29 Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting

th

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting

ABSTRACTS 2009

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting 29th Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM)

University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus March 14, 2009

SPONSORED BY
Puerto Rico Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (PR-LSAMP) American Chemical Society Puerto Rico Section Resource Center for Science and Engineering Univesity of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus 2

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting 29 Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM) University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus March 14, 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ORGANIZING AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEES ............................................................4 INVITED SPEAKER.........................................................................................................5 PROGRAM ......................................................................................................................6

ABSTRACTS FOR ORAL SESSIONS

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ..........................................................................................9 CHEMISTRY..................................................................................................................10 COMPUTER SCIENCES ...............................................................................................55 EDUCATION..................................................................................................................60 ELECTRONICS .............................................................................................................60 ENGINEERING..............................................................................................................61 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.....................................................................................83 GEOSCIENCES...........................................................................................................107 LIFE SCIENCES ..........................................................................................................110 MATHEMATICS...........................................................................................................159 PHYSICS .....................................................................................................................161

ABSTRACTS FOR POSTER SESSIONS

CHEMISTRY................................................................................................................168 COMPUTER SCIENCES .............................................................................................188 EDUCATION................................................................................................................189 ENGINEERING............................................................................................................191 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES...................................................................................207 GEOSCIENCES...........................................................................................................212 LIFE SCIENCES ..........................................................................................................213 MATHEMATICS...........................................................................................................228 PHYSICS .....................................................................................................................231

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting 29 Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM) University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus March 14, 2009
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ORGANIZING AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEES

RCSE/PR-LSAMP Dr. Manuel Gmez Dr. Ana C. Piero Ms. Ana M. Feliciano Prof. Javier Figueroa Ms. Sara Ines Rivera Mr. Hector Mendez Mr. David Vega Ms. Tashira Marrero Ms. Jenny Rivera Sr. Jose Muoz Sr. Jose Mir Sr. Osvaldo Casiano UPR-Ro Piedras Dr. Brad Weiner Dr. Michelle Borrero Dr. Noemi Cintrn Dr. Ivelisse Rubio Mrs. Elsa Cordova Sr. Nestor Pacheco Sr. Samuel Suleimn Sr. Jos Terrn

ACS-PR Dr. Raphael Raptis, President Dr. Nilka Rivera, President Elect Dr. Elba Reyes, Secretary Dr. Jorge Coln, Treasurer Dr. Nestor Carballeira, Northwest Chairperson Dr. Brenda Ramos, Southeast Chairperson Dr. Ingrid Montes, Councilor Dr. Juan Lpez, Alternate Councilor

44thACS Junior Technical Meeting 29th Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM) University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus March 14, 2009

INVITED SPEAKER
Dr. Rigoberto Hernndez Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Tech Using Chemical Tools to Make Sense of Molecular, Economic And Social Networks Abstract An old adage says that the whole is bigger than its parts. In social networks in cyberspace it is not just the number of people that are members of the network that matter but the degree and breadth to which they are connected. Economies function through transactions between pairs of clients, but their strength lies in the whole of the infrastructure. The question of how money or information flows through these system is analogous to the function of molecular networks. Ignoring such complex emergent structures has worked well in treating the thermodynamics of ideal gases and ideal solutions as they can be described by the same theory no matter how small or how large the sample. Unfortunately, this additive approximation often breaks down due to molecular scale interactions and how they add up to create emergent nonadditive properties. We will illustrate these emergent nonadditive properties in molecular networks using examples from my own research asking how molecules move on a surface, how solutes diffuse through a swelling colloidal sample, how molecular-scale structure in gas-expanded liquids can be controlled using large-scale knobs, and how biomolecules restructure themselves between different folds. The implications of this work will then be connected to biological, economic, and social networks.

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting 29th Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM)
University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus March 14, 2009

PROGRAM
7:30 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. Registration / Breakfast (Lobby Teatro UPR) Welcoming Remarks (Theater) Dr. Brad Weiner, Dean of Natural Sciences University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras Dr. Raphael Raptis, President ACS Puerto Rico Chapter 2009 Dr. Manuel Gmez, Director University of Puerto Rico Resource Center for Science and Engineering Dr. Gladys Escalona de Motta, Chancellor University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras Antonio Garca Padilla, Esq., President University of Puerto Rico 9:30 a.m. 9:45 a.m. Presentation of Plenary Speaker Dr. Manuel Gomez Plenary Conference Dr. Rigoberto Hernandez Georgia Tech Coffee Break (Lobby NCN Building) Late Registration (Lobby NCN Building) Concurrent Scientific Sessions (Natural Sciences Buildings and Architecture Building) Lunch Centro de Estudiantes de Rio Piedras Poster Set-up (Halls of NCN) Concurrent Scientific Sessions (Natural Sciences Buildings and Architecture Building) Poster Session (Halls of NCN) Reception (Poster Session Area and Lobby of NCN)

9:45 a.m. 10:45 a.m.

10:45 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.

11:30 a.m. 1:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 1:45 p.m. 3:25 p.m.

2:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 3:25 p.m. 5:00 p.m.

ABSTRACTS FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS

44th ACS Junior Technical Meeting 29 Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary Scientific Meeting (PRISM)
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(Arranged in alphabetical order by field and presenters last name)

ABSTRACTS FOR ORAL SESSIONS

Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Computer Sciences Education Electronics Engineering Environmental Science Geosciences Life Sciences Mathematics Physics

Agricultural Sciences
Ramos, Laurie T, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Abner A. Rodrguez, Department of Animal Industry, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagez; Elide Valencia, Department of Agronomy and Soils, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagez [Agricultural Sciences 1] Effects of On-Field Application of Liquid Urea on Intake and Digestibility of Guinea-Grass Hay Previous pilot-scale experiments have shown that liquid urea (LU) application improves the chemical composition and nutritive value of tropical grasses hay (TGH). However, information on large scale use of LU on TGH composition and quality is limited. This experiment evaluated the effect of LU application on crude protein content (CPC), intake, and digestibility of guinea-grass hay (Panicum maximum, GGH) by sheep. The LU was applied as a fertilizer to GGH at three different concentrations: No application (T1), 205lt/ha (T2), and 807lt/ha (T3). Forage was harvested at 56d of growth, preserved as hay, and analyzed to determine CPC. Nine native rams (BW =30.4 kg) were utilized as experimental units to evaluate the effect of LU on GGH intake and digestibility. Animals were fed during three consecutive periods each consisting of 7-d of diet adaptation and 5-d of data collection. Data were analyzed according to a 3 x 3 Latin Square design. Crude protein content was 6.1, 8.1 and 9.9% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Daily forage intake was similar for the three diets (T1= 1129 g, T2= 1148 g, T3= 1047 g). On-field application of LU to GGH did not improve forage dry matter digestibility (T1 = 61.61%, T2 = 58.64, T=57.10%), however, a higher crude protein digestibility was observed in rams under treatments containing LU (T1= 48.41%, T2= 55.75%, T3= 65.01%). In summary, on-field application of liquid urea improved the CPC and crude protein digestibility of guinea-grass hay harvested at 56d of growth. KEYWORDS: Liquid Urea, tropical grasses, animal performance Zapata, Mildred, Crop Protection,

Santiago, Nydmarie, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; UPR-Mayaguez [Agricultural Sciences 2]

Characterization of Bacillus Spp. From Coffee Plants and Insects: Potential Biocontrol Agents Of The Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus Hampei Ferrari Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 9

Coffee is a primary product in world trade and fundamental base of the economy of many countries. Around seventy coffee producing countries have significant losses due to the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei or broca. This insect feeds only on the coffee berry in which it completes its whole life cycle, spoiling the harvests by affecting the yield and grain quality. Effective insecticides are highly toxic. Hence, biological control agents would be of great importance for economical, environmental, and public health safety. Endophytic bacteria, such as Bacillus live inside coffee plant tissues but are not detrimental to it and are not harmful to vertebrates, humans, or the environment. These endophytes produce a wide spectrum of secondary metabolites like antimicrobial agents or insecticidal toxins. In this study, Bacillus pumilus (Bp) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains, collected from coffee plants and insects, were characterized on their colony, spore formation, growth curves and plasmids. Attempts were made to distinguish differences in plasmids between strains of plant versus insect origin. A bioassay was performed to determine the potential of Bacilluss spp. to control the insect inside the seeds. Differences in colony form and margin were observed within the Bt strains from plant versus insect origin but none within the Bp strains. Plasmids from insects were bigger than those of plant origin in both species. Bacillus spp. treatments applied externally on seeds with broca showed no differences in the control of the adult inside the seeds indicative of the importance of a preventive control treatment.

Chemistry
Almenas, Mariangely, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Flores, Giselle, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus; Pagn, Miraida, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus; Griebenow, Kai, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus [Chemistry 1] Mechanism of Moisture-induced Solid-phase Aggregation and Stabilization of Proteins The employment of proteins as biotherapeutic agents has gained increased interest due to their chemical selectivity and catalytic efficiency when compared to small molecules. Solid protein pharmaceuticals often suffer from instability problems due to moisture adsorption thus hampering their successful therapeutic application. One frequently formulated hypothesis is that partial protein hydration from moisture adsorption increases protein structural motions leading to protein unfolding and aggregation.

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To test the hypothesis, lyophilized -chymotrypsin powder was incubated at various relative humidities for different time intervals. Formation of buffer insoluble and soluble aggregates was monitored for these samples. To detect unfolding/refolding events occurring to the solid protein, these were analyzed by FTIR and circular dichroism spectroscopy after incubation. Results showed that the protein forms aggregates upon storage in humidity chambers. Furthermore long-term storage of the proteins at increasing levels of residual moisture increases the formation of aggregates with this effect also increasing with storage time. Moreover results showed that the protein looses its native-like structure after storage for one week. This suggests that high moisture levels cause detrimental events in the protein such as, structural perturbations. This study has showed that residual moisture plays an important role in the denaturation and aggregation of protein. Previously published results revealed that the protein structural dynamics can be decreased after surface chemical modification with polymers by reducing proteinwater contacts thus resulting in less degradation of the protein. To that effect, chemical modification with glycans (Dextran and lactose) was performed to test if glycosylation could decrease protein unfolding and aggregation. Initial results have shown a decrease in aggregation levels and an increase in residual activity in the solid-state upon the modification.

Alonso, Cristina, TURABO UNIV [Chemistry 2] Richness and Environments Endemicity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Neotropical

Sulfate-reducing bacteria are important in the sulfur cycle. They are anaerobic microorganisms and also found in a several different anoxic environments, such as caves and forest soils. We hypothesize that soils from the botanical garden harbor sulfidogenic communities scarce in their prevalence, diversity, and distribution for the terrestrial microniches comprised within the tropical botanical garden. The objective is to study the presence and the diversity of the sulfatereducing bacteria across microniches of the Botanical Garden in Puerto Rico. Sample of soil were collected from the various sites at the botanical garden, University of Puerto Rico (Ro Piedras, Puerto Rico). Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample for PCR amplification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) gene and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) analysis. Sulfidogenic communities showed to be diverse across the microniches examined through the botanical garden. Relative abundance of phylotypes varied among the samples. Their highest abundance was found for sediments of aquatic plants (85 phylotypes) followed by soils surrounding Eucalyptus trees (45 phylotypes). Several more samples remain to be analyzed 11

to assess the overall richness of sulfidogens. Diverse sulfate-reducing bacteria have been found on a place not expected, the botanical garden of the University of Puerto Rico, and may harbor novel taxa. This outcome will expand our understanding of the microbial ecology in the tropics. [NSF-RIG: Richness and endemicity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in Neotropical environments (MCB0615671 Alvarez, Narahi, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Pacheco, Leonardo, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico- Mayaguez; Hernandez, Samuel, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 3] Inclusion of Ag into TiO2 by Reverse Phase Separation Titanium dioxide is useful in industry and many devices are made with this material. It is present in nature in many forms: rutile, Anatase, titanium oxide II and titanium (III) oxide. The experiments consisted of inserting silver atoms into titanium dioxide crystalline structure. This meticulous procedure involved several steps. First, silver nitrate was added to a small glass vessel and dissolved in ultra high purity water. Phase separation was accomplished by an adding organic solvent such as cyclohexane. Sample preparations consisted of attaining a colorless solution, assisted by mixing the phases (aqueous and organic) with a surfactant. The equipment needed for sample analysis consisted of a tube to connect a dry nitrogen source, a cooler and a mixer. In a later step, isopropanol was cooled with the use of an iced water bath and titanium isopropoxide was added slowly. Sample was kept under agitation for a twenty four hour period. Further sample treatments included mixing with sodium borohydride in ethylene glycol, centrifugation, rinsing with isopropanol/acetone/water, and filtration to obtain the final product. Raman spectroscopy was utilized to characterize final product structure, Anatase. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used to obtain absorption spectra of samples in order to characterize the presence of silver in titanium dioxide. Experimental data showed positive results. Subsequent analyses intend to compare samples of titanium oxide with silver at different TiO2 to Ag molar ratios: 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000. Keywords: Phase separations, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, Anatase, Ag-TiO2 Alvarez, Michael, UPR-HUMACAO; Fasoli, Ezio, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao; Bromberg, Lev, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT; Barletta, Gabriel L., Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao [Chemistry 4] Polymer Catalyzed Transesterification of Sunflower Oil for Biodiesel Production 12

Polymers functionalized with basic moieties were synthesized and tested as catalysts for the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol for biodiesel production. This work focused on the optimization of the reaction conditions and the reusability of the catalysts. Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHG) was one of the best catalyst among the ones studied, however to ease its recovery and to facility its reusability it was cross-linked with 4,4'-methylenebis (N,Ndiglycidylaniline). The cross linked PHG (CLPHG) obtained had a particle size that permitted its recovery by simple vacuum filtration. The catalytic activity of CLPHG versus PHG showed that the heterogenization of the system by cross linking decreases the activity for the same polymer in the homogeneous phase. CLPHG showed structural stability at high temperature (70 and also after C) several cycles of reuse as indicated by the NMR spectra obtained before and after the reaction. The reusability of the catalyst however was hampered by protonation of the biguanide moieties, possible by acidic impurities present in the oil used. The reaction conducted with refined sunflower oil and under nitrogen atmosphere improved the reusability of the polymer catalyst. The amount of catalyst was found to be optimum at a 5% mol/mol ratio. The activation energy (Ea= 15461 Cal/mol) calculated from k values obtained at different temperatures was found to be in agreement with the average values for most heterogeneous and homogeneous systems suggesting. Amaro-Ortiz, Alexandra, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Cai, Minying, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona; Hruby, Victor J., Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona [Chemistry 5] Identification of the Binding Site of Melanocortin Receptors via its Ligands The human melanocortin system consists of five receptors hMC1R-hMC5R of the GPCR family; their ligands are a group of pituitary peptide hormones and neurotransmitters[1]. Melanocortin receptors and their ligands have a diverse set of physiological processes [2]. There is an industrial interest in drug development by several companies but it is important to first identify a lead melanocortin to study its physiological effects. MT-II and SHU9119 derivatives, allowing studies for designing selective analogues of melanocortin receptors, were tested to determine their binding affinity and selectivity in cell lines with high expression of hMC5R, using binding affinity and cAMP assays. The derivatives of SHU9119 and MT-II were found to have binding affinities to hMC5R. SHU9119 derivatives increased cAMP concentration in the hMC5R but the drugs in the assay were not consistence with the concentration used in the binding assay. The period of this project was not able to compare the peptides in the cell lines with high expression of hMC1R-hMC4R to test their selectivity and specific binding site. This study provides insight in structure-activity relationship that allows us to keep 13

working on the synthesis of analogues that exhibit higher receptor selectivity. This study needs to be repeated with the same concentration of drugs taking care of the cells and the standards concentration solution of the peptides according with this project. The design and biological evaluation of these peptides allows us to carefully plan to further relationship studies of the physiological and pharmacological actions of these hormones, neurotransmitters and receptors.

Bermudez, Lorianne, UPR-HUMACAO [Chemistry 6] Asymmetric Reduction of thiocromanes and benzofuranes with Borane using the Spiroborate Ester Derived from (S) - Diphenyl Prolinol as Catalyst Though numerous chemical and biological methodologies are known for the synthesis of secondary alcohols, difficulties still remain in attaining high enantiopurity easily. In our laboratory, some stable chiral spiroborates esters derived from ethylene glycol and diphenyl prolinol has been developed as catalysts for the enantioselective reduction of ketones efficiency. Based on the high selectivity of these catalysts for the reduction ketones in our laboratory, it has been decided to apply them for the reduction of ketones that are important in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Two of these compounds are thiocroman-4-one and benzofuran-3(2H)-one. For that reason, a reduction are reported in order to study the efficiency of our reactions using complex EG-DPP and borane as catalyst, in order to obtain secondary alcohols. Optically active alcohols were obtained using 1-10mol % of catalyst, in where furanone reduction result in an enanatioselectivity of 75% with 1% mol of catalyst and 95% with 10% mol of catalyst, while thiochromanone results in 99% ee.

Ph H O R'
4

Ph O O B N O H1 OH
*

Cat. 1/ THF, rt 0.7 eq. Borane

R'
5

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Berrios, Grace, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Juan Lopez-Garriga, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus [Chemistry 7] Myoglobin encapsulation in Sol-Gels Hemoglobin I (HbI) from the clam Lucina pectinata reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form the ferric sulfide complex. The interaction between HbI and H2S will be studied using Sol-Gel encapsulation methods. Since Sol-Gel is a transparent crystalline polymer it allows obtaining UV spectra from the encapsulated proteins interacting with the bond ligand. The UV spectroscopy was used to determine the optimum concentration for the reaction. This concentration was determined by the linear relation between the absorbance and the concentration (Beer-Lambert Law). Casiano, Rosa, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Melendez, Enrique, Quimica, UPRMayaguez; Vera, Jose, Quimica, UPR-Mayaguez; Acevedo, Deborah, Quimica, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 8] Synthesis and Characterization of 5-C5H5)2Mo(2-amino-6-mercaptopurine)]Cl2 Molybdenocene dichloride like some other metallocene dihalides Cp2MX2 (M = Ti, V, Nb, Mo and X = halides) show high antiproliferative properties against a wide range of murine and human tumors. They also exhibit less toxic side effects than platinum antitumor agents. It has been found that these metallocene complexes (Cp2MCl2, M = Ti, V) transfer the metal to the transferrin (Tf) and to human serum albumin (HAS). (1) Human serum albumin (HSA) is a 66.5 kDa with an impressive array of binding sites capable of binding a wide variety of ligands. In this work we present the synthesis of [(5-C5H5)2Mo(2-amino-6mercaptopurine)]Cl2 which was characterized by FT-IR, NMR and elemental analysis. In future works we are going to study the interaction between [(5C5H5)2Mo(2-amino-6-mercaptopurine)]Cl2 and human serum albumin. The interaction is going to be monitored by NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-VIS.

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Chaparro, Francisco, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Wilson, Rebekah, Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chainani, Edward, Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Beck, Geoffrey, Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Scheeline, Alexander, Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Chemistry 9] Microfluidic System to Deliver Aqueous Superoxide Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural by-products of cellular metabolism which are highly reactive chemicals containing oxygen. Superoxide radical (O2-), is one such ROS, and can be generated in aqueous solution in many ways, most commonly by using the enzyme xanthine oxidase to reduce oxygen to superoxide. However, superoxide attacks xanthine oxidase which eventually decreases the production of superoxide and generates hydrogen peroxide instead. Another drawback is that xanthine oxidase in the presence of xanthine suffers a suicide reaction after two hours. Also, superoxide reacts with itself and dismutates rapidly to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2), with a pH-dependent rate constant. Potassium superoxide (KO2) in highly alkaline solutions, where the rate of dismutation is very slow, has been demonstrated to be a stable source of superoxide. We have found that with our method, superoxide is maintained at high pH for five days, surpassing the half-life of the xanthine oxidase method. To be useful experimentally, superoxide must be brought to biological pH while avoiding its dismutation. In a microfluidic device under development, alkaline KO2 is introduced into a channel, where a two step buffer system rapidly drops the pH to around 7-8 at the outlet. Immobilized catalase in the flow path removes hydrogen peroxide produced by dismutation, providing a concentrated source of superoxide. The device aims to provide concentrated superoxide on demand to biological systems where oxidative stress is implicated such as cell cultures for investigating aging, inflammation, neurological disorders, heart disease, as well as hearing loss. Claudio, Karla, UPR-CAYEY; Ospina Claudia, Chemistry UPR Cayey; Pagan Mayra, Chemistry UPR Cayey; Hernandez Janibeth, Biology UPR Cayey [Chemistry 10] Cytotoxic Screening of Tropical Plants using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Artemia salina better known as Brine shrimp is commonly used for cytotoxic screening. Previous studies had identified some compounds on plants which have been involucrate in cytotoxicity and anticancer activity. The purpose of this 16

research is to identify compounds with cytotoxic activity in endemic and native plants from Puerto Rico. The plants were collected in three different areas of the island. The extractions of the plants were done with a solution of dichloromethane/ methanol (CH2CL2/CH3OH) and specific concentrations were prepared between 500 g/ml 3.91 g/ml for the bioassay. The brine shrimps were incubated in a saline solution prepared in the laboratory and kept under light source. The bioassay was done in a microwell plate on which all of the samples have specific concentrations and similar quantity of brine shrimps. The data were collected by calculating the proportion of death shrimps. The analysis was conducted using Finneys Probit. Three of the analyzed crude samples were active with a LC50 of 200 g/ml. These species will be considered as cytotoxic, therefore is necessary to conduct more research in order to identify the compounds responsible of this effect. Rivera, Frances, Chemistry, UPR-

Coln, Carla Stephanie, UPR-CAYEY; Cayey [Chemistry 11]

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Methanolic Extract of Costus sp. This research program aims to examine the potential of less studied botanicals and medicinal plants used by Hispanic communities in Puerto Rico as a significant complement to improve minority health. We have developed a panel of in vitro bioassays for the therapeutic category, diabetes, using models for the disease to identify possible metabolic targets (inhibition of aldose reductase) and therapeutic solutions (increase in antioxidant capacity and inhibition of protein glycation). The panel have been tested with methanolic and aqueous extracts of Costus sp (insulina), Tapeinochilus ananassae (insulina), Rhoeo spathacea (sanguinaria) and Syzygium jambos (pomarosa del ro). Extracts of Costus sp. were fractionated to test the panel with the fractions. TLC analysis of the fractions obtained will be presented and discussed based on possible biomarkers of proposed activities. Coln, Lauren, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Mayol-Bracero, Olga L., Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR; Formenti, Paola, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systmes Atmosphriques (LISA) en Paris, France; Mazzei, Federico, University of Genoa, Italy [Chemistry 12] Atmospheric Aerosols in the Gunica Dry Forest

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Aerosols posses a substantial influence over the development and alteration of climate dynamics on the Caribbean. Among the principal sources of particulate matter that influence this region are the North African desert area, from which dust particles are usually transported by the trade winds, and anthropogenic activities that involve the combustion of fossil fuel. These types of aerosols have the potential to alter forests, among other multiple environments. This study focuses on the effects this type of aerosols can exert on Gunicas Dry Forest (GDF) in Puerto Rico. The GDF is one of the most intact mature dry forests in the Caribbean, is a place that has been chosen as the Atlantic Neotropical core site in the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), and is an UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve. To chemically characterize the aerosol inputs to the GDF, aerosol samples were collected using Stacked-Filter Units. Samples were analyzed using a thermal/optical analyzer (EC/OC analyzer) to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon. X-ray Flourescence (XRF) and Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were also used to determine the elemental concentrations of different ions species. Preliminary ICP results showed the presence of Al, Na, Mg, Fe, and Ca in higher concentrations in the coarse than in the fine fraction, suggesting the influence of mineral dust. This was confirmed by back trajectory analyses using the NOAA HYSPLIT model. The EC/OC analyses showed low OC concentrations during African dust events, which was expected since African dust particles are mainly inorganic. Elemental Carbon concentrations were also very low, showing that the study site had little anthropogenic influence. Results related to the elemental composition as determined using XRF and ICP analyses will also be presented at the meeting. Cotto, Lizbeth, UPR-CAYEY; Estevez, Juan, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey; Cortes, Zolimarie, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey; Ramos, Vanessa, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey [Chemistry 13] Computational Study of keto/enol Equilibrium and enol-a/enol-b Equilibrium of trifluormethy-- diketones (R1COCH2COR2) with R2= -CF3 using semi-empirical Method AM1 There has been an increase in experiments of compounds that contain fluorine. Recently, J.C. Sloop has developed triflurometyl--diketones but not computational method has been used to study these compounds. We have initiated a computational study of the keto/enol equilibrium in 16 species of diketones with the group R2 = -CF3. we have calculated the keto and enol forms a, (R1COH=CHCOR2), b (R1COCH=COHR2) using the Semiempirical Method AM1 that is included in the HyperChem computational package. The chemical 18

species are assumed in gas phase. We calculated the energies with Geometry Optimization. The results confirm the experimental data that enol form predominates. The differences in energies for the keto/enol equilibrium are between -2.006 Kcal/mol and + 0.593 Kcal/mol for the chemical species established in the title. Cruz, Leishla, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Valentn, Keren, Department of Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; Vzquez, Natalia, Department of Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; Ortega, Mario, Department of Chemistry, UPRMayaguez, Vega, Carmen, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 14] Development of a Biosensor Using HbI of Lucina Pectinata and Characterizing It Using Electroanalytical Technique The hemoglobin HbI is produced by Lucina pectinata, a clam that uses it to transport H2S. This protein is intended to be use as a biosensor to detect the presence of H2S and, in order to do it, is important to study its electrochemical properties. The Cyclic Voltammetry technique is an electrochemical method used in analytical chemistry and various industrial processes, which was used to study the electrochemical properties in several biomaterials. Cyclic Voltammetry measures the faradic current while the potential is varied when oxidation and reduction processes occurred. This method was used to analyze the electron transfer kinetics of four different proteins: Cytochrome-c, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin and HbI using Glassy Carbon (GC) electrode as working electrode. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) were used to improve the signal obtained from the proteins in the cyclic voltammograms. The carbon nanotubes absorb the protein into their surface producing an interaction, which facilitates the electron transfer, giving better signals. Also, this work reports the purification methods for recombinated HbI and HbI/Sol-gel (TMOS) electrode, arranged by intermolecular interactions of the recombinant hemoglobin I from Lucina pectinata and TMOS (tetramethyl orthosilicate) in a carbon paste electrode. The spectra UV-Vis revealed that the protein is highly purified, showing recognized bands for two hemoglobin species. On the other hand, a pair of well-defined redox peaks for HbI[Fe(III)Fe(II)] was obtained at the prepared electrode by direct electron transfer between the protein and sol-gel. Electrochemical parameters of immobilized hemoglobin such as formal potential (E charge transfer coefficient ), () and apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) were estimated by cyclic voltammetry and nonlinear regression analysis. The results suggested that the redox process was an adsorption-controlled and the immobilized hemoglobin was stable. Biocatalytic activity will be exemplified at the prepared electrode for redox process of hydrogen sulfide in future works and electron-transfer process in sol-gel still under investigation.

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David, Amanda, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Daz, Agustn, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico; Coln, Jorge L., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 15] Structural Analysis Inorganic layered materials (ILM), are nanostructured compounds of great interest because of their size, structure, and possible biomedical applications. These materials have been studied in recent years as matrices for several chemical processes such as ion exchange materials and drug delivery systems, among others. Among the most studied ILM are the zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and their different phases. Zirconium phosphates are acidic, inorganic cation exchange materials with layered structures. We are focused in the study of the ability of these nanostructured materials to serve as drug carriers of intercalated biologically active molecules of a hydrated phase of ZrP (10.3 -ZrP). Particularly, we are interested in the study of how these properties are affected in the nanoenvironment of the intergalleries and how the intercalated materials might be used in biosensors and drug delivery systems. I will present the characterization of insulin intercalated-zirconium phosphate. The synthesis of the 10.3 -ZrP phase and the intercalation of insulin were successful. The intercalation of insulin into the zirconium phosphate layers produced a new phase with a ca. 49 interlayer distance, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data and the FTIR spectrum showed the characteristic bands of insulin in the intercalated material. The XPS data showed that insulin is present in the ZrP galleries and the UV-vis spectrum shows the characteristics bands with a slight red shift. The complete characterization of these materials using analytical techniques such as XRPD, XPS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR spectroscopy, among others, will be presented. These materials will be used to develop insulin carriers. Diaz-Laboy, Michelle M, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Gmez Ramos, Lizzette M., Chemistry Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Snchez, Diana, Chemistry, UPR Mayaguez; Romn, Flix, Chemistry, UPR Mayaguez [Chemistry 16] Removal of Arsenic using Low Cost Sorbents Water constitutes 70% of the planet. Our bodies consist 60-70% of water and it is also essential for life on earth. Obviously, the quality of water is very important in the biological and environmental level. Some minerals can dissolve in water and threaten the live of living organisms. Methods to remove harmful components of

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water have to be developed to recover the quality of water in case of a leak or a natural disaster. Arsenic (As) is an element that can be found dissolved in water and cause noxious damage to health. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has arsenic in the number one priority list for more than ten years. This research intends to develop a As(V) remover method for emergency cases. The method consists in using tire crumb rubber and dry mud as solvents to reduce the As(V) concentration in water. The effectiveness of both solvents is tested by improving variables as pH, time, concentrations and surface area. The results show that in a pH 3.00 the rubber absorbs more arsenic from water. The percent of arsenic removed in a 3.00 pH was 31.8 and 28.3% for tire crumb rubber and dry mud respectively. This results are found because As forms ox anions which has negative charge while the rubber has positive charge in acid pH and is been create a ideal environmental to attract both charge. With the used method the damage caused by arsenic in water bodies can be reduced, decreasing the chance of multiples diseases. Fermaintt, Charles, UPR-HUMACAO; Madelene Coombes, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Chemistry, UT MD Anderson Cancer; Sharon Dent, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Chemistry, UT MD Anderson Cancer; Tania M. Malav, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao [Chemistry 17] Transcriptional Represion by Tup1-Ssn6 Tup1-Ssn6 is a co-repressor complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae responsible of the repression of approximately 180 genes. Tup1-Ssn6 associates to the promoter region where it represses gene transcription. This repression involves the interaction of Tup1-Ssn6 with hypoacetylated histones, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and transcription machinery, and may include nucleosome positioning. The mechanisms by which Tup1-Ssn6 associates with promoters to cause transcriptional repression, specifically the order of recruitment of different cofactors, and the role of histone modification on this order, are still unknown. Answering these questions will contribute to a better understanding of transcription repression. This is relevant to embryonic development, cell differentiation, cellular transformation and tumor progression in cancer, which are all processes in which transcriptional regulation is very important. To determine the order of co-factor recruitment to promoter we will use tagged versions of the co-factors that will be immunoprecipitated once they have been crosslinked to the DNA in the promoter regions. We will also examine the histone modification pattern at the Tup1-Ssn6 regulated promoter. Finally we will present a model on how Tup1-Ssn6 regulates gene expression. These findings will emphasize the

21

importance of histone modification, HDAC involvement and nucleosome positioning in Tup1-Ssn6 repression. Fonseca, Jos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Nicolau, Eduardo, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Rodrguez, Jos, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Griebenow, Kai, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras, Cabrera, Carlos, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 18] Bioelectrochemical Detection of Urea at Platinized Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes Urea detection plays an important role on the monitoring of dialysis patients. Finding new methods to enhance sensitivity and selectivity of urea detection can positively determine the life quality of thousands of patients in the US. Herein, we propose the construction of a biosensor by interfacing the enzyme urease and a platinized boron-doped diamond electrode (Pt-BDD). The urease enzyme degrades urea into ammonia while ammonia gets oxidized at the surface of the platinized-boron doped diamond electrode and thus accounting for the analytical signal. Physical characterization of the proposed electrodes has been performed using SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the urea degradation and the oxidation of in-situ produced ammonia have been performed as the complete system of the bioelectrochemical sensor showing a conversion efficiency of 20%. The sensor was tested with the enzyme in solution as well as covalently bonded to the electrode. Fuentes, Lydia, UPR-BAYAMON; Rodrguez Medina, Jos R. [Chemistry 19] AMN1 Genes Analysis of a Deficient Cell in Myosin II of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae One of the transitory processes of the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the Mitotic Exit. The activity of the mitotic exit is facilitated by a mechanism known as Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) (Wang y Shirogane, et al. 2003) and its inactivated by MEN itself through three mechanisms (Wang y Shirogane, et al. 2003). One of the mechanisms that inactive the MEN is AMEN system, where a daughter specific protein, Amn1p, induced by MEN, actively interfere with the MEN function turning off the mitotic exit (Wang y Shirogane, et al. 2003). The AMN1 gene, which encodes Amn1p, is 41.50677 overexpressed in a deficient myosin strain (myo1 ) more than a normal strain (Rodrguez, et al., 2008). What make us think, that AMN1 is important for a myo1 strain that is in stress. The hypothesis of this study is that AMN1 is an essential gene for the transition 22

control of mitosis to cytokinesis in a myo1 strain. We did Real Time and electrophoresis tests to corroborate the AMN1 overexpression in myo1 . The fold change in a 1ng/ul concentration, which was calculated from the RT-PCR results, between Actina, the positive control, and AMN1, has to be 13.9288. These results indicate that AMN1 overexpresses. With the assumption that the overexpression of the mRNA of AMN1 gene determines a mayor production of Amn1p, then we infer that the overexpression retard the mitotic exit in myo1 strains. Guzman-Sanchez, Irisbel, UPR-HUMACAO; Stepanenko, Viatcheslav, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao; Padilla, Miriam, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao; Ortiz-Marciales, Margarita, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao [Chemistry 20] Enantioselective Reduction of Prochiral -Halogenated Aryl Ketones for Organic Synthesis of Chiral Oxetanes Enantio-pure oxetanes are important as start materials for a large variety of applications in organic synthesis. These oxetanes are mainly use in the synthesis of chiral -amino alcohols of pharmaceutical importance for the treatment of anxiety and depression. A new synthetic method for the formation of enantio-pure oxetanes using our catalyst complex (EG-DPP), derived from ethylene glycol and diphenyl prolinol, and borane, was investigated. Presently, we are studying the enantioselective reductions of prochiral -halogenated aryl ketones to their corresponding -halogenated alcohol. We have performed the asymmetric reduction of the 3-chloropropiophenone using 1 mol % to 10 mol % of our complex catalyst EG-DPP, affording the pure product after recrystallization in hexane in 99% ee with 5 mol % of catalyst. To establish the cyclization reaction, the 1-phenyl oxetane was obtained by the reduction of racemic 3chloropropiophenone and treatment of the 3-chloro phenyl propanol with potassium tert-butoxide. Future organic synthesis of oxetanes with chiral 3chloropropiophenone and other -halogenated aryl ketones are under investigation.
O X R
1% mol - 10% mol EG-DPP 0.7 equiv BH3-DMS THF, 25 oC

OH X R
(CH3)3COK THF, 25 oC

23

Hernndez, Rose M., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Marchany, Darya, Chemistry, UPRMayaguez; Romn, Elddie, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez; Ramos, Brenda, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez, Cruz, Jos, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 21] Unusual Heme Proteins and their Formation of Sulfhemoglobin Human hemoglobin, oxygen-carrier protein, loses its functionality by bonding sulfur to pyrrol B in proteins heme center. The heme derivate formed, sulfhemoglobin, causes sulfhemoglobinemia. On the contrary, a prokaryotic organism called L. Pectinata possesses three heme proteins, none of which form sulfhemoblogin and one (HbI) transports H2S. Previous experiments of mutagenesis suggest that a residue at the distal position, histidine at the E7 position, is important for the formation of the hemoglobin derivate. Organisms that live in a rich H2S environment, having the amino acid histidine in the E7 position, were analyzed in order to support the theory previously suggested. Hemoglobin from the earthworms Lumbricus Hb, Lumbricus Dob, Eudistylia vancouverii and Macrobdella decora was monitored by UV-Vis Spectroscopy technique by means of the presence of the characteristic band at 620nm. Out of all the organisms, Eudistylia vancouverii did not form the complex, phenomenon attributed to the presence of Glutamine in the E7 position. These results help support the hypothesis involving the important role of HisE7; sulfheme protein crystals will provide new information of the whole chemical structure to better understand the aspects of its formation. Hidalgo, Migdalia, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Espinosa Fuentes, Eduardo, Chemistry Department, UPR - Mayaguez; Pacheco Londoo, Leonardo, Chemistry Department, UPR - Mayaguez; Hernndez Rivera, Samuel P., Chemistry Department, UPR - Mayaguez [Chemistry 22] Mechanism of Synthesis for Triacetone Peroxide The mechanism of synthesis of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) comprises a two steps process. The first step is the polymerization between acetone and peroxide, followed by the cyclation of the products derived from the same reaction. FT-Raman (excitation line of 1064 nm) was used to measure the rate constant, reaction order and the activation energy. This was accomplished by measuring the evolution of the Raman signal with respect to time at different temperatures. Experimental data supports that acetone can portray a first order reaction, but uncertainty prevails regarding the reaction order of the polymerization products. The activation of energy from the apparent rate constant was of 32.9 kJ/mol 0.4 for a 1:1 ratio of acetone/peroxide at 25, 28, 30 24

and 42 oC. We intend to elucidate the kinetics mechanisms corresponding to the second step and those for the intermediate products using GC-MS. Keywords: TATP, FT-Raman, Kinetics, Synthesis and activation energy Jaiman, Melissa, PCUPR; Santos- Santori, Lizette, Chemistry, Pontificial Catolic Univ. of PR; Repollet, Christian, General Science, Pontificial Catolic Univ. of PR; Velez, Christian, General Science, Pontificial Catolic Univ. of PR, Morales, Daysis, Chemistry, Pontificial Catolic Univ. of PR [Chemistry 23] The Identification of Cytochromo P450 Isoenzymes in CHO Cells Treated With Oregano Leaf Extracts. The oregano leaf is used as an additive for cooking also is used to treat infections, upset stomach and others conditions. Two types of extracts (organic and aqueous) from the oregano leaf were prepared. LC50 was determined using a lethality test by exposing Artemia salinas (brine shrimp) to different concentration of the extracts: 10 g/mL, 100 g/mL, and 1000 g/mL. After determining the correct concentration of the extract CHO cells were cultured. Once the cells reach exponential growth they are separated into three batches: the ones with the organic extract, the aqueous extract and a control batch. The treatment is then applied for a period of four days, replacing the extract at a daily basis. CYP450 Glo is used to determine whether the organic or aqueous extracts induce or inhibit the enzyme activity for the CYP 450 1A2, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 insoenzymes. Jimnez Ramos, Ricardo, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; De Jesus, Marco A., Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 24] Identification and Removal of Organochlorines Pesticides in Agricultural Soil using Polymeric Micro and Nanostructures A method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples combining organic polar compounds, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and high-performance liquid chromatography-UV has been researched. Pesticides are chemical substances or mixtures of substances used to kill pests. Some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil and water contamination. Their chemical composition makes them resistant to breakdown and residues may remain in soil and water for a long period of time. As a result the identification and removal of these agents from superficial waters and soils 25

has become an important environmental issue. The work focused on adapting a method of identification of pesticides using environmental regulatory agencies standards methods as reference and then next stages the use of polymer micro and nanocomposites for the removal of these agents. The proposed method was successfully applied to the identification of some organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil samples with different characteristics. Laboy, Kristie, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Kristie Laboy, Chemical Engineering, UPRMayagez; Patricia Rodrguez, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayagez; Rodolfo Pinal, Perdue University, Rodolfo Romaach, Chemistry, UPR-Mayagez [Chemistry 25] Development of NIR Spectroscopy Method for Drug Concentration in a novel Strip Formulation The objective of this study was to determine the drug content of in a novel gel strip. Gel strips are being developed as an approach to deliver poorly soluble drugs, as nanoparticles and by preventing their possible agglomeration. The distribution of the nanoparticles of drugs is important in order to improve solubility. The spectra have been obtained using a Multipurpose Analyzer (MPA) near infrared spectrometer using a beam size of 15 mm diameter. Since these are novel formulations, there is no established way to obtain their spectra. The research includes several approaches to obtaining the spectra, and these will be discussed. The method repeatability is being evaluated by taking 9 spectra at the same spot. The variation of the gel strip is being evaluated by taking spectra at different sections of the gel strip. The drug content in several areas of the gel strip was measured with the NIR method. The standard deviation for the areas was about 0.21%. The method repeatability (measurements under identical conditions) is about 0.01 %. Future plans include the development of a calibration model using a greater number of samples and concentration levels and determine the distribution of drug content throughout strip film using the Chemical Imaging NIR.

