service, by agreeing to furnish him and his family with an annual provision of corn, butter, and
troops of his army.
dates.
He
gives to the
man
also a mare, or
The
all
name
of this body-guard
is
dreaded by
their
kind of reserve
They amount
to
lebs, (a
sort
woollen
stuff,
impenetrable
is
to
lances or swords).
As
their service
quite
172
dence in
this body-guard.
took
many
tribes
of the
agyds, or war-chiefs of
Bedouin
(men-
He
own
at-
men
to
whom,
if
attacks in every
month of Ramadhan. Saoud has always shown a great predilection for the month Zul hadje,
the holy
and
his adherents
As Saoud,
in
prosperity, performed annually the pilgrimage, his enemies, especially the strong Ara-
Mekka to make
OF THE WAHABYS.
173
to
He
On
his standard.
different colours.
some,
made
at
but
his people
tents,
common
black Arab
tents.
He
takes a con-
he may be able to relieve those of his troops who lose their own and whenever he passes
;
through any
Bedouins,
district inhabited
by
settlers or
it is
all arriving
guests in the
same manner
as
he does
have
at Derayeh.
If the
all
army marches
them.
and
torches
carried before
Night
174
days
is
is
fixed,
Sabr).
They
a
generally go before, a
on a van-guard
some hours
in advance.
another.
The
first
which attacks
is
com-
They
are supported
by the second
line, consisting
if
of camel-riders,
who advance
routed.
the
horsemen should
be
Saoud
for a long
to fight in person,
and remained
The
him
to
send fresh
reinforcements
battle,
to his
people
engaged
in
for
was a favourite
stratagem of Saoud to
and
OF THE WAHABYS.
175
Saoud
To
all his
troops
who
die fighting,
sheikh
is
killed in battle,
made
to the chief as
has
certainly
gone
to
paradise.
is,
On
is
this
"
Joy
to you,
Saoud
man
come
back!"
Whenever the flying corps of Wahabys plunder an encampment of Arabs, the women
are obliged to strip themselves naked, while
the
some rags
ther insult
No furWhen
commanding
and
suf-
and
ficient provision
journey to some
camp of relations
bands
flight,
it
or friends.
As
their hus-
killed, or
escaped by
women be-
176
and march
company
Wahabys
have established
kill all their
it
as a
fundamental rule to
(such as
they be
foreign
Syrian,
set-
or Arabs themselves,
who have
op-
him.
this
Wa-
haby name
so dreaded.
Mohamis
med Aly
to a Turk.
re-
When
Kerbela
(or
Meshed Hos-
seyn)
and Tayf were taken, the whole male population was massacred and in the former
;
el
had
all
who
OF THE WAHABYS.
torn has inspired the
177
is
induced
if
they
voluntarily surrender
often inclined, as
it
and
the chief on
word.
of Bedouins
;
towards an enemy
may be
strict
recognised
The
repu-
Saoud
for
observance of a
promise
is
friends
war with
Mohammed Aly
Pasha,
contrasted
with the
treachery of the
Turks.
If
the
threatened
his
Arabs
"
surrender
to
Saoud before
Amdn
ulluh"
conduct
all horses,
camels,
shields,
match-
locks, lances,
sels,
and swords, and all copper veswhich must be given up as booty to the
178
Wahabys
as property.
Wahaby
Aman."
tribe,
Having
subdued
rebellious
or
was concluded)
and
established
them with
amply
his
own
family at
district,
them
people
with
provisions.
Thus he weakened
their
their influence
among
chiefs
own
replacing
them by
could
on
whose
attachment he
depend,
variance
parties.
with
the
Great num-
Nedjd.
;
They
district assigned
An Arab
sheikh
is
so well
known
he can
OF THE WAHABYS.
scarcely
179
hope
to
remain
"
length of time.
After the taking of Medinah, Saoud found
it
of
Wahabys
occurred during
never thought
district
it
government.
For he
relied
that he had
subdued, but
his
own name,
in
to
keep
Yet he com-
manded
south of
some
districts
small castles, or
At Medinah, an important
hold,
where he
knew
religion
and
his person,
he kept a garrison
of Arabs from
man
seven
and
butter.
of Nedjd,
locks,
who
form
the
most
select
corps
of the
Wahaby
most
army.
To them
difficult
enterprises.
was these
180
Turkish
Pasha of Baghdad, at war with the WaMbys. The holy cities, Mekka and Me-
dinah,
During my
residence
in Arabia I
made
learned
man
of
Mekka
Nobody
Medinah might
but
my
search
occurrences,
forgotten.
Some few
little
own neighbour;
hood,
know but
of distant transactions
satisfactory ac-
Wahaby
affairs
could be comto
would be necessary
make
a jour-
Baghdad,
OF THE WAHABYS.
181
Wahaby
dominion,
is,
the history of this extraordinary people before the Turks re-conquered Hedjaz
;
an event
which
continued.
for nearly thirty years
and successively
who
and
Yet
war had not been declared, nor did the Wahabys encroach upon the rights of the two
that of Bagh-
dad on the north, and that of Hedjaz towards the south. The pilgrim-caravans passed from
Their
of power,
seem
to
Ghaleb.
Under
his authority,
and partly
182
under
were placed
all
the tribes
settled in Hedjaz,
and
of that country.
el
Azyz
after "he
had subjugated
neighbours,
could not be
Ghaleb,
whom we may
powerful Bedouin
prince
;
great neighbouring
few
of Mekka, Ghaleb
tility
first
or 1793.
Begoum Ghamed
(at Taraba),
(in
Beni Salem
(at Beishe),
Bedouin
interrupted
Sudden
on
ad-
were made
by both
;
parties
enemy's territories
much
loss or
OF THE WAHABYS.
vantage.
183
in regular
Ghaleb,
no means
He
represented
and
The Porte
state-
listened
more
as the pashas of
numerous Bedouin
Several
tribes in
his neighbourhood.
of these were
already at war with the Wahabys, whose expeditions were dreaded all along the banks
of the Euphrates.
by a host of
who
slaughtered
many
of the
Arab
river,
settlers
who were
Baghdad go-
vernment,
The Persian hadjys, who went to Mekka by way of Baghdad and Derayeh, complained
moreover, at their return, of the great vexations they
184
To
city
no
well
adapted as Baghdad.
place,
The pasha
so
of this
re-
however, has
few pecuniary
sources,
and
limits of his
own
province,
that
1797,
not be undertaken.
An
energy, equity,
to a
and those
talents
Turkish grandee,
of retaining
his post.
His
lieu-
The army
consisted of four
and twice
that
of the tribes of
march lay
found at every
station.
It
was directed, in
OF THE WAHABYS.
the
first
185
province of
El Hassa, the
part of the
Wahaby
dominions.
five or
days'
journey), they
laid siege to
the
fortified citadel of
Saoud
one of
at
The
other well
The
it
Baghdad
may be
nor was
conceived
cattle suffered
it
186
surprise.
On
Wahaby
whose
artillery
and
his Arabs.
between
the
two
camps.
A
was
established, peace
The
first
failure
of this expedition
was the
soon
sides,
Turkish party on
all
Wahabys had now learned to despise the Osmanly troops. The peace was soon
broken.
Persian
caravan
of pilgrims,
escorted by a
Wahaby
and almost
totally
Baghdad.
visited
;
Wahabys
Imam
among
OF THE WAIIABYS.
all
187
as it elated
true
Muselmans,
as
much
the sectaries.
The veneration paid to tomb of Mohammed's grandson was a ficient cause to attract the Wahaby
against
it.
that
suf-
fury
Five
thousand
persons
were
and children were spared and the quarter called Haret el Abbasye was respected on account of the Wahaby regard for the me-
mory of its founders. The cupola of Hosseyn's tomb was destroyed but the treasures of that mosque, as well as those of Meshhed
;
Aly had been secreted and afterwards removed towards Baghdad. The Wahabys,
having placed trunks of palm-trees against
the wall which defended the town of El
Hosseyn, escaladed
it,
and during
in
five or six
the
massacre
and
retired
and
attacked
the
;
Arab
on the
river Shat el
Arab
but they
and
They
carried
however,
all
the
booty previ-
188
Imam Hosseyn
as
the
Wahabys seem
a second
Baghdad
The Montefek sheikh, Thoeny, accompanied by his own people and the
had
failed.
tribes of Dhofyr,
with
troop
Turkish
soldiers,
had
at
Without halting
at
once towards
Szebeyhy^
muchKoweyt^
el
While
Thoeny,
the troops
were
encamped
there,
Wa-
Baghdad
escaped.
Many
OF THE WAHABYS.
prisoners.
189
not
depart
But
Saoud would
;
he ordered his
of the Northern
Arabs to
kill
them
all.
evinced more
others;
many
them
of their
enemies,
gave them
water
before
for
and dismissed
day-break
while,
on the contrary,
Kahtan and Ateybe) unmercifully put to death all who halted at their tents. Yet
even then, whatever might be their fanaticism or the
commands
Wahaby
chief allows
in favour of
no right of
dakheil, or protection,
an enemy found in
Azyz, in 1801, began
Abd
el
than he had
190
demonstrated before.
paigns against the
nately victor
cam-
small town
called
Kasym.
the
Another
being
surrounded by
Wahaby
night,
and with a few followers only escaped The Wahabys, during some to Beishe. years, had extended their arms and faith
among most
ward of Tayf towards Yemen, people of conand Abou Nokta, sheikh siderable strength of Azyz was appointed commander of all.
;
were, in 1801,
Ghaleb's brother-in-law,
Othman
tribe
el
him
and
as
he was distinguished for all the qualities necessary to a Bedouin chief, Abd el Azyz,
subdued the country, named him chief of the tribes of Tayf and Mekka, and thence northward halfway towards Medinah.
having
closely
hemmed
in,
yet did
OF THE WAHABYS.
not lose his energy
;
191
mainder of his
faithful
In 1802, Othman
el
Medhayfe besieged
Tayf
and
summer
re-
para-
was taken
fate
of
Imam
Othman's enmity
to ruin
induced him
in
commanded
infants.
Medhayfe
the
da,
Gonfode, a harbour on
Red
southward of Dj id-
and belonging
to the Sherif.
had proceeded
re-
had done
all
in his
192
caravan himself to
style
;
Mekka
in
pompous
at
and
so, likewise,
of Aden.
The
latter
Mekka, on the plain of Arafat, during the hadj, the whole host of Wahaby pilgrims and
;
presents
and Abd
Azyz.
In refusing to
let
the
Wahabys appear
to
have
would not attempt any hostile measures in a country where they might be at once cut off
from
all
supplies
and reinforcements.
But
the hadjys, or pilgrims, composing those caravans had always acted in so indecorous a
insisted
The
its
pilgrimage for
Wa-
OF THE WAHABYS.
In 1803 the
193
total
Wahabys
effected the
all
former bounds.
Abd
el
Azyz, and
Othman
in
that
Wahaby
host
approached
quarters
at
Mekka and
the
fixed
their head-
village of
El Hesseynye,
pleasant
where
the
Their light
el
Moafor
that quarter
this
made
is
Ghaleb, undismayed,
laid a
He
mine near
to retire.
his
not
completely suc-
enemy
They now
to the town,
cut
off the
supply of sweet
re-
duced
from the
194
brackish wells.
siege the
inhabitants began
ex-
his sol;
had some
but
nothing was
classes,
distributed
among
the lower
who were
upon
When
became
all
Mekka had
with his
he
left
the town
own
He
retired to Djidda,
its
left to
fate.
On
the
or
rather,
to
surrender
at
discretion
day.
April
and
May, 1803.
The Mekkans
still
remem-
OF THE WAHABYS.
entering the town.
195
Not the
slightest excess
all
was committed.
On
the
Saoud de-
and excesses
and he told
Mohammed
single
in a dream,
grain
of corn
city.
The people
habys
;
of
that
is,
dresses,
and
to
Heaps of
the houses,
were
burnt
before
Saoud's
head-quarters,
and the
sale of tobacco
was forbidden.
el
The
go-
brother of Ghaleb,
A bd
May en,
was placed
by Saoud
vernment
called Ibn
;
at
Mekkan
town.
19#
deri-
kady
Name
!"
At
this
time the
his
arms
had
taken refuge.
eleven
bravely
able
to
;
besieged for
days,
inhabitants
fought
and
force
Saoud,
despairing
of being
Many
sea,
fifty
by a bribe of
thousand dol-
resumed the
government of
Mekka
lated,
(in
Wa-
capitu-
knowing that
OF THE WAHABYS.
to that
197
Wahaby
it
chief.
The
in
details of this
war, although
years before
related to
my
Hedjaz, were
me
by various persons.
Ghaleb enjoyed, on
favourable
conditions
this
occasion,
more
was
their
than
those
usually
granted
left
to
He
and
in possession
of his towns
incomes.
and
respect
city,
due
to those
who
On
true
Wa-
haby s.
The
capture of
Mekka was
The
tribe of
Wahabys, that they treated them more rigorously than any other Bedouins of the country.
198
re-
duced
to submission.
Yembo
surrendered
when
the
the Beni
Wahaby
in
party
(early
the spring
of 1804) followed
example.
The
principal
man
of this city,
Hassan
el
power, and been guilty of the greatest injustice during the general distress, while all
town by
the Wahabys.
He
at last seized
upon the
tomb of Mohammed,
his adherents
;
it
among
he proposed to surrender.
The
inhabitants of
Medinah who
live
are
much more
than the
interest
Mekkans, and
who
visit their
mosque,
as
the people
Mekka had
been.
The
The chief Turkish officer of the town, the Aga el Haram (appointed by the sultan), was obliged to leave Medinah, with many
dered.
Turkish hadjys
and El Medheyan,
whom
OF THE WAHABYS.
the
199
Wahaby
vernor of Medinah.
The names
and those
woman, accused of having smoked the Persian pipe, was placed upon a jack-ass,
flexible tube, or
the town.
