A TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION ON

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY USING SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER

Branch of Electrical &Electronics Engineering (III YEAR)

PRESENTED BY:

K.VARALAKSHMI SUGNATHA III/IV EEE varalaskhmikondabala@gmail.com Cell no.9441649979

K. DINESH III/IV EEE kvdinnu@gmail.com Cellno.9550040577

Page 1

Abstract:
God created the world. Man created the electric world. By the invention of electricity made man to enter into ELECTRIC ERA. One of the serious problems in electrical systems the increasing use of power electronic based loads day by day like as adjustable speed drives, switch modern power supplies, etc to improve system efficiency and controllability is increasing concern for harmonic distortion levels in end use facilities and on overall power system. The Active Power Filter uses power electronic switching to generate harmonic currents that cancel harmonic content from non linear loads. The basic principle of Shunt Active Power Filter is that it generates a current equal and opposite in phase to the harmonic current drawn by the load and injects it at point of common coupling there by forcing currents to be pure sinusoidal. The active filter configuration implemented in this project is based on the pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI) that interfaces to the system through filter. In this configuration the filter is connected in parallel for harmonic current cancellation so that the current being supplied from the source is sinusoidal. The control scheme of this three phase shunt Active Power Filter is based on the instantaneous Id Iq theory. The compensating current controlled is achieved is with the VSI in the current controlled mode, the desired by accurately controlling the switching of the IGBTs through hysterics current controller. POWERQUALITY: The power quality of power supply of an ideal power system means to supply electric energy with perfect sinusoidal waveform at a constant frequency of a specified voltage with least amount of disturbances. Power quality is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to electricity consumers at all levels of usage. Sensitive equipment and non-linear loads are now the most commonplace in both the industrial commercial sectors and the domestic environment. Because of this, a heightened awareness of power quality is developing amongst electricity users. Occurrences affecting the electricity supply that were once considered acceptable by electricity companies and users are now often considered a problem to the users of everyday equipment. However the harmonic is one of the major factor due to which none of condition is fulfilled in practice. The presence of harmonics, disturbs the waveform shape of
Page 2

voltage and current, and increases the current level and changes the power factor of supply and which in turn creates so many problems.

Sources of power quality problems: Introduction:

Power electronic devices are non-linear loads that create harmonic distortion and can be susceptible to voltage dips if not adequately protected. The most common economically damaging power quality problem encountered involves the use of variable-speed drives. Variable-speed motor drives or inverters are highly susceptible to voltage dip disturbances and cause particular problems in industrial processes where loss of mechanical synchronism is an issue. The ideal solution to problems of this nature would be for systems engineers to specify equipment that has a reasonable level of susceptibility to voltage clips from the outset. Power electronics has two faces in power distribution: (a) that consists of controllable industrial and domestic equipment to match the appliance with the power supply and (b) that helps to solve those power quality problems created by the controllers. Modern semiconductor switching devices are being utilized more and more in a wide range of applications in distribution networks, particularly in domestic and industrial loads. Examples of such applications widely used are adjustable-speed motor drives, diode and thyristor rectifiers, uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), computers and their peripherals, consumer electronics appliances are TV sets. Those power electronics devices offer economical and reliable solutions to better manage and control the use of electric energy. However,given the characteristics of most power electronic circuits, these semiconductor devices present nonlinear operational characteristics, which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. These devices, aggregated in thousands, have become the main polluters and the main distorters of the modern power systems. At the same time, microelectronic processors have found their way in many applications from automated industrial assembly lines to hospital diagnostics and measurement schemes, to home appliances such as video and
Page 3

DVD units. These applications are sensitive and vulnerable to power quality problems such as either electrical disturbances or power system harmonics. But microelectronic-based applications are not the only one facing the dangers of poor power quality. Some semiconductor-based loads, which are the major contributors to power system pollution, are also very sensitive to that pollution.

Non-linear loads:
Typical examples of non-linear loads include rectifiers like power supplies, UPS units, discharge lighting, adjustable speed motor drives, ferromagnetic devices, DC motor drives and arcing equipment.

Voltage and current wave forms of nonlinear loads. The current drawn by non-linear loads is not sinusoidal but it is periodic, meaning that the current wave looks the same from cycle to cycle. Periodic waveforms can be described mathematically as a series of sinusoidal waveforms that have been summed together. The sinusoidal components are integer multiples of the fundamental where the fundamental, in the United States, is 60 Hz. The only way to measure a voltage or current that contains harmonics is to use a true-RMS reading meter. If an averaging meter is used, which is the most common type, the error can be significant harmonic sine wave. Each term in the series is referred to as a harmonic of the fundamental. The third harmonic would have a frequency of three times 60 Hz or 180 Hz. Symmetrical waves contain only odd harmonics and un-symmetrical waves contain even and odd harmonics. A symmetrical wave is one in which the positive portion of the wave is identical to the negative portion of the wave. An un-symmetrical wave contains a DC Component (or offset) or the load is such that the positive portion of the wave is different than the negative portion. An

Page 4

example of un-symmetrical wave would be a half-wave rectifier. Most power system elements are symmetrical. There are many cases, which are responsible for production of harmonic effect in power supply system, few of them is listed below: a. More use of solid-state Power Converters for industrial drivers. b. Use of arc and Induction furnaces for steel and non-ferrous plants. c. Use of thyristor controlled locomotives. d. Use of electronic loads in domestic sectors. e. Use of energy conservation devices in both domestic and industrialsectors, e.g. electronic choke for florescent light, electronic controllers for motors. f. The operation of transformers closure to saturation region for magnetizing curve. g. Non-sinusoidal air gap flux in synchronous machines. h. Magnetizing current of saturated reactors.