26

Leon, Joshua, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Otero, Liz Marie, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Ropero, Jorge, Chemistry, University of Puerto RicoMayaguez; Alcal, Manel, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Romaach, Rodolfo, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez [Chemistry 26] Analysis of Low Content Drug Tablets by Transmission Near Infrared Spectroscopy Additional Validation Studies Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) may be used to support the design and optimization of potent drug manufacturing processes through the analysis of blends and tablets, saving significant amounts of time. In our previous study, we showed the strategy for the selection of concentration ranges in the development of multivariate calibration models, by evaluating the detection and quantitation limits of the created models. This strategy showed that quantitation and detection limits decreased significantly as the concentration range of the calibration models was narrowed. Only 2 to 4 PLS factors were needed to explain the high variance (<99%). All the calibration models allowed the determination of the drug content with error of less than 7% (RSEP). As this study was published and reviewed, various recommendations were received from fellow scientists and industry representatives; this study addresses those recommendations. Several mixtures were prepared in order to build a robust model with a target concentration of 0.50% w/w active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In order to do this, pharmaceutical formulations of higher and lower concentrations than the target were prepared. The concentration ranges selected were 0.65%, 0.57%, 0.50%, 0.43%, 0.35%, and the Placebo (0%). As our previous study shows, a narrow drug concentration range translates into a model with better API predicting capabilities. For each concentration range three (3) different mixtures were prepared varying the percentage of microcrystalline cellulose in a five percent (5%) of total weight of mixture and adjusting with lactose. This was done to break the correlation among excipients and improve the models robustness. Ibuprofen was used as API. An additional 0.50% w/w formulation was prepared following the same method, this time using naproxen as API. Tablets were prepared and spectra were collected following the procedure. Three (3) transmission NIR spectra were collected per tablet, and tablets were rotated 120 between the three spectra. The spectra were recorded in a multipurpose analyzer (MPA) Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Billerica, MA) equipped with a room temperature-indium gallium arsenide (RT-InGaAs) external detector positioned above the tablet. Each spectrum was an average of 128 scans at a resolution of 16 cm1. The models included the spectral range from 11,216 to 8,030 cm-1, where ibuprofen shows most of its bands. The naproxen tablets spectra will be evaluated in the final ibuprofen calibration models in order to determine its concentration prediction ability when the API is 27

substituted but the excipients remain constant. Preliminary tests show that the ibuprofen models built are rugged enough not to predict accurately the naproxen concentration in the tablets used to challenge them. Further model validation efforts will confirm these findings. Lopez, Melody, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Pastrana-Rios, Belinda, Chemistry, UPRMayaguez; Gomez, Ana Maria, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 27] Cloning of BP1* and Large Scale Expression of hCen2 mRNA splicing takes place in a complex called the spliceosome. The spliceosomes assembly is mediated by small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). It is with these snRNPs that BP1 interacts genetically and physically. BP1 is also suspected to interact with the Centrin family, our main protein of interest. The Centrin family is known as calcium binding proteins that participate in cell division. Specifically, hCen2 is expressed in somatic cells and is implicated in the centrioles biogenesis. The final goal of these two projects was to successfully generate BP1 for further biophysical analysis during its interaction with centrin, also to generate large scale expression of hCen2 to continue studies with centrin. BP1 was successfully amplified by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and cloned into the expression vector pET-100. The bacterial cells that had transformed with hCen2 pt7-7 were grown up to log phase and induced with IPTG, for the effective expression of hCen2. This large scale expression of hCen2 will generate enough protein that could be purified using its calcium binding properties in chromatography. NIH-MBRS-SCORE ProgramSO6GM08103 Lugo, Nichole, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Luna, Tatiana, Chemistry, UPR Mayaguez; Roman, Felix, Chemistry, UPR Mayaguez; Perales, Oscar, Science & Materials Engineering, UPR Mayaguez [Chemistry 28] Calcium Alginate Beads (CAB) of Different Alginic Acid The contamination of water with heavy metals, oxyanions and organic carcinogenic contaminants represents a world-wide concern. The fact that many heavy metals are toxic even at very low concentrations makes their removal from water bodies indispensable. The present research is focused on the development of a novel bio-sorbent based on alginate beads from alginic acid. Alginic acid is a natural biopolymer mainly isolated from brown algae. It is a linear copolymer with homopolymeric blocks of (1-4)-linked -D-mannuronate (M) and -L-guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences or 28

blocks. This part of the research is directed to determining the relationship, if any, that exists between the viscosity and the content of guluronic monomer in alginic acid. For the experimental procedures, sodium alginate salt of different viscosities was used to prepare Calcium alginate beads (CAB). Viscosities used were: very low viscosity at 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%, low viscosity at 2.0%, medium viscosity t 1%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, and high viscosity at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Our work also addressed the synthesis of magnetic nanocrystals and their immobilization in the CAB beads to form the so-called magnetic nanocomposites. In a subsequent stage of this research, magnetite nanocrystals will be functionalized before incorporating into the CAB matrix. The resultant nanocomposite will be evaluated as a sorbent for other metallic ions and organic carcinogens. Martnez, Madeline, UPR-ARECIBO; Aracelis Soto Torres, Physics-Chemistry, UPR Arecibo; Yashira Cabrera Vazquez, Physics-Chemistry, UPR Arecibo; Moises Montalvo, Physics-Chemistry, UPR Arecibo, Zairin Torres, PhysicsChemistry, UPR Arecibo; William Molina, Physics-Chemistry, UPR Arecibo [Chemistry 29] Production of Biofuels: Methane Generation from Manure in a Non-stirred Anaerobic Batch Bioreactor The generation of biofuels as a topic of renewable energy has become an important subject of investigation as the cost of fossil fuel increases impacting negatively those countries that needs to import them. Hence, in our investigation we addressed the conversion of manure to methane in a non-stirred batch reactor. Simply stated, a 30 L carbon-steel reactor constructed in our lab was loaded with 12 L of a manure solution at around 3 to 4 % total solid. The reactor pressure was monitored with a pressure gauge daily until the reactor pressure reached 50 to 60 psi (around 5 days). The biogas was then burned at a rate of 1 L/min. The production of biogas was investigated at mesophilic (32 to 36 C) and psychrophile (24 to 27 C ) temperature condition. In addition of the temperature, the pH and the total solid concentration loading was also controlled. Massanet, Nicole, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Chemistry 30] Modeling the Boron-Nitrogen Bond in Aromatic Compounds Azaborines are compounds isoelectronic with benzene in which two adjacent carbon atoms of the benzene ring are substituted by a nitrogen and a boron 29

atom.. Until nowadays chemists had already been able to synthesize in laboratories some of these compounds which contain bulky and extensive substituent groups at the B and N position(Figure 1.1), nevertheless it has been of much difficulty to synthesize these compounds without any substituent; this will be the main objective (Figure 1.2). In the first phase of the research the study of the characteristics of the Nitrogen-Boron bonds are in progress by virtually modeling simple compounds that contain this type of bond. The compounds stability properties are been analyzed. Energy calculations, thermodynamic analysis, electronegativity analysis and bond strength studies are in development, using different theories and basis sets. After gathering all the possible data the procedure will continue by adding substituent groups so the calculations and analysis previously mentioned can be repeated. These observations can help determine whether or not the synthesis of this aromatic compound is possible.

Figure 1.1
1-tertbutyl-2-diphenylamine-1, 2-azaborine

Figure 1.2
1, 2-dihydro-1, 2-azaborine

After making some of the studies, we have obtained some energetic calculations concerning the virtual modeling of the compounds being studied; the 1-tertbutyl-2-diphenylamine-1, 2-azaborine (Figure 1.1), and the 1, 2-dihydro-1, 2-azaborine (Figure1.2). We were able to calculate the total energy of the molecules, which were -3.969105641e-18 KJ for Figure 1.1, and -18 1.027496253e KJ for Figure1.2. In order to familiarize with the nature of both molecules, we also calculated two energies related to the molecular orbital, the HOMO and the LUMO. The HOMO energy was -0.038912296ev for Figure1.1, and -0.464226418ev for Figure 1.2.The LUMO energies obtained were 0.03918441ev and 0.691169462ev, respectively. While studying the NitrogenBoron bond of the molecules; we came to obtain the partial charges. The partial charge for the Nitrogen which had the alkyl substituent in Figure 1.1 was 0.515088, instead, the partial charge for the Nitrogen in Figure 1.2 was 0.418427. For the Boron atom in Figure 1.1 we obtained a partial charge of 0.459555, and for the Boron atom in Figure1.2 we obtained a value of 0.153026. This data demonstrates that the substituent groups influence in the NitrogenBoron bonds stability, making possible the synthesis of the compound shown in Figure 1.1. In future studies we expect to get more information about the nature

30

of this bond to know if it is possible the synthesis of the 1, 2-dihydro-1, 2azaborine molecule. Melendez, Hector, UPR-HUMACAO; Loribelle Rodriguez Neris, Silvia M. Farre [Chemistry 31] Synthesis of Optically Pure -Methylbenzylamines via the Asymmetric Reduction of Oximes Ether with Spiroborate Ester Enantiopure amino compounds have been recognized for their functions and importance on biological system. In the last decades the synthesis of optically pure primary amines has been part of a great effort on the field of asymmetric organic synthesis. Nonracemic halogenated and alcohoxy substituted aryl benzyl primary amines are valuables organic compounds that have been used as chiral auxiliaries and catalysts in asymmetric organic transformations and as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs. Previously the reductions of E-benzyloxime ether were used in our laboratory as a way to obtain arylbenzyl amines in high enantiopurity and good yield. The Ebenzyloximes were initially obtained from the pure E-oxime and reduced using a spiroborate ester/borane (1) system as catalyst. Employing only 10mol% of the catalyst (1) we obtained the corresponding primary amines in good yields and 99% ee.
Ph N R O Bn Ph O O B NH2 O

(1) R

NH2

Molini, Christopher, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Lopez-Garriga, Juan, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Pietri, Ruth, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Roman, Elddie, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus [Chemistry 32] Reactivity of Hydrogen Sulfide with Hemeproteins Experimentation consisted of a kinetic analysis of the reactivity of hydrogen sulfide with myoglobin. The purpose of such experiment was to determine the formation constant of sulfmyoglobin (k1), a product of the reaction of myoglobin in presence of O2 or H2O2. This was accomplished by studying the kinetics of the 31

reaction at different concentrations of H2S. The oxidation state of the myoglobin was a mixture of metaquo-myoglobin and oxy-myoglobin. The experimental concentrations of H2S were determined with the aid of the Apollo Free Radical Analyzer. The kinetic study consisted of treating equine myoglobin with H2S at the following proportions: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. In each reaction, the concentration of myoglobin remained constant at [15M] while the [H2S] was altered. The reactions were conducted in presence atmospherical oxygen. The concentrations of two reagents remained constant (Mb and O2). Each individual reaction was analyzed using UV/VIS spectroscopy in the range from 700 nm to 300 nm. Each reaction was spectrally analyzed during 38min and individual spectra were taken at 2 min intervals. Special interest was given to the red region of the spectra (616-620nm) since it houses the unique sulfmyoglobin absorption band. Further analysis revealed that the small value of the formation constant (k1) was representative of a slow reaction rate. The value of the formation constant of sulfmyoglobin (k1) was 0.644 s-1M-1.

Olmo-Fontanez, Angelica, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Chemistry 33] Comparison of The Coulombic Output of Redox Dyes and Ferric Chelates in Biofuel Cells Potentiometric measurements were made with microbial fuel cells for the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy through the catalytic action of Escherichia coli, using redox dyes and ferric chelates as mediators. A good mediator should be easily reduced and oxidated, and facilitates the electrons transfer during the respiratory process of the bacteria. The dyes and ferric chelates should not be toxic to the bacteria. The setup of the cell consisted of two chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with inlets and outlets for the N2 gas, used to remove oxygen, and to maintain anaerobic conditions. The bacteria dissolved in a phosphate buffer at pH 7.00 are placed at the anode compartment, while a 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 solution is placed in the cathode compartment. Each compartment is filling with 20mL of the correspondent solutions. Carbon cloth of 2cm x 4cm area served as electrode in both compartments, and 10L of 1M glucose solution are added as fuel. We have done preliminary studies with Congo Red, Crystal Violet and Alizarin Yellow as redox dyes mediators. Both the redox dyes and the ferric chelate demonstrated at the concentration studied are slightly toxic as mediators. Crystal Violet appears to be highly toxic.

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Ortiz, Isamar, UPR-CAYEY [Chemistry 34] Study of The Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Properties Against Artemia Salina of the Endemic Plant Thouinia Striata For many years plants have been the source of bioactive compounds. In the Caribbean and in our island there is an exceptional flora that includes native and endemic species which may have secondary metabolites with biological activity. Thouinia striata is an endemic species of Puerto Rico, found mainly in the west part of the island and was collected in Guanica. The dry leaves of Thouinia striata were macerated with CH2Cl2 and CH3OH to obtain the crude extract which was analyzed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and its bioactivity against Artemia salina was assayed. The complex mixture of the crude extract was separated by extraction using a polarity gradient into four fractions that were also analyzed by 1H-NMR. The spectroscopic analysis and the bioassay results will be presented. Ortiz, Karla, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Olavarra, Jenifier, Chemistry, UPRMayaguez; , Mechanical Engineering, UPR- Mayaguez; , Electrical Engineering, UPR- Mayaguez, Daz, Rubn, Mechanical Engineering, UPR- Mayaguez; , Chemistry, UPR- Mayaguez [Chemistry 35] Development of Metal/Polymer Biopharmaceutical Applications Bionanocomposites as Sensors for

Design and fabrication of random and metal/polymer bionanocomposites as sensors is a novel technique that facilitates studies concerning the fate and transport of environmental pollutants in water. Sorption of contaminants within the sensing surface can provide new empirical details on the adsorption and biodegradation processes under controlled conditions. The development of these bionanocomposites is acquired by use of model microorganisms adhered onto silver/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites and electron beam nanolithography. The work presented herein discusses the design and optimization of random nanostructures for the characterization and the quantitative analysis of the abovementioned agents by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Optimization of in-situ preparation demonstrated the influences proportionality variation between curing agent and elastomer and immersion time has over their effectiveness of SERS studies. Experimentation shows that PDMS = 0.50 immersed for 10 minutes, allowed characterization of 4-aminobenzoic acid 1x10-4 M at 784nm excitation line. Substrate performance for SERS application is presented. 33

Ortiz, Edwin, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; S. Negretti, M. Fuentes; C. Torres [Chemistry 36] On-Line Guidelines as a Tool to Improve Learning of General Chemistry Concepts Through the statistical analysis of online Blackboard assessment quizzes taken by General Chemistry students at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, several of the most common problems and difficulties that students face in the understanding and practice of this courses concepts were identified. Based on these studies Interactive Problem Assistance (IPAs) WebPages have been created using Dreamweaver, which is a platform that facilitates addition of images, text, links and page properties in the creation of WebPages. These IPAs are designed to help students obtain the skills and strategies needed to solve online General Chemistry problems. So far these WebPages have been created for two specifics topics: Intermolecular forces and Acid-Base Chemistry. These consist of modules that assist the student in two ways: as guidelines that help to achieve the correct answer and as help at each stage of the problem-solving process. These academic aids will be available to all of the students through the Blackboard platform. Descriptions of the prepared IPAs for various objectives of these topics are presented. Ortiz, Natasha, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Mercado, Eunice, Chemistry, UPRMayaguez; Suarez, Roy, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; Castro, Miguel, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 37] Carbon Nanotubes Single and multiwall carbon nanotubes were dispersed in an ethylene glycol. Various solutions of silver nitrate in ethylene glycol were added to the carbon nanotube dispersion. The mixture containing the carbon nanotubes and silver nitrate in ethylene glycol was warmed to the boiling point of the solvent for 3 minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. UV-visible absorption measurements reveal plasmon bands that extend to the visible (900 nm) and an enhancement in the carbon nanotube absorption features. Scanning tunneling electron microscopy measurements are consistent with the formation of dispersed carbon nanotubes. X ray photoemission measurements and inelastic tunneling electron spectroscopy measurements are under way to characterize the interaction between silver and the nanotubes.

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Pabon, Jimmy, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Pietri, Ruth, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez; Lopez Garriga, Prof. Juan, Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 38] Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with the Hemoglobin I from Lucina pectinata Lucina pectinata is a bivalve mollusk that lives in the mangrove swamps of Puerto Rico and lives in symbiosis with a bacterium. Hemoglobin I (HbI) is a sulfide-reactive protein that reacts with H2S to form ferric hemoglobin sulfide. This is a complex that transports H2S to the symbiotic bacteria. In order to understand the binding and delivery of H2S to the bacteria the reaction was followed by UV-Vis Spectroscopy under equilibrium conditions. The results demonstrate that in high concentration of H2S the ferric HbI-H2S complex is reduced to HbI- FeII. Then dissociation of the complex occurs and HbI is oxidized again forming the metaquo specie (ferric HbI-H2O). The results suggest that stabilization of the bound H2S through H-bonding interaction with Glutamine E7 can induce some heme reduction and H2S delivery as function of H2S concentration. That heme oxidation of the ferrous iron can occur, reconverting the deoxy specie to the metaquo form of the protein as H2S is being consumed by the symbiotic bacteria. Padilla, Cristina, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Chemistry 39] Modification of Purine Photophysics Caused by the External Heavy Atom Effect and Applications to DNA Processes According to reports, the fluorescence spectra of 6-methylpurine (MP) can be used as a model of purine bases. The fluorescence intensity of 6-methylpurine increases up to about 80% upon increasing the concentration of 3-bromopropan1-ol. In contrast, no fluorescence enhancement is observed in experiments in which the same range of concentration was explored adding 3-propanol. These results indicate that the presence of bromine affects the photophysics of the purine. The room temperature fluorescence yield of purines is notoriously low, through the addition of a heavy atom-containing molecule, it could be possible to achieve several levels of increment the population in the singlet state in purines, specifically in adenine, which enables the possibility to study processes in DNA without resorting to labeling and intercalators, which may modify DNA.

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Perez, Zulmarie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Wei, Xiaomei; Nieves Merced, Karinel; Rodriguez, Abimael; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 40] Ring B abeo-sterols as Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease once thought to be under control, is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that TB currently affects one-third of the world's population, the spread of which is rising with new infections occurring at the alarming rate of one per second. The development of new drugs is crucial due to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium. In our search for novel, highly active antitubercular natural products from the Caribbean Sea sponge Svenzea zeai, a complex mixture of sterols was isolated. Interestingly, two of the compounds isolated possessed a contracted cyclopentane B-ring. These compounds, named parguesterols A and B, are 5(67)abeo-sterols which exhibited MICs of 7.8 mg/mL. On the other hand, sterols based on the common 6-6-6-5 ring system displayed MICs 128 mg/mL. This discovery encouraged us to investigate the effect of modifying the structures of a series of known (commercially available) sterols which recently led us to the synthesis of a series of 3-hydroxy steroid analogues possessing the 5(67)abeo-sterol nucleus. All of the abeo-sterols synthesized showed excellent inhibitory activity, whereas none of the starting steroids based on the common 3-hydroxy-5-cholestane nucleus proved to be active. The increased bioactivity associated to the contraction of the B-ring of common sterols has motivated us to pursue the synthesis of additional 6-5-6-5 sterol analogues with significantly increased antitubercular properties. Prez, Riviam, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Daz, Agustn, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico; Coln, Jorge, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 41] Intercalation of Cisplatin in Inorganic Layers Compounds Cancer is one of the top three killers worldwide and is a difficult disease to treat. It is hard (if not impossible) to find drugs that are both effective and have low toxicity to the human body as a whole. Cisplatin is one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, particularly for the treatment of testicular cancer and ovarian carcinoma. Cisplatin is unstable in water and for administration as an anticancer drug; it is formulated in saline solution to prevent aquation (hydrolysis) because the aquated species are much more reactive than cisplatin, and are more damaging to the kidneys. It is very important to find better methods for its 36

transport, controlled release, and localized liberation. Zirconium phosphates (ZrP) are acidic, inorganic, ion exchangers with layered structures. We are studying in our laboratory the use of these materials as hosts for inorganic complexes using a hydrated form of ZrP with six water molecules per formula unit and an interlayer distance of 10.3 , which we have recently demonstrated directly exchanges large complexes. Trying to find a new method for the transport of this anticancer drug we intercalated cisplatin into the 10.3 phase of ZrP. We are investigating the chemical and photophysical properties of cisplatin intercalated within zirconium phosphate (ZrP). The intercalation process yields a new phase with an interlayer distance up to 9.6 . The cisplatin-exchanged ZrP material was characterized by XRPD, FTIR, and UV-vis spectrometry. The complete characterization of cisplatin intercalated into zirconium phosphate (ZrP) is currently under investigation. The stability of the intercalated drug has been analyzed and the drug-release studies of the drug were conducted. The results of these investigations will be presented. R.J.P.R. acknowledges the financial support of MARC, Undergraduate Fellowship. Pietri, Frances, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Nieves, Abner, Chemistry, UPR-Mayagez; Pietri, Ruth, Chemistry, UPR-Mayagez; Lpez-Garriga, Juan, Chemistry, UPRMayagez [Chemistry 42] Structural Studies of the Complex between Hemoglobin I from Lucina pectinata and Hydrogen Sulfide Lucina pectinata, a bivalve mollusk that lives in places of high hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations, has three hemoglobins. Hemoglobin I (HbI), reactive to H2S, has an active site, the heme group with an iron (Fe) center, where H2S binds. The H2S is then transported to a bacteria that lives in symbiosis with the clam. To understand HbI-H2S reactivity, kinetics, resonance Raman and FTIR measurements were performed. Ligand dissociation under equilibrium suggested that two competing reactions dominate H2S release. This was further confirmed by resonance Raman. The data showed that the high frequency spectra of the HbI-H2S complexes change rapidly, indicating the presence of a mixture of an FeII specie and the FeIIIH2S derivative. Initially, the spectrum of the rHbI-H2S complex showed the 4 marker at 1374 cm-1, characteristic of FeIIIH2S moiety. The presence of the 3 and 2 modes at 1504 cm-1 and 1583 cm-1, respectively, was also observed indicating a low-spin six-coordinated HbI-H2S complex. However the appearance of new 4 (1356 cm-1) and 3 (1470 cm-1) markers suggested the presence of both the rHbI-H2S and deoxy complexes. The data shows that this process depends strongly on distal mutations. We suggest that the H-bond between the distal GlnE7 and H2S may accelerate this 37

reduction process. The S-H stretching frequency has been tentatively assigned at 2131cm-1 indicating possible hydrogen bonding interactions. Repollet, Christian, PCUPR; L. Santos-Santori, Department of Chemistry, Pontificial Catholic University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 43] Identification of Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes Present in Cho Cells Treated with Ginger Root Extract The ginger plant, zingiber officinale, is a clinically proven medicinal plant, and its root a commonly used spice in ethnic and modern foods. Ginger root extracts are prepared through organic and aqueous phase extractions. An LD50 toxicity test is performed using Artemia salina to determine the extract concentrations to be used in the assay. CHO cells are cultured and segregated into three groups (Control/Untreated, Aqueous and Organic). Experimental groups are treated with the corresponding ginger root extract for four days. The following CYP450 isoenzymes activity will be measured; 1A2, 2D6, 3A4, 2C19 using the P450 Glo assay. Rivera, Adriana, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Carballeira, N,, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Ro Piedras; Gimnez, L., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Ro Piedras; Rivera-Morales, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Ro Piedras [Chemistry 44] Synthesis of the 2-pentacosynoic acid Sponges are characterized by a wide diversity in their fatty acid composition and, in contrast with higher animals, by the presence of very long chain fatty acids with novel branching and unsaturation patterns.[1] Extracts from the marine sponges Trikentrion loeve and Pseudaxinella cf. lunaecharta contained the 5pentacosanoic acid and 5-pentacosenoic acid among other long chain fatty acids. A mixture of fatty acids of C24-26 with unsaturations at the 5 and 9 positions exerted a high inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 0.35 g/ml towards the Plasmodium falciparum FabI enzyme.[2] The 2-hexadecynoic acid, a synthetic acid, has received most attention for its antifungal, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.[3] Since acetylenic fatty acids have shown antimicrobial and antifungal properties, we have worked in synthesizing the 5-pentacosynoic and its alkene analogue 5-pentacosenoic acid as well as the 9-pentacosynoic acid and its analogue 9-pentacosenoic for a comparison of their antifungal bioactivities. We are currently synthesizing the 2-pentacosynoic acid in order to 38

determine the effect that the triple bond position has on the bioactivity of these fatty acids so as to have a series in order to identify trends. Our efforts towards the synthesis of the 2-pentacosynoic acid will be presented. Rivera, Keishla, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Chemistry 45] Optimization of Calix[n]arene Structures Throughout this undergraduate research experience, I created and analyzed molecular structures named 4-sulphonato-calix[n]arenes, where n=4, 6, or 8 benzene rings to which SO3H and OH molecules where attached at opposite ends. The purpose of this research is to find the most stable 4-sulphonato-calix [6] arenes that would allow the creation of container-type structures whose main task would be to transport drugs to certain specific areas in the human body in order to target illnesses and help improve their treatments. The method used to identify the most convenient structural arrangements that provided minimum bond energies and created the most proportional containers was a computer program called Gaussian. This program allowed for the creation of molecular structures, the manipulation of bond angles, and most importantly, the optimization of these structures once constructed. It was with this program that I tried to optimize 4-sulphonato-calix [6] arenes in various occasions. However, no results have been accomplished due to the fact that the process always resulted in errors or unusable formations. Along with this calix [6] arene structure, I also constructed a model to simulate the type of drug that would be carried by the container. This drug was named vanadioxeno due to the metal being used as the main atom, Vanadium (V). After a few failed attempts, we were finally able to optimize this sample drug by changing the bond structure used. In the future, my plans are to keep trying to optimize the calix[n]arene structures and begin using different methods to try and obtain stability. Rivera, Reynaldo O., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Gioda Adriana, Department of Chemistry, Pontfice Universidade Catlica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Brazil; Vallejo Pamela, Department of Chemistry; Mayol-Bracero Olga, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies (ITES) [Chemistry 46] The Influence of African Dust Particles on the Chemical Composition of Aerosols, Clouds and Rainwater at East Peak, PR Incursions of dust loads from the Sahara desert into the Caribbean have been well documented during the last decades. This dust has been identified as an 39

important source of primary nutrients to the ocean and terrestrial ecosystems, and has also been implicated in disease outbreaks in coral reefs, in the reduction of amphibian population in Puerto Rico (PR), and in climatic changes. To further assess the impact of dust on the environment, detailed studies must be conducted. We will be reporting on the analysis of the chemical composition of aerosol, clouds, and rainwater samples collected in a Caribbean tropical montane cloud forest in Puerto Rico, and the influence of air masses origins on the concentrations of water-soluble organic, inorganic, and nitrogen species hoping to reveal any influence of African dust particles. Results showed that the dominant inorganic species in aerosols, clouds, and rainwater were Na+, Cl-, and SO42-. Total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) represented about 2 and 4%, respectively, with TN and TOC concentrations in the organic fractions of about 1 mg/L in cloud water; and 0.4 mg/L (TOC) and 0.25 mg/L (TN) in rainwater. Differences in the chemical composition of aerosols, clouds, and rainwater were related to the origin of air masses. For instance, a decrease in Na+ and Cl- and an increase in TOC, TN, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Al3+ were associated with air masses from North Africa, suggesting a crustal origin for these species, where as the highest concentrations of Cl- and SO42- were measured when ashes from the Soufriere Hills volcano reached the site, due to the SO2 and HCl expelled in the eruptions. Further results regarding the complete chemical analysis of the aerosol, clouds and rainwater samples will be presented and discussed.

Rivera, Jaymie, UPR-CAYEY; Dr. Claudia Ospina, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey; Dr. Mayra Pagn, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey; Prof. Augusto Carvajal, Biology, UPRCayey [Chemistry 47] Chemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Tropical Plants: Goetzea elegans and Pimenta racemosa The tropical plants Gotzea elegans and Pimenta racemosa were collected, dried and extracted with a mixture of CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1). The resulting crude extract was suspended in water and extracted with solvents of different polarities. For the identification of secondary metabolites we used spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. We evaluate the crude, hexane and chloroform extract using the brine shrimp lethality test. In this bioassay the hexane, and chloroform extract of Pimenta racemosa showed significant cytotoxicity with a LC50 of 69.2 and 91.2 g/mL, respectively. We identified eugenol at the Pimenta racemosa extract. The chemical analysis of Gotzea elegans is ongoing.

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Rivera, Linoshka, UPR-HUMACAO; Rojas de Astudillo, Luisa, Departamento de Qumica, Universidad de Oriente, Ncleo de Sucre. Cuman, Venezuela.; Brito, Rosa, Interamerican University, Metropolitan Campus; Fachini, Esteban, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico , Ro Piedras Campus, Tremont, Rolando, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Humacao [Chemistry 48] Detection of 1, 4-Benzoquinone on Gold Surface Modified Gold surface have been modified by self-assembled techniques. Controlling the adsorption time of propanethiol, propanedithiol, and Benzoquinone at gold surface. This study was followed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), FT-IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The method used for the surface modification was the control of exposure time of gold surface in the modifier/ethanol solution. By CV we demonstrated that the gold surface was modified propanethiol and propanedithiol compounds. Also, shown detection of 1, 4-benzoquinone. In the study by XPS and FT-IR we observed that these molecules indeed have been adsorbed on the gold surface. Robles, Emily, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Raptis, Raphael, Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico; Rodriguez-Escudero Idaliz, Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 49] Synthesis of Fe4O4-core dendrimers In Nature, redox centers that are required to reach potentials far from those of their environment are protected within protein pockets. Using Nature as an inspiration, scientists have encapsulated redox active complexes for biomimetic studies in order to understand Natures extraordinary behaviors and simulate them. Encapsulated complexes are also useful as memory and electronic storage devices. Fe4O4-core complexes of the type Fe8(4-O)4(-4-Rpz)12X4 (where pz is pyrazolate and X is Cl, NCS) show four consecutive, closely-spaced, reversible redox processes in cyclic voltammetry. These electrochemical properties make them very attractive. The main objective of this project is to encapsulate the Fe8 complex into a covalent cage since electrochemical properties can be changed by encapsulating redox active complexes by covalently attaching dendrons to their core.

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The first part of the project consists in the Fe8 cluster modification. An Fe4O4-core complex, namely Fe8(4-O)4(-4-Clpz)12(NCS)4, was synthesized starting from FeCl3, 4-chloropyrazole, base, and ammonium thiocyanate. The first generation dendron, [Ga-1], was synthesized separately following literature procedures. Once the first generation dendron was prepared it was reacted with the cluster previously made. The resulting Fe4O4-core dendrimer, Fe8(4-O)4(-4Clpz)12([Ga-1])4 , was then characterized by elemental analysis, electrochemistry, UV-Vis, IR and 1H NMR. Rodriguez, Angel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; De Jesus Echevarria, Maritza, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Padilla, Maria C., Department of Horticulture, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Morales-Payn, J. Pablo, Department of Horticulture, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus [Chemistry 50] Characterization of the Aroma of Puerto Rico New Peach Cultivars by HS/SPME and GC/MS Some cultivars of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] with low chill requirement, were developed for the South zone of the state of Florida, which were introduced to Puerto Rico in 2002. In Adjuntas Puerto Rico, at 594.4 meters above sea level, four cultivars were adapted to the local conditions successfully: "UFSun, Flordaglo, Flordaprince and Tropicbeauty. To compare the peach aroma of these new cultivars of Puerto Rico, a new project was started in the Environmental Research Laboratory of the Chemistry Department of RUM using the head-space-solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS/SPME and GC/MS) techniques. This is the first study to report detection of the volatile compounds in peaches form Puerto Rico. The first step was a screening of the HS/SPME and GC/MS parameters. The method allowed analyzing a wide range of aroma volatile compounds of the pulp and the skin in this peaches and also compares these results with commercial peaches from Chile. The pulp and skin of Puerto Rico new cultivars peaches have different aroma compounds. The UFSun cultivar had more total chemical volatile compounds than the Tropicbeauty'. The peaches pulp and skin contained volatile compounds such as esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes and others, 65% of the compounds were tentatively identified with a match quality over 80% in the pulp and also in the peach skin. Most of the peaches pulp and skin compounds, in Tropicbeauty and UFSun, are the same but have different abundance which formed the complex chemical substances that compose their aroma.

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Rodriguez, Gabriela, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Baez, D. Bibiana, Chemistry, UPRMayaguez; Vega, Maddy, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayguez; Hernandez, Samuel P., Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 51] Recycling of Expanded Polystyrene to Remove Organic Pollutants from Water Polymers cause a serious problem because they are not usually biodegradable and therefore contribute to many sources of pollution. This work presents a possibility of recycling used Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) into an adsorbent material, which can be used to remove organic pollutants, such as explosives and POPs from water. Experiments carried out have been focused on characterization and modification of EPS. Physical and chemical modifications have increased this materials absorbency. Films, spheres and powder have been obtained through physical and chemical modifications of the original material. They were characterized using Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron microscopy. Analysis of surface area and pore size were performed with the raw and modified material. These modifications have been tested to adsorb trinitrotoluene (TNT) from water. The concentration of TNT present in water after being treated with the modified materials was tested with the use of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results have shown that powder and films obtained from EPS adsorb the most TNT out of the three modifications. Powder particles were synthesized in two different sizes (850m and 250mm) and tested to adsorb TNT in water. Results showed that the smaller the powder particles the more adsorbent. Thick and thin films were made and tested. Results showed that the thicker films had better adsorbance. Rodriguez, Elienisse, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Marchany, Darya, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Roman, Elddie, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Lopez, Juan, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Chemistry 52] Crystallization of Sulfhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin is an unusual form of hemoglobin. Previous studies prove that the presence of histidine amino acid in the E7 position of the distal region in the heme active site lead to the formation of this species. The main concern with this complex is their health effects, where in human, sulfur is introduced in the heme pyrrol B changing the structure of this group and limiting the oxygen transport. Thus, to define the chemical structure and stability of the complex is absolutely essential and the first step is the crystallization of sulhemoglobin. The hanging drop was the technique utilize for the crystallization. The complex was prepared 43

with myoglobin horse hears and it was exposed to different buffers previously established for protein crystallization. After several days the formation of crystal in the sodium formiate was observed. To confirm the reproducibility and optimize the crystallization, a range of different concentrations of sodium formiate were prepare. However under the new conditions was not observed the formation of form the appropriate single crystal for X-ray diffraction. Thus, variation in myoglobin concentration and sample pH are variables, which could lead to the formation of single sulfhemoglobin crystals useful for its structure determination. Rodriguez, Patricia, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Laboy, Kristie, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 53] Evaluation of Method Precision and Sample Homogeneity in Novel Gel Strip Formulation analyzed by NIR Spectroscopy The purpose of this project is for the determination of homogeneity in gel strips. This novel technology of gel strips is used as a tool that prevents agglomeration of the drug content with the distribution of the particles throughout the polymer. These results will provide the necessary information for the ability to determine the precision, of this method. Repeatability is expected for a successful method. With the use of a multipurpose Analyzer (MPA) Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) Spectrometer (Bruker Optics) equipped with a lead sulfide detector, an integrating sphere (external transmission) and with a beam size of 4 mm diameter, spectra were obtained for a 100 m thick gel strips. A smaller beam size in the NIR Spectrometer was used because it provides a more precise result. The scale of scrutiny proves that the bigger the area chosen to work with, the most general result will be obtained. In this case, because the area used has a diameter of 4mm instead of 15 mm used in previous experiments. The results obtained will prove that this method can determine homogeneity in samples more precisely than other methods. Initial results are presented using a 15 mm NIR beam diameter which shows more homogeneity in the gel strips. It is expected to have less homogeneity in spectra that is analyzed with smaller beam sizes. Rodriguez, Edelmiro, UPR-ARECIBO; Guido Pea, Department of Physics and Chemistry University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo; Madeline Buttler, Department of Physics and Chemistry University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo [Chemistry 54] The Inhibition Properties of Brown Algae Padina Gymnospora

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In the past, seaweeds have been utilized as food and medicine for its curative properties. Given the biological activities of seaweeds numerous studies have been executed particularly in macro algae, but still are far away of it pharmacological application. For this work, the seaweeds were collected in the reef areas of the Parguera, Lajas Puerto Rico, after washing and grinding them we proceed to the extraction using organic solvents in a proportional mix 2:1 of chloroform and methanol. Employing rotoevaporation the liposoluble extracts of the algae was separated from the organic solvents. The liposoluble extracts were maculated in bacterial cultures that included two Gram positive, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli, to compare its bacterial inhibition with Erythromycin and Ampiciline. The results demonstrated that the inhibition varies depending of the bacteria. It has been noted that there is also a stationary effect with the inhibition that is probably related with the seaweeds reproduction cycle. Rodrguez, Suhail, PCUPR; Batista, Adalgisa, Chemistry Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 55] Synthesis of Diamidines Precursors Numerous aromatic diamidines have shown biological activity that varies from antimicrobial to anticancer. However, diamidines with the acetylene group as a linker between the two aromatic systems has not been carefully explored yet. The diamidines precursors, dinitriles were obtained via cross-coupling reaction of (arylethynyl) trimethylsilylanes with a the aryl bromides in Dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of palladium acetate [Pd (OAc) 2] as catalyst and otolylphosphine as a ligand. The synthesis, isolation and purification of the dinitriles will be shown.
Br H3C Si CH3 CH3
-

N Pd(OAc) 2 (o tol) 3P, n Bu 4NCl

-

+
N

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Rodriguez-Calero, Gabriel G., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Santiago, Diana, Department of Chemistry, UPR Rio Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos R., Department of Chemistry, UPR Rio Piedras [Chemistry 56] DNA Electrochemical Biosensor Support Using Pt Nanoparticles on Carbon Black The research of innovative and new methods for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) detection is currently been studied due to the current need for cheaper and more effective methods to detect DNA. Electrochemical biosensors provide a new and affordable approach towards DNA detection. This type of biosensor works by taking advantage of the selective base pairing of the different strands of DNA. The method consists in depositing a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a support and hybridizing it with its complementary strand. These supports are often of expensive transition metals such as Platinum, Gold, among others. The use of nanoparticles as support reduces cost, has the advantage of the detection of different DNA strands using microelectrodes devices, and has the same effectiveness as other type of DNA supports. The ssDNA will be attached on the platinum nanoparticles that are dispersed in its carbon support; this will increase superficial area, thus increasing its effectiveness. The Pt nanoparticles were deposited electrochemically on a carbon substrate using the Rotating Disk Slurry Electrode (RoDSE) technique. The use of Pt nanoparticles, carbon black and the preparation of the sample reduce cost. This procedure was repeated three times. All samples where analyzed by the following techniques X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). It was observed by these analyses that the platinum nano-particles were electrodeposited and highly dispersed in the carbon black. These nano-particles were modified with DNA, and electrodes for electrochemical sensing will be prepared. Rosso, Diego, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; De Jesus, Rigoberto, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; De Jesus, Marco A., Chemistry, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 57] Analysis of the Chemical and Physical Interactions of Polymeric Micro and Nanostructures with Phthalates, PPCPs, and Amino-Aromatic Compounds Phthalates, PPCPs, carboxylic acids, and amino-aromatic compounds are a significant source of pollution due to their extensive industrial use in polymerization, pharmaceutical, and textile processes. The enhanced sorption properties of micro and nanocomposite polymeric materials make them a 46

favorable sequestration agent for these ubiquitous contaminants. Colloidal emulsions of chromatographic phases like polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are an attractive alternative for such purposes. This work uses 4aminobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, p-toluic acid, 4-nitrophthalic acid, and three PPCPs to study their interactions with polydimethylsiloxane, polystyrenecarboxyl, and polystyrene-aldehyde microcomposites. Phthalate and aminoaromatics sorption efficiency was analyzed by HPLC, with an effective removal of 93.99% and 97.98% respectively. Results show that the studied nano and microstructures of PDMS, polysterene-carboxyl, and polystyrene-aldehyde are not adequate for a high yield removal of PPCPs in water. Adjustments to variables like pH, and ionic strength to augment performance is presented. The use of MIPs and functionalized composites is presented. Santiago, Jorge, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Castillo, Amalchi, Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez; Mndez, Nilsa, Industrial Biotechnology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez; Pastrana-Ros, Belinda, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez [Chemistry 58] Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis of Human Centrin II Mutant By Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Utilizing Thermal Perturbations The Centrin group of proteins is composed of relatively small acidic proteins (~170 residues, ~20kDa) belonging to the EF-hand superfamily of calciumbinding proteins. They are an essential component of the mitotic organizer centers in eukaryote organisms, and play a currently not fully understood role in the cell cycle. The isoform Human Centrin 2 (HCen2) involves a molecular partner, Human Sfi1 (hSfi1), which has several centrin-binding sites. The molecular mechanism by which the HCen2-hSfi1 complex is involved in the cell cycle still remains unknown, and is a subject of active research. The recombinant mutant HCen2E105K was bacterially overexpressed with E. coli cells grown in a five liter fermentor and induced with IPTG at log phase. Purification was carried out using a phenyl sepharose CL4B affinity chromatography column that separates the desired protein based on hydrophobic interactions between the protein and the matrix. The isolated protein underwent a water-to-deuterium exchange process in order to prepare it for Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), which was used in conjunction with thermal perturbations and Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis to study the folding of the protein. Changes in the proteins secondary structure, as well as their order of occurrence, were determined, and the results were used in comparative studies that involved the Wild Type (WT) protein, as well as the isoform HCen1, to contrast events and stability. The results will be fundamental in the understanding of the structure of these proteins and thus in the elucidation of the mechanisms ruling their interactions.