Hassan
el
Kaladjy
retained
some influence under the Wahabys, and continued to annoy the inhabitants.
Saoud
stripped
soon after
visited
Medinah, and
of
all
Mohammed's tomb
it still
the valu-
He
any quarter
and
several of them,
who
at-
tempted
to
pass from
Yembo
to the town,
200
were
off,
ill
were cut
as the
This was
in de-
classes of
Wahabys
in
and not
obedience
to
visit also
to
the
uninjured
but
Saoud
idolatrous
any
visits,
it,
and
false
But
it is
pilgrimage to
Wahabys.
Even
great pilgrimages by
caravans had
ceased.
The
Syrian caravan,
officer
commanded by Yousef
Aga, an
been able
retreated
(in
when within
OF THE WAHABYS.
201
their return.
The
Harb and Djeheyne had now become Wahabys but the Mahmal, and a few pilgrims, went by sea to Djidda, with about four or five hundred soldiers, under the command of Sherif Pasha, whom the Porte had named governor of Djidda. The Persian hadj, too, had been
to take the land route, as the tribes of
;
Yemen
that, after
de-
1804
in Hedjaz.
It
had been poisoned by order of Ghaleb. Abd el Azyz survived the taking of Mekka,
but did not witness that of Medinah.
He
latter
end of 1803
by a Persian, whose
relations the
el
Wahabys
to
his
had murdered.
by
his eldest
Abd
son,
Saoud, superior
He had
;
many
years conducted
all
the wars
and
202
to
him may be
the
conquest of
Hedjaz.
to
admit
Yemen
coast
from near
Gonfode southward
try which he
to Beit-el-Fakyh, a coun-
Imam
of Szana.
Hamoud
relying
the
a numerous
body of his Arabs, descended from the mounand spread over the
coast such multi-
Hamoud was
s
obliged
The
richest
towns on the
Yemen
;
coast,
army
he retreated
Hamoud
OF THE WAHABYS.
again declared his adherence
faith.
203
to
the
new
office
his great
and
ence over
many Bedouin
made
that
still
luable presents
to the latter,
he
visited
When
the
annual pilgrimage (which he regularly performed, with great numbers of his Arabs), a
from the
Sherif,
came
all
to
meet him
city.
at
Zeyme,
pre-
The
comprised
clothes,
sorts
of choice proviarticles,
and other
besides
which the
pil-
sacred territory.
All his
The women
Such, indeed,
new
suits of clothes,
204
sions,
blush,
and rendered
it
he otherwise should
have done.
in that town,
new
faith,
officers visited
them
on
business.
Med-
hayfe,
who still continued his hostility against Ghaleb, made several attempts to seize Djidda with his own Arabs, and without any formal authority from the Wahaby chief.
He
to the
town
foreigners
who happened
up
in-
his design.
Mekka from all parts of the Turkish empire. They came by sea to Djidda,
and no orders were even given by Saoud
OF THE WAHABYS.
to prevent
205
to
Mekka.
to
comply with
those
the
Wahaby
precepts
but
accordingly,
and with
of that
decency, experienced
no
harsh
treatment. I
years
annually performed
Djidda by
;
sea,
of the hadj
expedient to
of any weapons at
to suspicion,
Mekka exposed
to ill-usage.
foreigners
and often
The
pil-
Wa-
The commuwere
arriving, provisions
;
but the
inhabitants
206
of the holy
had
lost their
principal
in-
means of
subsistence, derived
from their
the pilgrimage.
In
this state
The
Sherifs
power was daily declining, and Saoud's authority was acknowledged over the far greater
part of Arabia.
tioned, this
Wahaby
made
several in-
by a strong
made
Wahaby
detachments, and
OF THE WAHABYS.
07
to
harass
Yemen by
plundering.
made the object of attack. Saoud, who knew the jealousy prevailing between Hamoud, the governor of the coast, and Abou
ever
from
its
feeble
means of
tack
and
this,
for
himself.
to
open
with
Turkish
government,
mosques
was
who wished
warrior,
to cause
an irreconcileable rup-
A brave
at
it
and
was
; :
208
But the
are
sums destined
assessed
upon the income of Damascus), he applied to his own use. Nor did the Syrian
Bedouins,
who
caravan,
desire to be concerned in so
hazardous an enterprise.
809,
some
on
faint preparations of attack against the district of Djof, consisting of several villages
Damascus.
But
it
was
zeal,
and
The
greatest loss
which
Wahabys
Rets el
by
or
Gowasim
that sea.
among
the
a fresh
Hamoud
OF THE WAHABYS.
209
Ha-
moud
sallied forth
at night
Wa-
dawn
enemies
having excited any suspicion, for they were supposed to be friendly mountaineers.
in front of
But
Abou Nokta's
their war-cry,
and Hamoud
to escape
Abou Nokta.
Hamoud again
sub-
mitted
ful,
the tribute.
In
six
;
was unexpected
army was unable to check his progress. During three days he plundered thirty-five
210
villages in
Hauran
district,
only
two
all
he had
lives
and the
of
many
slave,
peasants
were spared.
Christian
off as a
woman, made
prisoner,
and carried
easily
order of Saoud.
the town, had he
He
might
have taken
by
his
began to send
to the
mountains of Libanon
to
was, undoubtedly,
dering
visits
so
that
to surrender vo-
He
returned
with considerable
booty.
performed the
arrival
On
their
in
permission
to
visit
Mekka,
as
He met
with the
Emperor
OF THE WAHABYS.
of Marocco, and presents were
211
exchanged
between them.
While the Pashas of Baghdad and of Damascus had, at different times, made hostile
demonstrations against the Wahabys, Egypt
Hedjaz
five
and the small expedition of about hundred men, fitted out in 1804 by Sherif
;
effort
made on
The
of
the
division
power among the numerous Beys, who acknowledged but a nominal obedience to the
pasha sent by the Porte
those Beys to possess the
for
and
the desire of
money appropriated
cities
all
faithful
Sunny
For
all parties
knew, that
from Egypt only could Hedjaz be conqueredThe immense Desert extending between that
country and Damascus, rendered impossible
the transport of sufficient provision and am-
munition
for a
regular
campaign with an
212
enemy, whose
off all other
communication.
strong body
number of
many
Medi-
also take
enable
them
and
to
in subjec-
tion, to
to
foreign supplies-.
This
showed, that
for
from Egypt
liberating
must be directed
its
the
country from
Bedouin
masters.
upon
Egypt
every necessary
sea,
of
life,
through
Yembo and
the holy
cities,
Mekka.
The Wahabys
pilgrims
admit
from
all
the holy
OF THE WAIIABYS.
cities
:
213
offered to
publicly
should they
supremacy
in these countries,
which
had
made
an
Arabian
and
not a
Turkish province.
Sherif himself
their
faith,
After
had become a
acted
in
proselyte
and
open
hostility
presented
supplies,
itself
was to cut
off
any farther
Suez against
Hedjaz shipping.
That such
Mammelouk
when no
influence predomi-
Hedjaz
But one
at the neglect of
ment
of
Mohammed
214
and
since
1808
in
that of Cosseir
that
During
all
that
time,
and even
in the
Mohammed Aly
arrivals at
made
Suez
adventurers
traffic disconti-
nued
until a few
first
sailing
of the
Arabia,
expedition
fears
when
veyance of troops.
To withhold
all
supplies
from Hedjaz
would have
and the
scanty supplies
Yemen could not have prevented a famine. Had this actually occurred, the Wahaby chief
would
certainly have been induced to
make
OF THE WAHABYS.
215
Turkish empire.
able
to
in-
cities
gious fanatics,
who had
frequently evinced
and
their
The
all
with the Wahabys (and even since his submission he possessed considerable influence)
to terminate a state of things which, besides
distressing his
own
of
little
As
tisans
so easy
and
so natural a
measure was
Aly, his par-
not attempted by
Mohammed
alleging that
starve the
would be a heinous
;
sin to
216
knew
that such a
which
own
and
selling of corn
and
Cosseir,
and partly
by the custom
duties,)
were so considerable
re-
duction
or cessation
All
the nations
in execrating the
Yet
their ships
w ere
T
their
own
time that
destined
The account
be
re-
but a
of some years
in
prove, that
whenever the
OF THE WAHABYS.
217
temporary
loss, is
apprehended by a Turkish
him
to
adopt
measures of general
utility
he
sacrifices
the
interests of his
his subjects to
trifling
sovereign
any
cer-
most
pecuniary advanits
But
his
operations.
218
Mohammed
his
son
to
army
invade
Arabia.
Thomas
His
Keith,
a Scotchman, (Ibrahim
Aga,)
commander
intrepidity
Ahmed
dinah
of Tousoun's Mammelouks
Me-
taken
to
Turks,
and Mekka
surrendered
them.
When Mohammed
Aly
in
all
the influence
which
his
numerous
troops
and
his
own
subtlety
could give
feeble
Mamme-
cities.
He
was aware
disobey
these
orders
would
be
punished
OF THE WAHABYS.
219
ment
ertions,
holy
cities
would
exalt
him
his
far
above
all
add such
celebrity to
name
that the
During the
with
the
first
years
engaged
louks*,
in
skirmishes
it
Mamme-
and
came
to a compromise,
Lower
and the greater part of Upper Egypt, engaged them to re-enter Cairo under a promise of safe-conduct, and caused the treacherous
massacre
of
them soon
after in
the
Mohammed Aly
was above
all
sufficient
number of
command
provisions.
of troops
and
220
If he
from Hedjaz,
undertaking.
struct a
in the
others
flotilla,
and small
Suez,
hundred and
among whom were Greeks and other Europeans, found constant employment. The wood prepared at Boulak, near Cairo, was
carried
upon camels
and
and other
at Suez.
As
it
in such vessels
was necessary to
by
land.
The
Yembo, (Adjeroud, Nakhel, Akaba, Moeyleh, and el Wodj,) were all repaired and strengthened by new walls, and garrisoned principally with
Moggrebyn
to treat
customed
living in the
vicinity
were
OF THE WAHABYS.
221
engaged by presents
to
which
At the same time magazines of grain were established at Cosseir; but this port had not,
in the
which
to be
When
that
such
preparations
were
made
and that
to force
it
Mohammed Aly
who attempted
a
commence
secret correspon-
first
appearance of a
re-
spectable Turkish
djaz.
and
force of the
Wahabys, the
222
position
mode of attack. To the first merchant of Cairo, Seyd Mohammed el Mahrouky, who had himself often been at Mekka and was deeply concerned in the Red Sea trade, were entrusted by
best
Mohammed Aly
war, and
all
Red
Sea
and
it
cannot
Mo-
a character
assurances
known
but
it
became necessary
to
The
fairest
promises were
rity in
made
that the
in
his
hands
their arrival.
sufficiently
The
state of
OF THE WAHABYS.
tranquil to allow the absence of
223
Mohammed
Aly himself.
teasing
continued a
troops.
with
the
pasha's
command
of the
first
expedition against
much
a
delay was
mere boy,
in
so
had given proofs of extraordinary courage the Mammelouk war and courage being
;
rare a quality
among
of
more
rare in
him competent
taking.
to the
nedar,
Ahmed Aga, the treasurer, or khezof Mohammed Aly, was sent with TouHis butchering achievements
Mammelouks and
disregard of
his utter
human
ciples,
life,
his
contempt of
all
moral prin-
and
224
him much
That he was
denied
vilest
;
a brave soldier
To
of Cairo, Sheikh el
was
of
Wahabys
new
faith.
The
parts.
The
infantry,
composed principally of
Arnaut
soldiers
Aga and Omar Aga, embarked at Suez for Yembo, and took with them all the new-built ships carrying provisions. The cavalry, with
* I have in
my
possession
some
original
in
letters
is
ad-
Wahaby chief,
which he
styled
OF THE WAHABYS.
225
Tousoun Bey and Ahmed Bonaparte, forming a body of about eight hundred men, Turkish horsemen and armed Bedouins (under the
command
tribe)
proceeded by land.
fleet
arrived near
Yembo, the
resistance of
two days,
by
capitulation.
A fortnight
afterwards, the
by land, not having met with any opposition from the Bedouin tribes, who had already been conciliated by considerable
cavalry arrived
sums of money.
proclaimed as a
habys,
The
first
taking of
victory
The
;
mained
at
months
inactive
;
the infantry
cavalry,
Yembo, the
sea-port
and the
with the
Bedouins, at
Yembo
el
Nakhel,
and the
This
in
negotiations.
Tou-
means
9.Q&
had made.
of
The Bedouin
inhabitants of that
their
of the
Wahabys, and
their
by the power and vigilance of Saoud, the Wahaby chief; and they did not dare to stir as long as the Turks continued without some
decided advantage, which might give them
The
taking of
Yembo
be reckoned of
much importance
it
was highly
Yembo was
not garrisoned by
Wahait
bys
governor and
but
them
to
retreat,
to
it
OF THE WAHABYS.
prudent to capitulate.
a quiet spectator of
227
war
he wrote
letters
Tousoun Bey,
in
the Bedouins
of Hedjaz.
Meanwhile he strongly garrisoned Djidda and Mekka, and, when urged by Saoud to
join
self
him
by expressing his
sudden ma-
more
fall
distant
Mekka.
to
temporise and
upon whichever
signal defeat, or
first
The
was able
from
the Wahabys, were a few branches of the Djeheyne, inhabiting the neighbourhood of
28
Yembo, while the greater part of that tribe and the whole of the Harbs, who bordered upon their territories, remained insensible
to his offers.
It
to begin
campaign,
as the
result of fear,
and negotiation
as a proof of
weakness.
To march towards Mekka or Dj idda would have obliged the Sherif who occudecidedly for one party or the other.
cision
A dedread
to
Yembo).
and the strong-hold of the Wahabys: the possession of it, therefore, might open or
obstruct the passage of the Syrian hadj.
The number
and Sherif
Ghaleb, when he learned that such was the design, formally promised to declare against
place.
OF THE WAHABYS.
