Timescale in Mixing 350 of Mixers Used for Rapid | fF Mixers Used for Ff Compression Settling, Gravity Separation in a1 Seoval OW chara Horizontal-Flow. Grit Chi312 | Chapter 5 Physical Unit Operations 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 Aerated Grit Chambers 386 Vortex-Type Grit Chambers 392 Solids (Sludge) Degritting 392 Grit Characteristics, Quantities, Processing, and Disposal 394 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION 396 Description 397 Sedimentation Tank Performance 405 Design Considerations 406 Characteristics and Quantities of Solids (Sludge) and Scum 411 HIGH-RATE CLARIFICATION 411 Enhanced Particle Flocculation 412 Analysis of Ballasted Particle Flocculation and Settling 412 Process Application 414 LARGE-SCALE SWIRL AND VORTEX SEPARATORS FOR COMBINED ‘WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER 417 FLOTATION 419 Description 419 Design Considerations for Dissolved-Air Flotation Systems 422 OXYGEN TRANSFER 425 Description 425 Evaluation of Oxygen Transfer Coefficient 425 AERATION SYSTEMS 430 Types of Aeration Systems 430 Diffused-Air Aeration 430 Mechanical Aerators 443 Energy Requirement for Mixing in Aeration Systems 448 eration and Dissolution of High-Purity Oxygen 448 __Postaeration 452 REMOVAL OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) BY AERATION 456 Emission of VOCs 456 ‘Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs 457 Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes 459 Control Strategies for VOCs 463 PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS 467 REFERENCES 471Chapter 5 Physical Unit Operations | 313 Operations used for the treatment of wastewater in which change is brought about by means of or through the application of physical forces are known as physical unit oper- ations. Because physical unit operations were derived originally from observations of the physical world, they were the first treatment methods to be used. Today, physical unit operations, as shown on Fig. 5-1, are a major part of most wastewater-treatment systems. ‘The unit operations most commonly used in wastewater treatment include (1) screen- ing, (2) coarse solids reduction (comminution, maceration, and screenings grinding), @) flow equalization, (4) mixing and flocculation, (5) grit removal, (6) sedimentation, (7) high-rate clarification, (8) accelerated gravity separation (vortex separators), (9) flota- tion, (10) oxygen transfer, (11) aeration, and (12) volatilization and stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOCS). The principal applications of these operations and treat- ment devices used are summarized in Table 5-1. Physical unit operations that apply to advanced wastewater-treatment systems such as packed-bed filters, membrane separa- tion systems, and ammonia stripping are discussed separately in Chap. 11. Unit opera tions associated with the processing of solids and biosolids (sludge) are covered in Chap. 14. Off-line flow equalization (used to dampen peak flows) Invent ‘Soreens and ‘comminution Figure 5-1 Effuent Chior contact basin Legend @ vow operations EZ unit processes — Wastewater flows = Recycle or solids streams To solids and biosolids processing faites (600 chap. 14) Location of physical unit operations in a wastewotertreatment plant flow diagram.