47

Santiago, Edison D., UIA-BAYAMON [Chemistry 59] Produccin de Bioetanol Utilizando Hongos de Levadura El etanol ha sido unos de los productos ms antiguos producidos, siendo elaborado al principio para uso comestible o culinario (bebida alcohlica). Este lquido incoloro y voltil, se obtiene mediante la fermentacin anaerbica de carbohidratos. Algunas de sus aplicaciones son: como disolvente, excipiente de medicamentos, materia prima para elaboracin de otros productos y desinfectante. En los ltimos tiempos, debido a la saturacin de gases de invernadero por parte de la quema de petrleo, este ha adquirido auge como posible biocombustible, ya que al ser un compuesto orgnico de hidrocarburo puede ser utilizado para la reaccin de combustin, sin producir CO2. Por consiguiente, en esta investigacin se produjo 20% etanol utilizando hongos de levadura, para observa su funcin como combustible. Estos se crecieron en una solucin que contena agua y azcar de mesa y se mantuvo en agitacin durante 5 das para obtener una fermentacin completa. Esta solucin se mantuvo con mangas de escape para liberar el CO2 acumulado. Al dejar de producir el CO2, se purifico la solucin utilizando la filtracin por vaco, de esta manera se separo la parte liquida de la levadura. La solucin liquida se destilo por columna fraccionada, lo cual contiene unas esfera de cristal que aumenta el rea superficial, y se calent a 78 permitiendo que el etanol se evapore y se C separe del agua, debido a la diferencia de punto de ebullicin. Luego de la evaporacin el etanol se condeso y se aslo del resto de la solucin, obteniendo un alcohol de 90%.

Santos, Lysmarie, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Chemistry 60] Air Pollution and Public Health in Mayagez Puerto Rico Air pollution around the world has been a major environmental health issue for people living in metropolitan areas. This health issue arises as a consequence or urban development and also with the atmospheric activities of the Sahara dust and Soufrire Hills volcano in the Caribbean. Epidemiologic studies suggesting airborne particulate matter as one of the principal causes of respiratory illnesses. Ambient air pollution and its health effects have not been studied in detail in Puerto Rico. It research conduct a study to evaluate whether there was an association between the air pollution, Total Suspended Particles PM10 (TSP/PM10) point sources and a risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 48

(COPD) in the Mayagez municipally. The instrument used for this research was a High Volume Sampler (HVS) and the COPD data was provided by the ASES Administracin de Seguro de Salud de Puerto Rico. The high volume sampler was employed for twenty four hour periods from 2005 to 2007 years. The highest values of TSP were during February, March and April months of 2005 (g/m3): 36.24, 44.48 and 37.55, respectively and February, September and November 2006 (g/m3): 37.82, 34.67 and 33.39, respectively. There a correlation of the highest value of the TSP in the three years during February and March months. The preliminary results shows that there a predisposition when the TSP value increase the number of respiratory diseases hospitalization also increase, specially during the months of February and September. This results point out that a direct proportional correlation exits between the TSP values and the respiratory disease if the data of other Health Insurance Plans were included. Our research cans now awareness about the possible consequences of the air pollution and the effect in the public health. At the present day, no TSP measurements obtained exceed the limits impose by the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Sierra, Ivette, UPR-CAYEY; Aponte Vernica, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research UPR Cayey; Gavilln-Surez Jannette, Chemistry and IIR UPR Cayey [Chemistry 61] Screening of Advanced Glycation End-Products (Ages) Inhibitory Activity of Plant Extracts from Several Genera An increased plasma concentration of glucose found in patients with diabetes initiates a series of biochemical reactions that are responsible for a number of secondary complications. Persistent hyperglycemia leads, among other things, to an imbalance between pro- and anti-oxidant factors, including an increase in non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. It has been suggested that the accumulation of advance glycation end-products (AGEs) is one cause of diabetic complications and the prevention of such accumulation is possible by inhibiting the formation of AGEs. Plants represent an alternative treatment to people with diabetes. In this experiment, AGE inhibition of methanolic extracts of Gymnena sylvestre and Costus spiralis was studied. The administration of G. sylvestre for the treatment of diabetes has been supported by experimental research. Costus spiralis has been reported in folk medicine as a herbal remedy for diabetes. This study was designed to compare plant extracts activities with that of Aminoguanidine (AG), one of the more potent inhibitors of AGEs. In vitro glycation of BSA was studied at [glucose] =200 mM to simulate hyperglycemia. Test samples containing the extracts (20 g/mL) or AG (10 mM) were incubated 49

at 60 during 30 hours. AGEs fluorescence was analyzed at ex 450 nm and C em 350 nm. The decreasing order of AGE formation was: Aminoguanidine(68%)> Costus spiralis (43%)> Gymnema sylvestre(14%). Our results showed that C. spiralis inhibitory activity was significant. The low percentage of AGE inhibition obtained for G. sylvestre methanolic extract suggests that the anti-diabetes activity of this extract is not related to AGE inhibition.

Soler, Rafael A, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Souto, Natacha, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus; Briano, Julio G., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus; Souto, Fernando A., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus, Hernndez, Samuel P., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus; Pacheco, Leonardo, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus [Chemistry 62] Raman Detection Enhancement through TiO2 Composite Nanoparticles Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy or SERS is a sensitive and selective technique for the detection of atomic and molecular species adsorbed on nanostructural metallic surfaces, species known as active substrates. Most substrates originate from transition metals, being silver and gold two especially proficient substrates. The SERS enhancement arises when the frequency of the laser excitation is resonant with the surface plasmons on a rough metallic surface. Composite nanomaterials, including semiconductors, are being explored in this field allowing the tailoring of their optical properties, on the basis of improved physical and chemical properties over their sole constituents. We are developing an efficient and stable SERS active substrate based on semiconductor-metal nanocomposites using TiO2. The TiO2 nanoparticles are either synthesized by sol-gel techniques or are commercially available TiO2 powders such as Degussa. Most TiO2@M where M=Au and Ag nanocomposites are prepared by photochemical reduction of M 0 seeds to MXn species on the positively charged surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles. We are going to control the particles optical properties by tailoring the loading of Au nanoparticles in relation to TiO2 semiconductor present. These synthesized nanomaterials are characterized via UV-VIS, Dynamic Light Scattering, TEM and Raman Spectroscopy where their SERS Detection Enhancement is tested. We are investigating the optimum combination of materials which provide the highest

50

SERS enhancement for Rhodamine 6G and 4-nitrobenzenethiol as characteristic compounds. Sotomayor, Janice, PCUPR; Santos, Lizzette, Biology Department, PUCPR [Chemistry 63] Efecto del Ocimum Basilicum L. en las Isoenzimas del Citrocromo P450, Presentes en las Clulas Cho. Ocimum basilicum L., mejor conocida como albahaca, se utiliza como estimulante digestivo o vomitivo; estimula la produccin de leche en mujeres lactantes; se utiliza externamente como enjuagado bucal para curar inflamaciones, llagas o mal aliento, etc. Este estudio est enfocado en determinar los efectos de los extractos de las hojas del Ocimum basilicum L. en el sistema de Citocromo P450; de este sistema estudiaremos la induccin o la inhibicin de las isoenzimas CYP450 3A4, CYP450 1A2, CYP450 2D6 y CYP450 2C19. Las hojas sern sometidas a una extraccin acuosa y orgnica. Luego, cultivaremos clulas CHO y se dividirn en tres grupos: control, acuoso y orgnico. Se les aplicar el extracto sustituyendo el medio de cultivo a las clulas durante un periodo de 4 das. Se determinar la induccin o la inhibicin de las isoenzimas aplicando el ensayo P450-Glo Assay. Este ensayo es excelente para este estudio ya que brinda simultneamente los resultados sobre inhibicin o induccin del sistema citocromo P450 en las clulas CHO, adems, brinda una seal estable la cual tiene una vida media de 2 horas y utiliza muestra a escala micro. Los resultados obtenidos sern discutidos durante este foro cientfico. Surillo, Sorivette, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Fernando A. Souto, Chemistry, UPR Mayagez; Lolita Rodrguez Rodrigez, Chemistry, UPR Mayagez; Lianette Rivera Baez, Industrial Biotechnology, UPR Mayagez, Aitza Acosta Feliciano, Chemistry, UPR Mayagez [Chemistry 64] Rubia Tinctorum as Effective Phytoremediator of Soils Contaminated with Cadmium The term phytoremediation evolves from the use of plants as cleaning agents for polluted soils. Soils are contaminated with heavy metals added by the use and construction of explosives, pesticides or industrial chemicals. Heavy metals like cadmium have an uneasy and slow natural removal from soils. One of the objectives of this research project is to inquire about the cadmium resistance and accumulation capacity of Rubia tinctorum. Rubia is a diuretic, medicinal plant 51

capable of complexing calcium ions, ions of similar ionic radii as Cd+2 under hydrated conditions. R. tinctorum has been cloned in vitro under growing conditions that stimulate root proliferation. Plantlets with roots and two to five eyes were recultured in growing media doped with Cd+2 up to 50 ppm. After two weeks, the medium was analyzed for free Cd+2 using a cadmium selective electrode. Preliminary results show that Rubia clones used are both resistant to Cd+2 and capable to accumulate it. Ion cadmiun concentration decreased in the growing media as this is taken as preliminary evidence that the plant is capable to absorb Cd+2 from the medium. We have also observed that the growing media changes in color to a variety of tonalities from red to orange depending of the initial Cd+2. For future work, we need to confirm these preliminary results and observations and analyze the chemistry composition of the plant and the cadmium containing media. Vargas-Barbosa, Nella Marie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Santiago-Rodriguez, Lenibel, Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos R., Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras [Chemistry 65] Electrochemical Study and Characterization of Methylene Blue Intercalation to Single-stranded DNA attached on Gold surface Deoxyribonucleotide acid (DNA) detection is an area of intensive research. The most widely used methods for DNA detection are optical techniques that offer sensitivity but they are expensive, tedious and require high power. Electrochemical techniques are advantageous because they are inexpensive, require less energy, and at the same time offer high sensitivity and selectivity. DNA detection using electrochemical techniques can be used in the future for disease diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Here we report the preparation and characterization of a gold substrate self-assembled with a single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) polyGT15 monolayer. Methylene blue (MB) is an electroactive organic dye widely used to detect DNA hybridization due to its high affinity for guanine bases. Square wave voltammetry was used to monitor MB responses. We found that the MB response diminishes with hybridization which was reported before. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to minimize the non-specific absorption of ss-DNA on the gold surface by switching the potentials several times between 0.2 V and 0.5 V. When the nonspecific absorption of the ss-DNA is achieved the ss-DNA that remains attached to the surface show a compressing and stretching behavior when the mentioned potentials are switched.

52

Vzquez, Soleyl, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Cartagena, Michelle, Quimica, UPR Rio Piedras; Carballeira, Nestor, Quimica, UPR Rio Piedras [Chemistry 66] Towards the First Total Synthesis of the 2-methylthio-6-nonadecynoic acid Fungi are pathogens that cause infections that can affect the skin, nails and in worst case scenarios the organs. Due to the rise of resistant strains to current antifungal drugs it has been necessary to find effective treatments that can eliminate these harmful fungi that attack the human body. Fatty acids have been studied over the years due to the antifungal activity they present. Our research group recently synthesized the 6-nonadecynoic acid which shows antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton strains. Our current goal is to synthesize a sulfur analog, such as the 2-methylthio-6-nonadecynoic acid to test if the addition of the methylthio group increase its bioactivity. To synthesize this compound, first we do the coupling between 1-tetradecyne and 2-(5-bromopentyloxy)-tetrahydro-2Hpyran to afford 2-(nonadec-6-ynyloxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran (1a). After the deprotection of the 1a we obtain alcohol 1b which then was oxidized to the acid 1. Finally, we esterified acid 1 to obtain the corresponding ester 1c for the future addition of the methylthio group at the alpha carbon. Once synthesized, this acid will be submitted to antifungal testing.
H

1) n-BuLi, THF r.t. , 1h 2) HMPA, Br -60C, 24h 79%

OTHP
4

OTHP
4
10

OH

pTSA, MeOH 60C, 48h

10

1a 95%

1b

10

O O
3

PDC, DMF r.t. , 48h 49%

O

OCH3 SCH3

1) LDA, THF, CH3SSCH3 2) KOH, EtOH

10

10

1c

OCH3

HCl, MeOH reflux

10

OH

Scheme 1. Synthesis of 2-methylthio-6-nonadecynoic acid and its sulfur analog Vega, Jennifer, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Mayaguez [Chemistry 67] Case Study On Saline Intrusion In Rincon Puerto Rico The most important aquifers in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are in coastal areas. These aquifers have been negatively impacted since the early 53 De Jesus,Maritza, Chemistry, UPR-

part of this century by large scale agricultural land reclamation and projects through construction of drainage and dewatering works causing the saline intrusion environmental problem. Saline intrusion is the influx of sea water into an area that is not normally exposed to high salinity levels. This could be the inflow of seawater into a fresh water wetland or a fresh water aquifer. Understanding saline intrusion in coastal aquifer is an important issue in management and protection of groundwater resource, which can be well achieved by the measurements of several target parameters. To explain some phenomena of correlation between groundwater level and salinity in observation wells in coastal area of Puerto Rico, two different drinking water stations in Mayagez and Rincon cities were selected. The water sources of both cities are different. Since August 2008, weekly, several chemical analysis on the potable waters samples of both cities were measure, the pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolve solids (TDS), turbidity and ions concentration of sulfate, nitrate, free chlorine, magnesium, sodium, calcium, cooper and other ions. The results show that the drinking water of Rincon has the highest values of pH, conductivity, salinity, TDS and the ions concentration of sulfate, nitrate, free chlorine, sodium, calcium, magnesium (hardness) and cooper. The values of sodium, conductivity, sulfate, cooper, and hardness from the potable water of Rincon are sometimes 3 to 7 times more than the Mayagez water. However the town of Mayagez has the higher values of turbidity and zinc. The major anions in the saline intrusions free chlorine, sulfate and sodium were found in the Rincon drinking water. This research demonstrated that the drinking waters of Rincon and Mayagez were classified as very hard and soft respectively according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) standards. This is a seriously environmental problem in Rincon town since groundwater is the principal source of drinking water.

Vlez, Christian, PCUPR [Chemistry 68] The Identification of Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes in CHO Cells Treated With Cilantro Leaf Extracts Coriadrum sativum, cilantro leaf, is used as an additive for cooking. From cilantro leaves two types of extracts are prepared: one organic and one aqueous. Once the extracts are prepared, the LD50 is determined by doing a lethality test with Artemias Salinas (brine shrimp). After the LD50 is determined, the appropriate concentration of the extract is chosen for the CHO cells treatment. The CHO cells are then separated into groups: one group treated with organic extract, one treated with aqueous extract and one control group (no treatment). The cells are treated for a period of 96 hours. Enzyme activity for the CYP 450 1A2, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 isoenzymes is tested using the CYP450 Glo assay. The results will be used to determine whether the cilantro leaf induces or inhibits the enzyme system. 54

Zayas, Rafael, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rodriguez, Lolita, Chemistry; Souto, Fernando, Chemistry; Hernandez, Samuel, Chemistry, Correa, Sandra Natalia, Chemistry; Barreto Perez, Eydia, Chemistry [Chemistry 69] Lippia dulcis as effective phytoremediator of soils contaminated with TNT The term phytoremediation comes from the use of plants to clean water and soils. Plants considered hyper-accumulators can remove large quantities of substances considered contaminants of xenobiotic origin. Lippia dulcis is an autochthonous medicinal plant The objective of this research is to study the accumulating characteristics of this plant using available clones grown in vitro. The contaminant of interest is largely trinitrotoluene (TNT), a common pollutant left on sites where explosives are used, stored or manufactured. The Lippia dulcis from Puerto Rico was successfully placed in vitro after several trials under appropriated aseptic techniques. Clones of the mother plant were exposed to increasing amounts of TNT. Plantlets were placed in liquid media doped with TNT (0.0, 5.0 and 75 ppm). Initial results showed that the L. dulcis plantlets continued to grow in the presence of the contaminant. The TNT concentration in the media was measured by HPLC analysis. It was found that after several weeks the TNT concentration had decreased considerably. This suggests that L. dulcis may be a viable plant for use as a phytoremediator on soils contaminated with TNT. Future experiment are planned to confirm these preliminary results as well as explore in detail the fate of the contaminant.

Computer Sciences
Bermudez, Jeranfer, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Garcia Lebron, Richard B., Dept. Ciencia de Computos, UPR-Rio Piedras; Lopez Roig, Reynaldo, Dept. Ciencia de Computos, UPR-Rio Piedras [Computer Sciences 1] Study of r-Orthogonality for Latin Squares A Latin Square (LS) of order n , is an n n array of n different elements, where in each row and each column the elements are never repeated. Latin Squares have various applications in Coding Theory and Cryptography. Examples of LS are the famous Sudoku squares. Two LS of order n are r-orthogonal if when the squares 55

are superimposed we get r distinct ordered pairs of symbols. We study generalizations of the r-orthogonality to sets of LS. In this work we present preliminary results on some properties of these generalizations. Cardona, Rogelio, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Betancourt, Edward & Rivera, Samuel, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Computer Sciences 2] An Introductory Survey on Cloud Computing, its State-of-the-Art and Current Performance Issues A relatively new computing paradigm known as Cloud Computing has emerged to meet the goal of providing mainstream users a new way to acquire computational resources as a service over the Internet. However, this new paradigm brings several challenges that need to be addressed in order to guarantee widespread use and acceptance within business and academic environments. Of particular interest is the challenge of performance, which should be top-notch, compared to traditional computing methods that by nature are offline, e.g. the use of a personal desktop or laptop. Our research work aims to provide an understanding of the performance-related issues associated with Cloud Computing and suggest possible research avenues to explore in the area of performance. Dvila, Guillermo Manuel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Farrington, Jose, Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras; Arce, Rafael, Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras; Orozco, Edusmildo, Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras [Computer Sciences 3] A VHDL-FPGA Implementation of Mastrovito Multipliers Finite fields have applications in cryptography, error correcting codes, signal processing, and more recently, in genetic networks. Finite field multiplication is usually seen as polynomial multiplication modulo an irreducible polynomial of degree m, which in general is O(m2). Mastrovito developed an algorithm for fields of characteristic two that avoids the reduction step by transforming the multiplication problem into a matrix-vector product. A very important feature of the Mastrovito matrix is that its symmetries are well-suited to pipeline processing. Ferrer, Bollman, and Moreno have used a modified version of this method to develop a multiplication algorithm for fields of characteristic two that is the fastest known such algorithm to date. In this work, we give a Mastrovito Multiplier

56

implementation in a Hardware Description Language (VHDL) for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Farrington, Jose J., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Davila, Guillermo, Matematics, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras; Orozco, Edusmildo, Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras [Computer Sciences 4] A Especial Case of Reduced Linear Modular Systems Given a nonsingular matrix S over the integers modulo a prime number, we consider the action of a nonsingular matrix M that commutes with S on the cycle structure induced by S. The resulting system is called a "reduced linear modular system" (RLMS). Such a system has a cycle structure similar to nonsingular linear modular systems. Of especial interest are those RLMSs which yield the least number of MS-orbits. The solution to this problem is crucial for optimizing the computation of fast multidimensional Fourier transforms with prime edgelength and linear symmetries in their inputs. It is known that if the characteristic polynomial of S is irreducible, one can find an RLMS with only one nontrivial MSorbit. In this work we explore those RLMSs for which the characteristic polynomial of S is a nontrivial power of an irreducible polynomial over the integers modulo a prime number. Marcano, Mariano, Computer

Fontanez, Guillermo, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Science, University of Puerto Rico [Computer Sciences 5] Parameter Estimation Cotransporters for Mathematical

Models

of

Potassium-Chloride

Potassium-chloride cotransporters (KCCs) perform electroneutral transport of K and Cl ions simultaneously when activated by cell swelling in order to control intracellular K concentrations. Four types of KCCs with similar characteristics (isoforms) are known to date. For each isoform a mathematical model was formulated using a system of ordinary differential equations to model the cotransporter states, from which unidirectional fluxes of the ions are computed. Nonlinear optimization was performed to obtain transition rates for each state by minimizing the distance between published experimental data and the unidirectional flux of the model. For the optimal parameters the half-maximal effective concentrations were very similar to those of the published data. Solutions are not unique since various sets of parameter values resulted in solutions with similar accuracy. Slow rates for movement of ions into the cell with 57

fast rates out of the cell were obtained and are in accordance with the cotransporter function of potassium excretion from the cell. Keywords: Parameter estimation, KCC, potassium-chloride contransporter, mathematical model Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by NIH grant number SC1GM084744

Lopez, Reynaldo, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Computer Sciences 6] Condor as a Solution for Highly Intensive Computational Tasks A Latin Square of order n, is a n x n array of n different elements, where in each row and each column the elements are never repeated. Two Latin Squares of order n are said to be r-orthogonal if when the squares are superimposed we get r distinct order pairs of symbols. As the n increases, the number of possible combinations needed to calculate the r-orthogonality increase exponentially, causing the required computations to last impractical amounts of time on a single computational unit. Research on Latin Squares brings up an essential problem, the need of a high computational system capable of handling computer intensive tasks on a reasonable amount of time. A possible solution would be the use of several computers joined as a grid, whose main purpose is to divide a big task into several smaller work units in order to accomplish the final job. Condor, a job manager for computer intensive tasks developed by the University of Wisconsin, solves this issue by providing an efficient infrastructure which allows us to easily distribute Latin Squares immense work flow between different machines. Thanks to Condor, problems that would take years, or even decades can now be solved in reasonable amounts of time. This and several other characteristics, such as its easy implementation between several operating systems and the way it manages computer resources, make Condor the ideal system for this kind of job.

Quiles, Joel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Computer Sciences 7] Optimized Strategies for the Mastermind Game The game of Master Mind is a code-breaking board game for two players in which one player makes a code with colored pegs and the other has to correctly guess it. Over the years, many efficient algorithms have been proposed, some with better expected winning results and some which minimize the maximum turn in which the player that guesses can win. The purpose of this research is to 58

implement some of the strategies and play the game for all the possible combinations and present empirical results. Also, variations of the game can be made by adding more colors and pegs to make the game easier or harder to win. We wish to compare the effectiveness of the algorithms for different variations of the game. Trinidad, Jason, UIA-BAYAMON; Canales-Pastrana, Rafael, Department of Natural Science and Matematics, UIA Bayamn; Rivera-Marchand, Bert, Department of Natural Science and Matematics, UIA Bayamn [Computer Sciences 8] Development of a Computer Program for the Procrustes Analysis Procrustes analysis is used to obtain a general shape measurement in objects with unusual shapes and is widely used in the fields of Biology, Medicine, among others. The Ordinary Procrustes Analysis is used to fit an object into another object by re-scaling, rotating and translating the objects, so that they are normalized. This is done by assigning points of correspondence between the objects called landmarks. This analysis can be very complicated if done by hand, and that is why the use of computers is crucial. A computer program can be used to place landmarks on the objects and make the necessary calculations for the analysis quickly and precisely. Some of the software products available for this analysis are: MODICOS, SAS, TPS and a computer language called R. These applications do not offer both functions of placing landmarks and making the calculations, so more than one of these software must be acquired to make the complete analysis. This is why Procrustes Analysis Tool (PAT) was created. PAT is a user-friendly application, developed using Visual Basic.NET, to carry out the Ordinary Procrustes Analysis on two dimensional objects. This program will be available on the internet as a freeware.

59

Education
Agosto, Ibis, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Borrero Michelle Ph.D., Biology, UPR-RP [Education 1] Development of a genomics project for a Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory The National Academy of Sciences in their report BIO2010 challenged undergraduate biology programs to reexamine their current curriculum to assess if they meet todays scientific challenges. To this effect, a project-based laboratory course in Molecular and Cellular Biology at UPR-RP has been developed to enhance our students preparation for a scientific career. This approach breaks the traditional cookbook laboratory exercises and gives students the opportunity to execute scientific research in a laboratory course. The new curriculum design consists of two sequential projects in genomics and proteomics. In the current work we present how the genomics section of the course was developed, optimized for student use, and implemented. We have preliminary data that shows that the new laboratory protocols can be implemented in the course successfully. Students have been able to isolate total RNA, analyze it, prepare cDNA, and begin microarray experiments. Upon completion of the genomics project students will do oral presentations of their data. We expect that the incorporation of this type of laboratory experiences into the curriculum will increase students scientific and critical thinking skills. Furthermore, we propose that the acquisition of these skills will lead to an increased interest in pursuing a scientific career.

Electronics
Soltero, Daniel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Breazeal, Cynthia, Ph.D., Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Adalgeirsson, Sigurdur, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology [Electronics 1] Electronic Systems for a Semi-autonomous Robot The Personal Robots Group at the MIT Media Lab is working on prototypes for a mobile robot designed for communication purposes. My project was based on designing a sensor suite of ultrasonic range finders (sonar) and infrared binary 60

range finders, and designing a small, one-channel motor controller that will be used for the six motors that move the robot. The sensor suite provided data from the five sonar sensors, giving us horizontal range in two dimensions, and the four binary sensors, for knowing if the robot is about to drive off an edge of the surface it is placed on. This provides enough information to the robot/user to make intelligent decisions. Both circuits where programmed and debugged so that they all share the same serial lines, minimizing wire use and space. Additionally, physical models of the boards were made using SolidWorks CAD software. These models are being used with the robots model to design perfectly fitting parts for the robot. A simple mechanical system was also designed in SolidWorks, and constructed, which presented the motor controllers capabilities to control three motors that represented the actual robots arms and waist. EAGLE software was used to design the boards, and AVR microprocessors were used for the low level control.

Engineering
Alicea, Neysa, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Maxuel J. Cruz, Mechanical Engineering UPR Mayaguez; Carla S. Prncipe, Civil Engineering - UPR Mayaguez; Lilia Olaya, Mechanical Engineering - UPR Mayaguez, O. Marcelo Surez, Engineering Science And Materials - UPR Mayaguez [Engineering 1] Characterization of Al-Cu Alloys Reinforced with Dodecaborides Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have great potential in structural and aeronautical applications due to their high corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties and low density. Therefore a careful characterization of their phase transformations upon processing and resulting mechanical properties is essential. In the present work we have fabricated aluminum alloys reinforced with AlB12 particles via gravity casting. The specimens were heat-treated and analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microcopy (SEM), Vickers microhardness, high temperature x-ray diffraction (with Reactor X and differential scanning calorimeter DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Our results proved the lack of stability of AlB12 in contact with liquid aluminum and the subsequent change of the dodecaboride into smaller AlB2 particles.

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Alvarez, Steven, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Madeline Torres-Lugo, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayagez; Carlos Rinaldi, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayagez [Engineering 2] Preparation of Ferrogels Consisting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Embedded in Polymeric Matrices Hydrogels and magnetic nanoparticles (MgNps) are materials widely studied due to their special properties. The possibility of embedding the MgNps in the polymeric matrix could result in a new material, known as a ferrogel, with yet unknown properties. The focus of this project is embedding cobalt ferrite MgNps in a poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogel. It is suspected that the Brownian relaxation of the cobalt ferrite MgNps when subjected to an alternating magnetic field will impart special properties to the material. The cobalt ferrite MgNps were synthesized by the thermodecomposition method. The obtained MgNps had oleic acid surfactants making them hydrophobic. Since our interest is using the particles in a hydrophilic medium, a poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether ligand exchange method was used to obtain water dispersible MgNps. The MgNps where characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Superconducting Quantum Interference device (SQUID). The MgNps were added to the prepolymeric solution and polymerized using UV-activation in a controlled environment. At this point, the MgNps have been successfully embedded in the hydrogel and will proceed with the material characterization. Barrado, Pilar, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Sergio E. De Hoyos Irizarry, Departament of Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Hermes E. Caldern, Departament of Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 3] Effect of AlB2 reinforcements on the High Temperature Thermomechanical Response of Al-Based Composites A new series of Al-based composites is being evaluated for high temperature structural and automotive applications. The material is constituted by an aluminum matrix containing 2.5 wt% Cu and 1 wt% Mg and reinforced with AlB2 dispersoids. This research focuses on the effect of the reinforcements on the creep resistance of the composites. Samples with different levels of boron (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt.% B) are prepared and tested using a thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA) under constant compression load. The coefficient of thermal expansion and the behavior under creep conditions are studied. The preliminary results show that, as the percent of boron increases, both the time for primary creep and 62

the deformation rate upon secondary creep are reduced. This research is supported by NSF through award N DMR-0351449 (PREM program) and by UPRM CoHemis (RUM Ol program). Burgos, Jose, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 4] Determination of the Gelation Temperature of Sodium Alginate at Various Concentrations by Creating a Graph of Viscosity as a Function of Temperature By using a rheometer and a computer program to analyze the data of this instrument; the temperature of gelation of the solutions of Sodium Alginate was determine at different concentrations using curves of cooling. On these curves of cooling it was graph the viscosity of the fluid as a function of temperature to be able to observe the gelation temperature. This temperature of gelation was determined observing a sudden change on the viscosity of the fluid at certain temperature. An experiment of reproducibility was perform to assure the reproducibility of the data for the solutions of Sodium Alginate at 1.5% by weight changing only the time passed between its preparation and analysis.

Calzada, Jaime, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Engineering 5] Wireless Transfer of Electric Power Wireless transfer of electric power is considered as a plausible means for alternative efficient energy technology. Extensive research has been conducted on late Nikola Teslas technology, the Magnifying Transmitter, which intended the broadcast wireless electric power to every point in the globe, simultaneously in industrial quantities. The Magnifying Transmitter patents are debunked and discussed in a technical manner. The theoretical implementation of this system for a world-wide wireless electrical system is exposed, along with the numerous engineering feats that arise. A Hypothesis is made about the operation of this system and various theories for operation are discussed. Possible experimental setups which implement the proposed methods of operation are proposed and discussed. Keywords: Wireless electricity, Magnifying transmitter, Wardenclyffe Tower, Nikola Tesla, Radiant Energy.

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Cordero, Jos, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Portela, Genock, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Rivera, Samuel, Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 6] Structural Response of Pre-cambered Bridges Under Moving Loads Structural systems consisting of composite materials have gained modality during recent years. The increase in strength of combined materials with different properties at different stages of loading is an area open for research. Furthermore, advances in the mechanical behavior of materials provide new fields of study, especially when it is combined with material characterization. Systems consisting of high-strength materials primarily based on plain concrete, reinforced concrete (with silica fume), and low alloy structural steel (A-572) are being investigated. Prediction of the behavior of these systems under dynamic loading, such as cyclic and impact loads, are challenging tasks to scientists working in the implementation of functional and affordable systems for actual needs. Examples of successful systems are the pre and post-tensioned mechanical states vastly used in structures. In order to expand recent applications, the first part of this project is oriented to develop analytical formulations for pre-cambered composite structural elements that are subjected to dynamic moving loads, based on service and ultimate levels. Computational analysis of other systems previously used for similar structural applications will be performed in the second part of the project. Outcomes found will be used in future applications, changing materials that would improve the behavior of the proposed systems.

Espinal, Ana, UIA-BAYAMON [Engineering 7] PACER Experience at LSU, Knowledge Transfer and Future Projects In the summer 2008, LSU (Dr. Greg Guzik, PI) selected Inter Bayamon-UIPR to participate in the NSF PACER-Physics & Aerospace Catalyst Experiences in Research program. Over an intense 9 week, a faculty and three students learn basic electronic, microcontroller programming, and scientific balloon to design, build, and launch a small payload from a sounding balloon at NASA CSBFColumbia Scientific Balloon Facility. A new class: Aerospace Experience I & II is being offered at UIPR. First semester: Twelve students realized a temperature sensor-SkeeterSat, a micro-controller Basic Stamp-BalloonSat circuit & build payloads. SkeeterSat were launched on the payloads. Second semester: they will form groups to design, build and launch their own scientific payload. NASA formatted documentation will be required from each group: PDR-Preliminary 64

Design Review, CDR-Critical Design Review, FRR-Flight Readiness Review and final project presentation. UIPR has been invited by Dartmouth College to participate in a NASA balloon mission. BARREL-Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Loss is a NASA mission of opportunity to support NASA Living with a Star mission RBSP-Radiation Belt Storm Probes. Launching up to 46 scientific balloons to study the precipitation of energetic particle in the atmosphere: spatial and temporal domain. UIPR students will help to integrate the scientific payloads at Dartmouth College (provided by participating institutions at UC at Berkeley, Santa Cruz and University of Washington), learn how scientific instruments work, participate in the mission operation, and analyze results. This chance will help retain student interest in aerospace related projects and induce them to go to graduate schools. Espinosa, Javier, UIA-BAYAMON; Jaime Yeckle, Computer Engineering [Engineering 8] Grid Portal at Interamerican University Grid Portals is a web based resource that provides a personal point of access to high computational capacity to assist us with one or various jobs. In this study we researched various grid portals and analyzed them for deficiencies. We found two portals that were the most distinguish: Open Grid Computing Environment (OGCE) and P-Grade Portal Developer Alliance. The objectives of this research were to find the most efficient portals, analyze them thoroughly and decide which two portals to install. We have started with the installation of OGCE grid portal. During the semester of August 2008 we accomplish the selection of the portals and the beginning of installation. Further research will be aimed at finishing the installation of the portals and implementing a new design from these existing portals. The results from the study will lead us to the creation of a more efficient and user friendly grid portal.

Fuentes Martnez, Paul M., UIA-BAYAMON [Engineering 9] Characterization of Graphene Ribbons from Liquid Exfoliation of Graphite The study of graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms bound together, is becoming a growing international area of research interest, due to its presumed mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties and possible practical applications. Since its discovery in 2004, by physicists from the University of Manchester, graphene has been rigorously investigated as this innovative material was expected not to exist in nature because in its free state it is unstable 65

with respect to the formation of curved structures such as buckyball, nanotubes and 3D diamond and graphite. These structural instabilities have resulted in dedicated efforts in the field of material science focused on procuring thinner and thinner layers of graphite, approaching nano-particulate scale, or growing epitaxial graphene on surfaces for later removal and incorporation into varied applications. The subject of this ongoing research project is focusing on the optical and electric properties of freestanding graphene ribbons and corresponding networks. In order to obtain these ribbons, graphite flakes with an average size of 45 m are dispersed in isopropanol alcohol, with a concentration of 1mg/ml, using ultrasonic vibration. This provides initial mechanical exfoliation into individual graphene sheets. To remove the multilayer graphite flakes, the liquid suspension was sorted by ultracentrifugation at 21000 RPM per 10 minutes. This procedure separates the suspended particles by size, ribbons on top, larger particulate on the bottom. To obtain a freestanding graphene films, we selected the top fraction and deposit it on the surface of a nanoporous membrane, having a pore size of 100 nm, via a vacuum filtration process. After completing these procedures, the optical properties were analyzed with diffuse reflectance measurements on the membrane and scattered transmittance measurements of the fraction solution using a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The spectra obtained can be used to qualitatively identify free charge carriers present in individualized graphene sheets. In order to determine the electrical conductivity properties, the membrane was sputter coated with gold electrodes, and the impedance at different frequency was measured using an impedance analyzer. Fuertes, Francheska, TURABO UNIV [Engineering 10] Waste Chaser: Geldipping/Gelcap ERG Cut Line Adjustment. Waste Chaser is a McNeil site strategy in which waste has been identified as a major budget expense during the current year. Once major offenders were identified, specific projects, at different manufacturing areas, will be realized to attack waste expense, one of which comes from Geldipping Gelcap ERG Cut Line Adjustment Project. The new cut line adjustment implementation will provide Gelcap area to have $ 117,012.00 annual standard waste saving and reducing downtime by 40.6 % annually. ERG standard waste is reducing by a 0.2% applying a cut line adjustment and training in Geldipping Gelcap area.

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Gambaro, Sahray, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Morales, Dorimar, Computer and Electrical Engineering Department, UPR-Mayaguez; Rivera, Melvin, Computer and Electrical Engineering Department, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 11] Low Power Consumption Software for Cochlear Implants Deafness is caused by the degeneration of the sensory hair cells known as the sensory tissue of the cochlea, which is in the inner ear. The cochlea is responsible of gather electrical signals from sound vibrations and transmits them to the auditory nerve. Then the auditory nerve sends these signals to the brain for processing. A cochlear implant is a medical device implanted inside the inner ear of the patient providing the hearing capability by bypassing the damaged hair cells via direct electrical stimulation. UPR-Mayaguez research group has been working for the past few years with the Wireless Integrated Microsystems Engineering Research Center (WIMS ERC) to develop the software for a cochlear implant. In the past, a Tone Demonstration was developed to show the functionality of the whole WIMS Microsystems. Currently, a Current Shaping Demo is being developed consisting on a demonstration that the currents for the stimulation of the electrode array can be controlled to have a particular shape. The functionalities of this demo will be tested with the MSP430 commercial microcontroller. Garca, Sergio, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Oyola, Rolando, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico; Garca, Carmelo, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico [Engineering 12] Automation of a Nanosecond-laser Flash Photolysis System and Stop-flow UVVIS Absorption Spectroscopy System In this project two set-ups were automated. The first one used the LabVIEW programming package (National Instruments) to automate and control several equipments attached to the nanosecond-laser flash photolysis set-up at UPRHumacao (UPRH). The objective of the project was to integrate a new oscilloscope (Tektronix, Model 3052B) to measure the photomultiplier voltage signal as a function of time. This oscilloscope has a higher resolution and better averaging capabilities than the previous one, (LeCroy Model 9310). This was successfully achieved using the GPIB protocol available in the LabView package. The second set-up that was automated was the SFA-20 Rapid Kinetics StoppedFlow Accessory for UV-VIS Spectroscopy (Agilent HP8453). To connect the SFA-20 to the spectrometer trigger signal input, a TTL signal (5V to ground level change) was used. The set-up was program to start data acquisition, whenever the spectrometer detected the TTL signal at the auxiliary input socket. In order to 67

relate the voltage difference with the program, a cable was soled to short its trigger pin to ground as soon as the substances that were to be analyzed were mixed. In addition, the spectrometers software was reprogrammed to activate the auxiliary TTL input/output socket. By comparison, the results obtained with the trigger were much more precise than without the trigger installed. Gomez, Suzette, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 13] Implementation of the Abundance Estimation Algorithms Using NVIDIA CUDA Hyperspectral image analysis is an active research area in the field of Remote Sensing. Several techniques have been developed for analyzing the massive amounts of data contained in one image. The ultimate goal of hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is to obtain information on, or classify, the contents of the image. One of the procedures used in HSI classification is spectral unmixing. Literature review was done on algorithms for spectral unmixing and their previous implementations in particular, we have done research on the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Algorithm as an alternative for unsupervised unmixing. Our work focuses on the implementation of the PMF algorithms and porting the Hyperspectral Image Analysis (HIA) Toolbox on GPUs. HIA is a collection of algorithms that extend the capability of the MATLAB numerical computing environment for the processing of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery. Using Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) as the computing platform we intend to reduce computation time on the analysis of hyperspectral image data. We are using the Geforce 8800 GTX GPU and CUDA technology. Gutierrez, Ian, UIA-BAYAMON; Rivera, Manuel, Electrical Engineering, Universidad Interamericana; Garcia, Joel, Electrical Engineering, Universidad Interamericana; Font, Bernardo, Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Interamericana, Alicea, Emmanuel, Computer Science, Universidad Interamericana [Engineering 14] Rocket Payload the Size of a Soda Can The cansat is an annual student design-build-launch competition for spacerelated topics organized by the American Astronautical Society and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. It is available to any university and college students.