229
Having
1812,
left
a garrison at
Yembo, Tousoun
After
a
slight
Medinah.
Harb.
Beder
is
situated at
it
was necessary to
nah.
cross
Some
resistance
of the
presence
left
any
his
Wahaby
at to
troops.
Tousoun
small
garrison
Beder,
a
Szafra,
(eight hours
fight-
there, after
tribe,
some short
body of that
gave way.
At four through a
at
entrance
is
of which, the
vil-
lage
of Djedeyde
situated,
among
groves
Beni Harb
to
whom,
230
to
of passing unmolested.
In
this defile,
the Turkish
army
troops,
who had
Nedjd, and of
whom
slightest information.
commanded by Abdallah and Faysal, the sons of Saoud, and their number amounted
to twenty
riders,
thousand
infantry
and
camel-
and from
six to eight
hundred horsethe
village
men.
By
retreating
into
capitulation, as
number of the enemy rendered it impossible for them to remain long upon the
same
spot.
OF THE WAHABYS.
231
On
the
first
Turkish infantry
back,
and the
cavalry,
pressing
poured
in-
Under such desperate circumstances, Tousoun Pasha did not forfeit his reputation for bravery, and
upon them.
acted as became the honour of a commander.
Accompanied
of his
at first
own
suite, after
he hastened to the
and
them
desist
Persons
that while
who were
tears
to
present
assured me,
his
eyes,
gushed
from
Tousoun exclaimed
" Will
me ?"
;
About
twenty horsemen at
luckily the
joined him
when
Wahabys
to slacken
and when the Turks had regained the open space beyond the entrance
of the defile,
their
cavalry rallied,
and
in
232
Had
the
Wahabys
the Turkish
much
booty,
which they
in
Egypt.
Tousoun Bey retreated to Beder, set the camp there on fire, not having any means of removing it, and abandoning, for the same reason, his
military chest,
returned
to
the
sea-shore
anchor,
in
bay called
Bereyka.
Here
dants,
he embarked with
and proceeded
to
Yembo by
The
some days
after in
great distress
was
intrenched
at
Beder, did
;
not
and thus
perform
who were
sufficiently strong to
OF THE WAIIABYS.
233
When
mies
the
Wahabys knew
had
secured themselves
Yembo,
The
Sherif,
joined
It
the
at
Wahabys
first
in
person
at
Beder.
was
proposed to storm
Yembo; but
from
this
project
was abandoned,
fear of the
Arab
inhabitants, who, no
interests
it
with
unneces-
longer,
and
again
at a
moment's
whenever the
to lead
On
this
they
left
the
Harb
Bedouins to
all
supplies
all
his
234
Mammelouks (Anakder Agassy). This was a young man of about twenty years, a native of Edinburgh, named Thomas Keith. Having been taken prisoner
chief of Tousoun's
at the last English expedition against Egypt,
together with
(the
many
72nd Highlanders,) in which he served as gunsmith, he became a Muselman, and was purchased from the soldier who had made
him
of
prisoner,
by
Ahmed
Bonaparte above
mentioned.
his
and the
Sicilian fell.
who
befriended
Tousoun Bey,
service.
fits
to death for
duty
OF THE WAHABYS.
assailants,
235
kind prohis
who
soon reconciled
him with
master.
Tousoun Bey
at length
became sen-
courageous sol-
made him
chief of his
Mammelouks,
promoted him
He
Medmah and
at
months
after,
fifty
dred and
who were
all
destroyed.
In this
last action
Wahabys
men
of the
Turkish army.
The
losses
236
them back
they returned to
re-
number of indiviHaving
approached that
city,
necessary to exert
them by
richest
threats, as well as
by presents, to
quit Egypt.
Both had formerly pillaged the districts of Upper Egypt, and em-
The
troops of Tousoun
arrival at
to
Yembo, those
them,
to Cairo that
As soon
as
OF THE WAHABYS.
237
made to supply the loss and prepare for a new expedition. Mohammed Aly sent large sums of money to his son for distribution among the neighbouring Bedouin sheikhs, with the hope of detaching them from the Wahaby interests. The whole spring and summer of 1812 were spent in these enevery effort was
deavours, while daily reinforcements of troops
at
Yembo.
Mah-
by the influence of
number of
and Djedeyde.
Even
Sherif Ghaleb,
when he
re-
Wahabys
at
Beder from
fear,
renewed
his offer of
opening
Mekka
to the
Turkish
sufficiently
strong to
make
second
238
had enlisted
in
under
the
his
banners
Wahabys remained
Nedjd,
trans-
He
own
Ahmed
troops
;
command
of the
Medinah.
They passed
Wahaby
garrison
town and
long
its castle
and
The
chief,
mained
in
and
in
Bedouins
immediately near
to
Baghdad,
sold
at
Having
at
;
Mekka
he
Djedeyde,
had
returned
to
Derayeh
and
his
OF THE WAHABYS.
soldiers
239
victory,
and
so
much
in
their power, at
any time,
to
them again. Saoud probably expected Medinah would make a long resistand that want of provisions would force
;
in
which case
don
might be
Ahmed
;
Bonaparte
entered
the
and drove the Wahabys into the inner town from whence, on the approach
of the Turks, they
bitants,
had expelled
in
all
the inha-
who now
the
first
skirmish
Wahaby
intruders.
The
inner
town was defended by a strong and high wall, and a fortified castle to batter which
;
made
several
240
sorties,
means
work.
to
countermine
it,
1812
in their
rushed
the town.
The Wahabys
:
surprised,
were
butchered
the streets
Turks were
The Scotchman
(or
Ibrahim
the
first
who
entered the
breach.
About
sought refuge in
But
exhausted, the
Wahabys
he
also
capitulated, on the
promise of
Ahmed
:
safe-conduct
they
OF THE WAHABYS.
should carry off unmolested
all
241
their
hag-
gage
for those
who wished
to return to
Nedjd.
When
castle,
camels, instead
their
conveyance.
Thus,
they
were
no sooner
left
many
of
them
as
mounted on
of Mekka,
camels.
These
Arabs
were
tribe, residing
southward
obsti-
who
afterwards
made such
Aly.
Mohammed
One
man from
in returning to his
own
Masaoud el Medheyan, whom Saoud had made chief of all the Beni Harb, and had placed over several other tribes, not
country.
242
fortified, in
When
this
town was
and
urbs,
all
their
baggage
where
he deposited
and
goods.
castle surrendered,
and
the
and and
sent
him
to
Yembo.
On his
passage through
He
Yembo
to Cairo,
his
and afterwards
head was cut
this occasion,
to Constantinople,
off.
where
His fellow
el
sufferer,
on
was Hassan
Kaladjy, already
mentioned,
of
who had usurped the government Medinah, before the Wahabys took the
treacherous behaviour of the Turks
town.
The
at
Medinah was an unwise measure, as they were contending with an enemy celebrated
OF THE WAHABYS.
for the
243
faith, in
the Be-
and with other transactions of a similar nature, which I shall hereafter notice,
branded the name of Turk with infamy throughout Hedjaz, Ahmed Bonaparte, in
the
true style of a
to
Yembo.
He stationed
ghastly
memorials
and when
Medinah
in 1815, very
few of them
remained.
On
hundred
foot-
who had gone by Yembo, advanced towards Djidda and Mekka, They were commanded by Mustafa Bey, the brotherin-law of
Mohammed Aly. Like Ahmed Bonaparte, this man had formerly distinguished
Egyptian
rebels, against
whom Mohammed
244
He
was named governor of the province of Sherkieh, where he exterminated whole camps
of Bedouins, and burnt
many
villages
and
to boast, that
more men
could
women
pro-
in the year.
had been intimidated by the fall of Medinah perhaps he actually wished to shake off the Wahabys, and for
:
the present, at
lys.
least,
preferred the
Osman-
He
inviting
him
few hundred
corps
Wahaby
forces
battle,
and
The
as
;
property of the
it
Mekkans was
respected,
Wahabys
had formerly been by the and Ghaleb now joined the Turks
and black
OF THE WAHABYS.
slaves.
245
Mekka, an attack was made on Tayf (three days distant eastward), and some skirmishing
occurred before the town
;
El Medhayfe
fied
and Sherif Ghaleb, with Mustafa Bey, entered the place, which the Wahabys had held
during ten years, and which had suffered
in Hedjaz.
246
Mekka Arrests
Arrives
at
Djidda
Sherif Ghctleb,
and
Ghakb's troops
success,
assemble at Taraba.
Mustafa Bey,
and with the
intoxicated with
raisin
The town
tion,
Nedjd with those of the Yemen mountains. At Taraba resided the Begoum Arabs and since the
that connected the
Wahabys
;
of
Wahaby
fortified their
it
an additional defence.
OF THE WAHABYS.
247
and obliged
five
hundred men,
to
Tayf.
Othman
el
Medhayfe, with
inactive in the
was not
mean while
he scoured the
off
country in
stragglers,
many
the communi-
cation with
summer
like
five
of 1812, greatly
garrison of Tayf.
who
had,
Othman,
thousand
his
dollars
capture of Medhayfe.
his brother-in-law,
cause of
bys,
all
Waha-
did not
that
if
Mekka should
would find
it
lose that
Turks
him-
easy
to
establish themselves
which he had
built
east-
in the mountains,
ward of Tayf.
being
there,
The
informed of his
strong
detached a
party of
248
who surrounded
it
the cas-
and soon
after set
on
fire.
Medhayfe
dressed like
all
class,
r
rushed upon
;
his mare,
and
him
far.
He
then pro-
tent of an
chains.
then despatched to
finally to est
son of
Mohammed Aly
cities
offer-
As may be supposed, Medhayfe was, soon after his arrival, beheaded and thus the Wahabys lost their most active and daring partisan in Hedjaz. He was made
;
Hedjaz
were
free.
OF THE WAHABYS.
249
usual pomp,
all
its
The
been repaired,
Ahmed Bo;
Tousoun
Mekka
as
leaving the
Diwan
Aly's
Effendi, an
court,
as
officer
of
at
Mohammed
Medinah.
governor
Although the
five cities of
Hedjaz were
now
Wa-
the sea,
still
Saoud.
always defeated
with confidence.
Under
these circumstances,
it
Mohammed Aly
Pasha thought
250
MATERIALS FOR A
II)
STORY
manent footing
conquest.
It
in
and
as
The
feeble
remnant of the
expelled from
Upper
Ahmed
governor
Arnaut
chief,
among
and
his execution
(if
any
respect in which
Mohammed
from Cairo,
Aly held
his
pledges of safe-conduct.
Mohammed
Hosseyn
Bey
and of Lower
men
of consi-
administra-
OF THE WAHABYS.
251
at
Mohammed
two thousand
train of eight
Aly embarked
Suez with
Tousoun Pasha
his
was employed
in
collecting
troops
at
Mekka, when
in
Djidda
September 1813.
to be there,
sha's vessel to
his landing.
was on
this
occasion that
interest, safety, or
who had
not yet
bind an Osmanly.
The
and the
for
six-
teenth century
by the Turks,
was an
252
to his
own use
Mohammed Aly
He began
to repair
invested large
sums
ornaments
of it.
But
his first,
at that time,
was
to
Mekka and
munition
to
Tayf.
consi-
was
;
employed
in
that transport
business
and
with the
which was at Alexandria, should have been taken round by the Cape of Good Hope, into
the
Red
Sea
OF THE WAHABYS.
ship,
253
badly
be
lost in
gators,
and the
Turks,
by the
suspi-
cious
to the
secret
orders
of the
English.
for
An
some time
convey
upon
He
much
by the Turks.
It
difficult
to
convey
and Mekka, than to send them from Egypt Most of the camels that attended to Djidda.
the
expeditions
to
By
consumed, and the camels had no food, except a small quantity of beans in the even-
ing
and of
some was
Of
Mohammed
254
hundred only
after
remained
arrival.
alive
three
months
their
To
was beneath the dignity of Mohammed Aly; nor could he Jiave made any salutary arrangements without changing the
missariat,
whole administration of his army, in which every individual, from the lowest to the
highest,
was engaged
in peculation.
The
mountainous
districts:
and during the whole Turkish war there was not, at any time, the number of five hundred Hedjaz camels collected.
the army
;
The actual
number
daily
Tayf
so
to the
employ
On
Mekka, finding
all his
OF.
THE WAHABYS.
255
many
to
camels as possible
and
for
purpose a large
sum
of
advanced,
sheikhs.
be
distributed
But a Bedouin
chief has
potic
power in
The
so did the
Arab
no
sheikhs.
The Pasha, who during his first residence at Mekka had visited the Sherif on friendlv terms, now became cool in his demonstraThe Sherif, on his side, tions of amity.
complained that the customs of Djidda, notwithstanding
the
promises of
Mohammed
officers
;
from his
and
The
all
Med-
upon him
as
their
protector
against both
excited
additional
suspicion in the
mind;
as long as
256
him
think expedient
and either
to leave
him
at
prisoner.
So,
at
least,
the
ment of Sherif Ghaleb. It now became his arrest and imprison the
a difficult undertaking.
principal
object
to
him
at
and
at Djidda.
all
more
in-
against
whom
to
inhabited a
strongly-built
slope of a hill,
the palace
castle
by a
subterraneous passage.
built
The
had been
by
and newly
invading
fortified
hammed
preparations
for
OF THE WAHABYS.
Arabia.
257
The
castle
manded by
which
might
be
deemed impregnable with respect to the means which Mohammed Aly could employ
towards
siege.
the
capture
of
it
by a regular
Many
armed
as sherifs of
Mekka, with
slaves,
their attendants,
soldiers
several
and mercenary
from
in
the
town
He
that
Mohammed Aly
him.
It
is
certain, that if
solemn
promise, and
at that time,
the
Pasha
(who had,
men
at
But whatever accusations may have been made against the Sherif for
the town.
despotism, his bitterest enemies could never
258
Mohammed
Pasha on a
Aly.