Adverse effects of harmonic currents:

a. Excessive heating of conductor due to circulating harmonic currents through the system. b. Over heating of transformer due to harmonic current resulting in insulation damage and failure. c. Increase in losses and consequent heating of rotating machines, reduced life, frequent maintenance and repair of system equipments. d. Intermittent electrical noise from connections loosened by thermal cycling. e. Malfunctioning of protective relays due to distortion in voltage and current. f. Interference with the adjacent communication network, thereby corrupting the message transmitted. g. Overloading of power factor corrector shunt capacitors, leading to frequent blowing of fuses. h. Some of the harmonic components in voltage and current get amplified because of the resonance between system impedance and inductive or capacitive elements causing over voltages and subsequent failures. i. Increased error in the energy meters.

Page 5

Shunt active power filters:

This class of filters constitutes the most important and widely used filter configuration in industrial process. It is connected in parallel to the main power circuit as shown in Fig.3.1. The concept of the shunt active power filter is based on harmonic cancellation through the act of injecting equal and opposite harmonic currents into the supply line by means of solid-state converter circuits. These filters are voltage source type or current source type as shown in Fig.3.2 respectively. Normally these filters are connected in parallel with the load, and carry only a fraction of the fundamental current. Furthermore, they can be designed to provide compensation for all of the system non-linearties at the point of common coupling (PCC) under distorted and non-distorted supply. These filters have disadvantages of injection of switching frequency harmonics in the system. Due to the need of high switching frequency fully gate controlled devices these filters are limited to low and medium power range only.

Page 6

Shunt active power filter compensate current harmonics by injecting equal-butopposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the load but phase shifted by 180 degrees. This principle is applicable to any type of load considered a harmonic source. Moreover, with an appropriate control scheme, the active power filter can also compensate the load power factor. In this way, the distribution system sees the non linear load and the active power filter as an ideal resistor. The current compensation characteristics of the shunt active power filter is shown in Fig.

Basic principle of shunt active power filter:

The basic principle of Shunt active filter is that it generates a current equal and opposite in Polarity to the harmonic current drawn by the load and injects it to the point of coupling there by forcing the source current to be pure sinusoidal.

Block diagram:

Basic structure of a shunt AF with a three-leg VSC.

Page 7

Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Component Id-Iq method Control of active power filters: Fig. shows the schematic block diagram of the shunt active filter with controller. The block diagram consists of variable sensing system, Reference Estimation System, PWM signal generator and system controller. The variable sensing block senses the system variables like supply current, load current and compensating current, DC link voltage or current. PWM signal generator and system controller generate switching signals for converter switches based on the error produced by reference signal and actual system variables.

AF control system based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component Id Iq method.
Page 8

BENEFITS OF ACTIVE FILTERS: Reduced energy costs Elimination of higher and lower order harmonics Improve load power factor Reduce power line losses and voltage unbalance Surge and transient protection

Conclusion
This control method is applied for non linear loads which eliminate high distorted current harmonics to allowable range. This is very much applicable even when the load on the system frequently changes. Thus it provides good results for dynamic load changes. The harmonic currents, which need to be compensated, are directly calculated from the supply voltage thus this system is independent of the frequency. Hence it can be applied for any system irrespective of the frequency changes.The Instantaneous Active and Reactive current component (Id-Iq) control method provides efficient compensation of current harmonics of supply current waveform and uses a simple control strategy.

Future scope: It can be adaptive by training intelligently in neural network or Fuzzy logic control. This efficient 3-phase Shunt Active power Filter can be implemented in different power quality problems mitigating techniques. Inconjuntion of transformers using multiple bridges medium to high-level

voltage control can be possible. It can also used to improve the efficiency of the distribution system.

Page 9

Bibliography:
1. Gary W.Chang, Harmonic Theory, National Chung University. 2. N.M Pawar Harmonics and Its Effects, from EEU, NOV-DEC 2006. 3. Bhattacharya, D.Diwan and B.Banarjee Active Filter System Implementation for Harmonic eliminations IEEE Industry Magazine SEPT-OCT 1998. 4. Suresh Kumar K.S Active Power Techniques for Harmonic Elimination Asst.Prof.Dept of Electrical Engg, R.E.C Calicut

5. Vasco Soares, Pedro Verdelho, An Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Component Method for Active Filters. IEEE Tran, Power

ElectronicsVol5,

JULY-2000.

Page 10