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The competition is designed to reflect on a typical aerospace program. It includes all aspects of an aerospace program: a detailed schedule, in the form of a Gantt chart, PDR, HWR, CDR and PFR. The schedule, in the form of a Gantt chart, is use to track the progress toward completion of the cansat development. The schedule will have all the competition milestones as well as all internal tasks and milestones, hardware procurement milestones, and academic milestones. The Preliminary Design Review is a multi-disciplined technical review to ensure that the system under review can proceed into detailed design, and can meet the stated performance requirements within cost (program budget), schedule (program schedule), risk, and other system constraints. The Hardware Review shall be performed between the PDR and CDR, and its intent is to ensure hardware selection and procurement is proceeding to support a successful completion of the cansat. The Critical Design Review is a multi-disciplined technical review to ensure that the system under review can proceed into system fabrication, demonstration, and test; and can meet the stated performance requirements within cost (program budget), schedule (program schedule), risk, and other system constraints. The Post Flight Review provides an assessment of flight operations and results of the demonstration flight. It provides an assessment of successful and unsuccessful flight operations. Hernndez Prez, Joany R., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Len Burgos, Jos G., Chemical Engineering, UPRM; Reyes Luyanda, Damian, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 15] Bifunctional Nanostructured Catalytic Materials for the Conversion of Cellulose into Sugar Alcohols The catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into intermediates that can be used to produce fuels and high-value chemicals, as well as substitutes for petroleum-based feedstocks, in an integrated biorefinery is a novel technology that can help meet the growing energy demand while dramatically reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work presents the development of bifunctional nanostructured materials for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into sugar alcohols that can be used as a sustainable source of renewable biorefinery feedstock. Mainly sorbitol and mannitol are obtained by the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose followed by the corresponding reduction. Supported Ru 69

catalysts were prepared by evaporative deposition on various ordered mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with different functionalities. The catalysts were characterized using surface area determination (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The activity and selectivity of the bifunctional catalysts were studied by monitoring the cellulose conversion and production of sugar and sugar alcohols in a batch reactor. These results were compared to the effectiveness of samples with single functionality. The effect of acidity on conversion and selectivity will be discussed. Kaufman, Richard, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Gabriel Prez, Computer Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 16] Enhancing the VXL Libraries for the Computer Vision Community VXL (the Vision-something-Libraries) is a widely deployed, robust, and crossplatform open source computer vision library written in C++. Like many open source projects, this one is developed by a wide variety of contributors, including members from industry, academia as well as some of the leading researchers on computer vision. VXL is divided into 6 core libraries and a set of contributed libraries. A group of students at UPRM are working on the VIDL (Video Streaming) and VGPL (Geometric Projection) libraries, which belong to the set of contributed libraries, with the end goal of promoting them to the core library level. The contributed level is where all the contributions made by researchers and developers around the world are placed. However, these contributions may not be as robust and complete, or as generic as those in the core level. For the library to be promoted it must be considered a general purpose and robust computer vision library. In addition, it must comply with the following rules: All of the code must strictly abide to the project's coding guidelines. At least two institutions or companies must be using this library. The library must have a chapter in the VXL Book. This chapter will contain tutorials and documentation regarding the library. There must be a maintainer for the library with the responsibility of coordinating all changes to the library.

Once all the conditions for moving VPGL and VIDL to core have been met, the resulting libraries will be included in VXL core. The result will be that the VXL library will add another excellent resource to its framework and make it available to industry, academia and the wider developer community. It is expected that this resource will, not only expose VXL to a larger audience, but extend its community impact by supporting even more products and state-of-the-art research. 70

Lpez, Alejandro, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Carola Barrera, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Carlos Rinaldi, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 17] Preparation of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Covalently Bound Chitosan and Chitosan Oligosaccharide Lactate for Use in Biomedical Applications Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles present characteristics that make them suitable for use in biomedical applications, for example, cancer treatment through hyperthermia. Nanoparticles injected into a tumor and subjected to an alternating magnetic field heat up sufficiently to kill cancerous cells without causing damage to healthy cells. In this project, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles functionalized with covalently bound chitosan were prepared using a novel method. Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer with a positive charge, thus potentially increasing the nanoparticle-cell interaction. First, oleicacid stabilized magnetite nanoparticles, were synthesized by the thermal decomposition method. The oleic acid originally present on the particle surface was replaced via ligand exchange reaction with a silane bearing terminal carboxylic groups. Subsequently, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide lactate were covalently attached to the carboxylic group present on the particles surface via carbodiimide activation, leading to amide linkage formation. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta Potential Measurements, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Super Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry. Infrared spectroscopy results demonstrate successful ligand exchange as well as amide linkage formation. The procedure employed resulted in non- agglomerated chitosan oligosaccharide lactate coated nanoparticles, as confirmed by TEM images. Zeta potential measurements confirmed the positive charge on the particle surface, and magnetic measurements demonstrated superparamagnetic behavior. Hence, the procedure employed yields nanoparticles suitable for biomedical applications. Such positively charged particles should have prolonged interactions with negatively charged cell membranes.

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Lugo Morales, Yahaira, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Escobar, Zalleris, Department of Civil Engineering, UPR-Mayagez; Hwang, Sangchul, Department of Civil Engineering, UPR-Mayagez [Engineering 18] Landfills with Coal Combustion Byproducts as an Alternative Daily Cover Landfill is an engineered facility for the disposal of solid waste materials to minimize environmental and public health impacts that can be resulted from them, if not managed appropriately. Putting a daily cover on the top of a days deposition of wastes is a standard practice in landfill operations, which is to: minimize disease vectors; restrict access to rodents, birds, and insect; control leachate and erosion; reduce fire hazard, minimize wind-blown litter, reduce noxious odors, provide an aesthetic appearance and allow accessibility regardless of weather. Alternative materials for daily cover could conserve landfill space and soil resources while also meet environmental and operational requirements. This research evaluates coal combustion byproducts aggregate (CCAs) as an alternative daily cover material. It is a manufactured aggregate, an agglomerate of fly ash and bottom ash which are produced during the coal combustion process. Biochemical decomposition and settlement are simulated using bioreactors in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber. Bioreactors are equipped with a gas extraction port and a water spraying system. For settlement monitoring purpose were constructed transparent plexi-glass window on the wall of bioreactors. Solid wastes used in the study are a representation of Puerto Ricos typical waste characteristics. One bioreactor is using soil, whereas another bioreactor is using CCAs as an alternative daily cover. Environmental chamber was equipped with a thermal circulator to assist the rate of waste decomposition. Different stages of rainfall events and leachate recirculation are simulated. Leachate quantity and quality, extent of settlement and gas production trend are to be presented. Preliminary results indicated that the landfills amended with the CCAs as alternative daily cover could reduce toxicity of leachate and enhance the rate of waste decomposition. Melendez, Adriana, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Reyes, Andrey [Engineering 19] Analog Rank Order Filters to Reduce Computational Needs in Processing Hyperspectral Images: Coding and Storing of Rank Order Data Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has many applications such as for ecological purpose, agricultural benefits, and surveillance. Sensors from an HSI camera 72

collect information of several images taken at a slight and near range of the electromagnetic spectrum also known as spectral bands. These bands provide us with high spectral resolution data that can be used to classify between objects based on their spectral signature. The quantity of data generated for an HSI becomes a challenge in computing. The information of each pixel is processed and stored, which consumes a great amount of time, memory, and processing capacity. We propose to use a pixel-range storing system, instead of the traditional pixel by pixel system to reduce the quantity of bits needed for the computation of an image. This research consists of the conversion of data from an analog Rank-Order Filter (ROF) to decode computational information used in HSI. The ROF Integrated Circuit (IC) preprocesses the signal prior to digitizing it. In the ROFs different classes are detected in the analog domain. Known classes are sensed as different signals and thus can be classified and coded with an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The system receives the information from the ADC converter and registers the amount of pixels that are in a consecutive order and from the same material. We will present the research questions and solutions for designing the digital part of the system where coding and storing of data are the main concerns of this part of our research work. Montes, Gina, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 20] Synthesis And Magnetic Properties Of Bismuth Ferrite, BiFeO3, Nanoparticles Application of nanocrystalline multiferroics materials in sensor development, massive memory storage or in the fabrication of new devices taking advantage of the electron charge and spin explains the need of investigating various options for its synthesis. Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is a multiferroic material that exhibits ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity. The present research is focused on the confirmation of the BiFeO3 formation in ethylene glycol media and its structural and magnetic characterization. Our preliminary results suggest that the ferrite formation was strongly dependent on both, the drying and annealing conditions of the solid precursors. Bismuth ferrite was produced after annealing the precursor for one hour between 700C and 800C. The corresponding magnetic properties (magnetization and coercivity) were influenced by the selected annealing temperatures. Rentera, Boris, Mechanical Engineering,

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Perez, Misael, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Daz, Abraham; Peguero, Jos; Negrn, Norman; Electrical and Computer Department, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 21] Controlling Firmware for a Micro Gas Chromatograph with Low Power Constraints The Engineering Research Center for the Wireless Integrated Micro-systems (WIMS ERC) located in Michigan is developing a micro gas chromatograph (GC) that will provide real-time analysis in a portable form. The device that is being developed will combine wireless communication with micro electromechanical system (MEMS) technology, allowing the device to be controlled wirelessly. In collaboration with the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Michigan Technological University, the University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez (UPRM) group is in charge of developing the firmware to remotely control the GC along with implementing the gas data pre-processing algorithms. The GC will be capable of analyzing and remotely reporting complex mixtures of organic compounds at high speed on a small package under low power restrictions. An ATMEL AT91 ARM microcontroller manages the ZIGBEE wireless radio to receive the GC control instructions and report the analyzed data. The team at UPRM is currently working with the wireless communication implementation, memory management algorithms to manage the memory constraint requirements of the project and the software that will be installed on host PC to control the system. Low power techniques and software optimization will be used to complete the tasks. Plaza, Nayomi, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hidalgo, Ruth, Mechanical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; Suarez, O. Marcelo, Engineering Science & Materials, UPRMayaguez [Engineering 22] Effects of Magnesium Levels in Al-B Composites Subject to Mechanical Wear And Abrassion A series of high wear strength, lightweight Al/AlB2 composites was developed for aerospace applications. The effect of magnesium addition on the composite wear behavior and hardness was analyzed. The composite wear strength was investigated by means of pin-on-disk experiments. SEM and EDS analyses permitted identify the phases present and correlate the composites microstructure with its mechanical behavior. SEM observations also allowed identifying the wear mechanisms involved during the pin-on-disks tests against a 440 martensitic stainless steel ball. Measured wear coefficients were contrasted with Brinnell and Rockwell F hardness values. Within the magnesium levels studied the wear rate is reduced as Mg concentration increases. 74

Quiles, Marcelo, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Jose Angel Galarza Rivera, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Gladys O. Ducoudray Acevedo, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Guillermo Serrano, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPR Mayaguez [Engineering 23] Digital to Analog Converter Modules with Offset Cancellation Using Floating-Gate Transistors Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) have numerous uses such as data conversion in DSP, MP3 players among others modern electronic devices. The proposed project consists in developing DAC modules with offset cancellation. The approach uses floating gate transistors to get rid of offset fluctuation, usually called offset drift, mismatches effects, and other common flaws encounter in present technology. The challenge is to incorporate different mixed-signal circuit modules, impervious to offset fluctuations using floating gate transistor programmable devices, for offset cancelation in a DAC. Floating-gate transistors add programmability to circuit current sources, differential pairs and transconductance amplifiers, which allow offset cancelation [1], high accuracy, and reduce mismatch effects reduction. The architecture replicates the scaled DAC composed of the following modules: Current Mirrors, Floating-Gate Programming and Operational Transconductance Amplifier. The proposed solution is to perform a theoretical analysis and simulation to develop mixed-signal modules. Computer simulations in Cadence Virtuoso will be used for design validation. The validation of the simulated data will be tested by fabricating an Integrated Circuit Prototype using MOSIS CMOS 0.6 technology. Also a Very-Low-Cost-Tester test board will be designed and assembled to enable easier testing procedures. Testing of the IC prototype and validation of the design with experimental results will be the last step. The IC Prototype developed will be tested for offset cancellation, INL, DNL and standard testing procedures used in Industry. Ramirez, Ismarie, TURABO UNIV; Fuertes, Francheska, Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Turabo University [Engineering 24] Computational Experiments: Reliable Location on a Network The purpose of this research project in Operations Research and optimization is to design a computational experiment for the algorithm that solves the relisum problem on a network with unreliable edges. The expected result of the 75

computational experiment is a polynomial equation that relates the time it takes the computer to solve the algorithm with the amount of nodes and edges of the network it solved. Reyes, Andrey, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Melendez, Adriana, Electrical and Computer Engineering Departement, UPR-Mayaguez; Ducoudray, Gladys, Electrical and Computer Engineering Departement, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 25] Analog Rank Order Filters to Reduce Computational Needs in processing Hyperspectral Images: Analog circuit design This research proposes the use of Analog Rank Order Filters to potentially reduce computational needs in processing Hyperspectral Images (HSI). Hyperspectral Images is used for environmental applications such as mineral detection, vegetation monitoring and more. In HSI, hundreds of images are taken at narrow and nearby spectral bands providing us with high spectral resolution data that can be used to classify between objects based on their spectral signature. The quantity of data generated by a Hyperspectral Image camera becomes a challenge in computing. Preprocessing these images through an Analog Rank Order Filter (ROF) can significantly reduce the computational needs of Hyperspectral Image Processing. A Rank Order Filter is implemented in a programmable Winner Takes All (WTA) structure, which allows the control of the voltage level to be measured from the sensors output signals. This provides the advantage of selecting a desired level such as the maxima, median or minima, to limit our analysis and develop a range for a specific value. This is useful to filter a specific material which outputs a constant voltage from the sensor. A basic three input WTA Integrated Circuit (IC) design in 0.60 um CMOS technology is fabricated for testing purposes. Several prototypes will be daisy-chained to later expand their programmability. Rios, Miguel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 26] Improving Undergraduate Design Experience: Effective Integration of Software, Hardware and Renewable Energy Projects Integration of software and hardware projects is a common task in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) field. While students are getting applying the knowledge acquired in undergraduate courses, they could be instructed by their advisors to work in a design project involving one or two main topics depending 76

on their specialization: Software Development/Engineering and/or Hardware Design. The difficulty of these kinds of projects is increased when students have to work with both, software and hardware elements. In these cases, students need to focus in those components and also in the connection of them, which could be limited, complicated, inefficient and time-consuming. This work intends to explain an effective way to reduce the time, efficiency and complexity of the connection of software and hardware components in Computer Engineering design projects. It is the integration and merging of CE projects using web services and external application programming interfaces (API). Two cases involving hardware and software tasks where evaluated: a web-based monitor for photovoltaic applications (PV Monitor) and a configurable wireless notifying system (openAmbient). PVMonitor consists on a hardware module that retrieves data from solar panels and a web application that receives the information and interprets it. In the other side, openAmbient is composed by a Bluetooth-enabled module with a screen and a light that turns on when it receives email, calendars and other configurable notifications from an application installed in a computer. Both projects were created by connecting components that were individually developed: a software application and a microcontrollerbased circuit. Those elements were interfaced using a communication module, web services and external APIs to complete the main projects. The advantages that were seen using this approach include an easier separation of tasks and individual effort, an effective integration of the developed modules and a feasible way of expansion, which leads to the students to complete their hardware and software tasks and then to collaborate with each other to produce larger and productive projects.

Rivera, Jemilly, UIA-BAYAMON [Engineering 27] Renewable Energy Earth needs us to find other ways to get energy these days. Renewable energy should be that way. This investigation is about using a natural source in order to get that energy. In this case, we are using the sea water and its movements. Our goal is to create a model which can help us to use the waves and turn them into energy by making them move an object. Since the information available about the waves is too little, we are using some sensors that will help us measure the movements so that we can use that information and use it to work in our model and use it properly so we can get the most out of this investigation. Still, this is an ongoing investigation and we have a lot of work ahead of us, but at the end, it will all be worth it.

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Rivera, Jose, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Quiles Guzman, Marcelo, Electrical Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Ducoudray, Gladys, Electrical Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Ramirez-Angulo, Jaime, NMSU [Engineering 28] Class AB Floating Gate OTA Module for DAC Implementation This research proposes the design of a Class AB Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA) using floating gates to reduce current offsets, low voltage supply and obtain a higher slew rate. This OTA would be use as a module to develop a programmable offset null Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). The OTA module used as a buffer configuration will held the single ended low impedance output current from the current mirror module and transfer it to the desired high impedance output. The function of this module is to avoid overload on single ended output of the current mirror module when connected to other electronic applications. Current offset removal of the OTA modules would be done by trimming the differential input pair, using floating gate transistors programmability to eliminate the offset, then the OTA operate in normal operation mode and various DC sweeps are performed. This OTA would be designed, simulated, layout, fabricated and tested as a Integrated Circuit design using 0.60 um CMOS technology. Characterization will be done internally using a Prober and to characterize parasitic capacitances endured by packaging, the packaged CHIP will be tested using an Automated Test Equipment. Experimental results will be provided. Rivera, Roberto, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Carrasquillo, Ronald, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez, PR; Martnez, Yarymar, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez, PR; Adelakin, Tunde Kingsley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez, PR, Surez, Oscar Marcelo, Department of Engineering Science & Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez [Engineering 29] Comparative Tribological Study of Aluminum-Tin Bearing Alloys Containing Silicon or Boron Al-Sn-Si alloys are the current choice for lightweight bearings. The recent design and manufacturing of Al/AlB2 composites prompted the feasibility of using this new material as a replacement of Al-Sn-based alloys. To improve wear behavior in bearings, centrifugally cast aluminum-boron composites have been alloyed 78

with tin, and the resulting mechanical properties of the material have been compared with those of similarly cast Al-Sn-Si alloys. This study analyzes the effect of chemical composition, namely B and Si levels, and the casting parameters on the wear behavior of both materials. The measured response variables are then correlated to the expected applications of the proposed material: microhardness, surface hardness and wear response (wear track produced by a pin-on-disk apparatus). Results demonstrate substantial increments in hardness and wear resistance, which points to an apparent superiority of the studied boron-based composites over the commonly used silicon-based bearing alloys. This research is funded by Sigma Xi Grants-in-Aid program and NSF through Award N DMR 0351449 (PREM Program). Rodriguez, Cristina, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Perales, Oscar, Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Mazuera, David, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez [Engineering 30] Effect of Processing Techniques on Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Polyimide Films Polyimide (PI) is a high-strength polymer which thermal stability and thermo mechanical properties can be tuned by suitable control of its processing conditions. This study addresses the dependence of structural and mechanical properties of PI films with variable curing cycles. X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the development of the polyimide structure. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was used to investigate the thermal stability and stability against thermal degradation of produced PI films. The temperature of degradation was determined by heating the polymer at 5 C/min from room temperature up to 600 whereas the thermal stability was evaluated C, at 400 C. The PI films experienced a degradation temperature of 550 while C the PI films remained stable. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to determine the tan value, also called the tangent of the phase lag, and the storage (elastic) modulus M as a function of temperature at 1 Hz and 10 Hz. These measurements were also used to estimate the glass transition temperature of the films. It was found that the number and conditions of the curing cycles strongly influence the mechanical properties of PI films. It was also found that the formation of the polymer under homogenizing conditions caused a change in the corresponding degradation temperature of the film.

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Rodriguez, Christie, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Perales, Oscar, Material Sciences and Engineering; Asmat, Martin, Physics [Engineering 31] Size control Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles At the nanoscale, crystalfinal size is a crucial factor because it will determine material properties; in other words, properties will vary in conjunction with size variation. The objective of this work was to control the size of nanoparticles of ZnO as an attempt to tune the corresponding optical properties. For this purpose, ZnO was synthesized in ethanol solution at different temperatures in the room temperature-60C range. Produced samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and UV-Visible spesctroscopy. Also, the variation in band gap energies with average crystallite size was estimated. Our results confirmed the increase in crystallite size by rising the synthesis temperature. ZnO nanocrystals of different sizes will be doped with Nickel and Cobalt achieve ferromagnetism at the nanoscale.

Sandoval, Roger, TURABO UNIV; Donato, Yessenia, Industrial Engineering, Turabo University; Mendez, Carmen, Industrial Engineering, Turabo University; Loushine, T.W., University of Minnesota [Engineering 32] Educating Safety Engineers to Meet Industry-Specific Needs Industries require specific knowledge and expertise from their Safety Engineering Professionals. Educating Safety Engineers as part of the Industrial Engineering undergraduate curriculum can be a major challenge due to the limited number of classes where safety concepts are included and the wide complexity of techniques and regulations specific per industry. These complexities are often outlined in a classroom but can be difficult to address fully in an effective, costand time-efficient manner. A multi-phase study is currently underway at the University of Turabo, Gurabo, PR. The study aims to identify the strategies used to train safety engineers today, the level of knowledge and expertise that different industries require from their safety professionals, and how any knowledge-gap is being bridged in practice by different means (such as practitioners journals and continued education courses). The goal of the study is to identify a practical strategy to ensure that graduating safety engineers are ready to meet the challenges of industry and their knowledge and expertise stays current on all areas of practice, research, and regulations. 80

Santiago, Paulette, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Estevez, Engineering, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus [Engineering 33]

Antonio,

Chemical

Biodiesel Production Proposal Using Supercritical Methanol and Fryer Grease This article is a literature review on biodiesel production and determination of the best procedure to manufacture it based on several scientists reports. A substitute to petroleum derived diesel has been sought after as a way to discontinue or diminish to our dependency on this crude oil. An alternative has been achieved thanks to Rudolph Diesel since the 1800s The difficulty on its implementation is its production cost. The cost primarily comes in large part from the triglycerides source. The sources of triglycerides are different types of pure oil, price ranging about 5 dollars per gallon. A useful solution to this problem is the use of fryer grease. Fryer grease containing 5-6 wt% of free fatty acids is comparable to the other types of oil which are 8.4 wt% and an obvious cost relief. The other aspect of the production to be varied is the process; the best technique found was the one using methanol as a supercritical fluid instead of the need of a catalyst. The process consists of a first hydrolysis reaction preceding the second and final esterification reaction.

Santiago-Torres, Juan E., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Torres-Lugo, Madeline PhD, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagez [Engineering 34] Protein Crystallization with Neutral Hydrogels Providing Conditions for CounterDiffusion Protein crystallization is of much interest due to its importance in describing and understanding a protein as it provides required crystals to perform analytical techniques such as X-ray Diffraction. Improvements in crystallization methods have provided the environment to crystallize some proteins. Counter-diffusion of a precipitating agent has been achieved by suppressing convection and sedimentation by employing common polymers such as agarose. However, such polymers do not provide the means to control the diffusion coefficient of the precipitating agent. This work focuses on the examination of the effects of poly(ethylene glycol) based morphologies on the crystallization of lysozyme. Its 81

main goal is proving that controlling the precipitating agent diffusion coefficient provides a mass transfer profile needed for a better crystallization. Crystallization of lysozyme was achieved utilizing the counter-diffusion method by employing the Granada Crystallization Box (GCB). The precipitating agent was NaCl with acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer at 3.5M and pH of 4.6, respectively, and lysozyme concentration was kept at 40mg/mL. The crystals growth was studied by varying the morphologies of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether monomethacrylate (PEGMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). PEGMA (monomer) with MWs of 200, 400, and 1000 g/mol and PEGDMA (cross-linker) of 400 and 1000 g/mol were used. These polymers were synthesized by free radical solution bulk polymerization. The polymer morphologies were modified by varying the monomer and cross-linker ratio. Results indicated that all morphologies were capable of producing crystals. The resulting crystals were examined by X-ray Diffraction. Crystallographic results indicated that crystals obtained in the GCB are of lysozyme and that PEG 1000/1000 crystals had an average mosaicity of 0.227 degrees. These results indicate that cross-linked hydrogel matrices have the potential to provide diffusion controlled environments for crystallization. This study will be repeated using other proteins and, as long term goal, proteins that have never being crystallized.

Soto, Yahaira, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Aviles, Sully Mar, Chemical Engineering Department, UPR-RUM; Carreras, Gretselle, Chemical Engineering Department, UPR-RUM; Suleiman, David, Chemical Engineering Department, UPRMayaguez [Engineering 35] Synthesis and Characterization Nanostructured Ionomers of Poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene)

This investigation studied the resulting nanostructure of ionic membranes composed of sulfonated copolymers with thermoplastic and elastomeric blocks. Linear poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) (SIBS) of different molecular weight and polystyrene (PS) weight fraction were sulfonated to various levels of ion exchange capacity (IEC) and selectivity. The sulfonation level of the polymer was controlled with the stoichiometric amount of the sulfonating agent and with prior understanding of the reaction kinetics. The percentage sulfonation was obtained using Elemental Analysis (EA). The resulting membranes were then characterized with several techniques including: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). These techniques provided physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes, which allowed us to compare the

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resulting morphologies and selectivities. This is turn allowed us to have a better understanding of their structure-property relationship.

Environmental Sciences
Alicea, Vivianette, UPR-ARECIBO; Romero, Maylisa, Department of Physics and Chemistry, UPR-Arecibo; Ramos, Maiella L., Department of Physics and Chemistry, UPR-Arecibo; Arbelo, Jose G., Department of Biology, UPR-Arecibo [Enviromental Sciences 1] Sorption of Lead From Aqueous Solutions by Nasturtium Officinale There has been a strong interest in the use of aquatic plants as a potentially useful group for pollutant uptake and biological indicators of heavy metals in aquatic systems. Nasturtium officinale (watercress) is a promising candidate for metal removal. It is well known that heavy metals can not be degraded like most organic compounds. Lead (Pb) is an environmental toxic metal and its accumulation seems to be a significant problem in water systems, human and animal life. In a previous work we quantified the uptake of lead and chromium by Nasturtium officinale from natural waters in the Central Region of Puerto Rico. In this study we investigated the uptake of Pb by Nasturtium officinale after being treated with different concentrations of the ions individually in separate containers Plant samples were digested using a microwave laboratory oven (CEM MARS X). Analysis was performed by means of a flame-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (PE AAnalyst 800). Results indicated that Nasturtium officinale bioaccumulated elevated concentrations of lead in its tissue. Lead concentration levels were higher in the plant tissue than the levels found in the water. Bioconcentration factors of Nasturtium officinale resulting from exposures to metal containing water were 102 times higher with respect to lead concentrations in water. Removal percentages indicate that there was apparently no difference between the initial concentration of the solution and the metal uptake by the plant. The presence of total and fecal coliform bacteria will also be studied in the aquatic plant. The results of this study can provide the basis for understanding the bioaccumulation and phytoremediation capabilities of Nasturtium officinale for environmental cleanup purposes.

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Almodvar, Laura, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Daz, Elba, Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus; Valentn, Alexis, Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus; Massol, Arturo, Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus [Enviromental Sciences 2] Heavy Metal Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Mayagez and Adjuntas The role of activated sludge in the removal of heavy metals in wastewater treatment plants of geographically distant units is yet to be fully understood. Heavy metals are key components of wastes and their composition and concentration varies from one location to another thus impacting the microbial community composition of the sludge. In this study we measured during six consecutives months the removal efficiency of copper, lead, chromium and cadmium in two water treatment plants in Puerto Rico (Mayagez and Adjuntas). Samples were collected from the affluent and effluent pipelines, activated sludge from the recirculation unit, the aerobic chamber and the anaerobic unit. Sludge samples were analyzed using general acid digestion with HNO3 and HCl. Metals were extracted with HNO3 in the water samples. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Preliminary results show that both wastewater treatment plants removed metals. Removal of cadmium was observed in both plants. Mayagez showed significant removal in October through December and showed removal levels of 52%-100%. Adjuntas showed cadmium removal every month except in November and January with 59% to 100%. Significant removal of copper was only observed in Adjuntas. The removal efficiency ranged from 30%-67%. The removal of these metals indicates a significant contribution of the microbial biomass in the wastewater treatment process. Future plans include comparing removal in both plants, a study of the temporal variation and sludge samples analysis. Understanding the responsible microbial groups could help with modeling and optimization of wastewater metal removal in this important biotechnological application. Alvarez, Derry, UIA-BAYAMON; American University of Puerto Rico [Enviromental Sciences 3] Development of a Tobacco Plastid Genome Transformation Vector Chloroplast genome transformation is a viable and advantageous technique for genetic engineering. High expression of the transgene, containment of the genes inside the plastid genome, and site specific integration of the transgene is some of the advantages of this technique. Current cloning vectors need to be optimized 84 Ruiz, Oscar N., Natural Science, Inter

in order to improve the transcription and the translation of the transgene. Development of the vector in our laboratory will reduce costs and the amounts of time require to develop a transgenic plant. To address this situation, we propose to create a cloning vector capable of increasing the transcription and translation rates, also capable of homologous recombination of the transgene into the chloroplast genome, exploiting the high expression rate of plastids. The main aim is to develop our transgenic chloroplast cloning vector to transform genes of interest into chloroplast genome. Angel, Luisa, UPR-CAYEY; Alexandra Cid Aponte, Biologia/UPR-Cayey; Valerie Lpez Carrasquillo, Biologia/UPR-Cayey; Jorge Roldan Carrasquillo, Biologia/UPR-Cayey, Janice Ramrez Santiago, Biologia/UPR-Cayey; Adriana B. Rivera Renta, Biologia/UPR-Cayey; Dra. Belinda Romn Avils, Biologia/UPRCayey [Enviromental Sciences 4] Survey Terrestrial Mollusk Diversity at the UPR-Cayey Secondary Forest Invertebrate species play a central role in the survival or maintenance of most ecosystems. A survey to study the diversity of mollusks in the UPR-Cayey Secondary Forest, was carried out during the rainy season. A total of twentyseven Mollusks belonging to thirteen families were found and positively identified. A large diversity of Mollusks were identified which contribute to the forest ecology wealth. Mollusks are considered excellent ecological indicators of a forest ecosystems overall health. Aponte, Deylen, UPR-CAYEY; Barbara Demming-Adams, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; Matthew R. Dumlao, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology [Enviromental Sciences 5] Effect of Cold Temperature on Vein Density and Photosynthetic Capacity in Winter and Summer Squash Continuous increases in the requirements for food, materials, and energy in a world with a rapidly rising human population create a need to increase crop productivity. However, it is currently not well understood what factors are limiting plant productivity. It had recently been suggested that plant species that load sugars into the phloem veins (that transport these sugars to the rest of the plant) through holes in the cell wall (symplastically) may not be able to be productive at cool temperatures. Symplastic loaders transport large sugars with a high viscosity that may increase even further in the cold and thereby slow down sugar export. To test this assumption, I grew two symplastic loaders, summer and winter squash, at warm versus cool temperatures in growth chambers to 85

measure the density of the sugar-loading veins as well as leaf photosynthetic capacity from plants grown at the two temperatures. While these transfers are still in progress, preliminary data from another symplastic loader, Verbascum phoeniceum, show an increase in loading vein density as well as an increase in photosynthetic capacity in the plants grown at cool temperatures. This should compensate for any slow-down in phloem transport due increased viscosity. In conclusion, the previous assumption that all symplastic loaders perform poorly at cool temperatures is not correct, and it remains to be seen whether or not summer and/or winter squash show the same trend. Aulet, Bianca, UPR-AGUADILLA; Rosado-Torres, Marco, Ciencias Naturales, UPR-Aguadilla [Enviromental Sciences 6] Relationship Between Temperature, Salinity, Oxygen Concentrations and Light Attenuation Coefficient in the Cao Madre Vieja, Aguadilla Several physicochemical parameters and their relationship with contrast attenuation coefficient (kd + c) were studied in the pipe Madre Vieja, located in Columbus Park in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Water samples were collected at four different stations of the water body during October 2007, April 2008 and October 2008 with the purpose to determine the concentration of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate in different regions of the estuary and the possibility that these parameters fluctuate seasonally. Also was measured: salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in each of the stations studied. The results obtained in the different stations are within the values reported in the literature for similar coastal environments. It was noted that the physicochemical parameters depend on rainfall and wave activity in the west area of Puerto Rico. In the October 2008 sampling was calculated the attenuation coefficient of contrast using Secchi disk measures. No significant differences were observed in the attenuation coefficient of contrast in the stations considered in this work. Bentez, Isabel, UIA-METROPOLITANO; Dr. Freddy R. Medina, Biology, UIA Metropolitano [Enviromental Sciences 7] Biological Activity of Pyrethroid Impregnated Paint Upon Daphnia Magna Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Reducing the contact with mosquitoes will diminish transmission of the disease. Our aim is to develop a method to repel and/or kill the mosquito vector. We did a preliminary screening of chemicals and then carried out a definitive evaluation of a pyrethroid 86

impregnated in a paint. At this time, we are assessing the impact effect in the environment. Some of our laboratory partners evaluated the effects upon dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Others evaluated the effect upon the mosquitoes themselves. Our aim is to evaluate the effects of the pyrethroid impregnated paint upon Daphnia magna, a small, planktonic crustacean used as a model to assess the toxicological effects on the environment. Data will be shown to demonstrate the effects of these pyrethroids upon the environment. Bonet, Joshua, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Yu, Mei, Plant Ecology, UPR-Rio Piedras; Ramirez, Alonso, Ecology, UPR - Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 8] Spatial-Temporal Variation of Water Consumption in Puerto Rico Conflicts between land use/land cover change, population growth, human consumption and nature consumption can cause water resource tension in Puerto Ricos watersheds. In this study, a large array of chronological data will be collected, concerning watersheds and their association with environmental impacts and water resources. Using statistical analysis and spatial modeling, all of the data collected will be correlated to detect the relationships between water consumption and watershed degradation. The temporal range for this research will be from 1945 to 2007. Missing values will be replaced by those between the specific dates or by their average values. There are few spatial studies that correlate statistical analysis and watershed hydrology; hence this study can be used to evaluate future consequences in watershed degradation. Therefore, this new approach with mathematical techniques and geographic systems will emphasize the importance to control the water use in Puerto Rico. o Hypothesis 1: The increase of human population will cause an increment in water consumption, thus decreasing significantly the water resources distributed in the main watersheds of Puerto Rico. o Hypothesis 2: The intense irrigation since the 1940s had a stronger effect of water use than current urban and reforested land cover.

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Bosch, Agnes, TURABO UNIV; Jos R. Prez Jimnez, Instituto de Investigacin Interdisciplinaria, Universidad del Turabo [Enviromental Sciences 9] Diversity and Abundance of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Hypersaline Microbial Mats in Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico We are interested in understand the distribution, richness and endemicity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) across layers of mats during rainy and dry seasons from two lagoons, Candelaria and Fraternidad in a Neotropical environment . Samples were collected in November 2007 and April 2008 from the hypersaline waters in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. We isolated each layer of the samples and extract its DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsrAB) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) analysis of their NdeII digests. In the developing mat during the rainy season the top layer comprised a community of 57 TRFs, the mid layer 66 TRFs and the bottom layer 57 TRFs. In the more mature mat during the rainy season the top layer comprised a community of 44 TRFs, the mid layer 46 TRFs, the bottom layer 55 TRFs and during the dry season the top layer 95 TRFs, mid layer 63 TRFs and the bottom layer 53 TRFs. As for the younger mat , it show a proportional sulfidogenic community through all the layers, this may be because it is a developing mat and pass through marked seasonal changes, during rainy season is under water meanwhile in dry season is completely dry. The more mature mat show a marked abundance of sulfidogenic community in the bottom layer of the mat during the rainy season and in the upper layer during the dry season. It is relevant to know that this mat is under hypersaline waters during both seasons. It may suggest that sulfate-reducing bacteria swim up in the mat during the rainy season and get trapped inside eukaryotic-photosynthetic assemblages in the upper layer or express protective mechanisms against oxygen. Further investigations are being carrying out through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify sulfate-reducing bacteria richness and possible endemicity.

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Claudio, Jennifer, PCUPR; Asencio, Carmen, Biology; Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico; Jaimn, Rosa, General Sciences; Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico; Torres, Karylsa, General Siences; Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico [Enviromental Sciences 10] A New Subspecies of Dryas iulia (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Heliconiidae) in Puerto Rico? Butterflies are natures indicator of a geographic areas health, hence our interest in knowing more about the function of butterflies in nature. The butterfly we are interested in, Dryas iulia, is a butterfly species distributed throughout the Continental Neotropics, South Florida and the West Indies. Only in the West Indies there are 12 subspecies and Puerto Rico has one of them, Dryas iulia iulia. However, recently, one new form of this subspecies has been found in the island. Previous work made with the new form demonstrated that the differences on the wing pattern were not related to seasonality nor feeding behavior. Therefore, we are interested in knowing if these changes are just phenotypic forms or if we have a subspecies not recorded. Consequently, a DNA extraction from both phenotypes of the Dryas iulia butterfly was performed using the DNEASY Blood and Tissue Kit of Qiagen. In order to determine if in Puerto Rico there is more than one subspecies of this particular butterfly, with this product, we will proceed to amplify and further analyze the sample. Colon, Johanna, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Sciences Department, UPR Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 11] Socioeconomic, Land-Use and Land-Cover Change as Drivers of Water Quality Regimen Shifts in the Ro Grande de Arecibo Watershed Human societies have significantly impacted freshwater ecosystems through a variety of activities that include withdrawal of water for consumption and irrigation, and construction of channels, dams, and reservoirs for flood control and water storage. One consequence of these activities has been regime shifts whereby freshwater ecosystems have moved from a state characterized by pristine condition to a state where water quality and quantity have been dramatically changed. Changes in demography, socioeconomic activities, and land use/land cover can trigger these regimen shifts. The main objective of this research is to explore regimen shifts in Ro Grande de Arecibo watershed at Puerto Rico by focusing on land use/land cover and socioeconomic changes in their likely impact on water quality. First we will develop a model that describes the relationship between water quality and land use/ land cover and 89 Restrepo, Carla, Environmental

socioeconomic variables for sub-watersheds for which data exists. Second we will use the model to predict water quality in sub-watersheds for which data on land use/ land cover and socioeconomic but not water quality data exists. This will allow us to examine changes in water quality throughout the watershed both in space and time, and therefore identify regime shifts.

Curbelo, Jean Carlos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Enviromental Sciences 12] Breeding Systems and Pollinators of Mammilaria Nivosa Species on Mona Island Reserve Breeding systems of plants are affected by habitat structure factors, pollinators and competitive invasive species. Habitat structures vary from geographical territories. This study compares insular oceanic island territories vegetation and their habitat structure to large continental territories. Some features of oceanic insular islands are lack of pollinators, great occurrence of wind pollination and great changes due to invasive species, opposite to continental territories. To observe breeding systems and the effects of invasive species in an insular oceanic island studies of the cactus Mammilaria nivosa, a native species of the Mona Island Reserve in Puerto Rico, were performed. Reproductive conduct and how it is affected by the invasive African grass, Megathyrsus maximum, were studied. Series of reproductive test as artificial pollination have been made to establish breeding systems, as well audiovisual observation recording to monitor plant-animal interaction and possible animal pollinators. Monitoring of fruit, flower and individual production was conducted throughtout invaded and non invaded areas of Megathyrsus maximus. Research was conducted through a three month period time spand with sampling being taken once a month, and current sampling still being taken. This investigation will contribute to the knowledge of the evolution of breeding systems in insular plants. It will provide information relevant to the conservation and management of tropical cacti species in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean many of them threatened by habitat transformation and invasive species.

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De Jesus, Rigoberto, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rosso Gonzalez, Diego J [Enviromental Sciences 13] Analysis of the Chemical and Physical Interactions of Polymeric Micro and Nanostructures with Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products A challenge in the sewage treatment facilities in Puerto Rico is the difficulty of removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products, an emerging class of environmental pollutants that present a potential risk to public health. Actual techniques used in sewage treatment facilities do not remove these pollutants from the water, meaning that the eluent destined to be re-used have traces of these compounds that are ingested by people. In this experiment we proposed the used of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify PPCPs diluted in water, and use polymers to sequestrate these compounds. The studied PPCPs were exposed during a period of 3 day to Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and 1 day to a Polystyrene matrix. In the case of PDMS, around 45% of the analytes were sequestrated from the water, and for the Polystyrene exposure, around 60% of the analytes were removed from the water. Results show that aldehyde terminated polystyrene prove to be most effective removing the analytes from water. Feliciano, Augusto, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Alamo-Nole, Luis, Chemsitry, UPRM; Perales-Perez, Oscar, Engeniering Science & Materials, UPRM [Enviromental Sciences 14] Sorption Study of Toluene onto Crumb Rubber Waste tires crumb rubber was used to remove toluene from aqueous solutions at room temperature. Concentrations of toluene were quantified by GC-MS. Sorption process was investigated using 5.0 g/L of crumb rubber mesh 14-20 at pH 6.0. Sorption process onto crumb rubber was a mixture of two different processes: adsorption onto carbon black and absorption into rubber material. Scatchard plots were used to evaluate both processes. The removal efficiency was dependent on toluene concentration. Up to 70% of toluene was removed from starting 30 ppm solution.