Ghaleb no longer
familiar
visited the
footing
see
as before.
at
hit,
Whenever he
('-
went
to
him
ivsideu.ec>
j>r;-.at
y
I-irg*':-
school-house, near
the
K;cqi:e).
he
se
;
was accompanied
diers
;
by severs;
lie
hu.>.vJ,rc-A
and
at last,
discontinued his
visits
but on
in
Fridays,
when he went
to
prayers
the
mosque.
to
Mohammed
throw him
He
visited
him
by a few
officers,
think-
manner
he had
ever?
resolved to
dis-
him
in the very
the
who
state
This circumstance
daily
efforts,
at
he
OF THE WAHABYS.
259
He
Tousoun
Pasha,
Djidda, to
to
come
at
a late hour,
on a certain evening,
it
Mekka.
the
for the
Etiquette rendered
Sherif should
i-
necessary
salute
that
;
go
to
him
declaration
visit
of war.
Ghaleb
before any
new
plans
at
went
an
on the morning
after
Tousoun's
and
by a small party.
and on the
day before
ordered
arrival,
Mohammed Aly
soldiers
about a hundred
different
to conceal themselves in
observation.
When
Tousoun
to
Ghaleb
was
stairs,
under pre-
fatigued by his
officers
journey
were directed
He
entered
260
for
resistance
ing
lurking-places,
to return
When
and prepared
for defence.
:
The
I
" Had
proved a
happened,"
said
he to Tousoun Pasha, in
;
(whether true or forged has not been ascertained) was exhibited, requiring his appear-
done
have spent
my
whole
life in
As long
done.
as the castle
The
them
to
OF THE WAHABYS.
surrender the castle to
261
Mohammed
Aly
but
he was
threat-
Next day the Turks entered the castle, and the garrison dispersed themselves among
the neighbouring Bedouins or went to join the Wahabys.
officer
of
Mekka
of alt
The amount
fifty
thou-
sand pounds
sterling.
November)
to Djidda,
where he was detained on board a ship in the harbour, and then embarked for Cosseir.
I
happened to be
at
when he
first
of seeing him.
His
spirits
seemed unbroken,
either of Moham-
name
med Aly
or of his son.
He had
with him a
2(j^
MATERIALS FOR A
IIISTOXtY
two of his
sons,
who had
voluntarily joined
him
at Djidda.
Among
his baggage, I
remarked
handsome
chess-
board, and
it
was
said that
in
he passed some
At Cairo he met
property as
his
was found in
Mekka;
for
Mohammed
One
the
the other
Some female
slaves, a
sister of
Ghaleb remained
Mekka.
The
summer
of 1816.
Mekka
He
succeeded
OF THE WAHABYS.
263
at
Mekka.
By
orders of
in
as
against the
Wahabys,
as
well
against his
own
rel&lioiis,
who
often opposed
inti-
him.
I lis
their
Mekka
;-
making demands of money and levying great lines for the smallest offences, and his avarice
had caused him
to
be generally disliked.
years,
he
must have accumulated considerable treasures in Mekka, where he lived at little expense. As nothing was found on
suspected that he
considerable
his
removal besides
many
persons
sums of money or
East
Indies,
value
to
the
particularly to
Moham-
264
med Aly
was determined to
and even
to fight
The among
the
veral chiefs
Sein-
troduced to
a
whom
from
negotiation
whole Sherif
race.
Among
Ghaleb, and a
man
Hedjaz
for courage,
judgment, and
liberality.
To him Mohammed Aly had given the command of a few hundred Bedouins, and had
charged him to procure others as recruits in
his service.
On
the day
OF THE WAHABYS.
seized,
265
Radjeh
left
with
all his
of Saoud,
by a
man
him
gave him
a considerable
in the
sum
room of Medhayfe,
Emir
el
a stag-
strongly
Mohammed
The
if
became
best-
he had
them
commit actual
hostilities against
the
Wa-
it difficult
Mohammed Aly, no
doubt,
his
own
fall
266
But
he was wrong.
Ghaleb was
;
certainly no
friend
of the Osmanlys
but,
weaken both
parties
made
a solemn
vow.
A man
related to
gonist,
of the Sherif
rae-2,
Yahya, distantly
Mekka by
or reputation,
The
Sherif
al-
all
so that
he became,
in fact, little
more
than one of
At
to
this
Mekka and
Having
latt-.?;*
collected
place,
a
re-
he
Mow
against his
his
enemies,
long
OF THE WAHABYS.
267
for the
power of the
detested for his
already
the ene-
Begoum
Bey.
Arabs,
and,
master
tioned), a
man
268
re-
who are
Mohammed
Aly takes
Discontent of the Turkish troops Death of Saoud His son Abdallah deGonfode
clared chief of the Wahabys.
The Begoum
Arabs, of
whom some
are
at Taraba.
She
money and provisions among all the poor of her tribe, who were ready to fight the Turks. Her table was open to all faithful
distributed
Wahabys, whose
in her house
;
chiefs
and
was
cele-
OF THE WAHABYS.
269
knowledge of the
council,
but
generally prevailed;
and she
Begoums, although
defeat of
Ibn Khorshdn.
From the
first
Mus-
name
of Ghalye
The
fears soon
:
magnified her
and importance
on
all
the
Wahaby
who, by her
the
Tousoun
Aly had
Pasha's
finally
expedition.
Mohammed
Novem-
possession of Taraba.
Tayf was
hands of
270
particularly
the
These
had ap-
and several of
to
their sheikhs
Pasha
they
all
began to make incursions against Tayf, and the Turkish troops, whom they upbraided
with the Pasha's treachery.
from Tayf, he
in
whom
some of
their
arrival
On
ing.
his
had but
The
animated by the
exertions,
were
a
repulsed.
Tousoun
commanded
OF THE WAHABYS;
2?1
Ghalye
and
from famine.
attack
a retreat towards
Tayf.
of his embarras-
upon
through which
so severely,
and abandoned
so well, that
to cross a defile,
destroyed.
Upwards
men were
killed in this
many
and provisions
for
pound of
biscuit
had
9,7%
dollar.
try were
unable to
had but few opportunities of acting with effect in these hilly and rocky districts.
ever,
who
is
not capable of
much
fatigue.
and
many
hair-breadth
scapes,
Tousoun
The
failure of his
may be
want of camels,
men,
for
the transport
of his
Nor were any spare camels left at Tay to furnish him with fresh supplies of both. With no other
as well as provisions.
Mohammed
and
OF THE WAHABYS.
273
from the
last-mentioned place.
the Turks
their system
of
harassing,
flying
excursions,
the
Pasha's caravans
effect
such numerous guards, as consumed onethird of the food before their arrival at the
place of destination.
his time at
Mekka and
In November 1813, the pilgrimage was performed with great pomp. Soleyman, Pasha
of Damascus, had come with the Syrian caravan through the Desert without any obstacle;
but the Bedouins, through whose territories his road lay, obliged him to pay the passage
whole space of ten years* during which there had been a suspension
of the Syrian hadj to Hedjaz.
bers of pilgrims from Asia
Great num-
Minor and Constantinople had come by Suez and Djidda to Mekka, and the inhabitants of the holy
cities rejoiced
to see
VOL.
II.
74
profits
which they had been partly deprived by the Several thousand camels were Wahabys.
sent from Cairo with the hadj caravan to
the Pasha, also a considerable reinforcement of troops, while Mustafa Bey was ordered
back to Egypt, that he might thence procure fresh horses in place of the vast numbers that
he had
lost.
army remained
perfectly inactive.
Every expedition against the enemy having failed, (except that in which Medinah was
taken,)
it
necessary to
plan, the
troops,
attempt
new
success of which
and draw
Wahabys
naval
numerous transports loaded with provisions. Hosseyn Aga and Saym Oglu were entrusted
with the
command
of this force.
They
pro-
OF THE WAHABYS.
#75
directing
Tayf
and
with
might be
easily supplied
had strongly
trived.
Mohammed
Tamy
Aly, the
Gonfode, where
kept only a
March
1814,
without bloodshed
bitants
had
fled.
on the
sea-shore,
town became
defended
known.
Gonfode was
sufficiently
by
enemy who wanted guns, like the Wahabys but it has no water within its precincts, and the wells which
a wall to resist an
;
supply
it
are
mountains.
been
276
from them
artillery
with them
mind of an Osmanly
always
left
were placed
not so
much
to
as to prevent
cattle.
had remained
in
at
May by
command
wells
The Arnauts
attacked.
near
the
were
first
till
bravely
Without attempting
commander and
the
the
harbour,
while
Wahabys
of
numbers
OF THE WAHABYS,
soldiers
ish
277
to the
Turk-
army,
boats
who could not save themselves in and who were not able to swim.
actually slain in the water close
Many were
after
to the vessels,
was no sooner
be hoisted, and
abandoned
who could
not escape by
The Wahabys had never found such booty The whole as rewarded them at Gonfode.
baggage,
considerable
their
stores,
and
all
the
guns
became
property, few
of
the
But the most valuable part of the plunder was four hundred horses and a considerable number of camels.
The
soldiers
ships
being
badly supplied
with
water or provisions,
many
of the Turkish
to
and
sailors died
it
on the passage
Djidda.
Yet
his unfortuthirst.
He
278
the place.
them reached
Mekka, where they were rewarded by Mohammed Aly, and allowed to enter another
corps, as they
to serve
Saym Oglu. About the time of the expedition to Gonfode, Mohammed Aly had gone to Tayf on account of its healthy climate, and that he
of
command
whom
fifteen
hundred
and a
faithful adhe-
rent of
Mohammed
had shared even before he became Pasha of Egypt. Hassan and his brother Abdin Bey,
above mentioned, had reduced Upper Egypt
and had afterwards co-operated with Mohammed Aly in the massacre of the
to subjection,
Mammelouks
at Cairo,
wholly by Arnaut
soldiers.
He had
lately
OF THE WAHABYS.
279
revolution
shown
a short
from Cairo.
In December 1813,
(or
the fol-
some
suspicion.
MammeMekka
louk of
Mohammed
to the
and Medinah
Grand
by
whom
com-
tails,
in
Mohammed
Aly.
Mohamin-
med was
conduct of Latif
It
do
so
offer.
The
deputy-governor, with
Hassan Pasha,
and
after
headed
On
Hassan Pasha
was sent by
Mohammed
#80
in a plain
beyond the
wells
;
Numerous
and
it
fortified.
Tousoun
dis-
Pasha,
who had
pleasure,
raba,
It
myself
ar-
The
state
universal
among the
soldiers.
The
repeated
cerpri-
victories gained
tain
death that
Turkish
of
name
a terror
among the
Pasha's troops.
which in Egypt
fort, scarcely
all
afford to
purchase
onions as his
Even
at
OF THE WAHABVS.
281
hundred and
fifty
Egypt
little
so that every
money
the
mere
so
necessaries
of
life.
They were
bad
coin,
paid,
besides, in
Egyptian
piastres,
and
in
Many
all,
and
clothes,
and
in general, suffered
much
distress
to relieve which,
Mohammed
bled himself.
servants,
Many
soldiers, camel-drivers,
and
at
and
embarked
ing,
Djidda and
Yembo
for Cairo
under severe
penalties.
By
this
pro-
hibition they
A Turkand
may
retire
;
pleases
treated as prisoners.
ters at
Many
left their
quar-
privately
board some
When
detected,
to
they
head-
were marched
back, in
chains,
282
must be added the unwholesome air, and the bad water, which render the low coast of Hedjaz
To
know
;
very few
at
escaped
its
influence
and
moderate
calculation,
one-fourth
duty.
of them
were unable
arising
relief,
to
do
Despondency,
from
the
illness,
became general
and
Mohammed Aly
which was,
neglected
and distribute rewards among the few who had distinguished themBut their pay was not increased selves.
in
the
for
which
injustice
From no redress could ever be obtained. the want of Turkish recruits, numbers of Egyptian Fellahs had been dressed up by
OF THE WAHABYS.
the
officers,
fill
283
with
whom
vants, to
the ranks.
own
;
court and
timate success
knowing that
and expulsion from Egypt must be certain, if he should not gain some signal advantage in Arabia. Since his arrival at Tayf, he had
endeavoured to re-open a friendly intercourse
with the Bedouins
tially
patience.
new
alliance
with
him the three first residing between Mekka and Tayf, and the Ateybe farther eastward. Their sheikhs had come to head-quarters, and about five hundred of their Arabs had
enlisted under the
banners of
Mohammed
Aly,
who allowed to them nearly double as much pay as his own soldiers received.
During
my
I
stay at
when
frequently was
head-quarters,
Bedouin
284
The
money whenever
they came.
Many
others
right
to
He
and often
deceitful
ner, calling
him merely by
his
name, Mo-
hammed
Aly.
and exclaimed
religion
as
" I
have aban(or
doned the
*
of
the
Moslims"
True
Believers,'
;
the
Wahabys
style
themselves)
"I
those
own
creed)
Mohammed Aly."
Of THE WAHABYS.
285
and the Pasha answered through his interpreter (for he but imperfectly understood Arabic), " I hope you
caused a general laugh
;
will always
be a staunch heretic."
his principal
officers
wholly ignorant
of the
knowledge of their
territories;
ally.
Still
the
The
felt in
Wahaby
host
and although
numbers
doubt whe-
and
at least
Even
dis^
the lead
among
his enemies,
tinguished
himself on
Wahaby
side,
Pasha on
now made
proposals of returning to
Mohammed
Aly, having
reason to be dischiefs.
28ft
chieftains of
he merely abandoned the Pasha's cause, from the fear of sharing Ghaleb's fate. In September he came to Tayf, and Mohammed
graciously,
Mo-
all in his
power to
Many
were diminished
of
poor of
corn.
offices
The
who held
ceived donations
Mekka
were
repaired, and,
during
his
residence
there, the
who
visit
OF THE WAHABYS.
287
would have afforded him subject for derision indeed, at Cairo he never took any
;
pains
to
conceal
his
sceptical
or
rather
soldiers
atheistical principles.
The Turkish
No
by
for,
sol-
force,
on
the
officers,
were
always
the
favoured party.
Thus, the
against
all
strong
foreigners
became
gradually
and charity;
qualities to which, in
In
the
died of a fever, a
disease very
prevalent in Nedjd.
By
this
an indefatigable leader,
It is said
288
whom
the prinobei-
Wahaby
chiefs
the
supreme authority.
Some
dispute,
however, arose.
who claimed
by a strong party of the olemas of Derayeh. But after some short hostilities Abdallah,
the son
of Saoud, was
chief.
acknowledged the
respect to
Wahaby
and
as
skill
With
courage
in war, his
;
reputation exceeded
Saoud how
to
manage the
under his command, the great sheikhs of which began to assume airs
This impaired the general
to attacks, did
of independence.
strength.
whose
them
and even the southern sheikhs were at variance with each other, and the Pasha had to
OF THE WAHABTS,
289
than a
tribes, rather
combined
haps,
force.
may be
290
Hedjaz
Massacre
The
Zohrdn
at
Bahra
Mohammed
Pasha
to
Aly
Medinah
Mohammed
towards Byssel
Mekka
The
the
Wahabys
de-
feated there.
Pasha's forces
:
follows
About
two
Aly,
Mohammed
under
Mekka, where
fifty
also
were one
hundred
Sherif
and
Arabian
soldiers,
Yahya.
Medinah one hundred formed the garrison of Yembo, and two hundred were stationed at Djidda. Tousoun Pasha, with three hundred and
fifty
OF THE WAHABYS.
291
Mohammed
Aly had
whom
Hassan Pasha commanded the position of Kolach with one thousand of his Arnauts
;
and
his brother,
who had
just arrived
from Cairo.
district of
Zohran,
of being quartered
thus
The
forces above
yet I
am
than underrated.
thousand
men were
actually
292
mand
Mohammed
attending a
Aly.
stragglers
over
Hedjaz,
who
affected
the
of soldiers,
from
;
whom
they could
scarcely be distinguished
an immense train
accompanying the
swell
its
army all
;
contributed to
apparent numbers
Egypt,
the
sufficient to recruit
much weakened
of troops
by
disease,
The number
in
which
Egypt was
for
too small to
Hedjaz.
amount of troops
six to seven
in this country
five
in
from the
Mam:
melouks
in
at
OF THE WAHABYS.
293
When
it
became known
in those countries
sol-
namely Albania,
engaged
;
in
it,
very
and ever
to
Mohammed
not
own
recruiting
their
who could
accomplish
his
army
this
consisted of 35,000
men
20,000 of
;
whom
and
as correct.
To defend
the holy
cities,
and overawe
men was
diffe-
as
much
as
that allowed
the Turks
but
294
conquered.
Yet
it
his departure
them under
the Pasha's
subjection.
efforts,
;
all
Tayf
to
Mekka, and thence to Djidda, literally strewed with the carcasses of dead camels, showed
that a continual renewal of the baggagetrain
In the sub-
made by
the
inhabitants,
numerous
poor
a quantity of
on
fire
were consumed
to ashes.
At
a moderate calculation,
from
1811,
up
to
to the
But
far as
OF THE WAHABYS.
2 95
to Suez,
Genne
tively,
to Cosseir,
among
the
Syrian Bedouins.
pected at
Mekka with
to collect
van
his
power
tribes
as
many
as could
be procured
which were
Until the time of their arrival, mere defensive measures were adopted.
About
five
Harb Arabs
refused to
for
;
carrying provisions
from
Djidda to Tayf
The
garrison at
and
after,
their distress
On
296
lach,
and
had no means
towards
Tayf,
Pasha
who, on his
side,
made
(in
no sooner returned
avenged himself,
by
myself
Hato
go from
Mekka
called Bahra,
in
from the
OF THE WAHABYS.
297
enemy was approaching. Our caravan immediately went off towards the northern mountains,
at
Bahra,
We
the inhabitants
whom
they
time the
eighty horsemen
never
The
week
and Mekaccomto
ka was
;
thus
interrupted
during a whole
but
the
Wahabys,
set out
having
plished
their
purpose,
retreated
their
homes.
They had
road
from a distance
on
this
and
their exact
knowledge of
298
success
in
because they
for
one
moment,
as soon as they
had
left
the pre-
them
from
town.
daily use,
The
tribe
Harb continued on
;
and
their
assisted in
commanding
endure the
in full council
with the
and unable
to
" Be silent,
for
O
it
Divan Effendi,
was
I
as every
who paved
the
;
way
and were
his
it
he clapped
hand upon
his sword),
OF THE WAHABYS.
299
Medinah."
incensed at
address,
insulted Djezye
to be
The consequence
have
easily
of such an event
might
as the
killed,
been foretold.
As soon
Yembo
and with-
mitted partial
out-posts.
hostilities
Mohammed
Medinah.
Aly ordered
his son,
Tousoun
He
and found that the Harb Arabs had strongly garrisoned the pass of Djedeyde, and were
resolved to
oppose
his
entrance by force.
life
of the Divan
300
more inclined
able presents
to
Their
was paid
with
concluded with
passed the
defile,
the Beni
Harb.
Having
at
Medinah
hundred
horse;
in
foot-soldiers
hundred
just
most of the
had
come
from Cairo.
tion
a posi-
made
the northern
Wahaby
tribes.
About
djaz
Turks
after
the reinforcement of
men and
camels, ex-
might be enabled
another defeat
to
when
farther
OF THE WAHABYS.
301
never relinquished.
his
of
Tayf.
To prevent
and
whatever
might be serviceable
He
this arti-
ficial desert,
With
the
enemy
at the
head
morning
Arnauts,
shot,
it
in
September,
scarcely
who
waited to
one
that
contained.
Some
little
resistance
was made
by a few hundred
chief in Hedjaz
soldiers
from Romelia,
302
the
Wahabys
its
commanded by a Syrian chief, named Hosseyn Bey, who covered their retreat, in which Bakhroudj pursued them during two days. The Turks once more lost all their tents, artillery,
eight hun-
dred Turkish
and
it
up
position.
received
and Kolach
and
as
it
was known
Zohran.
seized the
and came
was obliged to
fix
head-quarters at a
of Lye, wanting
This
effect
last
on the
the troops.
Abdin
Bey had
his troops
OF THE WAHABYS.
303
much
resistance
such numerous
man among
the Turks
who
Egypt.
Wahabys with them to Tayf; while the army trembled within the
sixty
and
walls
announce a victory
exploit of
Cairo, also,
was illumi-
Abdin Bey.
Soon
Horsemen had been drawn from all the Libyan tribes of Bedouins who encamp during summer in the neighbourhood of the
Nile valley, and eight hundred of them had
These were
304
among
the
Wa-
men had
to
way
Wahaby
tribes,
situated
of Taraba,
armed with as good marksguns and pistols, men circumstances which rendered them
those countries.
all
In one of
excursions
Wahaby encampment,
Novem-
The
pilgrim-caravans arrived in
With
the former
came three thousand camels, which Mohammed Aly had purchased from the Syrian Bedouins, Tousoun Pasha having taken at
Medinah, from the caravans passing, one
thousand of the original number, four thousand to relieve his own want of transport-
OF THE WAHABYS.
camels, as
305
as in the
much
felt at
Medinah
southern parts
of Hedjaz.
The Egyptian
And
employed
for military
whoU
the
pil-
entirely
composed of
proceed by
assist
hammed
grimage.
as splendid as the
it.
Four hun-
Mount
or Arabian
romances.
.306
had come from Constantinople to visit the Kaaba and the pilgrimage of this year, at which I myself
;
assisted,
sand persons of
descriptions
and
nations.
Moham-
med
term, by requiring
all their
and Mekka to supply his troops. When he had collected his whole effective strength between Mekka and Tayf, and the
state of his storehouses
his
camps excited
the enemy, he declared his intention of placing himself at the head of the army, which
served to raise
in
spirits
of his troops.
as
the
first
A
to
well-ap-
pointed
pieces,
artillery, consisting of
twelve fieldbelieve
OF TIfE WAHABYS.
307
his attack.
down the
proach to Taraba.
many
to
carpenters
That the
soldiers
Wady
pomp through
had
stood.
But
and the difficulty of the enterprise. The enemy laughed when it was reported
that
Mohammed
and about
letter
this
time
Pasha received a
in
from Sheikh
sneering
Bakhroudj, written
taunting
affords
style,
that
and
he
many examples. He
308
had already
habys could do
that
if
he resolved to fight
but
now commanded
in the sweet
and indulge
water
of the Nile.
Turkish Pasha.
As an encouragement
captured on
Wa-
haby robbers,
Djidda for
(although
it
afterwards ap-
him down, and escaped through the crowd. He might ultimately have saved his life, had
he sought refuge
in the mountains, instead
he was overtaken, and cut down, by a Turkish hadjy, who happened to be there on horse-
OF THE WAHABYS.
back.
309
On
;
the Turks
the soldiers,
who
cruelly
:
mangled
their un-
fortunate victims
who
killed
him
for the
Ahmed
Bonaparte
left
Mekka
once to Kolach.
follow
valry,
to
rived,
him with about twelve hundred caon the 24th when intelligence arthat a strong Wahaby force had been
This
report ex-
spatched
to
obtain
and
if
at
they
would cut
For some
310
MATERIALS FOR A
Djidda
now
and
hastily filled
by compulsory measures
the inhabitants
drew
their
scanty supply
from wells
Every
on the
first
rumour
recovered
from
their
panic,
when
it
was
known
soldiers
of Tamy's
had pitched
Gon-
fode.
few days
after,
roudj had
made an
ritories of the
Naszera Arabs,
of the
Pasha, and had completely sacked the fortified village of Bedjile, their principal hold,
sta-
Abdin Bey.
siderable
News
likewise
arrived,
men-
and
that reinforceall
it
quarters
against the
On
Mohammed
Aly Pasha
OF THE WAHABYS.
311
all
Mahou
Bey,
Ahmed
Bonaparte, Topous
provisions
collected.
is
for fifty
or sixty days
had been
When
Mekka
he arrived at
Zeyme (which
and Ko-
place,
informed him
upon
Byssel,
communication between
of Kolach against
allies
of the
Turks.
Mohammed
Aly hastened
his
march towards
to support
with
all
towards Byssel.
He
312
of Kolach.
They had
possession of several
Turkish
sol-
camels,
according to the
to
information,
it
amounted
about
and
few cavalry
in horses,
in distant expeditions,
considerable
chiefly
number of
depending
foot-soldiers.
Their army
accompanied
by
five
wanted
of
artillery
of
It consisted
men
chosen
a small
latter being
them-
kept
in
check
at
present by the
at
hostile demonstrations of
Tousoun Pasha
of the
Medinah.
Yemen
as
Wahaby
Among
OF THE WAHABYS.
of that
tribe,
313
;
held the
first
rank
and onetheir
third of the
Arabs
Ghamed and
Zohran, Ibn
Dahman, sheikh of the Shomran Arabs, Ibn Katamel, chief to part of Ateybe, who remained attached
live far
to
the
Wahaby
interest;
Hadra-
maut, and
many
other
equally
renowned
different
and powerful
leaders,
commanded
In making a diversion
had endeavoured
to
draw
object of attack,
and
fell
quite unexpectedly
upon
lines.
Byssel,
When
made on
a valley,
where
Mohammed Aly
field-pieces.
The whole
consumed
made
by the Turkish
whom,
in their
314
last
above
twenty were
killed
by
Wahaby horsemen.
lives
were sacrificed
this
Turks began
to
despair of success,
while
the
Wahabys
entertained
sanguine
service,
fol-
reports
in
I resided
Numerous
home;
also
as
stragglers
return
Turkish
were in the
first
arrival
of the
Wahabys.
Four
to
hundred
Bedouins
piastres
who
possessed
camels,
removed
OF THE WAHABYS.
315
them
rumours
foot
to reach
of defeat.
Mekka on
and endeavoured
Others joined
he had
for
official report,
was ready
For
my own part,
would
I
if
the
Wahaby
possibility of escape,
my
safest
Waha-
Having put
articles
into
my
slave
and
established
myself in the
up
their residence.
My biscuit,
in
have supplied
my
wants
some weeks.
316
may be ascribed to their judging of the Wahabys by themselves for they could
;
as sacred.
we were
total
surprised
and
the
by the
defeat
official
account
the
of
dreaded Wahabys.
Mohammed Aly
Pasha on
had
the
mountain
Therefore he sent,
reinforcements from
for
Kolach, and ordered two thousand of his infantry, together with the artillery, to take
Wahabys.
The next
re-
morning
pulsed.
at an early
He
and
commanded them
OF THE WAHABYS.
3)7
\umna
Wahabys
The Wa~
crushing
fly,
moment
;
for completely
on trie mountain
Turks over the
%vag
plain.
When he
thought the
enemy
tains,
sufficiently distant
he
rallied his
suers,
his favour.
The Turkish
Mohammed
Aly, beset
the
to
in
quished
eminently qualified.
As soon
as
Mohammed
among
318
hours
in
five
became a prey
to the Turks.
fol-
Tamy
lowers.
Aly,
many
who would probably have exhibited as much zeal against the Turks, if the Wahabys had been victoof the neighbouring Arabs,
rious.
his cavalry
He
spirit
who had
already
OF THE WAHABYS.
relinquished
side s
all
319
hopes of success.
On
his
Sherif Radjeh
mounted upon
famous
most conspicuous
in
ground before
it,
number of Wahabys,
until
med Aly
longed.
inquired of Radjeh, to
whom
he
"To
Faysal,"
replied.
"Then
that
it
take
it,"
"with
all
contains."
Radjeh
Many
quarrels occurred
allies,
seemed inclined
stated, that the
Bedouins
lot.
and
was
fell to their
It
Turks lost on
this
day between
hundred men.
320
The
attributed to
their having
proceeding.
in
which the
troops,
and the
and per-
Mohammed
adopted
and
so
their astonishment
on finding
themselves
Some
by the Wahabys.