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Garcia, Cesar I., UPR-HUMACAO; Hernndez, Emily N., Engineering, UPRHumacao; Santiago, Ana I., Engineering, UPR-Humacao; Rodrguez, Edward, Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez, Machn, Nellissa, Biology, UPR-Humacao [Enviromental Sciences 15] Energa Renovable desde los vertederos de Puerto Rico The first part of the project consisted on informing the residents nearby the landfill in Humacao about the problem that represents the great amount of garbage arriving there and the fact that is no program implanted to take advantage of the products coming from the trash for the production of ecocement. For this purpose the use of a Power Point presentation titled Cement production and waste management was needed. Next we make a wide search to find solutions to this problem. The most imminent problem is the release of the landfill gas to the air without receiving any benefits like being use for electricity generators, or as rough material in other processes. This problem is being treated around the world and is necessary that in Puerto Rico an action plan must be set in motion to solve a problem that has the technology to be solved. Our job consisted on searching those solutions to be the bridge between the primary experimentation and the future development of this source of renewable energy. The following presentation is a pre-factuality study for the use of landfill gas as a source of energy to generate electricity. Most of the landfills in Puerto Rico burn the landfill gases before releasing them to the air, what will be done is to use them to generated electricity, based on the predictions of landfill gas emissions made in the UPRH with two mathematical models from the Environmental Protection Agency and data of population from government statistics. Gomez, Ivonne, TURABO UNIV; Perez- Jimenez, Dr. Jose, Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research [Enviromental Sciences 16] Genetic Diversity of Arsenate Respiring Bacteria in Nature: a Way to Track Enviromental Risk The diverse dissimilatory arsenate-respiring prokaryotes (DARP) derives energy from arsenate. Arsenate can replace phosphate groups in biomolecules, such as enzymes, proteins, and genes. Therefore, interfere with their natural functions and can accumulate within the food chain. Despite the limited biochemical understanding of the arsenate repiratory reductase bacteria, its gene (arrA) could be used as a biomarker to distinguish DARP because it have a enzyme catalyst of the ARR process encoded in the arrA gene. A molecular biomarker should be long enough and genetically persistent to register evolutionary changes suitable 92

for characterization. Our aim is to characterize DARP based on a large fragment of the arrA gene. Primers for nearly complete, and internal amplification of the arrA gene were designed and tested on genomic DNA from several DARP, and non-DARP. Resulting amplicons were cloned for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Several combinations of degenerate primers produced the nearly complete sequence of the arrA gene, encoding the ARR, has been acquired for Bacillus selenitireducens, Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Wolinella succinogenes, Bacillus arseniciselenatis, Chrysiogenes arsenatis, and Sulfurospirillum barnesii by protein analysis, genome sequence, or selective PCR amplification. A recent attempt to characterize arrA genes from the environment yielded amplicons of ~180 bp. We have designed a collection of primer for broader gene amplification and universal application among bacteria. We have sequenced nearly the complete arrA gene (~2.3 kb) for Desulfosporosinus sp. strain Y5, Bacillus macyae, Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum, and S. carboxydovorans. Designed primers had broad application across classes within the DARP. Long arrA amplicons were consistently generated from DARP. Long and genetically persistent arrA genes have registered evolutionary changes suitable for characterization. We continue examining the arrA gene from isolates and environmental samples to resolve their diversity and develop specific detection tools. Gonzalez, Xiomara, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ramirez, Alonso, Biology, Institute For Tropical Ecosystem Studies [Enviromental Sciences 17] Periphyton Response to Nutrient and Light Limitation in a Tropical Urban River, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is a highly urbanized tropical island with 16% of its surface under urban land use. Most urbanization is concentrated in the San Juan metropolitan area (population density: 3,500 people/km2). We have limited information about how urban development impacts river ecosystems on the island. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: 1) identify whether urban rivers are impacted by nutrient contamination, 2) determine which nutrient (e.g., phosphorus or nitrogen) is most limiting, and 3) assess the response of periphyton to contrasting nutrient and light levels. We selected the Ro Piedras, in San Juan, as it is impacted by urban runoff and waste water from leaking pipes. Two reaches with contrasting canopy covers were chosen to assess light limitation on periphyton. Periphyton was characterized as chlorophyll-a and ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and nutrient limitation was assessed using nutrient diffusing substrates and alkaline phosphatase activity. We found high chlorophyll-a and AFDM levels, relative to non-urban rivers in Puerto Rico. Measures of nutrient limitation indicated phosphorus limitation, potentially due to high nitrate levels in the river. Overall, the Ro Piedras is severely impacted by 93

urbanization and nutrient levels are impacting algal communities and increasing their biomass relative to non-urban rivers. Hernandez, Bryan, UIA-METROPOLITANO; Sanchez, Josean, Natural Sciences, UIA Metro; Albizu, Angela, Natural Sciences, UIA Metro; Sanchez, Yuly, Natural Sciences, UIA Metro, Mejia, Daniel, Natural Sciences, UIA Metro; Garcia, Karla, Natural Sciences, UIA Metro [Enviromental Sciences 18] Study of the Microbial and Physical-Chemical Water Quality at Torguerro Lagoon, Vega Baja, P.R. Tortuguero Lagoon Natural Reserve is a highly valuable ecological and hydrological resource located on the north coast of Puerto Rico, between the cities of Manat and Vega Baja. This natural reserve is the only and largest coastal freshwater body in the Island; it extends for 2.43 km2. This system can hold about 707 millions gallons of water. Its biodiversity includes 717 plant types and 23 fish species, as well different species of reptiles, amphibians, and mollusks. Nevertheless, over the years this natural resource has been impacted by urban development and contaminants as result of human activities. The main goal of this study was to characterize the water quality near the fishery and recreational area of the lagoon. Five sampling stations were selected to measure temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, and salinity. Also qualitative microbial test (Colilert ) was conducted to identify the presence of total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The bacterial densities for total coliforms and fecal coliforms were determined using the Membrane Filtration technique. A total of 40 water samples were taken over a period three months and submitted to microbial tests. The average of the physical-chemical measures were temperature= 27.53oC, pH = 8.10, OD = 5.8mg/l and salinity = .52 mg/l. The microbial analysis showed an average of 14CFUs/100ml for total coliforms and 42CFUs/100ml for fecal coliforms. The results suggest an acceptable water quality, according to the standards established for this type of natural resources. The study was sponsored with funds provided by PRLS-AMP, CECIA-IAUPR and USEPA. Jaiman, Rosa, PCUPR; Asencio, Carmen, Biology, PUCPR; Claudio, Jennifer, Chemistry,PUCPR; Torres, Karylsa, General Science, PUCPR [Enviromental Sciences 19] Molecular Characterization of Dryas iulia iulia Dryas iulia is a species of the family Heliconiidae, and 12 subspecies have been identified in the West Indies, based on differences in wing patterns. In Puerto 94

Rico the subspecies is Dryas iulia iulia . Recently, a new phenotype was found in Puerto Rico. We are trying to find out if the new phenotype is based on differences in the genes related to wings patterns. A DNA extraction was performed and mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidasesubunit I (COI), cytochrome oxidasesubunit II (COII) were selected. Both genes are known to be informative about the relationship among tribes and subfamilies of butterflies. The nuclear genes selected were factor-1a (ef-1 a) apterous (ap), decapentaplegic (dpp) and wingless (wg). Nuclear genes are phylogenetically informative at deeper levels. Using these genes and their genetic differences we expect to find out the relationship between these two forms of butterflies. Jaime, Xavier, UPR-HUMACAO; Cruz, Noelia, Dept. Biology, UPR-Humacao; Claudio, Leisha, Dept. Biology, UPR-Humacao [Enviromental Sciences 20] Seed Rain and Phenology in an Invasive Species Removal Experiment in Mona Island Reserve As part of an experiment to test the effects of removal of an invasive species (Megathyrsus maximus) in cactus and other native plants populations in the Eastern coastal area of Mona Island, we collected seeds and plant parts in tray traps, located in the experimental plots. Monthly samples were separated (using sieves) and classified in the laboratory. With the exception of seeds that were counted and weighted, other plant parts were oven-dry (60 C) for biomass measurement. Our results show the seasonal variation of seed production, and biomass variation of plant parts (leaves, stems, and reproductive components) and their relationship to precipitation and other environmental and biotic factors. Latorre, Luis, TURABO UNIV; Jos Prez-Jimnez, Science and Technology, Turabo University [Enviromental Sciences 21] Characterization of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Across Terrestrial Habitads in Neotropics Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are important decomposers of organic matter and mobilizers of minerals, including pollutants, while respiring sulfate in anoxic environments. Sulfate respiration uses the dissimilatory sulfite reductase, encoded by dsrAB genes, as ultimate catalyst. Several dsrAB-based methods have disclosed presence and distribution of SRB for marine and coastal ecosystems worldwide. The SRB prevalence remains unclear for terrestrial microniches in the Neotropics. We hypothesize that terrestrial ecosystems harbor 95

sulfidogenic communities scarce in their prevalence, diversity, and distribution. We aim to characterize sulfidogenic communities across terrestrial environments in the island of Puerto Rico. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (TRFLP) and clonal sequencing for the dsrAB gene have been conducted for soil samples collected from agricultural fields, mountains, caves, inland lagoons, and forests. A total of 343 phylotypes (richness) were detected across sites. Richness increased gradually from inland lagoon, cave, palma de sierra forest, elfin forest and agricultural site. Most of the phylotypes were found once per environment suggesting a highly endemic sulfidogenic community. Sequences retrieved from the few sites were diverse and related to various sulfidogenic genera (i.e., Desulfotomaculum, Desulfovibrio, and Desulfococcus) and environmental phylotypes (i.e. China, Guaymas Basin, Everglades, and France). Interestingly, minimal relatedness was observed to dsrAB genes retrieved from other environments in Puerto Rico (i.e., mangroves, and elfin forest). Additional analysis will describe distribution pattern according to sites previously study in Puerto Rico. The rich sulfidogenic communities in the Neotropics examined seems to develop from physical barriers across sites and adaptation to local conditions. This in-depth description of sulfidogenic communities will provide insights in the natural history, roles, and prevalence of sulfidogens within the Neotropics.

Lugo, Roberta, UPR-CAYEY; UPR Cayey [Enviromental Sciences 22]

Roman Aviles, Belinda, Biology Department,

Study Basidiomycota Diversity in a Secondary Forest Wherever forests flourish, fungi establish themselves as saprophytes that decompose wood, as mycorrhizal mutualists on roots, internal endophytes, epiphytic lichens, and parasites that attack living trees. The intricacy of fungal form, function, interaction, evolutionary history and geographic distribution has driven forest ecologists in many ways for many years. Our research focus on studying the diversity of Basidiomycota at the UPR-Cayey Secondary Forest. As part of our preliminary results we were able to identify five species of Basidiomycota, which could help us understand the Secondary Forest diversity and development. Research will continue during the January May semester.

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Melendez, Melissa, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Andersson, Andreas, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences; Peters, Andrew, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences [Enviromental Sciences 23] Estimates of Calcium Carbonate Dissolution Rates Under Elevated CO2 Conditions in Devils Hole, Bermuda The oceans have absorbed a significant fraction of the fossil carbon released to the atmosphere from human activities. As a result, seawater pH and carbonate saturation state () have decreased and will continue to decrease owing to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. These changes in ocean chemistry could result in increased dissolution of calcium carbonate minerals, sediments, structures and reefs. In the present study, carbonate sediment dissolution rates were estimated under elevated CO2 conditions in Devils Hole, Bermuda. During summer, thermally induced density stratification and microbial remineralization of organic matter in the subthermocline layer of Devils Hole produces pCO2 levels similar or higher than those pCO2 levels projected by the end of the 21st century. Based on observed changes in total alkalinity (TA) and estimates of vertical flux of TA out of the subthermocline region, carbonate dissolution ranged from 0.23 to 0.93 mmol CaCO3 m2 h1 in the summer of 2008. On an annual basis, this corresponds to 201 to 815 g CaCO3 m2 year1, which is a significant fraction of the present day estimate of the average global coral reef calcification of 1,500 g CaCO3 m2 year-1. Melndez, Glorimar, UPR-CAYEY; Carla Restrepo, Department of Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras; Maria-Eglee Perez, Department of Mathematics, UPR-Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 24] Analysis of Precipitation Time-series for the Rio Grande de Arecibo Watershed: Implications for Watershed Management Precipitation is one of the main components in the water cycle. Once it falls, it is redistributed within a watershed and a fraction of it will feed the streams. Therefore, understanding long-term precipitation trends is instrumental for the sustainable management of watersheds. Here we focus on the Rio Grande de Arecibo watershed, one of three key watersheds in the island of Puerto Rico, and examine long-term precipitation trends. Daily precipitation series for 16 stations within the watershed were obtained from NOAAs National Climate Data Center. The daily precipitation data was added up to get monthly total precipitations and use as input in the statistical package R to generate monthly precipitations plots for each series. Stations varied greatly in terms of the mean total annual and 97

mean monthly precipitations, as well as maximum and minimum total monthly values. For example, monthly maximum total precipitations ranged between 400 and 1200 mm, with the lowest values for coastal stations and the highest for mountainous ones. Further analyses will be performed to examine long-term increases or decreases already revealed in a qualitative way by the plots.

Nieves, Janice, UPR-CAYEY; Belinda, Biology, UPR Cayey [Enviromental Sciences 25]

Ricart, Carlos, Biology, UPR Cayey; Romn,

Preliminary Study of Fungi Basidiomycota in Las Casas de la Selva Forest Reserve Las Casas de la Selva is a 409 hectare Tabonuco forest experimental enrichment project in Puerto Rico, was established in 1983. Located in steep slopes in old secondary Tabonuco forest in the mountains of south eastern Puerto Rico, the Las Casas de la Selva project has worked with a total systems approach for utilizing a rainforest environment for profit without diminishing ist species richness, biological diversity or total biomass. The forest elevation of 600 meters provides year round temperatures averaging 22 The prevailing C. easterly winds delivering an average annual rainfall of 3 m, therefore the year round humidity is high. This study focuses on the biodiversity of fungi from the division basidiomycota in the Las Casas forest reserve. During the preliminary survey (september-november 2008) three species of basidiomycota were found and identified: Aurificaria luteo-umbrina (Rom.) Reid., Lycogalopsis solmsii, Hygrocybe sp., Hymenochaete damaecornis Link ex lev. However, the survey covered only 40% of the forest reserve area was covered. Future work will continue during the january-may 2009.

Otero, Beatriz, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Miguel A. Acevedo, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida; Mitchell Aide, Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus [Enviromental Sciences 26] The Effect of Land-Use History on the Recovery of Amphibians and Birds Communuties in Puerto Rico The land-use history of a region can have a large effect on the diversity and composition of the fauna. Puerto Rico experienced a dramatic change in landuse during the last century with extreme deforestation (<10% forest cover) being reversed by forest recovery (>40% in 2000). Previous studies of plant 98

communities have shown that 60 year old secondary forest have similar structural characteristics (e.g. species richness, basal area, density) in comparison with relatively undisturbed forest, but they are very different in terms of species composition. In the present study, we will determine how amphibian and bird communities have responded to the recovery of new forests. To accomplish this we will compare the vegetation between mature and old secondary forests and we will document the amphibians and birds using automated recording devices.

Perez, Jansel, UIA-BAYAMON; Mari Ana Montalvan, Science Department; Jean Manuel Sandoval, Science Department [Enviromental Sciences 27] Additional Data on Bat Predation by Cats Last year we provided data on bat predation by cats based primarily on wing remains obtained at the entrance to Culebrones Cave, Puerto Rico, West Indies. Culebrones Cave is a hot cave located in the karst region of northern Puerto Rico. The temperature gradient inside the cave sustains a multi-species assemblage of bats consisting of approximately 300,000 individuals of six species, namely: Brachyphylla cavernarum, Erophylla bombifrons, Monophyllus redmani, Mormoops blainvillii, Pteronotus quadridens and Pteronotus parnellii. Here we report additional observations on the predation on bats by feral cats. We filmed the hunting strategy of cats and recorded the number of wings left as remains of these hunting bouts. We also examined cat scats found at the entrance to the cave. Wing and bone remains were identified to species. It appears like bat captures are not a function of their potential prey abundance in the cave. While Mormoops blainvillii (11g) and Pteronotus quadridens (5g) are more commonly captured with a harp trap placed at the entrance to the cave, wing remains from Brachyphylla cavernarum (50g) and Monophyllus redmani (11g) were more commonly found. Cat scats showed a preponderance of bones from B. cavernarum and E. bombifrons. Remains from cockroaches represented the most common item in scats. Feral and domestic cats are known to adversely impact native faunas in the areas where they have been introduced. This impact is even greater on islands. Although rats are often their primary prey, cats will use alternative prey, which enables them to maintain their abundance when one prey is not available. In Puerto Rico, birds and reptiles are known to be preyed upon by cats. Although cats are commonly observed in or around bat caves in Puerto Rico, no systematic attempt had been previously made to evaluate their impact on bat populations.

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Plata, Frances, PCUPR; Contreras, Georgina, Environmental Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico; Molina-Colon, Sandra, Environmental Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico [Enviromental Sciences 28] The Relation of the Aerodynamic Metals in a Highly Hit Area by Activities of Emission of 2.5 m particles Pm 2.5 m particles are originated by natural and anthropogenic sources. These particles can travel great distances or can remain suspended in the atmosphere by several days. In epidemiology studies demonstrated an association between the emission and the respiratory diseases. One of these studies attempted to compile information about the amount of heavy metals in the air and the envelope the type of metals. We also have the objective to compare the quality of the air between the Rio Caa districts and Guayabal districts in the municipality of Juana Daz. The period of the sample was six months. For taking the sample we used the equipment High Volume Sample model Anderson RAAS p.m. 2.5 single Filter Sample and Partisol- FRM Moder 200 2.5 P.m. Air Sampler. We collected the air sample in a period of 24 hours, the aspiration of air was 3.5 L/min. When the sample was taken, it was transferred to a teflon container. We added 6 ml of HNO3 Conc. and 4 ml of HF Conc. To begin the digestion process and later transfer the product to be analyzed in the ICP. The ICP was programated to read the wave length of eight metals: Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Be, Cr, Ni, and Se. The result statistically was analyzed and interpreted with a significance of in two tests: the t Test for Cu and Mann-Whitney U Test for the rest of the metals. The significance of each metal was greater than 0.05, that means that we acepted the null hypothesis: Theres no significant differences between the concentration of the metal (x) founded in the air in the distric Rio Caas and the distric Guayabal. Ramos, Anjuli, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Fernando Gonzles, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus; Osvaldo Rosario, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus [Enviromental Sciences 29] A Novel Methodology to Determine the Presence of -N-Methylamino-L-Alanine Neurotoxin in Natural Waters -N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a non-protein amino acid. This neurotoxin has been associated with the illness amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonismdementia complex (ALS/PDC) which has extremely high rates of incidence among the Chamorro people of Guam compared with incidence rates elsewhere. BMAA can be produced by all known groups of cyanobacteria and it bioaccumulates in 100

ascending trophic levels. This hypothesis gained attention when BMAA's presence was discovered in the brain tissues of the Chamorro people who died of ALS/PDC, but has not been found in patients that died of neurodegenerative diseases. Also BMAA was discovered in nine Canadian Alzheimer patients brain tissues; however it was not detected in other fourteen Canadians who died of causes unrelated to neurodegeneration. Because of this information it was suggested that cyanobacteria might be the ultimate source of the BMAA. The presence of cyanobacteria in natural waters opens the possibility of exposure to these toxins; therefore a practical analytical methodology for its detection in natural waters is needed. Methods based on Solid Phase Extraction/High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Ultraviolet-Visible (SPE/HPLC/UV-VIS) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) with direct derivatization in water are being developed. Derivatization with 2, 4, 6, -Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) is necessary for the neurotoxins detection by UV/VIS. Different SPE disks and resins like SCX, Anion-SR and SDB-RPS were used to optimize the extraction and isolation. SCX resin gave the best recoveries in the range of 88%. Spikes of BMAA in natural waters at ppb levels can be detected in the universal mode and ppt in the single ion monitoring. Rivera, Antonio Luis, UPR-CAYEY; Noel A. Cuevas Lpez, Biologia/UPRCayey; Jos Efran Berros Lpez, Biologia/UPR-Cayey; Belinda Roman Aviles, Biologia/UPR-Cayey [Enviromental Sciences 30] General Tree Inventory of Verdes Sombras Park Located at the UPR-Cayey Foresters use surveys to obtain information on the condition of the forest or park and monitor any changes, since there are not only surveys of standing trees, but also surveys after logging as well as forestry surveys aimed at prescribing treatments. Baseline abundance and distribution information on Verdes Sombras Park plants are needed to track changes in plant populations. A total 459 trees were identified at the Verdes Sombrass Park. Thirty-one species corresponding to 20 different families were clasified within the 459 trees. The two most dominant tree species were: Malaleuca (Melaleuca sp.) and Mara (Callophyllum calaba). The least dominant tree species were: Pino (Pinus caribaea), Tulipn Africano (Spathodea campanulata), Orqudea de pobre (Bauhina monandra), Mang (Manguifera indica), Teca (Tectona grandis), Aceitillo (Zanthoxylum flavum), Pino Araucaria (Araucaria heterophylla), Casuarina (Casuarina sp.), Guayaba (Psidium guajava L), Higuera (Crescentia cujete L.), Algarrobo (Hymenaea courbaril), and Eucalipto (Eucalystus robusta).

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Rodriguez, Bianca, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Zayas, Jorge R., Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 31] Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Rio Piedras Watershed, Puerto Rico Urbanization strongly impacts stream ecosystems and little information is known about how it affects DOC in rivers and how in turn this affects tropical rivers. The importance of DOC is that it is the basis of the food chain in many rivers. This project focuses on changes in DOC biodegradability along a tropical urban river in Puerto Rico. The Rio Piedras runs through the heart of the San Juan Metropolitan Area, making it susceptible to human impacts. The headwaters are less urbanized therefore surrounded by riparian forests whereas downstream, urbanization increases and riparian vegetation decreases. Water samples were collected at seven sites along the river during the months of June, November and January 2008. Samples were incubated for five days at 20 C and analyzed for BOD5. To measure the organic carbon (Particulate + Dissolved Organic Matter) quality, the biodegradability constant (k) was computed for each sample using the Thomas graphing method. Although the k constant seems to be elevated in the headwaters (1.809d-1; SD = 1.3172) and near the mouth (1.420 d-1; SD = 4.2879) and decreased in the middle (3.641 d-1; SD = 8.2969), after concluding a t-test these differences did not prove to be significant (p>0.05). This demonstrates that urban watersheds do not seem to portray patterns regarding biodegradability of organic carbon. Rodrguez-Bentez, Josu, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Castro-Voltagio, Branda I., Environmental Science Program, Uiversity of Puerto Rico - Ro Piedras; Melndez-Oyola, Melissa, Environmental Science Program, University of Puerto Rico - Ro Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 32] Integral Plan for Solid Waste Management in The Town of Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico One of the main environmental issues affecting the world is due to poor solid waste management, which is causing the deterioration of the biological systems and social structures of the countries. In Puerto Rico, the practice of burying trash and an associated insignificant percent of recycling are the basic trends. The Rio Piedras town was chosen as the study area because it is representative of island wide trends. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the town of Rio Piedras for 2000 was 9,320 persons. The aim of the study was to analyze the solid waste management system in Rio Piedras and the adequacy of 102

these management practices. This study considered storage at the point of generation, the composition of solid waste, an analysis of the routes, disposal, recycling and reduction mechanisms, and socio-demographic analysis. It was observed that the wastes had higher percentage of food waste (34.1%), paper (18.6%), plastics (16.2%) and cardboard (10.5%), which showed that most of the wastes were recyclable materials, suggesting the need for the development of a plan which primary target is the integration of recycling practices and organic waste management. The present systems for the handling of solid wastes in Rio Piedras are relatively primitive, with a high percentage of recyclable materials being lost, inconsistency in the types of containers used for storage and inefficiency in the collection mechanisms. The collected data will produce a plan that is implementable and viable, resulting in better management of waste. Romn, Laura, UIA-BAYAMON; Dr. Oscar Ruiz, Ciencias Naturales y Matematicas, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Bayamon; Derry Alvarez, Ciencias Naturales y Matematicas, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Bayamon [Enviromental Sciences 33] Enhanced Expression of the accD Gene in Tobacco Plastids The plastid accD gene encodes the -carboxyl transferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Current research has demonstrated that increased expression of accD gene enhances de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plants. In this investigation we attempt to genetically modify the plastid of plants to hyperexpress the accD gene with the goal of increasing fatty acids biosynthesis in the plastid. By producing enough fatty acids, we expect to overcome pleiotropic effects observed in transgenic plants expressing transgenes which divert fatty acids from the plastidic pool to the biosynthesis of novel products. The 1,539 bp accD gene was amplified from tobacco genomic DNA by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific to gene. The PCR product was cloned in frame to plastid transcriptional and translational enhancers, which should promote the over-expression of the accD transgene. The presence of the gene construct in the bacterial host was analyzed by PCR and restriction enzymes, and then the transgene was sequenced and aligned to the NCBI sequence using BLAST. The transgene construct was subsequently cloned into a plastid transformation vector, and this plasmid was transformed into tobacco plastids by particle bombardment. Transgenic plants are being analyzed at the molecular level for the correct integration and expression of the transgene, as well as for the enhancement in fatty acid biosynthesis. Our final goal is to use this plastid transformation vector to express transgenes that affect the plastid fatty acid pool in the chloroplast. 103

Sandoval, Jean, UIA-BAYAMON; Jansel Prez Martnez, Biology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamn Campus; Dr. Armando RodrguezDurn, Envirolmental Science, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamn Campus [Enviromental Sciences 34] Metabolic rate of Molossus molossus (chiroptera), in Puerto Rico The bats of the family Molossidae range from the lower latitudes of the temperate zone to the tropics. In Puerto Rico the bat Molossus molossus shows a pattern of roost selection that differs from all other species on the Island. This bat roosts almost exclusively in attics and walls of houses. This selection of roost exposes M. molossus to highly variable temperature regimes. We used an oxygen and CO2 analyzer to examine the change in balance of these gases as a result of the metabolic activity of the bats. This allows calculating the rate of energy expenditure. Bats were measured at different temperatures, from 150C to 350C, and different nutritional states. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of this specie shows that around 250C the bats were in a state of thermo neutrality. We did not find statistically significant differences in BMR based on the nutritional state of the bats. Santiago, Iliana, TURABO UNIV; Ivonne Gomez-Milian, Universidad del Turabo; Jose Perez-Jimenez, Universidad del Turabo [Enviromental Sciences 35] Distribution of the Crenarchaeota Across Life Zones of the Tropical Rain Forest (El Yunque, Puerto Rico) Crenarchaeota have been documented in mesophilic environments. We demonstrated their prevalence in the elfin forest of the Luquillo Experimental Forest (tropical rain forest El Yunque, Puerto Rico, USA) with predominance for June over December and 5-10 cm over topsoil. However, the rain forest present a gradient of climate and vegetation change that extends through five life zones (subtropical moist forest to lower montane rain forest): xerophytic forest, tabonuco forest (c. 200-600 m asl), colorado forest (600-900 m asl), elfin forest (900-1075 m asl), and palm forest (edaphic formation at all elevations). Our objective is to ascertain the richness and distribution of the crenarchaeal communities along microclimates throughout the elevation gradient of Tropical Rain Forest of El Yunque (Puerto Rico, USA). Total genomic DNA was extracted from archived soil samples collected in June 2005 with a depth of 5-10 cm. A specific portion of the 16S rDNA was amplified for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (16S rDNA-TRFLP) analysis of HhaI digests. A total of 1,239 TRFs were obtained from the thirty-four samples. No common TRF was 104

found for the five life zones. However, 113-bp was detected for all samples of the elfin and palm forest; and 243-bp for xerophytic and palm forests. Diversity increased with the elevation gradient: elfin forest is the most diverse with 1032 TRFs unlike Palo Colorado (just 9 TRFs). A clonal library was established from the elfin forest soil. Clones will be assigned to TRFs when completed in silico digests and double-stranded sequences assemblages. According to the Sorensen's similarity index, diversity appears to be driven by the microclimate of each forest since all sample clustered according to its life zone. Statistical analyses are in progress respect to selected physicochemical conditions. This suggests that the temperature and precipitation influence the crenarchaeal diversity across life zones in Tropical Rain Forest. By comparing microbial diversity along this gradient, we contribute to understand on general properties that underlie the dynamics of ecosystems. Santos-Figueroa, Gilmarie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Mayol-Bracero, Olga L., Chemistry, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Gioda, Adriana, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Enviromental Sciences 36] Size-Resolved Chemical Composition of African Dust Particles over the Caribbean: Focusing in the Carbonaceous Fraction. Deserts in North Africa are the principal source of mineral dust at a global scale. This African dust (AD) particles are transported by the trade winds over vast areas of the North Atlantic, the Caribbean, and even the Amazon basin. In the Caribbean region, these AD particles arrived predominantly between May and August (summer months). To understand the effects of aerosols particles on climate and health we need a better understanding of the sources, chemical composition, size, and concentrations of the AD particles. In this work we focused on the size-resolved aerosol distribution with particular interest in the carbonaceous fraction (organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) and watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC)), and on the water-soluble nitrogen (WSN). Aerosol samples were collected at Cape San Juan, a marine station located at the most northeastern tip of Puerto Rico, using a 13-stage Dekati low-pressure impactor with quartz filters. Analyses were performed using EC/OC, total organic carbon, and nitrogen analyzers, as well as ion chromatography. The presence of AD was supported with satellite images of aerosol optical thickness, results from the air masses backward trajectories calculated with the NOAA HYSPLIT model, and with the color of the filters after sampling. Results also showed that OC size distributions during the absence and presence of African seem to be trimodal, with one mode in the fine fraction (Dp =~0.33 m) and two modes in the coarse fraction. In the absence of dust, OC concentrations are higher than in the presence of dust. In general, OC is mainly fine with concentrations around 48

105

and 20 ng/m in the absence and presence of dust, respectively. Additional results regarding the water-soluble fractions and its sources will be presented. Torres, Karylsa, PCUPR; Asencio, Carmen, Biology, PUCPR; Claudio, Jennifer E., Chemistry, PUCPR; Jaiman, Rosa J., General Science, PUCPR [Enviromental Sciences 37] Extraction of a Butterfly DNA In Puerto Rico, Dryas iulia iulia is one of the three species of the Heliconiidae family of butterflies. A new wings pattern had been observed recently in this species. We are interested in knowing if those changes are just phenotypic forms or if we have a new subspecies not recorded. Therefore, a DNA extraction from both phenotypes of Dryas iulia butterflies was performed using the DNEASY Blood and Tissue Kit of Qiagen. Through electrophoresis and spectrophotometry we determined the optimal DNA concentrations and checked the purity of the genetic material. The next step to be performed would be amplifying, sequencencing cytochrome oxidasesubunit I (COI), cytochrome oxidasesubunit II (COII) and further analyzed the samples to determine if there is a new subspecies of Dryas iulia. Vidal, Edmarie, UPR-ARECIBO; Rosado, Juan L., Biologia, UPR Arecibo [Enviromental Sciences 38] Comunidad de algas bnticas en el Ro Grande de Arecibo en la regin Norte Central de Puerto Rico Este trabajo se realiz en las aguas del Ro Grande de Arecibo localizado en la regin Norte Central de Puerto Rico. El estudio es relevante ya que este cuerpo de agua es uno de los que provee para los usos de los residentes del rea Norte y an del rea metropolitana de la Isla. El mismo estuvo dirigido a determinar la composicin de la comunidad de las algas bnticas, su abundancia relacionndolo a algunos parmetros fsico-qumicos. La presencia de stas puede asociarse a factores como la luz, substrato, nutrientes, hidrodinmica del sistema, presencia de herbvoros y qumica del agua. La presencia de las algas verdes filamentosas, tales como Cladophora y Spirogyra es indicativa de que estos sistemas presentan una carga considerable de nutrientes. El grupo con mayor nmero de especies fue el las diatomeas, siendo Achnanthes, Gomphonema, Navicula, Nitzschia y los gneros ms abundantes.

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Geosciences
Alonso, Carla, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rodrguez Lizzette, Geology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Geosciences 1] SO2 volcanic gas emissions from Soufrire Hills volcano, Montserrat: comparison of mini-UV spectrometer data Among the hazards posed by volcanic activity, we can mention lava flows, ash falls, and volcanic gas emissions, among others. It is very important to measure volcanic gas emissions, partly because these gases affect our atmosphere at different rates and also it is important to monitor them regularly to be able to find any abnormalities in the pattern of emission, especially in relation to changes in volcanic activity. In this project we worked with data from the Soufrire Hills volcano (SHV), Montserrat, specifically with sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions, which represent the third most abundant volcanic gas, after water vapor and carbon dioxide. The data were collected on March 26 and April 13 and 22, 2004, using a mini-ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer, and were compared with data from a second spectrometer, measuring side-by-side, as well as with SO2 data collected by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO). Because of clear differences between the SO2 column amounts (in ppm m), outputted from data processing, between the two spectrometers we followed to calculate a correction factor using the %Error between the ppm m values for the spectrometers. The correction factor for the spectrometer was calculated to be ~16.5%. SO2 fluxes were calculated, compared, and corrected. The original SO2 fluxes ranged between ~1098 to 1758 t/d on March 26, ~682 to 1142 t/d on April 13, and ~500 to 930 t/d on April 22, 2004. After the correction factor was applied, the SO2 fluxes averaged ~1553 t/d for March 26, ~1073 for April 13, and ~879 for April 22. For the majority of the data, the corrected fluxes matched well with the results from the second spectrometer. A comparison with the MVO continuous gas data was also made, were the MVO daily SO2 fluxes were much lower than our spectrometers. Studies like this one can serve as a basis for future projects related, for example, to changes in gas concentration with distance from the vent and to improving the parameters related in the calculation of SO2 flux, like plume speed and plume geometry and dispersion with distance from the vent. Finding better ways to calculate the parameters used for flux calculation is useful in order to produce more accurate results and a better analysis of the plume.

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Lopez, Christian, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Cortes, Angel, , Geography, University of Puerto Rico - Ro Piedras; Mendez, Rafael, Physics, University of Puerto Rico - Carolina; Morales, Ricardo, Physical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Ro Piedras. [Geosciences 2] Atlantic Hurricane Climatology 1975 - 2005 The present study covers the chronological hurricane incidence in the Atlantic from 1975 trough 2005. These 31 years were studied and divided in decades, while doing statistical analysis following the Saffir-Simpson scales categories and the frequency of huracanes by year. The objective of this analysis pretended to identify if there were any increase in hurricane activity and intensity, and if the mentioned activity had any relation with the temperature increase in the oceans surface. We developed a table that represented each huracanes by year, maximum velocity and minimum barometric average. This data was analyzed using arithmetic and pondered averages, and correlations. By dividing the data by decades we saw a low variability between the first two (1975-1984 and 19851994); it reflected an increase in the number of huracanes in the last decade (1995-2004). Hence, we compared the three decades with the year of 2005. This year depicted an anomaly due to the 12 registered huracanes, 4 of them reached a category 5 according to the Saffir- Simpson scale, being this the year of greater hurricane activity in this study. Also we found a correlation between the temperature in the ocean surface and hurricane activity. Quintero, Raiza, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Cavosie, Aaron, University of Puerto RicoMayaguez; Radovan, Henri, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Moser, Desmond, University of Western Ontario [Geosciences 3] Shocked Minerals in Siliciclastic Sediments From the Vredefort Dome: A New Approach Towards Searching for Impact Evidence From the Early Earth Understanding the intense meteorite bombardment hypothesized to have dominated the early evolution of the Earth is a fundamental goal of planetary geology. While the surface of the Moon preserves a record of early impacts, terrestrial evidence remains elusive; no Hadean impact structures have been identified on Earth. The vast majority of terrestrial impact structures are removed by erosion shortly after crater formation, however corresponding sedimentary records have not been identified. In this study we report the occurrence of detrital grains of shocked metamorphosed quartz and zircon in siliciclastic sediments from the channel of the Vaal River, a large meandering river actively eroding the 2023 Ma Vredefort Dome. The sediment samples analyzed all contain numerous 108

detrital grains of shocked quartz which preserve a single orientation of decorated planar deformation features, and also detrital shocked zircon grains that contain one to three sets of parallel planar fractures. The recognition that impact evidence in the form of shocked minerals can persist in siliciclastic sediments up to 2 billion years after an impact provides a new investigative tool for identifying ancient impact-related detritus from structures that are long since eroded. The Hadean rock record is fragmentary, however the existence of Hadean detritus has been demonstrated by the documentation of >4000 Ma zircons in Australia, China, USA, and Canada. The geochemistry of the Hadean zircons strongly suggests they originated in quartz-saturated granitoids that likely contained abundant quartz. We hypothesize that large volumes of shocked quartz and zircon were produced during Hadean impact events. While the Hadean impact structures have long since eroded, shocked detritus may be preserved in Archean sediments. The results from the Vredefort Dome demonstrate the viability of this potential record, and in particular offers promise that traces of the lost record of impacts on the Early Earth may be preserved in siliciclastic rocks. Rodriguez-Delgado, Alejandra, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Wilson Ramirez, Geology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Geosciences 4] A Comprehensive Study on Coastline Process and Sedimentary Dynamics, Sardinera Beach, Mona Island, P.R. Sardinera beach in Mona Island, Puerto Rico, has a great recreational and ecological value and is an important research place to gather information on shoreline processes in an area far from the main land and with only scarce man made influences. Beach rock exposures present along the shoreline in Sardinera Beach have increased considerably during the last decade. A new management plan is being developed for Mona Island and the Department of Natural Resources (DNRA) of Puerto Rico wants to better understand the beach sand dynamics on this and other Mona Island beaches. This research includes field and laboratory work that characterize coastal sedimentary processes and helps to better understand the shoreline changes as well as seasonal variations in sand movement and composition. This work also establish the logistics and methodology basis for further studies that will expand to other Mona Island beaches. Benchmarks, GPS coordinates, and landmarks were used to establish ten permanent beach profiles along Sardinera Beach. Beach profiles were (and will be) measured monthly. Sardinera Beach sands are composed mostly of carbonate (CaCO3) components, products of the combination of biological, chemical and diagenetic processes, high grade of micritization, and of lithic limestone fragments. Sand composition differences between Sardinera Beach, the Mona Shelf and adjacent 109

beach, reef crest and reef lagoon systems suggest Sardinera sands are not replenished by the modern marine components produced in these environments. The input of fresh bioclasts in this beach seems to be limited by natural (beach rock) and mane made (dock) barriers along the shore and by alteration in the current patterns produced by the man made aperture of the reef. Sardineras micritized and recrystalized sand deposits seem to have been re-transported between the reefal lagoon and the beach.

Life Sciences
Acevedo, Jean Marie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Correa, Zacha, UPR-Rio Piedras; Diaz-Rios, Manuel, UPR-Medical Science Campus [Life Sciences 1] Localization of Choline Acetyltrasferase (ChAT)-Like Immunoreactivity in Interneurons of the Mouse Spinal Cord. The basic motor patterns driving rhythmic limb movements during locomotion are generated by neuronal networks called central pattern generators (CPGs), located within the spinal cord. Networks of interneurons control the rhythmic activity of flexor and extensor motor neurons on both sides of the body to generate locomotion. It has been suggested that ipsilateral excitatory ventral interneurons (IINs), whose axonal projections do not cross the midline, are involved in the maintenance of rhythmic activity of flexor and extensor motor neurons on both sides of the body to generate the normal intralimb alternating motor pattern. It has been recently suggested that cholinergic interneurons make synaptic contacts into motorneurons and regulate their excitability via activation of muscarinic receptors, and that this system is used during motor behavior. Additionally, previous studies have used immunohistochemical techniques to localize the presence of cholinergic neurons in the rat spinal cord. In this study we are interested in localizing the presence of cholinergic interneurons throughout the lumbar segments of the mouse spinal cord with the use of an antibody directed toward the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a known marker for cholinergic neurons. Additionally, by using an axonal retrograde tracing technique we wanted to identify ipsilateral interneurons (IINs) that could be using acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. This study will provide further information into the anatomical organization of the spinal locomotor network and its potential neuronal members. Supported by: NIH Grant RCMI-UPR-MSC G12RR-03051, NIH Grant P20 RR016470, NIH Grant R25-GM061838 and DoD Grant HBCU/MI W911NF-08-R-0001. 110

Alers, Nianest, UPR-AGUADILLA; Sciences, UPR Aguadilla [Life Sciences 2]

Mayer, Robert, Department of Natural

Development of a Restoration Plan for a Coastal Sand Dune System in Puerto Rico The initial assessment phase of the restoration work of a 1,500 m long stretch of primary dune parallel to state road PR 466 was started. This research A search of the primary literature on different aspects of dune geomorphology and ecology was performed and all relevant articles were examined in order to have a clear idea of the direction and scope of current research regarding this type of ecosystem. The initial assessment of the study area consisted of a description of the site and orientation of the area to be impacted. Several geomorphological parameters of the dune system such as: length, width, height, presence of parallel dune system, presence of embryonic dunes, presence of low points in dune line and the condition of the seaward dune slope were all recorded. Also characteristics of the beach such as predominant wind direction or speed as well as socioeconomic characteristics of the area such as history of the sand extraction activity, human use of the area and attitude of local inhabitants toward the dune system are currently being studied. A census of the main species of plants of the area and vegetation cover were also studied. Several scientific studies of the vegetation in the study site were carried out during this initial phase. The research question: Is there a relationship between vegetation cover and dimensions of a coastal sand dune? The results suggest that there is a positive correlation between percent vegetation cover and relative size of dunes. The research group is currently carrying out experiments to examine the following questions: 1) Does the installation of wooden fences significantly contribute to the accumulation of sand in the area? and 2) Does the planting of vegetation have a significant contribution to the stabilization and buildup of sand dunes in the study area? The results of these experiments will be presented at PRISM. Alonso, Aura, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Boggs, Carol [Life Sciences 3] Butterfly Foraging Behavior: Can Butterflies Detect Nectar in Flowering Plants? Optimal foraging theory states that there are benefits and costs from foraging. If the animal shows optimal foraging behavior, the benefits minus the costs from foraging should be maximized. One assumption of optimal foraging theory is that 111

animals can recognize food, which for butterflies means detecting nectar in flowering plants. We tested whether butterflies detect nectar in the field when they are foraging, or if they forage randomly until they find rewarding florets. We exposed each Speyeria mormonia male butterfly to a Pyrrocoma crocea flowerhead that was half nectar rich and half nectar poor. We recorded which side of the flowerhead the butterfly probed first and whether or not it continued probing after finding or not finding a reward. The results demonstrated that this species can detect which side of the flowerhead possesses nectar. The estimated number and proportion of nectar rich florets in the nectar rich side did not differ for individuals choosing the nectar-rich or nectar-poor side, which means individuals choosing the nectar-poor side were not doing so because of low nectar content in general. Even though S. mormonia males showed optimal foraging behavior by detecting rewarding florets, they did not use information about rewarding florets in the decision as to whether to keep probing the flower or not. S. mormonia thus lose time and energy probing unrewarding flowers. Further studies with S. mormonia males and females are needed to determine the mechanisms that enable their nectar detecting abilities and whether there are foraging differences related to sex. Ares, Samuel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Ponce, Susan and Siritunga, Dimuth; Department of Biology, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 4] Functional Analysis of Cassava -Cyanoalanine Synthase Gene in Arabidopsis Mutants Cassava constitutes one of the most important crops and a major source of calories for a great part of sub-Saharan Africa. It has poor protein content, degrades very rapidly once harvested, and has a high content of cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin. Since high concentrations of cyanide can be harmful to cassava, it produces a family of enzymes called -substituted alanine synthase (sas) that play several metabolic roles among which are the metabolization of cyanide. With the purpose of studying cassava -CAS expression, model plant Arabidopsis thaliana will be transformed with vectors containing either the -CAS-A or -CAS-B using Agrobacterium tumefaciens based plant transformation method. Thus DNA will be extracted from the leaves and an enzymatic activity assay will be performed to asses the expression of the -CAS gene. Finally, the amount of cyanoalanine present in leaves will be determined spectrophotometrically at 650 nm and the amount of cysteine at 560 nm.

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Arraut, Michael, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Cuevas, Janice; Bonilla, Natasha ; Tavares, Leiribel; Davila, Catalina; Toranzos, Gary; Environmental Microbiology Department, UPR Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 5] Enterococci as part of the Microbiota in Tropical Recreational Beaches The group of bacteria known as enterococci has been used in the last 30 years as a hazard indicator for recreational waters worldwide. More recent studies have shown that these microorganisms might occur naturally as part of some ecosystems. Our research has been focused on the prevalence and ecology of this group of microorganism. Our laboratory has collected data on two Caribbean islands: Montserrat and Puerto Rico. These studies have found various concentrations of these microbes on the islands. In Montserrat, we've detected a range from 10 to 195 cfu/100ml in sand and from 0 to 20 cfu/100ml on water. Although in most cases the concentrations of enterococci are below the accepted standards, our results indicate that high concentrations of these microbes may also be present in sands where no obvious contamination is seen, which questions the use of these bacteria as indicators of fecal contamination in recreational waters. As part of these studies, we also monitored flies present on the beaches and laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster, where 14 cfu/10 flies have been found for Drosophila and 14 to TNTC/10 flies have been found for beach flies. All of these results indicate that flies and sand may serve as potential reservoirs for enterococci in recreational areas, which would negate the hypothesis that the detection of these microorganisms in a beach ecosystem or in recreational waters may be used to infer fecal contamination. More studies are underway to determine if these enterococci found on the beaches and flies belong to the same group of enterococci detected on fecal matter of warm-blood animals. Burgos, Hctor, UPR-AGUADILLA; Rehrer, Charles, Biological Sciences, Purdue University; Camarillo, Ignacio, Biological Sciences, Purdue University [Life Sciences 6] Evaluating Mammary Tumor Phenotype in a Diet-induced Obese Rat Model Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer incidence and mortality. This has led to increased interest in the link between obesity and breast tumor aggressiveness. To better understand this relationship, a unique Diet-induced Obese rat model that parallels human breast cancer progression was developed. Studies using this model show tumors from obese animals are more aggressive and invasive, as compared to lean animals. The most aggressive human breast cancers are Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Human Epidermal 113

Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) negative, collectively known as triple negative. We hypothesize that invasive tumors of obese rats are deficient in ER, PR and EGFR expression. To determine mechanisms of increased tumor aggressiveness in obesity, we quantify and compare levels of ER alpha, PR and EGFR in mammary tumor samples obtained from lean and obese rats. The amount of ER mRNA expression was measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) and shown to be 16-fold lower in Obese rats as compared to Western Lean and Rat Chow Lean rats. To correlate mRNA with protein levels, Western Blot assays were used to identify and quantify ER levels. Also evaluated were the expression of PR and EGFR using qRT-PCR. These molecular characterization studies provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the relationship between obesity and breast cancer aggressiveness. Caicedo, Laura, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Galindo Cardona, Alberto, Biology, UPRRio Piedras; Giray, Tugrul, Biology, UPR- Rio Piedras; Rivera Rivera, Carlos, Biology, UPR- Rio Piedras, Moreno Jackson, Rafine, Biology, UPR- Rio Piedras; Huertas Dones, Carlos, Biology, UPR- Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 7] Locating and Characterizing Drone Congregation Areas (DCA) of the Apis mellifera in Puerto Rico This study concerns the interpretation of the spatial location of the Drone Congregation Areas (DCA) of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in Puerto Rico. It has been found that prominent geographical landmarks play an important role on drone orientation and DCA preference. We are expecting to characterize the landscape and ecological aspects of the DCAs in Puerto Rico, rendering us able to predict the location of such areas with analyses of GIS (Geographical Imaging System), using satellite and aerial images. In order to do so we will search for potential DCAs near known apiaries, then under right weather (sunny, clear) well raise helium balloons with queen bee pheromone and record the coordinates of DCAs found with Global Positioning System device (GPS). Our results are preliminary, since the data has not been entered to the GIS program. Out of sixteen sites visited around the island, eight DCAs were found. Eight sites near the same apiary and with similar characteristics were not found to be DCAs; therefore it appears as if DCAs are specific sites visited by drones and queens which provide safeguard against predators. Further development of the sampling methods used in this project will provide entomologists with new tools that will make possible the study of insect ecology in new levels. Knowing the location of DCAs and how to find them may be used in genetic studies of hybridization in the honeybee, apart from being helpful for the monitoring of colony stability.

114

Caraballo, Adelka, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Life Sciences 8] The Dietary Flavonoid Quercetin Modulates PCB-Induced Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Cardona-Correa, Christopher, UPR-AGUADILLA; Pagan-Bonilla, Viankie, Ciencias Naturales, UPR-Aguadilla; Coate, Jeremy, Plant Biology, Cornell University; Rivera, Sonia, Ciencias Naturales, UPR-Aguadilla [Life Sciences 9] Pool Size of Photoprotective Pigments in Diploid and Tetraploid Species of Glycine During Photosynthesis Polyploidy generates a wide range of novel phenotypes, including dramatic changes in photosynthesis (Warner and Edwards, 1993). This project will attempt to relate changes in a photosynthetic phenotype to changes in the expression of genes that underlie this phenotype. In soybean relatives (Glycine) preliminary data suggest that polyploids are more efficient in photosynthesis and in heat dissipation or non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of excess light. We will analyze the pigment pool size for three mayor NPQ pigments and photosynthetic pigments (Zeaxanthin, Anteroxanthin, Violaxanthin, Xantophyll, Lutein, Licopene, Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B). The objective of this research is to determine if there is a correlation between the gene dosage and pool size.

Carrasquillo, Onelys, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Delgado-Velez, Manuel, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Emmanuelli, Lilliana, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Madera, Bismark, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Gomez, Christopher, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago; Lasalde-Dominicci, Jose, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 10] Alcohol Promotes Kinetic Alterations on Acetylcholine Receptors in a Model of Slow-Channel Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome The slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndromes (SCCMS) are heterogeneous disorders arising from presynaptic, synaptic or postsynaptic mutations that alter synaptic neuromuscular transmission. This syndrome is characterized by delayed closure of the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) ion channel and degeneration in the neuromuscular junction. Genetic 115

and structural studies revealed mutations in AChR subunit genes that alter its kinetic properties by increasing or decreasing the response to acetylcholine. In vitro studies, demonstrate that the V249F exhibit increased channel openings in the absence of acetylcholine, prolonged openings in its presence and enhanced steady-state desensitization. Peripheral nicotinic AChR, like ligand gated ion channels found in the central nervous system, are sensitive to alcohols. Anecdotic evidence suggests that CMS patients consumed alcohol frequently. To investigate the role of alcohol in V249F, we used in vivo models of SCCMS exposed acutely or chronically to ethanol (EtOH), and assess them by extracellular recordings and fluorescent imaging. After EtOH treatment, miniature end-plate current (MEPC) analysis reveals that acute exposure prolongs decay time and peak amplitude whereas chronic decrease it. Moreover, rise time increase was observed after acute and chronic EtOH treatment while frequency decrement was only observed acutely. Finally, confocal imaging studies of neural end-plates demonstrated that EtOH (0.1%) treatment provokes no changes in volume or end-plate number, but a significant decrease in intensity. These results suggest that EtOH provokes dose-dependent kinetic alterations in terms of decay time and peak amplitude that may affect V249F function. The intensity reduction implies that the neuromuscular junction is loosing functional receptors. Castro, Christian G., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Irimar Torres, Biology, UPRMayaguez; Adel Gonzlez, Biology, UPR-Mayaguez; Lylliam Casillas, Biology, UPR-Humacao, Carlos Rios-Velzquez, Biology, UPR-MAyaguez [Life Sciences 11] Generation of Large Insert Metagenomic Libraries from Tropical Hypersaline Mature Microbial Mat from Cabo Rojo Salterns in Puerto Rico Microbial mats are benthic communities, characterized by fluctuations in diverse physical-chemical variables. These ecosystems are mainly found in extreme environments and are very diverse. They are vertically stratified into colored layers which are rich in different kinds of microorganisms. The green upper layer is mainly inhabited by cyanobacteria, algae and aerobic bacteria. Under the green layer, there is a pink layer rich in anoxygenic phototrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria and in the deeper black layer there are found dissimilatory sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria. Because of the high diversity of microbial mats and their microorganisms ability to live under extreme conditions, these ecosystems are considered important sources of new or previously described genes with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. Our researchs main purpose is to access the total genetic information of a mature tropical hypersaline microbial mat (Candelaria) using a metagenomic approach. This includes the generation of high molecular weight insert metagenomic libraries from samples taken on the dry and rainy seasons. To generate the libraries, high molecular weight environmental DNA was obtained by an indirect 116

extraction method and fragments of more than 25 Kbp were cloned into the fosmid pCC1FOS and packed in vitro by lambda particles which transfected the appropriate host strain. There have been generated two metagenomic libraries, one for each season with 32,000 (dry) and 350 (rainy) clones. The inserts sizes varied from 25-50 Kbp. Our future experiments are directed by a screening of bioactive molecules Cintrn, Jennifer, UPR-ARECIBO; Janiabeth Vega, Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Arecibo; Maralisa Amador, Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Arecibo [Life Sciences 12] Comparative Analysis of The Toxic Action of Chloropyrifos, Malathion, Diazinon and Carbaryl in Terms of the Apoptosis Induction in Cell Line 293T Pesticides are substances used for the control of plagues that destroy crops and gardens. Despite the profit that these chemical products give to the society, they represent a high risk for human health and the environment. For that reason is important the monitoring of pesticides traces. Exist some detection methods for pesticides, but they require specific instruments or sophisticated methodology. The aim of this project is establish a simple method for screening cytotoxic substances, as pesticides, present in water bodies. Previously, in our laboratory we demonstrate using the Neutral Red Assay (NRA), that four pesticides (carbaryl, chloropyrifos, malathion and diazinon) are cytotoxic at the minimal concentration permissible in water for human consumption. After the exposure the cell viability lowered to 26% or less. We demonstrate using an ELISA kit from Roche Diagnostics the capacity of these pesticides to induce apoptosis. To evaluate the cellular viability change when a culture is exposed to water, H4IIE and 293T cultures were exposed to PBS, sterile and tap water for 30 minutes and 2 hours. We tested the capacity of this water samples to induce apoptosis. After the exposure, the cellular viability was measured using the NRA. The viability % was greater for 293T cells after 30 minutes exposure, being 102% for cells exposed to PBS, 66% and 59% for cells exposed to sterile and tap water, respectively. This water samples did not induce apoptosis. We concluded that the NRA and the ELISA kit could be used as simple screening methods for water samples.

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Colon, Rodney, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Loperena-Alvarez, Yaliz, Dept. Biology, UPRM; Ruiz-Acevedo, Alejandro, Dept. Biology, UPRM [Life Sciences 13] Looking for new habitats for Cryptococcus gattii: First study in Mona Island Cryptococcus gattii is an opportunistic, encapsulated yeast that affects immunesuppressed and immuno-competent individuals. It is a free living yeast that is mainly associated with eucalyptus, almond, mango, and cacti detritus; the last one recently found in Puerto Rico (Loperena-lvarez 2008). While the yeast has been studied previously in the south and southwest of Puerto Rico, no studies had been done on an environment free from usual human contact. That is why we decided to also study Mona Island, which represents environment of limited human contact. Swab samples were taken from the surfaces of the native cacti and detritus was collected around the base of the cacti and some trees, when available, from Mona Island. A total of 113 samples were processed. The identities of the candidates were first determined by melanin production on NSA. The candidates presenting that characteristic were then examined microscopically for the presence of capsule. API 20C was performed to biochemically characterize the isolates, with particular emphasis on urease production and lactose assimilation. Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium was used to discriminate between C. gattii and C. neoformans. According to the results, three isolates were identified to be C. gattii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Mona Island for the presence of C.neo/gat.

Colon, Linnette, UIA-BAYAMON; Mordi, Isioma, UIA Bayamon; Gonzalez, Gloriene, UIA Bayamon, Gonzalez, Barbara, UIA Bayamon; Ferrer, Ivan, UIA Bayamon; Serrano, Adelfa, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR [Life Sciences 14] Molecular Characterization of the Pybcrp and Pymrp Genes in Drug Resistant Lines in Plasmodium Yoelii Malaria is a parasitic disease known to cause as many as 3 millions deaths annually and has affected many children under 5 years of age (WHO 2005). Over the years, this parasite has had the ability to become resistant to many antimalarial treatments, causing scientific and global concern. Multi-drug resistance is often mediated by membrane proteins belonging to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporter, which translocates substrates across cell membranes. Recently, genes from the ABC family have been identified in Plasmodium. The Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein (mrp) and the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (bcrp) genes were identified in P. yoelii, a parasite 118

that affects rodents. The aim of this research is the molecular characterization of the pybcrp and the pymrp genes in lines with different drug resistance profiles (NS, NS/1100 and ART). Southern blot technique was performed to identify gene copy number in each parasite line. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to separate the parasitic chromosomes and identify where each gene is located. Preliminary studies of southern blotting demonstrate that there is only one gene copy number of the pybcrp gene in the resistant drug lines NS and ART. Currently, we are performing additional experiments to measure the pymrp gene copy number. Cruz, Jean Carlos, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Department, UPR Mayaguez [Life Sciences 15] Screening for Urease Activity in Metagenomic Libraries from the Tropical Rain Forest in Puerto Rico Metagenomics can be defined as the study of all the genomes present in a given environment and the relations among them. Metagenomics use as tools genetic engineering techniques in order to clone large fragments of DNA, allowing the access to almost the 100% of both cultivable and uncultivable microbes genetic information. The use of metagenomic libraries has allowed unraveling the presence of novel microbial groups and new enzymatic activities with applications in biomedical sciences and biotechnology by using culture independent approaches. Urea is a product generated when proteins are metabolized, that can be used as fertilizer and also can become in some Industries a waste product. The main focus in this research is the detection of the presence of urease activity in large fragment metagenomic libraries generated by direct DNA extraction method from a Tropical Rain Forest. A total of approximately 14,631 clones were screened from the El Yunque, Puerto Rico. The screened was performed by adding to the urease broth media, clones from 4 sub-pools previously washed with physiological saline solution. The inoculated samples were incubated at 37oC from 24 48 hrs, and the presence of a change in the color of the inoculated media from orange to pink was scored. There was only one sub-pool that showed a positive activity in the presence of urea. The positive sub-pool have around 6,280 clones, and there are on going research in order to isolate the clone(s) responsible for the urease activity to further perform an in silico analysis. Ros Velzquez Carlos, Biology

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Cruz, Stephanie, UPR-BAYAMON; Sloan, Steven, Biology Department, UPR Bayamon [Life Sciences 16] Features of Fruits Consumed by Primates E. patas and M.mulatta in Sierra Bermeja's Fish and Wildlife Reserve Every primate species tends to be fixed in certain features of its dietary preferences although consumed species might differ in availability in different localities (Sussman, as cited in Garber, 1987). The purpose of this study is to identify possible preferred features of the fruits consumed by the macaques and patas monkeys in Sierra Bermejas Fish and Wildlife Reserve (Lajas, Puerto Rico). Data will be obtained from fecal analysis and pictures taken by cameras in the study area. Identified plants species will be evaluated by the average fruit size, average seed size, color of fruit, and its family. Results will be very useful in knowing which plant species are being consumed by these invasive primates. In addition, conclusions might allow an approach to determine if these two primate populations are acting as a whole- as a generalist or specialist, the latter meaning that primates will consume fruits with specific features despite their availability. (This study is still in process.) Cruz, Jose, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Fasoli, Ezio, Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico - Humacao; Ros Velzquez, Carlos, Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagez [Life Sciences 17] Screening Forest Soil Metagenomic Libraries for Clones that Produce Antibacterially Active and Epoxide Hydrolase Molecules Seeing as an estimated 1% of microorganisms are cultivable by conventional methods, there are a wide array of activities and microbial groups left undiscovered which could be revealed by using culture-independent approaches. Metagenomics has proven to be an effective way to access a more representative sample of the microbial population for bioactive molecules. The increase of nosocomial infections in Puerto Rico due to the decreasing effectiveness of our antimicrobial agent armamentarium and the necessity for epoxides to be prepared as single enantiomers in order to provide safer drugs using enantioselective epoxide hydrolases derived from microorganisms are problems for which metagenomics can provide a solution. By extracting DNA from two different forest soils in Puerto Rico, cloning large-size fragments and transforming into Escherichia coli cells, the environmental DNA was screened for antibacterially active and epoxide hydrolase molecules. The Yunque rainforest soil metagenomic library was screened for novel antibacterially active molecules 120

against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using an overlay assay. An estimated 8,000 clones out of the total 14,000 from the Yunque rainforest fosmid library have been screened. Under current experimental conditions, no antimicrobial activity has been detected. Both the Yunque rainforest and Gunica dry forest soil metagenomic libraries have been screened for epoxide hydrolase activity using an adrenaline test. There is evidence that each of the libraries has epoxide hydrolase activity. Once positive clones are isolated using the overlay assay and the adrenaline test, molecular studies of the clones and physical characterization of the molecules will follow. Cruz-Snchez, Anbal, UPR-CAYEY; Villafae-Martinez, B.I., Biology, UPR-Rio Pidras; Carreto-Estrada, J.L., Science and Technology, Del Este University; Ramos-Pratts, K.M., Anatomy and Neurobiology, UPR-Medical Sciences Campus, Nuez-Martnez, N.P., Biology, Interamerican University, Metropolitan Campus; Barreto-Estrada, J.L., Anatomy and Neurobiology, UPR-Medical Sciences Campus [Life Sciences 18] Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Expression in Hypothalamic Brain Nuclei in Pubertal Male Rats After Anabolic Steroid Exposure Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), a synthetic testosterone derivative, has lead to diverse physiological and behavioral secondary effects among adolescents. Previous experiments have shown neuropeptide circuits been modulated by androgens. Similarly, neuropeptide expression has been shown to control behavioral output. The main goal in this study was to better understand the neurochemical basis underlying AAS exposure that might control behavior. Previous experiments have demonstrated that AAS affect sexual behavior through several brain regions. The ventromedial (VMN) nucleus, the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) are all related to motivational and consummatory components of sexual behavior. We choose to study the expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) after AAS treatment, since it is related to sexual behavior and energy homeostasis. Pubertal male rats were exposed to a high systemic dose of the AAS, 17-methyltestosterone, for two weeks. Thereafter, NPY expression was measured in different brain nuclei (mPOA, VMN, PVN and BNST) using immunohistochemistry. For the behavioral studies, the effect of AAS exposure in incentive sexual motivation and copulatory behavior was determined. In the VMN and the BNST, we observed an increase in NPY expression after AAS exposure, while in the mPOA and PVN we observed a small decrease in the expression of NPY after the steroid treatment. For the behavioral component, AAS-treated male rats, when paired with hormone-primed females, showed a decrease in the latency to the first mount, a decrease in the time to the first ejaculation and an increase in multiple ejaculations. For the copulatory behavior, 121

no changes were observed in the frequency of mounts, intromissions or recovery time after AAS treatment. In addition, food intake was decreased in AASexposed rats at the end of the treatment. This study shows that synthetic androgens, when administered during puberty can alter the NPYergic circuit that might affect sexual incentive motivation and energy homeostasis. De la Rosa, Veronica, UPR-HUMACAO; Esteban Ernesto, Physics, University of Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 19] On the Possible Harmful Effects of Cosmic Rays on Airplane Travel The possible carcinogenic effect of cosmic rays on airplane travel at different altitudes and latitudes is investigated. First, we extend the mathematical Jones model of radiation-induced myelopoiesis by including mutations and thus a carcinogenetic sequence. Second, for a given exposure time we solved the resulting non-linear differential equations and obtained the normal, injured, killed, mutated, and cancerous cells populations. As an application, we estimate the carcinogenetic effects of cosmic rays on an airplane travel between the cities of New York and Singapore and the aftermath twenty years later. Giray, Tugrul, UPR Rio Piedras;

Enriquez, Yesenia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Acevedo, Jenny, UPR Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 20] Population Genetics in Honey Bees

The genetic variation of honeybee colonies collected in 14 localities in the Puerto Rico Island was analyzed using 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Previous studies have demonstrated that these colonies have an African morphology and mtDNA. The most polymorphic locus was A107 and the less polymorphic one is A24. The total number of alleles included in all loci is 111, which is in accordance with the literature. All loci are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, except for two of them: A76 and A113. These populations display high variability estimated from both the number of alleles and heterozygosity values. Although genetic differentiation within the Island is low, significant heterozygote deficiency is not present, indicating an absence of genetic structure within and among honey bee populations in Puerto Rico. The microsatellite data shows that bees in PR are hybrids between African and European bees. A preliminary estimate of introgression of European alleles is 65%. 122

Fernandez, Carolina, UPR-CAYEY; Luis E. Alvarado Poventud, Biologia, UPRCayey; Belinda Roman Aviles, Biologia, UPR-Cayey [Life Sciences 21] Fungicidal Effect of Garlic on Pathogenic Fungi There is a need to develop a wider variety of antifungal compounds that are more effective and less toxic. Many fungi have been implicated in disease not only in humans but also in plants with great yield impact. For example yeast-like fungi are resistant to most antibacterial agents and there are few available antifungal agents useful in the treatment of fungal disease. Our purpose is to use garlic extracts as a potentially useful antifungal compound against fungi. Four pathogens species (Aspergillus tamari, Aspergillus sp., Sordaria, Chaetomium globosum) and three garlic species (Garlic Leek (Allium porrum L.), White Garlic ( Alium savitum ), and Shallot ( Allium ascalonicum L. ) were used in this study. Preliminary results: No inhibition was observed with the garlic oil (GO) disk diffusion test. White garlic inhibits selected fungi growth completely. After analyzing all preliminary results, we came to the conclusion that the Garlic (Alium savitum) has antifungal properties. Fuentes, Juan G., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Restrepo, Carla, Department of Biology, UPR Ro Piedras; Caraballo, Marcos, Herbario Jardn Botnico UPR [Life Sciences 22] Host Preferences by Two Species of Puerto Rican Mistletoes Mistletoes are a group of aerial parasitic shrubs dispersed by birds that may be associated with one or many host species. Two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been suggested to explain their degree of specificity: (a) level of resistance and/or susceptibility of hosts to these parasitic plants and (b) dispersal limitation by birds. We evaluated the first hypothesis using two common Puerto Rican species of mistletoes, Dendropemon caribaeus and Dendropemon bicolor, associated with Bucida buceras and Tabebuia heterophylla, respectively. To test our hypothesis we established a greenhouse experiment where young hosts of B. buceras and T. heterophylla were inoculated with two seeds of each mistletoe species. In each of four blocks we interspersed 6 individuals of each host, for a total of 24 individuals of each species. Our control groups consisted of D. caribaeus growing on B. buceras and D. bicolor on T. heterophylla, whereas the experimental groups by D. caribaeus-T. heterophylla and D. bicolorB.buceras. Two months later we found that survival rates were greater for D. bicolor than for D. caribaeus. Contrary to the expected, the species' survival rates were greater among the experimental rather than control groups: 14 individuals of D. caribaeus on T. heterophylla versus 4 of D. caribaeus on D. bicolor, and 14 of D. bicolor on B. buceras versus 12 of D. bicolor on T. heterophylla. These 123

results suggest that the observed host preferences in field may not be the result of host resistance and/or susceptibility. Rather, specificity for hosts may be a result of bird activity and/or climatic factors. Garcia, Karla, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ferrer-Acosta, Yancy, Biology Department, UPR-RP; Rodrguez - Cruz, Eva N., Biology Department, UPR-RP; Vega, Irving E., Biology Department, UPR-RP [Life Sciences 23] The Role of a Novel Calcium Binding Protein in Tauopathies Tauopathies are a group of neurological disorders such as Alzheimers Disease (AD) and Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) that consist of aberrantly phosphorylated tau proteins that aggregate and form neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, the pathobiological processes underlying tau-mediated neurdegeneration are not well understood. To gain insights on the role that tau plays in neurodegeneration, human tau proteins were immunoprecipitated from brain lysates of the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3, which develops neurodegeneration in age-dependent manner. A novel 25 kDa, EF-hand (calcium-binding) domain containing protein (TEA) was identified by tandem mass spectrometry. This protein was associated with tau in terminally ill JNPL3 mice but not in young mice. The association was also validated in human temporal lobe derived from AD and FTD patients. Calcium dysregulation has been linked to the neurodegeneration process. Therefore, we hypothesized that TEAs physiological activity and association with tau could be regulated by calcium influx during neurodegeneration. Radioactive calcium-binding assays were performed to determine the calcium-binding capacity of TEA protein. Site-directed mutagenesis on conserved aminoacids of TEAs EF-hand domains were done to observe the effects on calciumbinding capacity. Our results indicated that TEA binds calcium effectively through its EFhand domains. These results are the basis for our ongoing studies on the physiolocal and pathological role of TEA. The study of TEA and its role in tau-mediated neurodegeneration will shed light on the yet poorly understood and controversial calcium dysregulation hypothesis. This work was supported by NIH grants (S06GM008102-35S1 and P20RR016439-05) and UPR intramural grant (8-80-109) to I.E.V. The data was presented as part of patent application and obtained a provisional patent on August 2007 (60/952,597) from USPTO

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Garca, Juan, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Garca Cancel, Juan G., 1 Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez; Melndez-Ackerman, Elvia, Crest,Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation; Olaya, Paola, Institute of Tropical Ecosystems Studies, University of Puerto Rico, Flores, Nadia P., Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras; Merced, Amelia, Crest,Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras; Tremblay, Raymond, Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao [Life Sciences 24] Life Inside the Mat: Links Between Lepanthes Orchids and Bryophyte Presence in the Luquillo Experiment Forest, Puerto Rico. The distribution of orchids in the epiphytic environment is precarious do to a complex set of factors including interactions with other plants. Here we tested for negative associations between bryophyte mats and early life stages and positive associations of bryophyte cover and adult plants of Lepanthes rupestris, a riparian epiphytic and lithophytic tropical orchid. We also tested whether there was an association between the density of L. ruspestris plants and the diversity and composition of bryophyte in our study area and whether the height of densest orchid aggregate within a phorophyte relative to the water line was related to the height 'moss' line across a rock substrate. Bryophyte cover was found to have no real influence on plant population density when data from all phorophytes was pooled. When only the density of early orchid stages was examined, low density phorophytes had a considerably thicker bryophyte cover relative to high density ones. Sites colonized by bryophytes generated higher densities only for adult plants but not for early plant stages. The number of bryophyte species was significantly higher in phorophytes classified as high density sites for adult plants but this increase was due to higher moss species diversity, not to liverwort species diversity. The height of the densest L.rupestris patch within a phorophyte was positively related to the recorded height for the moss line forming across a rock substrate. Results suggest that the potential interactions between bryophytes and L.rupestris is likely to be dynamic throughout the life cycle of these orchids with negative interactions acting during early stages of the orchid's life history and positive interactions acting at later stages. We discuss the potential mechanisms of these interactions and the role that natural disturbance regimes along stream (i.e. flash floods) play in the population dynamics of this species.

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Gonzlez, Norberto, UPR-ARECIBO; Chemistry, UPR Arecibo [Life Sciences 25]

Mndez, Abel, Dept. of Physics and

Planetary Habitability: Growth Temperatures and the Global Distribution of Primary Producers. Vascular plants on land and phytoplankton on the ocean are the most important primary producers on Earth. They play the major role in the production of biomass at the base of the trophic levels. The global distribution of primary producers is controlled by a complex interaction of environmental variables. Temperature is one of the most important factors defining their productivity and distribution. Although there are many laboratory studies about the effects of temperature in selected primary producers, little is known about the relation between their growth temperatures and global distribution. Here we collected and analyzed data from the scientific literature for growth temperatures of many phytoplankton and vascular plants. The analysis shows that phototrophic metabolisms, among very diverse primary producers, have similar temperature requirements. We suggest that this is an intrinsic property of phototrophic organisms, which strongly controls their global distribution. The data is being used to model the habitability of land and ocean areas. Our future plan is to also study the effect of water activity in primary production. The main goal of this type of work is to provide input data for planetary habitability models. Hernandez, Diego, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Malave-Orengo, Josue, Biology, UPRMAYAGUEZ; Rios-Velazquez, Carlos, Biology, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Life Sciences 26] Development of Molecular Tools to Distinguish Amongst Bioluminescent Bacteria from the Coasts of Puerto Rico Marine bioluminescent bacteria are organisms that show luminescence phenomena by quorum sensing. A method that differentiates among the bacteria obtained in Puerto Rico's coastlines is necessary because the large sample collection that the Island offers will produce an effective process that can be useful in the development of a bio-sensor. Using an amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis method, the 16S rDNA will be digested with endonucleases so that the different species of these bacteria can be identified. Another molecular method (lux gene method) of identification can be designed using lux gene fragments that differentiate between several genus and species (luxH and luxF are fragments that differentiate among Photobacterium and Vibrio genres of bioluminescent bacteria). Six isolated samples were amplified with the polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) in order to obtain the 16s rDNA region. 126

As for the lux gene method, an in silico analysis was carried to design three primer sets for a luxF PCR and one set for the luxH PCR. It was seen that the primers for luxH produced a 700bp product with the six samples; in contrast, the luxF primers sets tested have not shown any positive results. The determination of an effective design of the luxF primer sets will be determined when these are tested with Photobacterium phosphoreum, a positive control. The next step will be to undergo digestions tests to the 16S rDNA with different endonucleases that determine restriction patterns that can be used as a method that distinguishes among bioluminescent bacteria in Puerto Rico. Hernandez, Wilnelly, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 27] Estudio Comparativo de la Regin Promotora del Gen Humano NF-IL6 con Clulas HL-60 Y U937 El factor nuclear para la interleucina 6 (NF-IL6) es un factor de transcripcin humano seriamente implicado en la diferenciacin de monocitos a macrfagos. Se ha encontrado que NF-IL6 (homlogo de C/EBP) pertenece a la familia de protenas regulatorias que incluyen C/EBP, C/EBP, C/EBP y C/EBP. De esta familia, NF-IL6 ha sido implicado en la diferenciacin tarda de monocitos debido a altos niveles de mRNA en su estado de equilibrio. Con el fin de entender su mecanismo de activacin, investigaciones previas han publicado su aislamiento, su secuencia de nucletidos (6.4 kb) y hasta algunos elementos asociados con su regulacin. Un estudio realizado con clulas monocticas leucmicas humanas de tipo U937, ha identificado a varios elementos de control asociados a su regin promotora. Varios plasmidios fueron diseados a contener segmentos de la regin promotora del gen NF-IL6, en compaa del gen reportero cloranfenicol acetiltransferasa (CAT). Estos plasmidios fueron empleados en procedimientos de transfeccin con clulas U937 e inducidos con lipopolisacridos y steres forbricos por 48 horas, antes de la preparacin de extractos celulares. En los estudios se encontraron elementos de control capaces de responder a estos dos agentes y tambin a los factores de transcripcin XPB1, NF-B y miembros de la familia SP1 asociados con su regulacin. Con el propsito de comparar la activacin del gen NF-IL6 en otras clulas de la misma familia, se ha dado comienzo a estudios con las clulas premielocticas de tipo HL-60. Varios plasmidios han sido preparados y secuenciados para corroborar que su identidad sea similar a los plasmidios usados en el estudio anterior. Una vez confirmadas sus secuencias, se proceder a transfectar las clulas HL-60 mediante los mismos pasos de activacin para as determinar si existe alguna igualdad o diferencia en el modo de su regulacin. Pars-Matos, Elsie I., Chemistry,

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Huertas-Dones, Carlos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Galindo-Cardona, Alberto, Biology Department, UPR-RP; Moreno-Jackson, Rafine, Biology Department, UPR-RP; Giray, Tugrul, Biology Department, UPR-RP [Life Sciences 28] If I Get Lost, Dont Wait For Me: Orientation and Return Rate of Drones of Apis mellifera L. The orientation of the male drones of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) has not been studied much. A worker bee has a high probability of disorientation if it gets farther than 2.5 Km from its hive. It has been reported that some drones can travel more than 7 Km but only for reproductive means. It is important to study the way populations act to understand the spatial behavior of organisms. The purpose of this study is to measure the return rate and orientation of drones released at different distances from their hives (1, 2 and 4 Km.), from the four cardinal points (from the apiary). We captured and marked 720 drones (120 per distance per cardinal point) and we observed the number of drones that returned to their hives after being released. It was expected that more drones would return from the closer releasing sites but did not expected to find differences between the orientations of the releasing sites. The results show that there is a difference on the time it took the drones to return to their hives from different distances and from the different cardinal points. There could exist known routes for the drones that make it easier to return faster to their hives. Isidro, Raymond, PCUPR; Santiago, Olga I., Physiolgy, Ponce School of Medicine; Appleyard, Caroline B., Physiology, Ponce School of Medicine; Cruz, Myrella L., Physiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Cuevas, Marielly, Physiology, Ponce School of Medicine [Life Sciences 29] Effect of Previous Inflammation on the Susceptibility of the Colon to Subsequent Physical Restraint Stress-Induced Changes Stress can influence the systemic and local immune systems of the intestine, and we have previously shown the susceptibility of the colon to psychological water avoidance stress. Aim: Determine the effect of previous intestinal inflammation on restraint stress-induced changes in the colon. Methods: Four groups of female rats were used: normal; control-RS (restraint stress - stress alone); colitis, (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid 30 mg in 50% ETOH ic) which was allowed to heal for 2 weeks); and colitis-RS (colitis, then RS 2 weeks later). RS was induced by placing the animals in a wire restrainer for 3hrs, during 3 consecutive days. The colons were examined for damage and levels of IL-10, IL-4 and IFN gamma, colonic mast cells and bacterial levels in MacConkey, blood agar and 128

lactobacillus media were measured. Results: Prior inflammation caused increases in colonic propulsive activity, mast cells, macroscopic and microscopic damage in the animals exposed to RS. There were lower numbers of lactobacillus. No significant changes in total bacterial load or cytokine levels were found. Conclusion: Prior inflammation increases the susceptibility of the colon to respond to physical stress. NRSA from NIDDK/NIGMS and 2G-12RR03050. Pars-Matos, Elsie I., Chemistry, UPR-

Jirau, Xavier, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Mayaguez [Life Sciences 30]

Novel Serum Amyloid A-Protein Interactions on Macrophage Cell Lineages Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase response protein mainly associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and it is expressed on monocytes showing to increase 100-1000 fold expression after induction with dexamethasone and lipopolysaccharides (Urieli-Shoval et. al. 1994). SAA enhances the production of cyclooxygenase metabolites responsible of tissue inflammation by the influx of extracellular Ca2+, and possibly interacts with Protein Kinase-C (Maelle et. al. 1997). Some studies also suggested that SAA causes induction of tissue factor at mRNA and protein levels on monocytic cells (Cai et. al.2007). The aforementioned functions, as well as some specific functions assigned to SAA such as anti-tumor growth properties, platelet activation, inhibition of lymphocyte antibody response, induction of T-lymphocyte migration and adhesion, and many more, suggest that SAA plays an important role on protein regulation processes. For a better understanding of these cellular mechanisms, it is important to identify which are the protein-protein interactions of SAA. Through cell culture techniques, we will be able to induce SAA in THP-1 cells. Immunoprecipitation techniques will allow SAA to be purified with any associated protein. Mass spectrometry will allow the characterization of targeted proteins involved in protein-protein interactions with SAA. With these procedures we will be able to develop a model of metabolic pathways where SAA functions as a protein regulator.

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Lastra, Lourdes Daz, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Fumero-Cabn, Jos J., Department of Biology and Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus; Melndez-Ackerman, Elvia, Department of Biology and Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto RicoRio Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 31] Pollinator Communities of Guaiacum Sanctum The pollination of plants mediated by animals is an important ecosystem service as most flowering plants need the service of pollinators for sexual reproduction and seed set. The introduction of exotic pollinator species may disrupt pollination of local plants species through negative effects on native pollinators or through negative pollination effects on native plants species. Guaiacum sanctum (locally known as Guayacn Blanco) is a slow growing but important timber tree species of the dry forests in the neotropics. It is considered a threatened species and is listed in Appendix II of CITES. We performed observations to document pollination interactions of G. sanctum with native and exotic insect pollinators in two different dry forest sites that differ in the presence (Gunica Dry Forest) and absence of exotic Africanized Honeybees (Mona Island Reserve). We found the diversity of insect pollinators was higher in Mona Island (15 species) than in Gunica (only Africanized honeybees were recorded). However, when we compare visitation rates to flowers by these pollinators, Gunica trees exhibited higher visitation rates than trees in Mona Island. Results show clear differences in pollinator communities between these two Guiaicum populations and emphasize the need to study how these differences may translate into differences in the quality and quantity of pollination of this threatened tree species Lpez, Mildred, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz, Vanessa, Biology, UPR-RP; Longo, Ana, Biology, UPR-RP; Burrowes, Patricia, Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 32] Estimation of Introduction Date and Early Taxonomic Impact of The Pathogenic Fungus, Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis, Among Puerto Rican Amphibians Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been the cause of amphibian declines in many places around the world, including Puerto Rico. This study aimed to determine the introduction date and the early taxonomic impact of Bd in Puerto Rico. Preserved specimens collected during 1946-1965 were obtained from the University of Puerto Rico-Ro Piedras zoology museum. We looked for the presence of Bd zoosporangia on unstained skin scrapings from the inguinal region of the specimens. A total of 168 frogs in five species (E. karlschmidti, E. 130

eneidae, E. locustus, E. wightmanae, E. richmondi) were examined. Results of this study extended the date for the record of Bd in Puerto Rico by 15 years. We found that the earliest record was on 1961 in E. wightmanae, E. richmondi and E. locustus. This date concurs with the first case of Bd infection found in North America (Rana clamitans in 1961) which means that Puerto Rico has the second earliest date of Bd prevalence in the New World. We hypothesize that scientists who came to El Yunque in the 1960s to do ecological studies could have carried this pathogen via their soiled shoes or field equipment. Further sampling will be performed on specimens from UPR-RP and UPR-RUM, in order to include the remaining endemic species of Eleutherodactylus and specimens from earlier collection dates. In the future, chronological incidence of Bd among species across geographical areas of the island will be compared in order to understand the dispersion pattern of this pathogen in a tropical site. Lpez, Darlah, UPR-ARECIBO; Yakelin A. Ortz Vera, Biology, UPRA; Mari L. Acevedo, Biology, UPR-Arecibo [Life Sciences 33] Possible Estrogenic Effects of the Heavy Metal Cadmium in the H4IIE Cell Line Estrogen (Estradiol-E2) is a steroid hormone that regulates cell division, differentiation, and function of multiple tissues including the reproductive system of males and females. These effects are mediated by the estrogen receptors: ER and ER by regulating gene transcription in the presence of estrogen. High concentrations of the hormone have been linked to increased cell proliferation which could lead to development of breast and uterine cancer. The heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) is a known environmental pollutant that shows xenoestrogenic characteristics. It has been demonstrated to stimulate some level of cell proliferation in estrogen receptor positive cells. The mechanism of estrogenic action of this metal is still unclear. The focus of this project is to determine and evaluate how cadmium exerts its estrogenic effects in estrogen receptor-positive cells. To begin our study, cell proliferation in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells was measured by calculating protein concentration with a Bradford assay in the presence or absence E2 and CdCl2, followed by SDS-PAGE. The presence of the estrogen receptor was confirmed by western blotting. Quantification of proliferative effects will be tested using an ELISA assay as supportive method. Comparative effects of estrogen and cadmium will be evaluated by examination of mRNA levels of estrogen-responsive genes through RT-PCR and protein levels by Western Blotting. Eventually, we will like to compare the effects of estrogen and cadmium in the presence of different transcription factors at estrogen-responsive promoters by Chromatin Immunprecipitation (ChIP) Analysis. These experiments will help us determine if cadmium exerts its estrogenic effects through similar mechanisms as estrogen.