Ibn
way through the whole Turkish infantry, and escaped. Bakhroudj, one of the wildest
own hand two of the Pasha's officers and when his horse was shot under him, mixed among
of the
chiefs, killed
Wahaby
with his
;
man from
by
this
his horse,
which
he mounted, and
means escaped.
OF THE WAHABYS.
321
Whole
by the
parties of the
On
they had
common among
served, see Vol.
i.
not to
fly
before the
Turks, and
if possible to
return victorious.
Being unsuccessful
away.
from running
They fought
as long as their
ammu-
nition lasted,
to pieces.
vol.
322
Turks
elated
with
victorytheir
the
cruelty
their distresses
on
Mohammed
Makes
Saoud.
Aly
returns
Mekka
Messengers were immediately despatched to Constantinople and Cairo with intelligence of the victory and throughout Hedjaz the Turks became elated, and resumed their
;
national insolence
terly
and
fierceness,
which
lat-
Wahaby
at
the cruelties
which these victors had practised, both during and after the battle. The three hundred
prisoners, to
whom
sent
mised, were
by
Mohammed
Aly to
OF THE WAHABYS.
323
Turkish
Mekka.
causing
In
triumph
by
the gates of
Mekka
houses, halting-places
Djidda
and the
Mekka
gate
of Djidda:
Turks delighted
act,
in
this
disgusting
and atrocious
triumph,
all
ex-
and
but in vain.
Four days
Aly, with
after
the
battle
Mohammed
Ta-
due
activity,
arrived before
raba
The
abandoned by their
capitulated
The
Turks plundered a few houses, and carried off some handsome Arab women, who were,
however, restored to their families by the
Pasha's order.
Ghalye
had taken
refuge
324
MATERIALS
FOll
A HISTORY
but no
or
her to
return,
Imme-
directed Sherif
Yahya
to
proceed by land
with his Arabs to Gonfode; and he reinforced his corps with the troops of
Mahou
Bey.
several
with
provisions,
As the
Mohammed
own
and com-
What-
five or six
thousand
army had
in its train
on
upon almost
as
many
Sabya Arabs,
Katnan,
had
which sur-
rendered.
OF THE WAHABYS.
that place, they arrived in
325
the district of
chief,
man among
castles
the
Wahaby
party.
had
countries
by similar
strucafter
tribe.
:
One
of those
opened
its
gate
in the other,
Ibn
whole
Turkish
;
infantry,
commanded by
with
datein
Hassan Pasha
his
while
Mohammed Aly
post
cavalry had
taken
the
Shaban, on
condition
of safe-conduct
;
and with
for the
men, marched
from the
326
with heresy
opinions,
who
became
so
he ordered his
cut to pieces.
Of such infamous
transis
actions,
a fortnight at
Yemen
mountains,
and
by
called
key of Yemen.
many
Bedouins.
who were
dis-
contented with
relations
of those
from
Mohammed Aly
who,
where the
chiefs of tribes,
in
his
by which means
a strong party
here, that
to try the
It
was towards
directed
OF THE WAHABYS.
his
327
march,
taking a
western course
from
Beishe.
On
this
march
his
army
Half of the
fate.
The van-guard
of grass
so that those
who came
after,
found
On
all
the Turks'
directions,
who
followed the
At every halt a number of camels dropped, and their flesh was greedily devoured by the soldiers. The
loads.
last biscuits
at Beishe,
after
left to
supply
The Pasha
day, but
found
it
as
in a place
where
bread, as
would
satisfy
piastres.
328
At two
been almost
totally deserted
by the people.
el Sulsan,
Among
a
Hassan
Bedouin
chief,
when Oth-
in the reign
Mohammed Aly
family.
Here
in
died:
as they clearly
advanced.
To
his soldiers
keep up their
spirits.
market was
esta-
where the
allied
carry
The Pasha
strict order.
OF THE WAHABYS.
329
Near the
territory
fourteen days
called Tor,
had
Arab
force
it.
Here
Tamy had
sand men,
whom
day.
as at Byssel, the
on the
santly,
first
The Asyrs
fired
inceskilled.
Tamy was
field-pieces
The
Wahabys gave way. Tamy himself fled, but was the last who quitted the field. The battle was better disputed than that of Byssel, the number of Bedouins who accompanied the Turks rendering them more powerful than their enemies.
stores of provisions,
ser-
330
the gans
before,
taken
from Gonfode
the
year
Tamy, and a new sheikh of the Asyr, called Ibn Medry appointed, Mohammed Aly descended the mountains through steep passes
to the sea-shore. to
It appears that
he wished
the less
mountainous country
the high chain.
Sherif
Hamoud
(surnamed
He had formerly
many
been of the
Wahaby
party, after
when
suring
him of
Turkish interest
by
Mohammed Aly,
his design
was
to join the
Wahabys
if
OF THE WAHABYS.
pedition should miscarry.
331
much
He
might
also
and
it
was reported
to attack
Hamoud.
sent
Imam
of Sanaa,
who had
presents to him,
and was
cordially interested
moud.
after
and perilous march, showed here strong symptoms of discontent, and openly
declared their desire of returning to Mekka,.
it is
lising
and
instead of proceeding
southward, he
now
directed his
Tamy,
332
took refuge
Hamoud.
invasion,
The
able opportunity
warding
off a
hostile
and of evincing
his submission
and
repentance.
Tamy was
Hamoud,
in
which
Mowho
in
hammed
Aly,"
him back
arrived,
to Gonfode,
Mohammed
troops from
body of
the
Rannye
to invade
Zohran from
the
east,
while
and by a
skilful
so that they
were defeated,
and Bakhroudj himself taken and carried to Gonfode. Here the Pasha remained several
days, his two noble captives being lodged in
OF THE WAHABYS.
tents close to his own.
333
in-
Tamy's conduct
respect.
for
army with
The
amuse-
he
seizes
it
in his grasp
fied behaviour
this
subdued the
favour,
moun-
Tamy
natural powers
sarcastie
Mohammed Aly
he had
of this
p. 307.
to see him.
Finding
his
and escaped from the camp, but was overtaken after he had killed two men
his chains,
and wounded another. Next day Mohammed Aly asked him, "by what right he had
killed his soldiers
:"
" Whenever
am
not
chained,"
replied Bakhroudj,
" I
act as I
334
please
:"
in the
same manner,"
he
and
and
at the
sam e time
bound
as
who were
their
wound him
slightly with
might be prohaving
longed.
He
his
Tamy,
was
to
city,
From Gonfode
Mekka, which he reached on the 21st of March, fifteen days after he had left that
city.
expedition will be
state
that
out
of
originally
hundred
returned
perished
to
Mekka
*
on
Moham-
the head of
OF THE WAHABYS.
the road.
335
Much
it
ammumeans
of transporting
and of the
horses, only
Of four
of
whom
worn
out
with
fatigue,
and without
clothes or money.
Mohammed
extorted from
him
at
Gonfode, permitted
them
all to
embark
at Djidda, except
Hassan
Pasha,
whom
hundred Arnauts
and soon
after,
new
rein-
The
south.
strength of the
considerably
reduced,
the
the
When
battle
of Byssel
took
place, Abdallah
but he returned to
Derayeh on learning the defeat of his party, apprehending an attack from Mohammed
Aly,
who might
easily
336
the chief
to
men and
and read
to to
:
them a
which he
offering
had addressed
horting
him
and
terms of peace
father
had taken
if
he
Turkish
soldier,
accompanied
by some
Bedouins, to Derayeh.
After a short stay at Mekka,
Mohammed
Taraba
Medinah, where
upon dromedaries, having performed the whole journey by land. Tousoun Pasha had
already quitted
or
Medinah.
Thomas
Keith,
Ibrahim
meanwhile
When
cess
the news of
Mohammed
Aly's suctribes,
became known
to the northern
OF THE WAHABYS.
337
proposals to
at
many
of their sheikhs
made
Medinah,
him against the Wahabys, whose power was more severely felt in the north than among the southern tribes. In March, most of the Kasym sheikhs came, one
after another, to
him.
bestowed presents on them, and sent back with them four hundred cavalry, to garrison
He
some of their
villages.
He became
;
had acquired by his late campaign but, like most Turks, he did not calculate his means.
Mohammed
son's
to
his
management any considerable sums of money, knowing his liberality and generous
disposition,
one besides himself should acquire renown in Hedjaz. Tousoun was much in want of
camels,
and of
neighbouring
articles
Bedouins.
VOL.
II.
The
prices
of
all
were
338
Tou-
and
left
of March, setting
two or three
on the road to
Kasym.
He had
hundred
a few
foot-soldiers.
He
was followed by
hundred Bedouins, chiefly belonging to the tribes of Harb and Meteyr. He remained some time at Hanakye, and
still
was
there
when
his
father
arrived at
Aly's
Medinah.
visit to this
The
reason of
Mohammed
his devotions at
From Medinah he
im-
mediately sent orders, directing Tousoun Pasha to return from Hanakye, that he might
concert measures
ceedings.
on the expedition
ceived
and
Aly's
as
soon as he re-
Mohammed
it
order, instead of
obeying
he
set out
towards Kasym.
As
OF THE WAHABYS.
like
339
the
latter,
tails),
perhaps, was
feel too
and we
any thing
among Turkish
grandees.
The
custom duties of
D Jidda, which
by right be-
Porte to
Mohammed
mand,
Mohammed
him
a person of his
own
court,
named Kadery
Effendy, through
be transacted,
vised to consult
father thought
tion that
his
him
he
filled.
arrival at
Medinah, Ka-
who, in a
beheaded.
fit
of anger, caused
him
to
be
the administration of
The
interests
340
ill
managed the soldiers committed depreTousoun wanting camels, seized all dations.* the cattle that could be found among the
Bedouins
rival,
;
and
Mohammed
upon the
horsemen,
Keith
after
(or
Tousoun Pasha,
tachment of infantry, who had arrived from Yembo, having as their chief Ahmed Bonaparte, just
Tousoun,
early in
May,
Kasym.
the
During
this
hundred of
which he sent to
from
Medinah
and was
my
bed by
illness
at this time
my
slave
that the
Turkish soldiers had taken from him the meat which he had procured for
attempted to
my
resist.
OF THE WAHABYS.
341
Yembo.
Upon
one of
by the cavalry which had preceded him some time; and the sheikhs of different districts
in
Kasym came
:
to concert
measures with
him
Ian,
town
called Bereydha.
342
Abdullah,
Negotiations between him and Tousoun Pasha Peace concluded Mohammed Aly returns Cairo Despatches son
army
to
Kasym
with an
his
to
renew the
war
in
Hedjaz.
his
duty
with an army
of Nedjd,
settlers
Kasym,
where
and
five
hours
distant
from
Khabara,
But here
in a precarious situ-
He heard
Aga (Thomas
gallant
Keith),
together with
his horsemen.
The
OF THE WAHABYS.
district of
343
Kasym might have supplied provisions for a much larger army than his, but the light troops of the Wahabys were hovering about the Turks, who depended wholly
upon two or three villages for their daily food, which they foresaw must soon become
extremely scarce.
The road
to
Medinah
intelli-
Mohammed
Pasha
Aly. place
Tousoun
could not
much
him, knowing that they would readily join the other party on the
first
Turks.
He
wished to terminate
but
his
officers
suspense
by a
the
battle,
and soldiery
were not
willing.
The
superior
numbers of
;
Wahabys
frightened them
they
not
it
felt
one
man
more
the
more
his
so as
Mohammed Aly
make
to
had empowered
son to
peace, if
sound the
when
344
Wahaby camp.
the destruction
be of
little real
advantage to him.
to
would
his
oblige
Mohammed Aly
direct
all
Wahaby
be of service to
He knew
besides, that
enable
Mohammed Aly
to prolong the
cam-
The Turks
stronger
defeats,
They
means
Wahaby
chief well
knew
companions were
;
his
enemies
by making
peace he
Turkish party.
OF THE WAHABYS.
345
Habab was
cian,
who
with Abdallah.
presents,
He
the
Wahaby camp.
As both
parties
desired
courtiers waited
upon
Abdallah renounced
claim to the
all
his
party
him
to perform
the pilgrimage at
to
pleasure.
Abdis-
dallah
who had already joined him. He likewise ceded to him all those Bedouin tribes
whose pasture-grounds lay beyond Hanakye,
reserving to himself those only which resided
in
the
346
territories of the
Nothing was
;
said
of the Southern
this,
Wahabys
in conse-
quence of
the
Meteyr
tribe)
who had
hended treachery,
at length
should be
left
when he
for
was
to
Tousoun, probably
cavilled
to conceal
own weakness,
some time on
letters are
this point.
correspondence
now
in
my
possession.
Most of
them
and boldness of
among other eastern nations in similar cases. They were all written under the immediate
dictation of Abdallah himself, expressing the
felt
at
the
OF THE WAHABYS.
347
Tousoun Pasha then returned from Khabara to Rass, and, after a residence of twentyeight days in the province of Kasym, arrived
at
Medinah about the end of June, 1815. With him were two Wahabys, envoys from
Abdallah to
Mohammed
and a
articles of peace,
from their
and another
for the
Grand
Me-
resources and
means of war
in those northern
hopes of success,
On
this
occasion
paternal feeling.
sent, not
to
him
that
was
passing
places.
Mohammed
348
little
money
perhaps
for
a cogent
reason
why Mohammed
made upon Alexandria by the Capitan Pasha of the Grand Signor, who had arrived from the sea of Marmora with a strong fleet, and
was cruising
in the Archipelago.
Alexandria
acquaint
Mohammed
Aly of the
cumstance.
On
my
return to Cairo,
Next day Mohammed Aly, with a few of his suite, mounted upon dromedaries, arrived at Yembo, and, without
that very evening.