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Marino, Jimena, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Caraballo Vazquez, Nelson E, Biologia Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus; Morales Rivera, Amarilys, 1Pharmacol. and Toxicology, Univ. of Puerto Rico RCM, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Santaella, Carelli, Biologia Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, Cruz, Liana, Biologia Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus; Rivera Escalera, Fatima, Biologia Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus; Ramos Ortolaza, Dinah, Biologia Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 34] Role of Neurotensin During Extinction of Cocaine Seeking Behavior The rewarding properties of some drugs of abuse such as cocaine can exert effects in the motivational aspects that are believed to induce craving and relapse during extinction. Extinction entails a decrease in drug seeking responses due to a hold of reinforcement, and a new learning process. Neurotensin (NT) was implicated in the reinforcing effects of drugs of addiction, including cocaine. Several studies from our laboratory reveal the presence of NT mRNAs through different stages of Cocaine seeking behavior (CSB), including extinction, in different subregions of the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). To characterize the role of NT during extinction phase of CSB, rats were implanted with an intrayugular catheter and bilateral cannulae aimed at the NAc core. After recovery, the animals were trained to selfadminister cocaine under specific environmental stimuli in a cocaine seeking paradigm. Following SA training, animals were prior exposed to an extinction protocols. Ten minutes to the beginning of extinction, animals received bilateral infusions of the NT-1 receptor antagonist SR48692 (50nM) or the vehicle during 5 consecutive sessions. Preliminary results show that blockade of NT-1 receptors on NAc core during extinction decrease the number of level presses in drug treated animals during reinstatement phase cocaine seeking behavior. Thus, these findings suggest a role for NT within NAc in the association of environmental cues and cocaine effects. Furthermore the data reveals a possible therapeutically potential of NT antagonists for cocaine abuse. In addition other studies are being conducted to further characterize the role of NT during cocaineseeking behavior in other mesolimbic regions such as the mPFC.

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Martes, Carlos J., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Ros-Velzquez, Carlos, Biology, UPRMayagez [Life Sciences 35] Isolation and Characterization of Radiation Resistant GeoMicrobes from High Altitude Soils of Puerto Rico The development of Astrobiology reveals that each time is more evident the existence of signals associated with extraterrestrial life. One of the factors that limit life outside the Earth is the cosmic radiation. It has been found that some species of microbes are successful tolerating UV radiation. Knowing the mechanisms that provide the radiation resistance to those microorganisms could be useful in the search of understanding life, and also in the development of treatments to diseases caused by the electromagnetic radiation such as the skin cancer. Studies had found that an increase in altitude, can lead to an increase in radiation incidence. In this research, Radiation Resistant Microbes (RRM) where isolated from high altitude soils of Puerto Rico. The samples were taken from Cerro Puntas and Cerro Maravilla at Jayuya and from the tropical rainforest El Yunque. Those where processed through serial dilutions, then spreaded in Petri plates with nutrient agar. In order to isolate the RRM, samples where irradiated with UVC radiation at different time intervals. The microbes that tolerated the irradiation were characterized macroscopically, and microscopically. After processing the soil samples, seven rod shaped microorganisms were isolated, where six of them where gram-positive and endospores forming. Genomic DNA has been extracted from the samples in order to begin the molecular characterization. One of the possible explanations for the radiation tolerance of those microorganisms is the presence of endospores, due to the fact this structure could block the UVC rays, protecting the genomic material of the microbe. Martinez, Isabelita, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Roman, Roberto, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Maldonado, Sandra, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus [Life Sciences 36] Isolation of important Clinic Yeasts on Water Treatment Plants and Puerto Rican Forests. Due to the clinic incidence of antibiotic resistant yeast, it is our interest to identify the most common species of them. We obtained samples that were divided in positive controls or with high anthropogenic impact (entrance and exit of water treatment plants in Adjuntas and Mayagez) and in negative controls or with low anthropogenic impact (Susua forest at Sabana Grande). The samples were 133

processed using serial dilutions and filtrations and then they were cultured in Czapeck Yeast Agar supplemented with cloramphenicol at 27oC during 5 days. Of the negative control samples we recovered 5 yeasts, while from the water treatment plant sample we recuperated 28 isolated yeasts. By identifying the yeast present in the study areas will help us to determine the prevalence and incidence of them to antifungal agents like fluconazole. At long term this information could be used to apply clinic treatments and to improve procedures of purification in water treatment plants. Planas Rivera, Jose; Biology

Mendez, Ernesto, UPR-AGUADILLA; Department, UPR Aguadilla [Life Sciences 37]

Total Protein Profile of Bacillus in response to Thermal Stress Bacillus is a bacteria found in diverse environments. This capability requires that the bacteria adapt itself to the conditions around it. In this investigation we ask the question how the total protein contain varies under thermal stress. We hypothesized that the total protein contents will not vary significantly, although the ratio among the proteins will. We submit the bacteria to thermal stress (30 C, 45 C, 50 C, 55 C, 60 and 70 C C) and analyse its effects by colony characterisation analysis, broth and Petri dish), determination total protein concentration analysis and SDS-PAGE protein profile. Results confirm our hypothesis. Millan, Josue, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Life Sciences 38] Isolation and Characterization of Bioprospects from the Phytotelmata of the Pitcher plant Nepenthes sp. Some carnivorous plants such as the genus Sarracenia and Nepenthes have an unusual and specific environment present in their pitchers known as phytotelmata. This aquatic microenvironment could serve as a habitat for bioprospecting microbes to unravel new activities with diverse applications. The main focuses of this project is the isolation and characterization of microbes (bioprospects) from Nepenthes' pitchers, and test their biomedical or biotechnological potential. Pitchers' fluid from Closed (C), Opened (O) and Semiopened (SO) was collected and spreaded onto enriched solid media with a pH similar to the respective pitcher's fluid. The samples were incubated at 25 and C 37 for a week. The pitcher's fluid analysis showed to be acidic, pH from 4.0 C 5.0. After three days of incubation, there was microbial growth only in the fluid 134

coming from the opened pitchers, suggesting that there was not cultivable endemic microflora in the fluid, at the media and parameters used. The isolates were analyzed microscopically, microbiologically, and physiologically, determining also the optimal pH, temperature, and salt concentration for growth. Three basic morphotypes were found in the sample, with an optimum growth temperature of 25 and variable pH growth intervals. The morphotypes ranged C from spherical, to rod-like, with one of them showing the presence of a stalked or appendance. Genomic DNA extraction of the candidates and preliminary molecular analyses suggest that most of the isolates belong to fungi kingdom. The 18S rDNA, ITS and IGS regions have been amplified to determine their specific classification using sequencing and in silico analysis. Mir, Gabriela, UPR-BAYAMON [Life Sciences 39] Endozoochorous Effects on the Native Columnar Cactus, Pilosocereus Royenii Recent studies in Puerto Rico, have demonstrated that the introduced primates, Macaca mulatta and Erythrocebus patas, successfully disperse viable seeds of the columnar cactus through the process of endozoochory. It is unknown the type of impact that these primates have upon the viability of seeds of the native columnar cactus (Pilosocereus royenii) when dispersed. It is not known how endozoochory affects seed germinability, whether seed germination is enhanced or reduced following gut passage. In this study, I will use an experiment to determine what effect, if any, Macaca mulatta has on seed germination in P. royenii. We collected fruits from the cactus and put them to dry, then divided into control and experimental groups. A group of herpes b virus free primates from the Caribbean Primate Center in Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico will be fed a food pellet with seeds of P. royenii mixed in, as the experimental group. The seeds will be collected from the feces and washed with water and then planted 5 per pot into 15 pots. The seeds from the control group (not treated) will be washed with water and planted 5 per pot into 15 pots. Both groups will be observed weekly and seed germination noted. The number of seeds germinating will be noted for each group and a chi-square test will be used to determine if there was an effect of endozoochory. This experiment will demonstrate whether the seeds of P. royenii benefit from endozoochorous dispersal by mammals. It will also lead to future field experiments that will determine if M. mulatta are actually dispersing seeds of P. royenii under field conditions.

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Montoyo-Rosario, Jos G., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Biology Department, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 40]

Ros-Velzquez, Carlos,

Using Functional Genomics Approaches to Develop a Specific Biomarker for Staphylococcus Aureus and Specificty Test for Cryptococcus Gattii Against Other Yeasts Phage display is a technique that is becoming extremely popular due to the simplicity and rapid yielding of results. The general focus of phage display is on protein-to-protein interaction. The interactions result from using phages, which have been designed to express a certain unique peptide in their capsid, which result in diverse and numerous types of phage libraries. This protein will then interact by binding with the chosen targeted ligand. The employment of phage display in this project is aimed to find a specific biomarker and its specificity for the ligand. In order to find a biomarker, a series of biopanning are performed. The biopanning consists of washing away and separating the unbounded phages from the bound ones. The novelty in this investigation is that instead of a molecule or protein as the ligand it is a whole cell. This investigation consists of using phage display for the target cell Staphylococcus aureus in order to find a specific biomarker but also test the specificity of two peptides, nectin and telecephalin, found for Cryptococcus gattii found in a previous investigation. In the primary investigation concerning Staphylococcus aureus, only two rounds of biopanning have been accomplished in order to isolate and find that specific biomarker. For the second exercise, a preliminary specificity test was done against other two yeasts, Cryptococcus laurentii and Candida albicans. These projects show the importance and the simple utility of using phage display for the growing, ongoing investigations applying this technique. Muiz, Jess, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Aquino, Edna, Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR-Medical Science Campus; Vzquez, Guillermo, Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR-Medical Science Campus; Robledo, Iraida, Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR-Medical Science Campus [Life Sciences 41] Plasmid Analysis of the KPC Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) Collected in the Puerto Rico Medical Center Hospitals (PRMCH) During 2003-04 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC) are beta-lactamases (Ls) capable of hydrolyzing all classes of -lactam antibiotics. During a 1-year surveillance study, 27/92 multidrug resistant Kp were identified as KPC positive in 4 PRMCH. Four variants, KPC-2, -3; -4; and -6 together with other Ls (TEM, OXA-9, OXA-30, DHA) were identified in the 27 isolates. Seventeen distinct 136

genotypic pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were identified, 15/27 distributed in five distinct clonal groups while 12 had unrelated patterns. The objective of this study was to characterize the isolates KPC-encoding plasmid. Fourteen isolates with different KPC variants and Ls were selected as donor strains for the conjugation experiments using E. coli J53 AziR as the recipient strain. Transfer of the KPC and other Ls genes were confirmed by PCR, Southern Blot, restriction analysis and/or susceptibility testing. PCR confirmed the transfer in 13 Kp of the KPC with either TEM or OXA-9 genes. The KPC-6 variant could not be transferred after multiple attempts. Conjugation studies revealed the transfer of reduced carbapenem susceptibility from Kp. Southern Blot analysis identified KPC carried on different plasmid with size ranging from 28- to165-kbp. Different restriction profiles were found between six transconjugants with different KPC variants and Ls. The presence of KPC genes on various-sized conjugable plasmids contribute to the dissemination of these enzymes. The coexistence of multiple KPC variants may represent random mutational events or introduction of the genes from external sources followed by clonal and horizontal spread. Munoz, Jessian, UPR-CAYEY; Rivera Torres, Maralisi, Biology, UPR-Cayey; Del Valle Lopez, Nicole, Biology, UPR-Cayey; Chiesa, Ricardo, Biology, UPRCayey [Life Sciences 42] cAMP Expression in Neurochemical Modulation of Anxiety by Neuropeptide-Y in C. elegans Anxiety is characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components, which combine to evoke fear, apprehension, or worry. Neural circuitry involving the amygdala and hippocampus is thought to underlie anxiety. Pharmacological agents to treat anxiety disorders include Benzodiazepines and Non- Benzodiazepines drugs. The first group of drugs is addictive and the later requires long periods of time to function as anxiolytics. The latest pharmacological trend to treat anxiety disroders is the use of neurologically active peptides. For anxiety, Neuropeptide-Y has risen as a potential target. NPY is a 36 amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). NPY has been associated with the regulation of energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy. Using C. elegans as a model organism, we hypothesize that NPY will activate a signaling pathway which ultimately leads to a loss of anxiety. The main goal of the project is to test the use of NPY as a future pharmacologically available anxiolytic drug. Mediating the anxiolytic effects of NPY we propose a signal transduction pathway which includes Phospholipase C activation and ultimately CREB-mediated gene expression. We have concluded that E.coli strain OP50 successfully grew on Nematode Growth Agar (NGA). C.elegans successfully grew with the OP50 137

strain in NGA. In addition, Solid-Liquid Nematode growth promoted C.elegans growth and the multiplication of fungal contaminants. To correct this we have added Amphoterin B (1/1000) to both mediums. Afterwards, we were able to observed all stages of growth and have maintained these for future protein isolation. Nieves, Juan, UPR-BAYAMON; Rodrguez Concepcin, Biology, UPRBayamn; Coln Zuania, Biology, UPR-Bayamn [Life Sciences 43] Distribution of Land Hermit Crabs and Gastropod Shell Usage in Mainland Puerto Rico and Mona Island This study is about the populations of Coenobita clypeatus in Puerto Rico. The demography of hermit crabs has not been studied in Puerto Rico except in Mona Island. The availability of shells has an effect on the size structure of hermit crabs. The objectives of the project are study the demography of the species, determine the density and the use of gastropod shells. We conducted eight census in Manat (November 2007 to December 2008) and three in Mona Island (April, June and November 2008). We established two 25 m transects to capture hermit crabs for five minutes. We sample twelve 2m plots in a systematic way. We measured the length of the chelae, and determine sex of the hermit crab. We identified the gastropod shell to genus and measured the aperture of the shell. We calculated the Shannon-Diversity Index to compare diversity between study sites. Density varies in time and there is a higher density in Manat than in Mona. Size of hermit crabs was larger in Mona, however the most common size was the same in both site. We found a positive correlation between shell aperture and length of chelae. Diversity was higher in Manat. The data shows that in Mona Island the hermit crabs attain a larger size because of the availability of Cittarium shells which seems to be best shells. Cittarium is not present in Manat, possible explaining the low size of the hermit crabs.

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Nogueras, Carlos J., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; MohamedMohaideen, Nilofar N., Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University.; Palaninathan, Satheesh K., Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University.; Sacchettini, James C., Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University [Life Sciences 44] Purification and Characterization of the 'High Temperature Requirement A1' - an Essential Protease of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis -TB- is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Mtb-, responsible for more than 2 million deaths per year. The emergence of new drug-resistant Mtb strains has made this disease a serious threat throughout the years; there is an urgent need for new drugs and drug targets. The high-temperature requirement A -HtrA- family of serine proteases has been demonstrated to play an important role in the environmental and cellular stress damage control system in Escherichia coli, Mtb having three membrane bound HtrA protease homologs -HtrA1, HtrA2, and HtrA3-. Gene knock out studies have reveal that Mtb HtrA1 is essential for bacterial survival in the host, making the gene product a promising drug target against TB. We over expressed and purified HtrA1 without its trans-membrane and cytoplasmic region -residues 221-528-. The crystal structure of the purified truncated HtrA1 - HtrA1have revealed that residues 221-490 form the protease domain and 491-528 form the PDZ domain; the protein either forms a trimer or a hexamer in the crystal lattice. HtrA1 consistently produced a ~10 kDa autolytic fragment in different pH and temperature conditions. N-terminal amino acid sequencing analysis of the ~10 kDa fragment confirmed that this product is the intact PDZ domain of HtrA1. Interestingly, the Native-PAGE characterization of HtrA1 showed a ~100 kDa, ~200 kDa and ~242 kDa protein bands. The subsequent SDS- PAGE and N-terminal amino acid sequencing analyses suggested that the ~100 kDa and ~200 kDa bands are the trimeric and hexameric forms of HtrA1 respectively. Surprisingly, the majority of the PDZ ~10 kDa products form the ~242 kDa assembly shown in the Native-PAGE. Autolysis of HtrA1 is not restricted to the production of PDZ complexes as six other time-regulated autolytic products were identified and characterized. Light-scattering analysis for the inhibition of aggregate formations of citrate synthase showed that both, HtrA1 and PDZ domains have temperature regulated chaperone-like activity. The biological role of the autolysis and the significance of the oligomeric assemblies are not clear at this point. Perhaps more importantly, the selective autolysis, the oligomeric assembly of HtrA1, and the chaperone and protease activity suggests that the HtrA1 may play a central role in the periplasmic stress response system of Mtb.

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Ondina, Pedro, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Ortega, Manuel, Industrial Biotechnology, UPR- Mayaguez; Cruz, Jose, Industrial Biotechnology, UPR- Mayaguez; Williamson. Lynn, Bacdteriology, UW-Madison, Allen, Heather K., Bacteriology, UW-MAdison; Handelsman, Jo, Bacteriology, UW-Madison; Rios-Velazquez, Carlos, Biology, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 45] Isolation of Clones with Antibiotic Resistance Activity in a Metagenomic Library from a Tropical Forest in Puerto Rico It is known that microorganisms like Staphylococcus Aureus had acquired antibiotic resistance to existing antibiotics. Mechanisms for antibiotic resistance are known for several microorganisms using cultivable approaches. There could be new mechanisms that could be discovered from uncultivable microbes. The generation of metagenomic libraries has become a powerful culture independent technique that has facilitated the unraveling of novel activities including antibiotic resistance. The main focus of this research is to screen, identify and characterize genes involved in antibiotic resistance using a metagenomic library of approximately 22,000 clones generated from a tropical forest in Puerto Rico developed using a direct DNA extraction method. The presence of clones with antibiotic resistance activity (ARA) was determined by performing a selection of the library on solid media containing kanamycin , tetracycline and ampicillin. To confirm the presence of cloned fragments, and to determine their size, a restriction analysis was done to the fosmid DNA extraction of the ARA clones. As an initial ARA candidates screening, a restriction analysis was done to 10 ARA clones from each antibiotic. The fosmid library contains inserts varying approximately from 25 to 40 kb. There were clones resistant to each of the antibiotics tested, each of them with a fosmid containing a genomic insert. Most of the ARA clones were specific to the tetracycline plates followed by kanamycin and ampicillin respectively. Ongoing sequencing and in silico analysis of the ARA clones will reveal the gene(s) present in the cloned inserts and the nature of the resistance. Ortiz, Keisha, UIA-ARECIBO; Morales Gadiel; Nieves Mariela; Garcia Ana; Ortiz Keisha; Irenes Jennifer; Rosado Ainara; Science and Technology Department, Inter American University, Arecibo Campus [Life Sciences 46] Analysis of Caspase -3 Activity and P53 Levels After Apoptosis Induction with Staurosporine in SH-SY5Y Cells Staurosporine is a well characterized agent that produces apoptosis in cells including SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma. Staurosporine is a potent inhibitor of 140

multiple protein kinases including protein kinase C, cAMP dependent protein kinase and tyrosine kinases. Although it has been described its apoptotic effects, the specific activated pathway is not yet fully understood. In this study it was analyzed the caspase -3 activation, the changes in p53 concentration, DNA degradation and cell viability after treatment with staurosporine in SH-SY5Y cells. Caspase -3 activity was evaluated using a colorimetric assay using the chromophore DEVD-pNA (p-nitroanilide) as a substrate for caspase -3. Our results demonstrates a significant increase in caspase -3 activity after treating the cells during 24 hours with 0.1, 0.25, 0.50 and 1 m staurosporine when compared to control. The highest increment in caspase -3 activity was observed when cells were treated with 0.50 m staurosporine, while the lowest activity was detected at 0.1 and 1 m of staurosporine. The cell viability was reduced with staurosporine treatment dose-dependently, with lowest viability observed when cells were treated with 1 m staurosporine. The concentration of p53 was determined in SH-SY5Y diluted (1:5) cell extracts using an enzyme imunometric assay kit. Preliminary results show a slight increase of p53 levels after 24 hour treatment with different staurosporine concentrations. Although p53 was detected in whole cell extracts using the enzyme immunometric method, the protein could not be detected by Western Blot with none of the antibodies used for the detection. These results suggest the participation of caspase-3 in the apoptosis induced by staurosporine in SH-SY5Y cells. Caspase -3 activation seems to be higher in the lower concentrations of staurosporine, but a reduction in caspase -3 activity is observed suggesting the participation of other pathway. The cell cycle regulating protein p53 seems not to be involved in the staurosporine activated apoptotic pathway in this model system. Ortiz, Vanessa, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Sciences, Old Dominion University [Life Sciences 47] Does Predation and Desiccation Risk Influence Desmognathus Salamander Distributions? Desmognathus salamanders are a model system for investigating how biotic and abiotic factors interact to allow for species coexistence. In streams located near the Mountain Lake Biological Station, four species (D. quadramaculatus, D. monticola, D. fuscus and D. ochrophaeus) are distributed across a horizontal moisture gradient from a stream into the forest floor. Different physiological capacities to withstand drying based on habitat use and body size combined with size-specific inter and intraspecific interactions largely explain this horizontal distributional pattern. Most research examining Desmognathus community structure has focused on their horizontal stream to forest distribution. However, recent data suggests that D. fuscus and D. monticola also segregate along vertical stream gradients, with distribution shifts from D. fuscus at the top of 141 Binckley, Christopher, Biological

streams to D. monticola in more perennial areas. This study focuses on factors that may influence these vertical distribution patterns within streams. We hypothesized that tradeoffs between abiotic tolerances to desiccation and predation risk, generate these vertical patterns. We addressed the following questions: 1) Is the observed downstream shift from D. fuscus to D. monticola apparent at other streams? 2) How is D. fuscus activity, growth and survivorship affected by desiccation and predation risks? In order to answer these questions, both field data and experimental manipulations were used. Strong and significant distributional shifts occurred at all streams sampled. Furthermore, D. fuscus performance was significantly affected by desiccation and predation risks demonstrating that opposing biotic and abiotic gradients potentially generate the observed field pattern. Ortiz, Patricia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Diaz, Cristina, Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Madera, Bismark, Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ramirez, Rosaura, Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Gomez, Christopher, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago; Lasalde-Dominicci, Jose, Biology, University of Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 48] Statin Cholesterol Lowering Treatment has No Effect on Transgenic Mice Model wth s268f Mutation that Cause the Slow-Channel Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome The slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome (SCCMS) is caused by mutations in subunits of the end-plate acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The mutations prolong the opening episodes of the AChR channel, leading to a depolarization block and an end-plate myopathy. Mutation S268F, exhibits a kinetic behavior that produces SCCMS. Previous in vitro studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that membrane cholesterol depletion increased the macroscopic currents. We hypothesized that a reduction in membrane cholesterol in transgenic mice expressing this mutation would increase the macroscopic currents since receptors present on caveolin-binding motifs can surface to the membrane and be functional. To test this hypothesis we chronically treated our in vivo model of SCCMS with a lowering cholesterol treatment of statins. The statin is a class of drug that lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. At the end of the treatment (7 days with Lipitor 20mg) we assess them by diaphragm electrophysiological focal recordings and confocal imaging. Our electrophysiological and imaging studies showed no evident alterations after chronic statin treatment. Thus, the S268F mutation has a unique kinetic profile that is cholesterol insensitive.

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Ortiz Diaz, Cristina, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Diaz, Patricia, Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Madera, Bismark, Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ramirez, Rosaura, Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Gomez, Christopher, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago; Lasalde-Dominicci, Jose, Biology, University of Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 49] Alcohol Strengthens the Severity and Progression of the Neuromuscular Degeneration in s262t Transgenic Mice Expressing the Slow-Channel Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome The Slow-Channel Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (SCCMS) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the neuromuscular junction. These syndromes have been described to be caused by pre- or post-synaptic defects that include mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Mutated nAChRs associated with SCCMS are mainly characterized by prolonged channel openings. Anecdotic evidence suggests that SCCMS patients are frequently users of alcohol. We are interested in studying the effects of chronic alcohol intake in the development of the neuromuscular degeneration associated with SCCMS using the S262T transgenic mice. The mutation, S262T, lies in the M2 domain of the delta subunit of the nAChR and has been described to cause SCCMS in humans. To investigate the effects of chronic alcohol intake in the S262T mutation we treated heterozygous male transgenic mice during 10 days with alcohol 0.05% and 0.1%. The diaphragm was removed and used to perform focal electrophysiological recordings and confocal imaging analysis of endplates. Miniature end-plate currents (MEPC) and confocal images were recorded and analyzed. We found that alcohol at 0.1% increased the decay time of the MEPC (36%), therefore slowing even more the closing rate of the nicotinic receptor channel. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that while alcohol concentration increased; the end-plate count (17%) and the intensity (35%) of the end-plate decrease. Overall, our results suggest that alcohol can strengthen the severity and progression of SCCMS and may exacerbate it. Finally, our future studies include analysis of other SCCMS mutations and other environmental factors such as nicotine and statins. Ortiz-Alvardo, Yarira, UIA-BAYAMON; Rivera-Marchand, Bert; FernandezCasas, Rafael; Natural Sciences and Mathematics, UIA-Bayamon [Life Sciences 50] Behavioral Plasticity in Queens of the Little Fire Ant Wasmannia Auropunctata One of the most important traits of social insects, such as ants, is reproductive division of labor, where queens lay eggs and sterile worker castes perform nest 143

duties including brood care and foraging. Many species of social hymenoptera have plasticity in division of labor. This plasticity is typical of the sterile worker class yet rare in queens. The little fire ant, a monomorphic species with age related division of labor, has recently been found to have plasticity of worker division of labor where older ants, that typically forage, return to the nest to perform nursing duties when these are absent. We evaluated behavioral plasticity of queens the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. When we removed nurses from the colony queens performed nursing tasks including brood tending and nest cleaning. The behavior of queens performing worker duties is rare in ants yet common in primitively social hymenoptera such as paper wasps. This may be an example of convergent evolution where the queens of these ants, similar to the wasps, have behavioral adaptations important in survival of this invasive species. Otero-Negron, Aurora, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Michael Danilenko, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Gabriel LopezBerestein, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Maribel TiradoGomez, UPR Cancer Center, San Juan PR [Life Sciences 51] NB4 Cells Growth Inhibition Caused by Carnosic Acid is Not Related to Induction of Apoptotic Process Carnosic acid is a component of the Rosemary plant that has demonstrated antioxidant properties and anticarcinogenic activity in a variety of cancer cell lines and models. It has been reported that it causes growth inhibition of NB4 cells, a leukemia cell line, in a dose dependent way. In this study, we evaluate if this growth inhibition was related to induction of apoptosis in NB4 cells by carnosic acid. Methods: NB4 cell lines were treated with doses of carnosic acid of 10 uM. Cell proliferation rates were evaluated by Trypan Blue at 24, 48 and 72 hours. To assess the mechanism of the growth inhibition, we examined whether the reduction in cell number was due to a possible cytotoxic effect of carnosic acid. For this purpose, cells were stained with trypan blue and LDH release to culture medium was measured throughout 72 hrs of incubation with carnosic acid. To evaluate for apoptosis, flow cytometry of sub-G1 cell population was analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot to evaluate proteolytic cleavage of PARP was performed Results. Although there was an increase in numbers of Trypan blue cells with high doses of carnosic acid (10 uM) and as well as increase in LDH release, the increase was not statistically significant. In terms of apoptosis evaluation, no

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statistically significant increase in sub-G1 cell population and no cleavage of PARP were founded. Conclusions: Carnosic acid does not induce apoptosis in NB4 cells, thus this mechanisms is not the responsible for the growth inhibition of NB4 cells after treatment with carnosic acid. Further evaluation of the specific mechanisms should be pursued considering the possibility that carnosic acid enhances apoptotic pathways induced by other compounds. Ozuna, Hazel, UMET; Melissa Wylie, Medical School, University of Michigan; Dr. Jennifer L. Chisa, Medical School, University of Michigan; Dr. David T. Burke, Human Genetics, University of Michigan [Life Sciences 52] Alternative mRNA Splicing of RAD5 on Mouse Tissues Alternative splicing modifies around 40% to 80% of all primary mRNA transcripts in mammals (Johnson et al. 2003; Sharov et al. 2005). To date, there are few studies of splice variation within a normal population, age-dependent changes in splicing control, or genetic analysis to detect loci that controls the regulation of alternative splicing. In this study the alternatively splice isoforms of five mRNA transcription units were examined by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. RAD5 is the principal gene of this research, and it plays a crucial role in DNA damage repair and poses essential functions in maintaining health and non-disease states. As a control group two genes transcripts were measured for ratios of a single alternative isoform: Ezh2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2) and Vegfa (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A). Also two independent splice choices were determined for Wt1 (Wilms tumor) involving alternative splicing of exon 5 and exon 9. We show that interindividual variation in splice-isoform selection is very highly constrained when measured in a large population of genetically identical mice. The goal is to confirm that mRNA splice choice is highly constrained, as well as tissue-specific and age-dependent on the gene RAD5.

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Panell Diaz, Dalimar, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rodrguez-Cruz, Eva N., Biology,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Ferrer-Acosta,Yancy, Biology,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Vega,Irving E., Biology,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 53] Characterization of a Coiled Coil Domain of a Novel Protein Associated to Tautopathy The hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau can result in aberrant intracellular aggregation. The formation of tau aggregates is a neuropathological hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies, which includes Alzheimers disease. Recently, a novel protein has been found to be associated with Tau, hence named Tau EF-hand containing associated protein (TEA). TEA consists of 241 amino acids, comprising two EFHand domains and one putative coiled-coil domain. Previous studies have demonstrated that the EF-hand domain confers calcium-binding activity to TEA proteins. The coiled-coil domain is a well characterized domain that is known to mediate protein-protein interactions, but it is still unknown the functional role of this domain on TEA protein. To study the role of this putative domain, we will test whether TEA can self-oligomerize. First, TEA and a TEA mutant with a deletion of the coiled-coil domain (CC) sequences will be cloned in GST- and Flag-epitope IPTG-inducible vectors. After induction of protein expression, bacterial lysates will be prepared for each of the proteins. A GST pull down will be performed to obtain GST-TEA bound to the beads. These beads will be incubated with bacterial lysate containing Flag-tagged TEA proteins. Following 4 hrs incubation at room temperature, the proteins will be resolved by SDS-PAGE and visualized by western blotting using anti-Flag and anti-GST antibodies. The result from these experiments will help us characterize the functional role of TEAs coiled-coil domain and gain insights about the putative role of TEA protein in tauopathy. Perez, Victor, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Pasten, Consuelo, Department of Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras; Garcia-Arraras, Jose, Department of Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 54] Proteasome 20s Subunit 3 is Expressed During Intestinal Regenerative Organogenesis in Holothuria Glaberrima The proteasome is the main proteolytic system of cells. The majority of mutated, denatured or misfolded proteins are degraded via proteasomes. We have studied the expression of a subunit of 20S proteasome during the intestinal regenerative 146

organogenesis in the sea cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima. The initial thrust was an EST (expressed sequence tags) project focused on identifying genes related to intestinal regeneration that undergo changes in their expression or distribution. We isolated and sequenced an EST to 3 subunit from a cDNA library of H. glaberrima and compared its sequence with other proteasome sequences. Also, we studied its mRNA expression during different regeneration stages. The results showed that the sequence has similitude with proteasome subunit 3 of many species. The percentage of similitude of H. glaberrima homologue 3 with S.purpuratus, X. leavis, D. rerio and H. sapiens was 85, 82, 82 and 79% respectively. The protein shared common domains with other poteasomes beta subunits, such as beta 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and alpha 1 and 7. Residues conserved among all the beta subunits were D,G and G at positions 25, 111 and 140 respectively and the characteristic motifs common to all beta subunits of the proteasome, GxxxD was located at residues 55-60. Finally, mRNA expression experiments using PCR showed that 3 subunit is present during intestinal regeneration of H. glaberrima and is temporally regulated. This results support the idea that the proteasomes could be playing an important role during intestinal regeneration in H. glaberrima. Perez-Ortiz, Judit, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Pineda, Pablo, Biology Department, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Gonzlez-Daz, Sebastin, Biology Department, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Santiago-De-Jess, Francisco, Biology Department, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Garca-Arrars, Jos E., Biology Department, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 55] Gene Expression Profile of Intestinal Regeneration in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria Glaberrima Regeneration, or the ability to grow new body parts, is a phenomenon that has variable manifestation between organisms of different phyla. Echinoderms have particularly striking capacities for quickly replacing most injured organs. In particular, sea cucumbers are excellent models for studying organ regeneration since they regenerate their digestive tract after evisceration. We use the sea cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima, as model organism to dissect the molecular events of the regenerative processes. We have already established an EST database, now with over 7000 sequences, obtained from cDNA libraries of normal and regenerating intestine. We used a custom-made microchip from Agilent with 60-mer probes for these ESTs, to determine the gene expression profile during intestinal regeneration. Here we compared the expression profile of animals at 3 different intestinal regeneration stages (3-, 7147

and 14-days post evisceration) against the profile from normal (uneviscerated) intestines. A large number of probes were differentially expressed during intestinal regeneration consistently displaying large fold-changes. We used semiquantitative RT-PCR to validate the expression profile of fifteen differentially expressed genes resulting in over 86% of accuracy. Most of the differentially expressed ESTs showed no clear similarity to sequences in the databases and might represent regeneration-associated novel genes. Other ESTs were highly similar to genes known to be involved in development and ECM remodeling required for wound healing, cell proliferation, development, and regeneration. Our findings set the base for future studies into the molecular basis of intestinal regeneration. Moreover, it provides important clues to the genetic basis of regenerative processes.

Quinones, Shakira, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Life Sciences 56] Drones Orientarion Observations about drones ability to return to the hive at certain distances and directions were made. About 120 drone where captured during the morning and liberated at 2:00pm 1 mile away from the hive. Observational data about the number of drones returning to the hive where collected within the three hours after liberation. The process was repeated changing the distances to two and four miles. While the distance of liberation increased, the rate of returns decreased. Giray, Tugrul, Biology, University of

Ramirez, Daliris, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 57

Methoprene Influences Wing Beat Frequency Increase and Troponin T Expression of Honey Bees with Accelerated Development of Foraging Behavior Adult honey bees show a stereotypical behavior development that underlies colony division of labor. This temporal polyethism has regulatory correlates, including the Juvenile Hormone (JH). It has been shown that workers show higher levels of this hormone at onset of foraging and hormone analog application leads to precocious foraging. As the honey bee moves from nonflying tasks in the hive to the energetically costly task of foraging, their physiology changes as well. We hypothesize that JH is associated to muscle development. Our prediction is that in a group of bees treated with JHA, changes in contractile protein isoforms will occur sooner than in the control group. Bees treated with 148

JHA started foraging two days sooner than the control group (6 and 8 days, respectively) and Wing Beat Frequencies increased significantly by age in JHA group of bees. Moreover, preliminary analysis of flight muscle motor proteins by SDS-PAGE and Western Blots show that control individuals of age 3 have one band for TnT, whereas one of the JHA group has two, resembling older ones. Further assays should be performed to analyze these differences. Ramos, Gladiany, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Carlos Rios-Velazquez [Life Sciences 58] Isolation and Characterization of Microbes Resistant to Metals Astrobiology is a novel interdisciplinary science that studies the origin, evolution and distribution of life on Earth and in the Universe. One of the NASAs program priorities involves the analysis of microbes as a source to understand the response of organisms to conditions in space or on other planets. Possible bioprospects are microorganisms that live or survive extreme environments, such as high concentrations of metals. The main focus of this research is to isolate and characterize microorganisms that can tolerate high concentrations of metals to further understand the resistant mechanism. Environmental samples were processed by serial dilutions and spreaded on a media supplemented with different concentrations of copper. Then the metal resistant microbes (MR-Gems) were initially characterized by macroscopic analysis of the colony and microscopic observation of hyphae and reproductive structures. A total of eight bioprospects were obtained from different environmental samples. The macroscopic characterization shows that most of the colonies have a regular shape, but only two shows an irregular shape. Also the colonies presented different pigments like white, brown and green. The colonies of the isolates show to types of texture cottony and powdery. Microscopically some of the bioprospects presented asexual reproduction structures such as vesicle, phialides and conidias that are associated with the genus Aspergillus sp. Ongoing research is being performed to being analyzing the molecular physiology of the sample.