OF THE WAHABY8.
the
ship,
349
sail.
and immediately
set
The
usual, although
he knew
into the
open
On
he could not
ass,
that he might
to
Genne, and
of an
The dread
had, in
the
mean
time, subsided
travelled
this
more
two
years,
during
He
did not
Wahabys
the taking of
Mohammed
350
troops
in
the
The
it
corps of
Mahou
Bey, and
;
and the
Pasha found
in
his castle
fine
up
to
in
Cairo.
Those
troops,
whom
Hedjaz,
promises
had been
that
made
now found
regulations
were
and increase
their fatigues.
The
Jedid,
Pasha desired
or
to introduce the
Nizam
new system of discipline, a measure which had proved fatal to Sultan Selim but the and Moinsurrection stopped its progress
; ;
hammed Aly
the revolters.
The
The
affability
had
distinguished
him
from
other
:
in-
he began to indulge
monopolised
his
all
in
pomp and
show, and
and manufacturers were materially injured. The two envoys sent by Abdallah Ibn
OF THE WAHABYS.
Saoud, in the train of Tousoun
351
Pasha
to
Medinah, arrived
this
at Cairo in August,
soldiers.
during
insurrection of the
One of
them,
named Abd
:
el
Wahaby
sect,
Abd
Wahab
officer of
Saoud.
They presented to Mohammed Aly the treaty made with his son, Tousoun Pasha, and the
letters before
mentioned.
Abd
el
Azyz was
most
a very learned
man
and
several of the
He
circum-
blishments of Egypt,
its
resources
and com-
merce
and
Mohamwherever
med
Aly,
or three soldiers
they went.
rendered their
manded
leave to depart.
suit of clothes,
dollars,
were given to
352
to
fertile
now became
or that
Tou-
Kasym,
all
given a
which he held
a
engagements.
joyed the
His
father,
however, seemed
anxious to represent
different
and
as
was
and
In September
Arab
OF THE WAHABYS.
It
353
had quarrelled with Hassan Pasha, governor of Mekka, who suspected him of a treasonable correspondsaid,
was
that he
But the
fact
was,
him
nown he had
by
his exertions.
acquired,
During the
first
months
common
when
preparations were
made
for
an expe-
Mohammed
On
the 7th
hundred
soldiers.
After
Wahabys
Mekka
and
in
No
Turkish chief
had exerted himself so much as Tousoun during this war, or displayed more personal valour but his efforts had always been un;
successful.
He
was welcomed
at Cairo
with
354
all
but on paying a
andria,
About the
of 1815,
several
Arab
They were
relations
Tamy
Mohammed Aly
Cairo, gave
received
them
politely at
back to
them some presents and sent them Mekka, but could not at that time
;
being seriously
engaged
in preparations for
defending the
He had
already heard,
when
in
Hedjaz, of the
fall
first
* In
Tousoun Pasha
died
of the
encamped there
He
to
in the expenditure of
money.
OF THE WAHABYS.
sive that
355
large
army
all
European powers. These apprehensions were renewed by the second treaty of Paris, and
more when the English took possession of the Seven Islands, which he regarded as
still
own territory. He
and the whisFranks, or
own
emissaries,
pers of flattering
and
After
servile
all
determined
some
months
the
son,
Ibrahim Pasha.
Circular
letters
all
the
them
him
In these
let-
ters
no mention was made of the treaty concluded with Abdallah Ibn Saoud nor had
;
356
Mohammed
El Hassa.
Aly's
demand
of the
district of
towards the
cavalry sta-
south of Mekka.
The Turkish
been withdrawn.
sha's service
Some Bedouins
in the Pa-
remained
as the garrison of
Ta-
raba.
daily
to gain
it
nor does
appear
Ibn Saoud.
In August 1816 Ibrahim Pasha
for Hedjaz, with orders,
it
left
Cairo
was
said, to attack
Kasym.
He
Yembo, and
horsemen, who
proceeded by land:
tribes of the
Bedouins in Upper
offi-
but in
OF THE WAHABYS.
357
Mohammed
Aly
re-
him
year 1815,
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.
No.
I.
Lunar Months.
(See Vol.
I. p.
74.)
The
show the names given by several Bedouin tribes, more particularly the Aenezes, to some of the Mohammedan
months.
Moharrem, they
ban, J****.
call j^&J
Radjeb,
*ji
SkaDsu
el
of Shawdl and
JJwSN Shawdl
(singly)
^ai; and
el
Dsu
el
Kade, ^181 *.
The month
Dsu
Hadj, they
call ^a^v/J1
362
APPENDIX.
No.
Warfare of
II.
the Bedouins.
(See
Vol.
I. p.
312.)
While the
battle rages,
and horsemen
or camelin general (a
mix
Atye
con-
Red
Sea,
are the
Omran,
You
" If you
human
flesh,
<SA\j!eA\
+yi
\*,jjcu2\
(j*\J
*ocU
f^^i
u^
lJ
This
by the
Arabs
Boushan,
No.
III.
I. p.
314.)
The
of a
man
amounting
to
among
several
of the tribes,
and
ratified
by
the
APPENDIX.
Wahabys, may be
Motalleb Ibn
traced to the time of
363
Abd
el
Hesham (Mohammed's grandfather), who had made a vow to kill one of his ten sons
in
honour of the
idol
in the
Kaaba.
The
upon
his favourite
boy
ating,
we may
and he
one hundred
History of Mekka.)
When
man
in blood-revenge,
I
take thy
xaiLi
warm blood
in revenge!"
y^UJi &*$
lj>tt*
Wahabys.
(See
God
who
has no
co-partner
is
to whom belongs
dominion, and
who
omnipotent.
364
APPENDIX.
God of God
;
It
is
should
have a true knowledge of the Almighty word of God (the Koran) we read, "
there
is
for in the
Know
that
no
God
Bokhary* may
" First learn,
said,
be asked,
"What
are
foundations of knowledge?"
answer,
and of
his
Prophet."
And
Lord
first,
as to the knowledge of
God
if
they
Who
;
is
"My
I
him
but him." In proof of which we read (in the Koran), " Praise be to the Lord of all creatures
!
Whatever
exists besides
I
God, belongs
to the class
myself am one of this created world." If they ask further of thee, " How didst thou know thy Lord ?" answer, " By the signs of
of creatures, and
omnipotence and the creation." In proof of which we read, " And of his signs are the night
his
and the day, the sun and the moon and of his creation, heaven and earth, and whatever is upon
;
like-
The
celebrated compiler of
Mohammed's
traditions.
APPENDIX.
and earth."
did
If
it
365
God
to
In proof of this
we
read,
"I
men
be adored by them."
does
"What
and
him exclusively
all prohibits is
any
other
God
In proof of which
we
read,
him any other thing or being." The adoration by which thou art to worship him, thou evincest
by the Islam
by faith and alms, by prayers, vows, sacrifices by resignation, fear, hope, love, respect, humility, timidity, and by imploring his
;
;
aid
and protection.
we
read,
I shall grant
your wishes."
Prayers
are
true
adoration.
In proof of the
read, "Fulfil your
evils
necessity of
making vows we
have
To prove the necessity of slaughtering victims, we read, " Pray to God, and kill And the Prophet, may God's mercy victims." be upon him said, " Cursed be he who sacrifices
!
to
of knowledge
is
is
the
the
of Islam, which
submission
to
366
Almighty.
APPENDIX.
In proof of which
religion before
God
is
Islam."
we And
read,
"The
to this refers
whom
be the peace
of
" The chief of all business is Islam." If they ask, " How many are the principal duties
God
of our
Islam,
is
religion?"
faith.,
answer,
"They
:
are
three: of these
Each
Islam
has
five,
is
his
the
distribution
the
In proof of the truth of the profession of faith, we read, " God declares that there is no God but
himself;" and
the
" there
there
is
is
is
no
world
And
in proof of
God, we read,
a prophet."
Our duty is to obey his commands, to believe what he related, to renounce what he forbade ; and it is by following his precepts that we evince our devotion to God. The reason for
joining
these
is
two
professions,
viz.
in
saying,
is
"There
his
Mohammed
prophet,"
to
show our
APPENDIX.
obedience.
367
we
read,
should
distribute
alms."
In proof offasts,
we we
read,
"
O ye
true believers,
we have
of the pilgrimage
who
As a
fundamental
may
may God's
the
declared that
:
Islam
upon
five requisites
the faith.
It
com-
ramifications.*
of
them
is
the declaration,
Shame
faith
The
These are
to believe in
God and
his angels,
his prophets,
and the
is
it
may be
368
tence of God, from
ceed.
APPENDIX.
whom
all
good and
read
:
evil proif
In pfoof of which
we
This
is
righteous
who believes
in proof of
last
And
said
"
We
The
created every
third
thing through
our power."
of the
which
and
if
is
if
know
read,
that he sees
thee."
we
" He who
and confides
fast
he holds
by the
the
firmest handle."
The
third foundation
of
knowledge,
is
Mohammed
el
the
Abd
Motalleb,
who was
himself a
whom
dwell
!
M ohammed,
a delegate
him
is
Viz, to be exact
in the
: :
APPENDIX.
a prophet
36D
;
whom we
but
we must
and
He
;
at
Mekka
!
his
and
his death
were
at
Medinah.
From
him, to whom may God show his mercy we have " I am the prophet, this is no false the saying
:
assertion, I
it
am
the son of
Abd
el
Motalleb
V*
If
he is a mortal" In proof of which we read " Say, I am but a mortal like yourselves, to whom
it is
it
God
is
If
be asked, " Is he
sent to
any particular
is
of
No
to
he
In proof of which
we
read;
If
"O
it
men, I
am
*'
you
all !"
be asked,
Can any
other religion,
hut hist
be acceptable?"
for
answer,
read,
"No
we
" Whoever
any other
religion
And if it be
?"
asked
answer, "
No
was
father to
the last) of
all
pro*
phets."
370
APPENDIX.
No.
V
to the chief inha-
.A
Letter * of
bitants
Mohammed Aly
of
Medinah, acquainting
them with
Waha~
(See Vol. n.
By
Most High
Medinah
To our worthy
the illustrious.
To
(let
1)
the
first
among
may God
his
his
them under
over
them
benevolence!
Amen.
We
give
and we announce
glory and
power we
permitted us to
It
was
in
APPENDIX.
371
army
all
We
at
purpose
Mekka
Kolach on Wednesday,
to hasten
headed by
also
Bakhthe
Ibn
all
of the
They
ten
Tamy and
number of
forty thousand
men.
The
and they
They
left
Taraba, and
We
with
fifteen
At our approach,
mined
resistance.
great slaughter,
372
APPENDIX.
drove them back to their strongest holds.*
We
fire to
attack
Our
soldiers
sun- set.
Night at
We
We sent
God now
two thousand
foot-soldiers
field- pieces,
and again
%
enemy
They
first
and God
permitted our
blood.
They abandoned
encampment, and
and
five
thousand
fell
a prey
all
to our troops,
their
who
camp and
all their
They pursued
now
*
the fugitives,
truth
is,
who
The
that on this
first
repulsed.
f This
$
Sytll
is
Arabic
^ ^
^V>
*X1\.j
^ f&Jj* v^;*
Ux>\J ^
}+Sl\
Ui*j
Nothing
is
pun
,
in
Arabic;
^
"camp and
honour"
Ordyhom wa
At dehorn ^Ojs.
f^j*
APPENDIX.
taken prisoners
likewise
fell
;
373
our
allies
upon them
Tamy
and
five
God
thus exterminated
them by
power and
in
strength.
We left Kolach
on Sunday,
fifty
horsemen
proach,
he
The people
to
of
its garrison,
town
to
meet us and
beg
for a
We
<u*vl
God
clearing
criminal oppressors.
most
heartfelt
thanks
us,
the
grace
he
has
bestowed upon
we
days
for
Rannye and
march
against
the remaining
may
establish
all
We
wished
to
374
to inform
APPENDIX.
you how the Almighty
in his bounteousall
our hopes.
May
he complete
his grace,
and purify
filth
of
by exterminating them. We charge you to pray for us at the tomb of our Lord, the Redeemer and may the Almighty, in his gracious
;
assistance,
continue
is
to
regard
looks
This
we wished
to
inform you.
peace
be with
our Lord
!
Mohammed, his family, and his followers On the 7th of the month of Safar,
1230 of the Hedjra.
(L. S.)
No. VI.
Saoud
to
Tousoun
departure
tetter's
(See Vol. n.
p. 345.)
God
honour to the
APPENDIX.
best blessings be with
S75
to the noble
him
and then
Ahmed Tousoun Pasha, may God prompt him to godly works And next, thy letter reached us, may thou reach God's good graces And we re!
!
joiced at the
health.
As
to
what thou
thou
demands,
understanding
and
penetration;
demands
If
are inadmissible,
we
sincere friendship,
and
to
fulfil
we
once made,
we should have granted thy demand. But we are men of faith and of truth, and we do not recede from conventions; and we execute them, were we even convinced of having been deceived. With regard to thy departure, we trust
thou wilt not think badly of us, nor lend thine ear
to our enemies,
and
to intriguing deceivers.
Ask
the Bedouins
who
thee, that
were they
never doubt of
but
trust to
my word.
;
We tread
our
own ground
to
this
is
own
and
trust to our
to
good
faith.
I
By
proin
mankind,
376
APPENDIX.
to thee.
Thou
art placed
and of myself.
upon thy
retreat with
my army
towards Aeneyzy.*
But
we
shall
;
and do
to
we pay
to thee
and
thy father.
the Arabs
whether
settlers or
Bedouins.
And
Nebhanye,J which we
If
it
;
please
thereIf
God, we
fore
thy answer
man
to tarry
with thee.
Ahmed mentioned
jection.
to us,
we
shall
have no ob-
For
all
this
we
before God.
Whenever
it
shall
come
to
an amicable com-
A town of Kasym.
:
t Literally
to
you and
to the
one
who
is
behind you,
Towns
of
Kasym.
APPENDIX.
lims* at
to their
rest,
377
They
will be
my
protection
and
at thy
t they shall be sent back to thee ; and thou shalt be well and honourably treated.
Ibrahim will
they are
tell
arrival at Dat,
thee the
names
of these hostages
Mohammed Daly
Ahmed Aga.
pledged to
my
them
own,
to be
is
We
shall cause
accompanied
by some
of our
own
quarters.
we
shall, please
thee.
now
for
thee
to
Either
we
Let us have
it
an answer to-day.
We
hope to God
will be
Be
This expression
is
worthy of remark.
mere Turks.
is
Here
is
as
much
it
"
You
are no Moslim."
letter, in
Perhaps
its
may be a
Dat
is
the village of
Kasym
378
APPENDIX.
my
!
special care.
God's
his
be with
Mohammed,
and
his followers
(L. S.)
VOL.
PAGE
1.
I.
Aeneze, *yr
3.
Would
Aly,
4.
J^
jJ ;
Ham-
5.
Djedaleme,
Tolouhh,
^^Xk
Hes-
senne, ***>
6.
Messaliekh, >JU-
lacS;
(jwj\j=
Raualla, vv Dje-
8.
Bessher, jAj
10.
Ahl
el
11.
Hadedyein, ^ajAjj^
380
PAGE
INDEX OF
12.
Turkman,
4.
Szoleyb, o*L*
16. Feheily,
23.
Beni Szakhr,
^^
ol^A
JL,^
26.
Ghour,^
Dowar, J^j Nezel, 3y
Fereik,
34. Kabeile,
aUo-Fende,
Beni,
^
^ Dhaan,
Medhour, jy
Ghazou,
Kheroub, v>^
Matrek, J^u
v
*>L
Sefife, *\aIm.
Rowak,
39. Sefale, 40. Kateaa,
-y^-o
6\
*SUU Mereis,
^U Sahhe,
u*^ Khelle,
Markoum,
Redjoud, sy*,
ij
41. Roffe,
ARABIC WORDS.
I'Afili
381
j^U Ketteb,
^J3
Uj Udel, >c
47.
Harres,
Meshlakh, ^\i^>
a^^U
50. Shauber,
^yi Mekroune,
*Sy> Teraky,
san,
Remahh
Kennah,
^U
*US Harbe,
^J\y>
*^ Touman,
55. Dora,
^j
56. Kaldjak,
57. Lebs,
JL\lS Dafen,
Ftita, *A^i
^b
t&x
58. Khafoury,
c^U.
Ayesh,
Be-
hatta, *Zsaj
Heneyne,
ajujls.
Kbubz,
yx
Sadj,
s Us
Kemmaye,
x>UT
61. Khelasy,
^iU Jebah,
*U*. Zebeidy,
65. Szona,
*i*5
66. Oerk, 6^
68.
Meghezel
72. Bakheil,
73.
^^j
helale, *!^U <x^
Wakhad
382
I'AGF.
INDEX OF
Khadhere,
78.
^U.
79
Asamer,
^Ul
Ij
yJa g
i.
L*^.^
3^^=^'
83.
El
kheil, &c.
L,
a^*
5
Hadou,
j^
^x*a^
Moszana,
101. Welouloua,
104.
y^
Zekawah,
k>Tj
Zeka, *^j
odk Kheteb,
112.
121. Mebesshae,
gU*
230.
^
el
233. Shebeyka,
237. Mezrak,
6]^ Orar
Deyghemy,^
ARABIC WORDS.
PAGE
383
240.
^ Ftita, MedjelaJJLs^ Merekeda, j^ Djereisha, jujo^ Nekaa, Shyh, gy Kurs, ycy Ayesh, ^As*
axaX
fc
**}
Kahkeh,
243. Gharad,
a$J*
o^iDawfreh, ^^
vlj, Asamer,^U
254.
"Get
up,
camel," 3^,
L,
fast,"
6^ "The
3
y>-" Walk
take," &c.
^Uiac
poor
camel," &c.
and
264. "
271.
Si
Juki.
280. Rowadjeh,
Djaafere, *^LcU.
x*^
Beney, * JL
3 ^LkUI
295. Agyd,
.xoU:
To
dig
up and
3
to bury,"
^jOI
314.
(5JI
*Mj
384
PAGE
INDEX OF
323.
Dhebahh,^
Mezbene,
ti^y*
Melha,
335.
Othman el Medhayfe,
Medheyan, ^iLo^l
*uU*JI
^Uk
El
355. Sheidje,
x^*&
Syredje,
**^,
366.
370. "
May your day be white," u^\ i^l^ " May yours be like milk,"
X^> "
In truth," &c.
^ ^U
<s
^
J\
L,
U** U
*XJ^
>t
374. Athr,^l
380. Djahelye,
XJUU
ARABIC WORDS.
385
VOL.
PAGE
1.
II.
Wady,
9,.
DjeMs,
^iU
Rowalla,
i\^
j,Umju5
Doghama, &U&
Ktaysan, Feregge,
Naszyr,^^Omhallef, Jui^\*! Maadjel, y**** Abdelle, aXIUa* Fersha, Uy Bedour, ^Ju Sowaleme,
&>jj
&4J14AW
4.
Fedan,
*J^
^U*
Selga, uuu
5. 6.
8.
Djaafere, ytfc*Owadje,
Wayl,
y&
olk, >a,
Howeytat,
A^lkc)
Atye, **kc
(plur.
Heywat,
\j>L?
;M^
Leheywat,
)U*
cl^^svJ Terabein,
^y*Maazy,
Tyaha,
9.
10.
Hadnan, ^Uj^ Debour, jyi * Bedoul, j^ju Seyayhe, as^.U Hekouk, J^ Azazeme,
Moeyleh, ^Ji,^
^y Wahydat,
Fokora,
*js%\
obu^Oulad
el
$y 3 \
Reteymat,
aUgj
vol.
II.
386
PAGE
INDEX OF
Khanasera,
*^.U.
Sowaleha,
11. Sayd,
Owareme,
x*,!^
Aleygat, oUJt*
12.
13.
Waszel, $*S3
Ayayde,
Zerayne,
^Xfi
15. Azayze,
16. 17.
Hanady,
Howamede,
>j*,^
Oulad
Mousa,
^yo
18.
Megna,
**
a^I
Mesayd,
19.
Wodje, **>
Bily,
in the sing.
^
>^\
el
Hassany, ^lU**9,9,.
96.
27. Djaafer,ylte.
flebaay, ^^ Orar
ARABIC WORDS.
PAGK
387
Deyghami,
zAj&j
28.
^^jJI Jjt
UJu,
t-^j
Zegeyrat,
Selga,
Sahhoun,
^ysu- Zaab,
Ageyl,
jJi*
29. Zogorty,
Alowa,
#1^
<syU
Dowysh,
*&jfja
^.
Boray,
Borsan,
32.
v^>.3 Ghar-
^L^i Djenayne,
34.
35.
36.
38.
Ammer, j+* Fera, y Doyny, ^^ Hamede, Salem, JU Howaseb, umJj. Sobh, gy* Shokban, ^LjLi Rehalat, ^VU^-KhadheEl Owf, 6yMRabegh, ^ Haib, o**. Dwy Dhaher, ^U* Ghor,jje Zebeyde, Sedda, *jL Djemmela, *U^ Saadyn,
*,x*l>
ra, ijj*
#,.
*j*j)
^jvcU Ateybe,
39.
40.
**** (plur.
Lahhyan, ^Ls^l
Beni Fabem,
Metarefe, ^ ^Djehadele,
<s
tt
UXe)
*s^lk*
*3jI^>
Dwy
41.
Barakat, c/jj
Koreysh,
**f^
Rysbye,
**ioj
Kabakebe,
Adouan,
&\ys*
388
PAGE
INDEX OF
43. Harreth,
c^>- Thekyf,
<JUti Hodheyl,
Beni
^ Toweyrek,
^Uu.
^i*
f
Modher, ^a*
45.
Rabya
maj;
46. Oklob,
<-JiiM
Kahtan, ^UussS
Gormola.
aser,
j-^/
(or Saad), oou.
47.
Yam,
48. Naszera,
Malek, jClU Ghamed, jwU Zohran, ^\^ Shomran, ^^ Asabely, ^Uc Ibn Ahmar, ^t Asmar, ^1 j^S] Ibn
*^U
el
Sad
b Okman, ^Uk El
el
Senhan,
^
J^ss^
>r
*-**M
Asyr,
j.*-**
j,l^*~
Wa-
**^ Sahhar,
Bagem, ^SL
Thamerye, x^tf
Nezahhy,
63.
64.
^.y Keraye, ^y
the feet of your mare,"
i
wj&\
**A=;
y*\
ARABIC WORDS.
PAGE
389
66. Birsim,
69.
70.
Om
^^
i
el Bel, j*h
Djam,
^
^u*
is
(from
y^
ten)
His back
so soft," &c.
^
of
<$**
^
own
82. "
fat
its
hump,"
84. Ras,
85.
t+saj,
jJL
*jua
Shaghour,
Hawye,
brye,
x>^xi
^ c^ Fekek, <_*& Serrar, El Aasab, jy* Hellel, yU> Fahoura, *,y>u Sedreh khorban, ^L^. ay^
Abd el Wahab, v U^3i <xac El Howta, Temym,
96. 97.
tf^t
Keffar 9 jss
'
98. Messalykh,
^U*
kjy
115. "Hateful,"
j^
u^-fc ^1
121.
Abou Showareb,
122. Faysal,
390
PAGE
INDEX OF
Oulad es' Sheikh, &&\ sty 146. "O doer,"^U t " O leaver-off," J>- U
133. 153. Zeka, 158.
Jj
Nawab,
164. Sylle,
*L
171. 173.
176.
Mendj^eh, .u^
EiSabr,^!
Haret
el
Abasieh, <u~UH
*tt\
ci^U
*Stt^
177.
Aman
ullah,
^Ul Halka,
188. Thoeny,
^ ^~
ix.yi!t
Szebeyhy, ^acw*,
El
Me-
Koweyt,
190.
el
^Uk
JM
193. Moabede,
195.
**\a**
Abd
el
197.'
^
**{j*l\ <jJ,
Ras
el
Kheyme,
Gowasim,
(or
Djowasin)
^^
ARABIC WORDS.
PAGE
391
222. Seyd
Mohammed
el
Mahrouky,
***
268. Ghalye,
*&
^yi
aW,
341. Rass,
&J Hedjeylan,
^iU^cv*
THE END.
THE ANCIENT RUINS OP NINEVEH, ASSHUR, SEPHARVAIM, CALAH, BABYLON, BORSIPPA, CUTHAH, AND VAN,
INCLUDING
IN MESOPOTAMIA,
AND KOORDISTAN
BY
HORMUZO RASSAM,
author of the
narrative op the british mission to theodore, king of Abyssinia;" "Biblical Nationalities, Past and Present;" "The Gaiden or I?dj3n and Biblica.1,
Sages," Etc.
"
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
ROBERT W. ROGERS,
Professor in
MAINS
ETHIOPIC
BY
GRAMMAR
AUGUST BILLMANN
LATE PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY, BERLIN.
(1899)
CARL BEZOLD,
PH.D., LL.D.
TRANSLATED
JAMES
A.
CRTCHTON,
D.D.
LONDON:
WILLIAMS
14
&
NORGATE,
1907.
A VINDICATION
OF
TRINE IMMERSION
AS
THE
APOSTOLIC FORM
OF
CHRISTIAN BAPTISM.
BY JAMES QUINTER.
"And I ?<ra', and behotd, the LamO standing on the mount Zion, and wit A him a hundred and forty and fottr thousand, having his name, and the name of his Father, written on their foreheads,'' Rev. jcw, i. (Revised version.)
HUNTINGDON,
1886.
PA.:
HISTORY
AND
ITS
STRUCTURE
BY W. SHAW CALDECOTT
{Member of the Royal Asiatic Society)
biblical critic,
" To know the Bible you must be there is no help for it and to be a biblical critic you must know how the Bible came to be."
The Tabernacle
Its
History
*
**
and
* Structure *
W. Shaw
Caldecott
By the
Rev.
Society)
SECOND EDITION
with the
Our pursuit
PHILADELPHIA
THE UNION
PRESS,
1122
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1906
SINAI PENINSULA
CANAAN
ILLUSTRATING THE tXCOUS FROM ?1NAI
MEDITERRANEAN
..
:.
"""
"
ij
Ik
~*""
^_i
Arabia:
Cradle of Islam
The
Studies in the Geography, People and of the Peninsula with an account of Islam and Mission-work
Politics
EDITION RE VISED
By
SAMUEL M. ZWEMER,
Introduction by
F.R.G.S.
REV. JAMES
S.
DENNIS, D.D.
New York
THE
HISTORICAL EVIDENCES
OF THE
STATED ANEW,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DOUBTS AND
DISCOVERIES OF MODERN TIMES.
IN
EIGHT LECTURES DELIVERED IN THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PULFIT, IN T-tLhl YEAJi lfct&y,
ON
%\t amptoir
BY
Jjrnn&ation.
GEORGE RAWLTSO,
M.A.,
;
LATE FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EXETER COLLEGE EDITOR OF " THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS," ETC.
BY REV.
A. N.
ARNOLD.
BOSTON:
U K
F.
1875.
THE
ORIGINAL SOURCES
OF
THE QUWAN.
BY THE
REV. W.
ST.
D.D.
Author of " The Religion of the Crescent," " The Noble Eightfold, Path," "Manual of Muhammadan
LONDON:
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QUEEN VICTORIA STREET,
:
C.
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GORHAM
1905
RIGHTLY DIVIDING
THE WORD
By
CLARENCE LARKIN
Author
of the Great
Book on
"DISPENSATIONAL TRUTH"
And Other
Biblical
Works
CLARENCE LARKIN
Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pa.
U. S. A.
PALESTINE.
ITS
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY,
BY
REV.
ARCHIBALD HENDERSON,
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EDINBURGH:
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&
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AND
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CONDER, R.E.
THntp ssg$]#ft)pr.
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