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Rivera, Glorimar, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Michael Danilenko, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Gabriel LopezBerestein3, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Maribel TiradoGomez, UPR Cancer Center [Life Sciences 59] Carnosic Acid Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in NB4 Cells, A Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line Carnosic acid, a component of the Rosemary plant, has previously showed anticarcinogenic activity in various cancer cell lines and animal models. Previously, a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of NB4 cells, an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line, was described. In this work we aim to further examine the mechanisms of growth inhibition induced by carnosic acid. Methods: NB4 cell lines were treated with doses of carnosic acid of 10 uM. By means of propidium iodide flow cytometry, we evaluate cell cycle progression of NB4 cells without treatment and those treated with carnosic acid 10 uM. Western Blot analysis was used to assess the expression of cell cycle related proteins. Results: Carnosic acid inhibits proliferation of NB4 cell lines in a dose dependent form. Carnosic acid resulted in a substantial inhibition of cell cycle progression manifested by the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase, with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of cells in the S phase. No significant effect on the G2/M phase was detected. This G1 block was related to increase in levels of p27 at 24 hours of treatment, as evaluated by western blot. Conclusions: Carnosic acid inhibits NB4 cell proliferation by induction of cell cycle arrest at G1. Further studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this process must be performed. Also the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest of carnosic acid in combination with all trans-retinoic acid, should be pursued. Rivera, Izarys, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rodrguez-Martnez, Jos A., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Ro Piedras; Griebenow, Kai, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Ro Piedras [Life Sciences 60] Prevention of Benzyl Alcohol Induced Aggregation of -Chymotrypsinogen Upon Pegylation Protein aggregation is arguably the most common and troubling manifestation that the biotechnology industry encounters. Aggregation is encountered 150

throughout the lifetime of a therapeutic protein, including during refolding, purification, sterilization, shipping, and storage processes. Benzyl alcohol, an antimicrobial preservative added to pharmaceutical proteins, accelerates the aggregation and precipitation of the model protein -chymotrypsinogen in aqueous solution. Specifically, upon incubation of the protein at 45 for 24h C benzyl alcohol (0.9%) increased the formation of insoluble aggregates from 2% to 13%. We tested the effectiveness of the covalent modification of the protein with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on preventing detrimental aggregation. PEGs with molecular weights (MW) of 700 and 5,000 were employed and between 2 and 5 molecules were bound to -chymotrypsinogen. It was found that PEG 5000 reduced aggregation to 0% while PEG 700 was largely ineffective. Since we found that there was only a marginal difference in thermodynamic stability for the various PEG-protein conjugates, this protective effect was likely afforded by steric shielding of hydrophobic protein surface area. In conclusion, PEGmodification of proteins with large PEG molecules is an effective strategy for preventing benzyl alcohol induced protein aggregation. These data will be of interest to the biopharmaceutical industry. Rivera, Gabriela, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ramirez-Gomez, Francisco, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico; Garcia-Arraras, Jose E., Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico [Life Sciences 61] LPS-Induced Genes in Intestinal Tissue of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria Glaberrima The intestine is an organ whose major functions are to digest and absorb nutrients necessary for the survival of the organism. It is also home for a variety of bacteria that help in the digestion of certain dietary components. For this reason the intestine needs to be able to recognize between microorganisms that are beneficial or detrimental for it, and this is where the immune system plays its role. The present work uses a non-conventional animal model for studying the responses of the intestinal immune system, the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima (Echinodermata). The work made here aims to identify molecules that are expressed in the intestine after it is presented with a lipopolysaccharide challenge (LPS). Ten genes, Mayor yolk protein (Myp), Actinin-2 (Actn-2), Actin (Hg-Act1), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (Gapdh), Adonsyl-Lhomocisteinase (Ahcy), Glycine-n-methyl-transferase (Gnmt) and 4 unknown ESTs were chosen to validate the microarray by semi-quantitative relative RTPCR. These genes corresponded to cytoskeletal proteins (Hg_Act1 and Actn-2), metabolic enzymes (Gapdh, Ahcy and Gnmt) and metal ion transport/metabolism (Myp). The validations confirmed the expression pattern seen on the microarray from 8 of the genes; the remaining 2 were not significant but followed the tendency shown by the array. These results show the variety of molecules that 151

respond to an LPS challenge in the holothurian intestine and how it may be acting during an immune event. Rivera, Yamilette, UPR-CAYEY; Guodong Hu, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ; Betsy Barnes, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ [Life Sciences 62] Determining the Role of IRF5 in DNA Damage Induced Apoptosis Signaling Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a recently characterized family of nine transcription factors involved in antiviral defense, immune response, lymphoid cell development and cell growth regulation. In particular, IRF-5 is a critical mediator of the induction of apoptosis in response to DNA-damage. Interferon regulatory factor 5 also was established as a candidate tumor suppressor gene and it may compensate for some p53 functions. p53 is an important tumor suppressor gene in response to DNA damage. 50% to 70% of cancers have a disfunctional p53, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth. Downstream mediators of apoptosis, such as caspase 3, 7, 8, 9 and PARP, are critical in the apoptotic signaling pathway induced by different stimuli. WT, IRF5-/- and p53-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts MEFs were induced DNA- damage with doxorubicin (DOX). Thus, we wanted to determine whether distinct signaling events would occur in IRF5-/- and p53-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in response to DNA damage. Different antibodies against proapoptotic genes were probed revealing that IRF5-/- (MEFs) treated with the chemotherapy drug did not show apoptotic proteins relevant in apoptosis. This suggests, DOX as a possible candidate inducer of a caspase 3 independent apoptotic signaling pathway, and a preliminary doxorubicin apoptotic pathway independent from p53 but dependent of IRF5. DOX may also induce a caspase 8 related apoptotic signaling pathway in WT MEFs. Rivera, Efran, PCUPR; Ananthakrishnan, Sudha, Microbiology, North Carolina State University; Bruno-Barcena, Jose, Microbiology, North Carolina State University [Life Sciences 63 Cloning of the -Galactosidase-like gene (bgIA) from Sporobolomyces singularis into Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris Galacto-oligosaccharides (GalOS) selectively stimulate probiotic microflora including microbiota constituent of the gastrointestinal microbiome. One group of microorganisms able to consume GalOS is the Bifidobacteria spp. This ability is usually linked to the presence of galactosidases that allow cells to specifically 152

hydrolyze (1-4) sugar bonds. This group of enzymes has also been shown to catalyze the synthesis of GalOS, which subsequently can be utilized to efficiently produce GalOS. Recently, a -galactosidase-like enzyme from a strain of Sporobolomyces singularis was characterized and the sequenced [6]. This strain differed from its parent strain, revealing a 10-fold increase in its -galactosidaselike (BglA) activity. Herein, the -galactosidase-like ORF (bglA) was subjected to codon optimization and synthesized. Consequently, to facilitate its expression and the cloning steps in bacterial hosts, the internal ORF restriction sites were eliminated, the GC content was adjusted, and a 5XhoI and a 3NotI site were added to the synthetic ORF. The ORF was then inserted into the cloning (pUC57), expression (pGS21a and pET24d), and integrative (pPIC9) vectors, thus yielding pUC57::bglA, pGS21a::bglA, pET24d::bgIA, and pPIC9::bgIA, respectively. As an example, pPIC9::bgIA was completed after the bglA from pUC57::bglA was religated into the pPIC9 multicloning site (a Pichia pastoris integrative vector) and transformed into E. coli XLB-1. All of the new vectors were sequenced to confirm the correct in-frame insertions. E. coli BLR (DE3), a lacZstrain, was chosen as a host and the plasmid bearing cells were subjected to gene induction with 5mM IPTG. The cell free extract content was subsequently separated on SDS-PAGE gels and visualized using coomassie blue. Rivera, Britzy, PCUPR; Asencio, Carmen; Biology Department, PUCPR [Life Sciences 64] The Life Cycle of Calisto Nubila Nubila This research pretends to discover Calisto nubila nubila life cycle and behaviour including egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. Calisto nubila nubila is an endemic butterfly species from Puerto Rico and it is spread across high altitude island areas. During the 2008 fall semester, the laboratory team realized four visits to Toro Negro forest to find Calisto nubila eggs, larvae, and adults and then observed it growing. The partial results demonstrate that this species inhabits on other areas such as Adjuntas, Jayuya, and Ponce; it has an erratic flow, its food source in the adult stage is Vinca minor 'Atropurpurea', and the hosted plant for egg stage is Panicum spp. Robles, Alejandro, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Donato-Santana, Christian; GarcaArraras, Jose E.; Biology Department, UPR Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 65] Chemical Inhibition of Apoptosis During Regeneration The sea cucumber (Holothuria glaberrima) is an excellent model to study regeneration processes in deuterostomes. H. glaberrima has the ability to 153

regenerate its viscera after the process of evisceration, where most of the viscera are expelled from the body. We have previously shown that apoptosis, or programmed cell death, takes place during intestinal regeneration. We have now used chemical inhibitors of apoptosis, namely and inhibitor of the activation of caspases to determine the role of apoptosis during regeneration. The inhibition of apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL assay, where the addition of BrdUTP, labelling the 3-OH terminal groups exposed during the internucleosomal cleavage shows the dying cells. Our results suggest that, similar to embryonic development, apoptosis plays an important roll during intestinal regeneration. These studies provide a deeper understanding of the process of intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber and the applications to studies in other animals, including humans.

Romero, Eddie, UPR-AGUADILLA [Life Sciences 66] Molecular Characterization of Halobacteria in Gunica Salterns: RFLP patterns Halobacteria is an organism that is not well studied and it could hold the key for future biotechnological molecules. Therefore, it is important to know as much as possible from them. The aim of this project was to characterize Halobacteria from Guanica Salterns by total protein profile and RFLP genome patterns. In this project Halobacteria were isolated from Guanica Salterns water by filtration, and after sub-cultivation we obtained red and yellow colonies. To characterize red colonies, its DNA was extracted as well as its proteins. Halobacterial DNA was analyzed by spectrophotometry and agarose electrophoresis. Proteins were quantified with a BCA Protein Assay and we obtained about 5 g/l of solution. SDS-PAGE is going to serve as a means to study the total protein profile of the red Halobacteria in Guanica Salterns water. Malav Orengo, Josu, Biology; Ros

Rubio, Eva, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Velzquez, Carlos, Biology [Life Sciences 67]

Characterization of Marine Bacteria Capable of Tolerate and/or Degrade Long Chain and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bioluminescent bacteria are organisms that live in the ocean and produce light. They are easily found in sea water, marine sediments, in the guts of marine animals and on the surface of decomposing fish. These bacteria are potential candidates for the bioremediation. The bioluminescent bacteria belong to the Photobacterium and Vibrio genus, which is a gram-negative bacterium that 154

belongs to the family of Vibrionaceae. The luminescence is related to a small auto-regulator, the lux auto-inducer that provides communication between the cells and allows them to sense their population density. This reaction is catalyzed by luciferase and involves the oxidation and reduction of a long chain liberating free energy in the form of a blue green light. The objective of this research project is to identify bioluminescent bacteria that can tolerate and/or degrade aromatic and complex hydrocarbons. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed using phenanthrene and naphthalene in order to determine the best concentration to perform the tests. Escherichia coli: DH 5 and JM 109, and Vibrio fischeri, certified by the ATTC, were used as control. After the concentration at what the bacteria can grow was determined, they were inoculated in Luminescent Agar with .16g/mL of phenanthrene, and were incubated for one week at 37 A total of six organisms . were able to grow at the phenanthrene tests. The long term goal of this project is to develop a biosensor, which will impact the scientific and biotechnological field of Puerto Rico and the world. Santiago, Janyree, UPR-ARECIBO; Coln Ruiz, Alba, UPR ARECIBO; Bagu Arocho, Cynthia, UPR ARECIBO; Coln Reyes, Neldwin, UPR ARECIBO, Rodrguez Martnez, Willnelia, UPR ARECIBO [Life Sciences 68] Invertebrados Acuaticos en las Cuevas del Bosque Rio Abajo Este trabajo se realiz durante los meses de agosto a diciembre de 2007 y en los meses de enero a diciembre de 2008. El propsito fue identificar los invertebrados presentes en varias cuevas del bosque rio abajo localizado entre los municipios de Arecibo y Utuado en Puerto Rico. Se realizaron estudios microscpicos de las muestras de agua, examinando los organismos hasta ser identificados utilizando fuentes escritas, de internet y con la ayuda de otros investigadores. Se realizaron alrededor de 10 muestreos. Al finalizar nuestro trabajo pudimos obtener alrededor de 34 especies. Las especies encontradas son comunes en las reas muestreadas. Sin embargo, la informacin obtenida se hace relevante debido a que este es el primer trabajo de este tipo realizado en el rea de estudio.

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Santiago-Gonzlez, Rosivette, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Amaris Torres-Delgado, UPR-Mayaguez, Industrial Biotechnology Program; Lilliam Casillas, UPRHumacao, Biology Department; Carlos Ros-Velzquez, UPR-Mayaguez, Biology Department [Life Sciences 69] Generation of Small Size Metagenomic Libraries from Tabonuco Forest, and Tropical Hypersaline Microbial Mats from the Cabo Rojo Salterns. Metagenomics involve the genomic analysis using culture independent approaches of microbial DNA extracted from communities in environmental samples such as Forests, and Microbial Mats (MM). El Yunque (Caribbean National Rain Forest) named the First International Biosphere Reserve in Puerto Rico since 1980, received approximately 200 of rain and the temperature range from 17C 28C. The Dwarf forest, Sierra Palm forest, and the Tabonuco forest, are part of the El Yunque tropical system, and to date there are no metagenomic studies publications on this area. The MMs are sedimentary biofilms consisting of microorganisms and organic-inorganic matrix in which they live, composed of green layer, pink layer and black layers. Each layer has variation in the microbial community based in the amount of light and oxygen received. The main objective of the project is to generate small size metagenomic libraries from MM and the Tabonuco Forest at El Yunque. Direct DNA extractions from young and mature Tropical Hypersaline MM from Cabo Rojo Salterns, as well as forest soils were performed, and after determining the endonuclease units to generate an appropriate sizing DNA, the DNA was purified and cloned into pCF430. After transforming the cloned DNA into Escherichia coli, the positive clones were confirmed for the presence of an insert by restriction analysis. The method used to isolate DNA was effective in the green and black lawyer of the MM, as well as the forest soils. The libraries generated are of approximately 5,000 bp, and there is ongoing research to monitor for activity. Serrano Rivera, Alexander, UIA-BAYAMON; Ortiz Zuleyka, Natural Sciences, UIA Bayamon; Yolanda Serrano Nuez, Natural Sciences, UIA Bayamon; Ana M Lugo Chinchilla, Natural Sciences, UIA Bayamon [Life Sciences 70] Isolation of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains with Multiple Drugs Resistance in a University Population The resistance to antibiotics by bacteria has increased alarmingly during the last few decades. These organisms show resistance to more than one antibiotic; they are known as Multiple Drug Resistant Organisms (MDROs). Also, during the last 156

decades different strains of the bacteria S. aureus have emerged in intrahospital settings not only with multiple drug resistance but also resistant to methicillin, these strains are known as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The infections caused by theses strains are becoming more and more difficult to treat since they have resistance to the antibiotics that are usually used for their treatment. There are population differences in the prevalence of MRSA. Our objective is to determine the presence of S. aureus strains with multiple resistances to antibiotics in a university population. Samples were collected from 22 students between the ages of 18 to 45 years. The samples were cultured on a selective media for Staphylococcus. Coagulase and DNase tests were used to identify S. aureus. A total of nine strains of the bacteria were obtained. Strains were tested for eight different antibiotics. A questionnaire was administered to the students to determine if there is some relation between the presence of antibiotic resistance and the use of antibiotics, surgical procedures, age, gender, and geographical location. All the isolated strains showed resistance to one or more antibiotic tested.

Soto, Orlando, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Life Sciences 71] Detection of Antimicrobial-Agent Producing Microbes Via Whole-Cell and Molecular Techniques Puerto Rican soils offer an environment suitable for the analysis of a wide group of microbes with medical and biotechnological applications. While a study focused on the antibiotic production potential of Puerto Ricos soil suggests that there is a vast repertoire of cultivable microorganisms capable of producing antibiotics against opportunistic pathogens, it is also important to search for these microbes using culture-independent approaches. In this study, we investigate the production of potential antimicrobials of two soil actinomycetes. We also assessed the antimicrobial production of uncultivable microbial populations in soil samples from Mayagez, El Yunque National Rainforest, and the Cabo Rojo Salterns in Puerto Rico. Whole-cell and cell extracts were tested in a Kirby Bauer setting to test the antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Detection of antibiotic-associated genetic domains known as polyketide synthase (PKS), were preformed on soil and mats samples via PCR using PKS-specific primers. One of the tested actinomycetes presented antimicrobial activity to certain fungi, whereas all soil and mat samples displayed PKS amplicons, suggesting the presence of potential genes associated with antibiotic production. There is an effort to characterize the isolated actinomycetes molecularly, as well as sequence the putative PKS amplicons to further perform in silico analysis.

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Torres, Jonathan, UPR-AGUADILLA; Planas, Jose, Natural Sciences, UPRAguadilla [Life Sciences 72] Molecular Characterization of Halobacteria in Gunica Salterns: Total Protein Profile Halobacteria is an organism that is not well studied and it could hold the key for future biotechnological molecules. Therefore, it is important to know as much as possible from them. The aim of this project was to characterize Halobacteria from Guanica Salterns by total protein profile and RFLP genome patterns. In this project Halobacteria were isolated from Guanica Salterns water by filtration, and after sub-cultivation we obtained red and yellow colonies. To characterize red colonies, its DNA was extracted as well as its proteins. Halobacterial DNA was analyzed by spectrophotometry and agarose electrophoresis. Proteins were quantified with a BCA Protein Assay and we obtained about 5 g/l of solution. SDS-PAGE is going to serve as a means to study the total protein profile of the red Halobacteria in Guanica Salterns water. Velazquez, Francisco, UPR-AGUADILLA [Life Sciences 73] Overexpression of the cfms/Api6 Genes Results in Inflamation Causing Lung Cancer Abnormal biological molecules in the environment result in the formation of lung diseases. Understanding the mechanism of such lung diseases like the formation of tumors is of great importance. By overexpressing the promoter gene in the cfms/Api 6 transgenic mice undergoing doxycycilne treatment, we will be able to induce inflammation in the lungs and cause the formation of a tumor. The mice with the desired gene of interest will be bred and undergo a doxycycline treatment. After genotyping, the mice will undergo pulmonary analysis, pathogenesis, and their gene expression, as well as lung tissues will undergo histochemistry analysis.

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Velez, Nelson, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rodriguez, Carlos A., UPR-Rio Piedras campus; Burrowes, Patricia A., UPR-Rio Piedras campus; Joglar, Rafael L., UPR-Rio Piedras campus [Life Sciences 74] Potential Interspecific Competition for Sleeping Sites Between Anolis Lizards at El Yunque Studies of sleeping animal behavior proved that most animals spend up to half of each day sleeping. Consequently, it is possible that animals select nocturnal perches that keep them safe from predators. This search for appropriate sleeping sites may result in interspecific competition. The purpose of this work is to study potential interspecific competition for nocturnal perches among Anolis lizards. In order to do this, we examined nocturnal perches used by Anolis lizards at El Yunque. The observations are done in four 50 m x 3 m forest transects, two in low lands (200 m) and two in high lands (880 m). If interspecific competiton occurs between Anolis lizards, we expect to find differences in the types of sleeping sites used by each species, such that the strongest competitor secures the best (safest) perches. Preliminary results revealed that two species, A. gundlachi and A. krugi occur sympatrically in our transects, and that A. gundlachi is more abundant at both sites. The mean nocturnal perch height for A. gundlachi at low elevations was; 0.628 0.62m, and at high elevations was; 0.72 0.42m.The mean nocturnal perch height for A. krugi at low elevations was; 0.27 0.10m, and at high elevations was; 0.5m. At this point, results are not conclusive, but as we characterize ecological aspects of all perching sites we expect to determine if potential resource partitioning for sleeping sites suggests that competition plays an important role in the structure of lizard communities at night.

Mathematics
Cruz, Yesenia, UPR-HUMACAO; Negron, Pablo, Department of Mathematics, UPR-Humacao [Mathematics 1] Mathematical Model for Detecting Diabetes Diabetes is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels. Blood glucose levels are controlled by various hormones in our body such as insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, epinephrine best know as adrenaline, glucocorticoids and thyroxine. The two most common forms of diabetes are due to either a diminished production of insulin (Type 1 diabetes), or diminished 159

response by the body to insulin (Type 2 and gestational diabetes). Both lead to hyperglycemia, which largely causes the acute signs of diabetes: excessive urine production, resulting compensatory thirst and increased fluid intake, blurred vision, unexplained weight loss, lethargy, and changes in energy metabolism. We will explain how each hormone is activated and how it affects glucose levels in blood. We present a mathematical model that determines diabetes in patients based on the results of the glucose tolerance test (GTT), usually of 5 hours. Our model extends the one proposed by E. Ackerman, et al. (1969) to include three instead of two hormones concentrations. In particular we include concentrations for glucose, glucagon and a global variable that includes other hormones such as insulin. The model is based on a system of three non-homogenous ordinary differential equations. A nonlinear least square method is used to determine the coefficient parameters of the system based on actual data from GTT. The simulations also provide an indicator similar to the one proposed by E. Ackerman, et al. (1969), to diagnose a diabetic condition. Additionally, we develop a graphical user interface to facilitate the entering of the patient's data and the visualization of the results. Figueroa, Raul, Mathematics

Morales, Myraida, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Department, UPR Rio Piedras [Mathematics 2] The Fermats Last Theorem Module m

The Fermat's last theorem is one of the most important theorems in the history of mathematics and it says that the relation xn + yn = zn has no solution in positives integers x, y, z, for each positive integer n> 2. Using Fermat's theorem, we will see if there is a solution to the xn + yn = zn mod m, for a fixed integer m and n. To solve this problem, we will see some basic concepts such as modular arithmetic and Euler function. The module m as its solutions enables us to learn interesting properties we can use to make new observations and to form conjectures, as we shall see. Ojeda, Ivn, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Dejter, Italo, Mathematics Department, UPR Rio Piedras [Mathematics 3] The Coxeter Graph and the Graph 56B in Foster Census The notion of a C-ultrahomogeneous graph, due to Isaksen et al., is adapted for digraphs. Two examples showing aspects of Ck-ultrahomogeneous digraphs are presented, namely the Coxeter graph X and the graph G =56B of the Foster 160

Census, both looked upon as C7-ultrahomogeneous digraphs of girth 7, with 24 7-cycles each; these 7-cycles are given in G as square graphs of the 7-cycles of X bordering corresponding faces of a 3-toroidal graph embedding of G. Torres, Wilfredo, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Coln-Reyes, Omar, Matematicas, UPRMayaguez [Mathematics 4] Sistemas Dinamicos Discretos No Lineales de Punto Fijo En esta charla presentaremos lo que es un sistema dinmico discreto no lineal. En particular estudiaremos una cierta familia de estos sistemas para la cual pudimos clasificarla de punto fijo. Presentaremos los criterios que usamos para poder hallar dicha clasificacin. Por ultimo, presentaremos sistemas dinmicos discretos afines y criterios para determinar si son de punto fijo o no.

Physics
Calderon, Carlos, UPR-HUMACAO; Humacao [Physics 1] Radiobsevation of the Carina Region We report observations of the H166 (=1424.734 MHz) radio recombination line emission from the Galactic plane in the longitude range l=267 to 270 and latitude range b=3.0 to +1.5. The line emission observed shows the distribution of the ionized gas which is compared with hot main sequence stars (HMSS). The gas seems to be located outside of the solar circle and it is not part of the Carina arm. The region from l=267 to 302 and b=-3.0 to +1.5 was mapped at the H166 line frequency (1424.734 MHz). The receiver used was the Parkes multibeam, a 13 beam receiver package mounted at prime focus on the Parkes Radiotelescope. The calibrated spectra are gridded into a data cube using the Gridzilla package, part of the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF). The effective resolution of the gridded data is 16. The per channel rms of the resulting cube is 28 mK. Velazquez, Milennys, Physics, UPR

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The data obtained are processed in the Warrior computer of the Humacao Observatory. In this work we analyzed the profiles of the Carina Region. From the data we obtain physical parameter of the ionized Gas. Castro, Amnerys, UPR-HUMACAO [Physics 2] The Near Structure of the Carina Arms We report observations of the H166 alpha (v=1424.734 MHz) radio recombination line emission from the Galactic plane in the longitude range l=267 to 270 and latitude range b=-3.0 to +1.5. The line emission observed shows the distribution of the ionized gas which is compared with hot main sequence stars (HMSS). The gas seems to be located outside of the solar circle and it is not part of the Carina arm.

Centeno, Diana C., UPR-HUMACAO; University [Physics 3]

McCluskey, George, Physics, Lehigh

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Supersoft- X ray Binary V Sagittae The binary system V Sagittae is a nova like object, which has also been designated as a super soft x- ray and radio source. This system is of even greater interest because the quasi-static nuclear burning on the white dwarf is adding to its mass and should eventually push it to the Chandrasekhar limit, of a about 1.4 solar masses, which will result in a type Ia supernova explosion. In this study ultraviolet spectroscopy from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellite (FUSE), Hubble Space Telescope: Goddard High Resolution Spectroscope (HST: GHRS) and the International Ultraviolet (IUE) are discussed. No definitive photospheric absorption features were detected. Emission lines dominate all ultraviolet spectra. P-Cygni Profiles of the C IV, NV and O VI resonance lines show variable stellar wind with mean radial velocities ranging from 200 to 700 km/s. A weak P V resonance doublet is also present with a PCygni profile. And the FUSE spectra reveal a rich interstellar line spectrum. In conclusion the binary probably consists of a hot white dwarf accreting matter from an evolving post main sequence star undergoing rapid Roche -lobe overflow.

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Delannoy, Andrs G., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Tartaglia, Michael, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory [Physics 4] Weak Magnetic Field Measurement System This paper describes the research performed on a Hall probe based magnetic measurement system in order to determine if it is capable of recording magnetic fields of required magnitude generated by superconducting solenoid magnets. These superconducting solenoids are being developed for a R&D project named High Intensity Neutrino Source. The project design demands a very low stray field due to adjacent RF cavities. This paper presents the performance of a Hall probe based measurement system when excited by DC and AC currents. The probes sensitivity to an external weak magnetic field was measured and an estimate of the electromagnetic noise level was performed. Various noise sources were studied and efforts made to attenuate them using software and hardware based signal recovery. The probes sensitivity was found to vary in relation to the current applied. AC probe excitation was found to provide a lower noise level versus DC excitation. Franco, Eframir, UPR-HUMACAO; Muller,Rafael, Physics Applied to Electronics; Cersosimo, Juan, Physics Applied to Electronics; Maldonado, Vianca, Physics Applied to Electronics, Centeno, Diana, Physics Applied to Electronics; Rivera, Leonardo, Physics Applied to Electronics; Morales, Kristle, Physics Applied to Electronics [Physics 5] Data on Separation and Position Angle of Binary Star Systems Our research objective is to obtain data of position angle and separation of binary stars using images taken by a CCD camera and a simple calibration procedure. The data is gathered at the 31 inch National Undergraduate Research Observatory (NURO) telescope at the Anderson Mesa location of Lowell Observatory, 20 miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona, at an altitude of 7200 feet. We used a new CCD camera (NASACAM) with 27-micron pixels, a field of view of 16' x 16' and a plate scale of .515 arc seconds/ pixel. The data obtained is suitable for insertion in the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO)- Washington Double Star Catalog.

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Maldonado, Vianca, UPR-HUMACAO; Muller, Rafael, Fsica , UPRH; Rivera, Leonardo A., Fsica, UPRH; Centeno, Diana, Fsica, UPRH, Cersosimo, Juan C., Fsica, UPR-Humacao [Physics 6] Observational Data of Binary Stars We report on separation and position angle measurements of binary stars systems, selected from Washington Double Star catalog for binary stars. The data is gathered at the NURO telescope located 20 miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona, at an altitude of 7290 feet at Anderson Mesa. The NASACAM CCD camera, with 27 micron pixels and a field of view of 16 arcminutes is attached to the telescope for our measurements. Our standard procedure, which involves the use of pixels for direct measurement of position angle and separation, allows us to calibrate the image using bias and flats, then use the negatives to get it clear. We count pixels to measure the separation of the binary star system and then we also measure the position angle of the system. Our data is published at the Washington Double Star catalog.

Montalvo, Stephanie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Mosquera Vargas, Edgar E., Physics, UPR- Rio Piedras; Vadapoo, Rajasekarakumar, Physics, UPR- Rio Piedras; Krishnan, Sridevi, Physics, UPR- Rio Piedras, Farfan, Willinton, Physics, UPR- Rio Piedras [Physics 7] The Fabrication of Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) Plates Highly Loaded with Long Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Swcnts) Produced by a Hybrid Electric Arc Facility The Nanomaterials Processing Lab of the UPR, Rio Piedras Campus, have designed and build one modified electric arc production facility configured to produce for the first time SWCNTs controlling the vapor history. This can produce nanotubes with a narrower distribution of diameters. In view of the fact that, for the current methods of production, the material produced contains nanotubes of uncontrolled diameters, this facility will allow selectivity of the SWCNTs diameter during mass production. Given that SWCNTs have high tensile strength they are good strengthening additives for advanced composites in which the nanotubes provide mechanical reinforcement. Using the hybrid electric arc facility we will fabricate long carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to be loaded in PP and PE plates to strengthen the properties 164

of plastics. The problem with SWCNTs is that, even though they have exceptional properties that include high tensile strength, the long nanotubes causes an exponential growth of the viscosity of the mixture unable them to mix properly with PP and PE. In the other hand if we make them shorter the properties as a strengthening additive for the thermoplastics decreases. To overcome the viscosity problem, we intend to create a skeleton of SWCNTs, by fabricating a nanotube foam, into which the thermoplastic will be inserted. The CNTs skeleton will be filled by molten thermoplastics; this approach will overcome the manufacturing problem of high viscosity and will allow high content of the CNTs and therefore, the expected significant improvement on the mechanical properties of the plastics. Rivera, Leonardo, UPR-HUMACAO; Rodgers, Christopher, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Canterna, RON, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Norris, J.P., University of Denver, D. Allen, USNO-NPOI; J. Silvey, Appalachian State University [Physics 8] Optical Follow-up Observations of GRB 060218/SN2006aj Multi-wavelength, broad-band optical follow-up observations of GRB 060218/SN2006aj were obtained at the University of Wyomings Red Buttes Observatory 0.6 m telescope and the 2.3 meter Wyoming Infra-Red Observatory reflector. The data were taken from February 24 to March 4, 2006. Our data commenced 6 days after the burst announcement (Cusumano et al GCN 4775, 2006). We compared our data with previously published broad-band follow-up observations (Campana 2007) and the data are consistent with the overall longterm variations. In addition our data shows rapid flickering on a time scale of hours. This rapid flickering is on the order of one magnitude in the B and V bands and 1.5 magnitudes in the I band. These observations are consistent with shock breakout and the association of a GRB and a type I bc supernova. Torres, Loraine, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Karan, Physics; R.S. Katiyar, Physics [Physics 9] Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Layered Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as major power source for their wide applications to many electronic devices. Current research and development will soon reveal its potential use in the field of hybrid and electric vehicles1. Due to 165 J.J. Saavedra-Arias, Physics; N. K.

the lower cost and higher discharge capacity, LiNiO2 is the most attractive cathode material to replace LiCoO2 in lithium-ion batteries. Due to difficulties in the oxidation of Ni2+ to Ni3+ and the volatility of the lithium compounds, nonstoichiometric oxides are usually obtained and the charge state migration of Ni ions from 3b octahedral site to 3a octahedral site (occupied by Li ion) posses high polarization loss and poor reversibility due to the formation of undesired phases. It is necessary to substitute Ni partially with other elements to stabilize the structure. As was previously reported by Delmas et al, a cation ordering occurs between Li, Ni, Mn and Co ions in the slabs, allowing a stabilization of the structure through a minimization of the strain between very different ion sizes. For the present experiment LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 was successfully synthesized by solid-state route. The compound structure and the particle size were analyzed using XRD and SEM. Furthermore Raman spectroscopy and XPS Spectroscopy have been used to identify stoichiometry and the valence states of the virgin and electrochemically cycled cathode. The electrochemical measurements (cyclic
voltametry, charge-discharge tests and AC impedance) of the cathode were performed in a coin-cell configuration. The electrochemical characterization was carried out using a CR2032 coin-type cell using [1M LiPF6 in (1EC:1DMC)] electrolyte and lithium metal as anode.

ECS Proceedings Volumes 1 Amiruddin , S.; Li, B.; Sun, Y. K.; and Prakash, J.; ECS 211th Meeting 2007, Abstract 0240.

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ABSTRACTS FOR POSTER SESSION

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Chemistry
Alicea, Ismael, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rodriguez, Maria M., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Weichsel, Andrzej, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson; Montfort, William R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Bonaventura, Joe, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus; Schreiter, Eric, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus [Chemistry 1] S-Nitrosylation-Induced Conformational Change in Blackfin Tuna Myoglobin S-nitrosylation is a post-translational protein modification in which an NO group binds to a sulfur atom in specific cysteine residues. Although it is known that Snitrosylated proteins have particular functions in our body, we do not know the motifs that determine the specificity of this process. Our first goal is the generation of a data base containing physical and chemical properties of Snitrosylated proteins which the crystal structure has been determined. Eventually, we proceed to modify the chemical environment close to the S-nitrosylated cysteine of selected protein samples. These modifications may include substitution of amino acids residues as well as changes in the electrostatic field are induced. Finally, we desire to obtain the crystal structure of those modified proteins in order to determine how the changed conditions can affect the Snitrosylation process. Here, the structure of S-nitrosylated and unmodified blackfin tuna myoglobin is reported, which is S-nitrosylated in vitro. The structural changed in modified myoglobin allows the study of how the function of proteins can be affected by S-nitrosylation modification.

Arroyo-Ramirez, Lisandra, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Raphael G. Raptis, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Carlos R. Cabrera, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 2] Palladium-Cobalt Precursor for Catalyst Formation on Carbon Surfaces In fuel cells, the mass production needs an alternate methodology that allows the electrocatalysts production at the lowest cost possible. The common catalysts are easily poisoned and expensive avoiding the new technology commercialization. The metallic nanoparticles are important in the development of catalysts for fuel cells. Pd-Co alloy has resulted in an extremely active catalyst 168

for the oxygen reduction reaction. Our focus is on the catalyst synthesis by single source precursor with metal(1)-metal(2) ratio predetermined in the complex. In this work, we study the Pd3(-3-Phpz)6 (Pd) and [NH4]2CoPd2(Me2Ipz)4Cl4 (PdCo) precursors on carbon surfaces such as: highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Vulcan. This type of organometallic compound will be used as precursor for the preparation of an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, of importance in fuel cell research. The Pd and Pd-Co precursor was thermally reduced under hydrogen atmosphere, a procedure which removes the organic ligands, forming bimetallic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles formation was characterized by electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques, such as: SEM, TEM and XPS. SEM images of the Pd-Co precursor reduced at HOPG surfaces show circular structures in the range of micro- to nanometer and these structures are formed by nanoparticles. TEM images for Pd-Co in Vulcan (Pd-Co/C) show nanoparticles in the range of micro to nanometer and for Pd average sizes of 24 nm. These preliminary results suggest that the Pd-Co nanoparticles might be a promising a cathode catalysts for fuel cells. We propose an easy and economic methodology for the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles.

Aviles, Edward, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Department, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 3]

Rodriguez, Abimael; Chemistry

A Novel Diterpenoid -lactam From the Caribbean Marine Sponge Hymeniacidon sp The isolation, purification and complete structure characterization of an amphilectane diterpenoid possessing a novel -lactam functionality will be described. The structure of this interesting marine natural product was established using a variety of spectroscopic techniques; specifically 1H-1H and 1 H-13C shift correlated 2D NMR spectroscopy and accurate mass measurements (HREIMS). Structure determination was supported by IR and UV spectroscopy and optical rotation. The molecular structure was ultimately confirmed by partial synthesis.

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Betancourt, Jos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rivera, Jos M., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus [Chemistry 4] Thermosensitive Self-Assembled Supramolecules One appealing characteristic of self-assembly is the possibility of constructing smart materials with unique structures and properties that respond to external stimuli. Smart thermosensitive materials that are mostly polymers containing both polar hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. At certain ratios between these two produce soluble materials, some substances drop out of solution at a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST). Besides being a curious phenomenon, this inverse temperature solubility is a useful property that renders a variety of polymers suitable for development of drug delivery devices, catalysts, molecular switches and biosensors. We will describe the synthesis and characterization of water-soluble 8-(m-acetylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine derivatives that selfassemble in aqueous environments into a discrete and well-defined hexadecameric supramolecule. Variable concentration experiments indicate that the LCST of these supramolecule fluctuates between 55-58 at pH 7.1. C Spectroscopic (UV/Vis, NMR, DLS) and calorimetric (DSC) evidence demonstrate the supramolecule is the species responsible for the LCST phenomenon. Moreover, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, and hence the LCST, can be modulated via the non-covalent substitution of subunits of different hydrophilicity. We expect these studies to help our efforts to develop smart supramolecular materials as efficient drug carriers or sensor components. Casaas, Barbara, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Morales, Mara, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Miller, Andrismery, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Ramirez, Jonathan, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras, Sanchez, Yariel, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Coln, Jorge L., Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Montes, Ingrid, Chemistry, UPRRio Piedras [Chemistry 5] Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Metallocenes Derivatives Intercalated Into Zirconium Phosphate Layers Zirconium bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) monohydrate (Zr(HPO4)2H2O, ZrP) is the best characterized zirconium phosphate (ZrP). The highly hydrated phase of the layered ZrP, known as the 10.3 phase, is an acidic ion exchanger that has been used for the immobilization of several photo-, bio- and redox-active compounds. Among these compounds are those consisting of two cyclopentadienyl anions bonded to a metal center in the oxidation state II which 170

are called metallocenes. Ferrocene is an example of a metallocene compound that has been used as an electron mediator in amperometric sensors. We have performed the synthesis of various derivatives of ferrocene and have completely characterized them. In addition, we are working with a metallocene derivative known as titanocene dichloride which has been used as a catalyst in organometallic reactions and it is being proposed and investigated as a potential anticancer drug. The direct intercalation reaction of the ferrocene derivatives and titanocene dichloride into 10.3 ZrP was performed. Both compounds and their intercalated materials were characterized using IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The XRPD data indicates that new intercalated phases with expanded interlayer distances were obtained. We will present the characterization and electrochemical characteristics of the unintercalated metallocene derivatives as well as those of the intercalated materials.

Cedeo-Mattei, Yarilyn, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Mayaguez; Uwakweh, Oswald, UPR-Mayaguez [Chemistry 6]

Perales-Perez, Oscar, UPR-

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystals Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) is a highly anisotropic magnetic material due to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy contribution from Co2+. The addition of foreign cations of different oxidation states, substituting Co2+ or Fe3+, can lead to an atomic rearrangement in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the ferrite structure and, consequently, modify its magnetic properties. On this basis, bare and rare earth ions (Yb3+ and Gd3+)-doped cobalt ferrite nanocrystals have been synthesized by a modified coprecipitation method where the inhibition of crystal growth and aggregation have been achieved through a fine control of the oversaturation conditions during the formation of the ferrite in water. Produced nanocrystals were structurally and magnetically characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), respectively. Also, Mssbauer spectroscopy was used to verify the negligible presence of paramagnetic or superparamagnetic phase in the powders. Only X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to ferrite structure was observed for an atomic fraction of Gd in the 0.01-0.10 range. On the contrary, a secondary phase (YbO) co-existed with the ferrite when the atomic fraction of Yb was above 0.04. Synthesized ferrites consisted of single domain crystallites in the 14 nm 20 nm size region. Small amounts of dopant species (0.01 and 0.007 for Gd and Yb species, respectively) caused an increase in the room-temperature coercivity from 3.8 kOe (pure ferrite) up to 5.0 kOe. Attained coercivity values are the highest reported so far for single domain cobalt ferrite nanocrystals. Furthermore, this coercivity is very close to the maximum value (5.3 kOe) predicted for cobalt 171

ferrite. The mechanisms involved with the effect of dopant type, their concentration and distribution in the ferrite lattice and the size-dependence of magnetic properties in doped-CoFe2O4 nanocrystals will also be discussed. Charry, Gustavo, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; De Jess, Maritza, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez; Prez, Fernando, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez; Huertas, Javier, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Dumas, Jos, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico at Ro Piedras [Chemistry 7] Beer Volatile Analysis: Validation of the Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (Hs/Spme) Coupled to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Gc/Ms/Fid) Volatile compounds such as higher alcohols, esters and aldehydes are formed by the yeast, as by-products of their metabolism, during beer fermentation process. The objectives of this study were to optimize the HS/SPME method with the GC/MS and to quantify important volatile compounds in a local beer using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/MS/FID). GC/MS/FID and HS/SPME parameters, including fiber type, absorption, equilibration time, desorption time, salting out effect, and others were optimized. Concentrations found in local beer for the compounds of interest, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1-propanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol; 2-methyl 1-butanol, 3-methyl 1butanol, isoamyl acetate, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol and 2-phenyl ethyl acetate were between the 0.32-43.7ppm range. The results also showed that the reproducibility of the technique depends on the compounds; where alcohols have higher values (RSD mean value 5.01%) than esters (RSD mean value 2.3%) and aldehydes (RSD 4.4%). The simplicity of the validated development methodology could be used as a regular quality control procedure for beer. Conts-de Jess, Enid, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Li, Jing, NASA-Ames Research Center; Lu, Yijiang, Eloret Corporation; Cabrera, Carlos R., UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 8] Nano-Metallic Decorated Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Sensors For Gas Detection Gas sensors have been widely investigated because of their applications in the aerospace industry, space missions, defense and homeland security, to monitor environmental pollution, and for medical diagnosis as well. The research in the 172

area is mainly focused, but not limited to the miniaturization and portability of devices as well as new sensing materials. As for new materials for gas detection, pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for the detection of polar, non-polar and organics molecules. It has been stated that pristine CNTs are not suitable for the detection of non-polar gases but the inclusion of functional groups, polymers or metallic nanoparticles might help in their detection. In our work, we used electrochemical deposition and chemical synthesis to decorate single wall carbon nanotubes. Samples were characterized using electrochemical and surface characterization such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The samples will be used as sensing material for the detection of nonpolar gases. Das, Soma, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Chakraborty Indranil, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras; Raphael G. Raptis, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras [Chemistry 9] Synthesis and Relaxation Charachteristics of novel Water-soluble Iron-pyrazolate clusters: Development towards a new class of MRI Contrast Agents Approximately one third of 40 million Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans performed annually worldwide require the administration of a contrast agent - a physiologically acceptable, paramagnetic metal complex, which shortens the relaxation time of bulk water protons in the blood and tissues. Clinically approved contrast agents are either T1-active, Gd-based complexes, or magnetite-based T2-active Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxides (SPIOs). Herein we report two new water-soluble complexes, [Fe8O4(4-HO-CH2CH2pz)12Cl4] and [Fe8O4(pz)12(hmd)4] (pz = pyrazolate anion; hmd = hydroxymaleimido anion), with the unique feature of shortening both T1and T2 relaxation times in aqueous solutions.

Figure 1: Crystal structure of octanuclear Fe8O4(pz)12Cl4. 1 The T1 and T2 for aqueous solutions of different concentrations of both the Fe8complexes were determined by inversion recovery and spin-echo experiments, respectively. The corresponding relaxivities, r1 and r2, were calculated and 173

compared with those of contrast agents in current clinical use. Our Fe8-based contrast agents show relaxivities ranging from comparable to three-times higher than those of the commercial agents. Delgado, Yamixa, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Bansal, Vibha, Chemistry, UPR-Cayey; Legault, Marc, Physics, UPR-Bayamn; Barletta, Gabriel, Chemistry, UPRHumacao [Chemistry 10] Subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents: Binding conformations of two active site inhibitors Background and objective: It has been shown that exposure of several enzymes to organic media for prolonged periods of time reduce their initial activity, an effect that is particularly detrimental for synthetic applications. The goal of this project was to help, trough a theoretical approach, the interpretation of data obtained from Florescence and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies aimed at resoling the low stability issue of enzymes in organic solvents. Methods: To explain the experimental results obtained with subtilisin Carlsberg we used a theoretical approach to study the possible binding conformation of a bound fluorophore and of an active site spin label, determining the solvent accessible area of both inhibitors. To accomplish this, we used the software Macromodel in the interface Maestro to do the conformational search and other related calculations. Results: Our study indicates that two different binding conformations are possible for both the bound unnatural fluorophore and spin label. This is in accordance to the experimental results. Conclusion: It is possible that prolonged exposure of our model enzyme to organic media induces a change in the polarity of the active site, forcing substrates to adopt a different and less productive binding conformation. This project was supported by Grants P20 RR-016470 (NCRR, NIH), and HRD0832961 (PRLSAMP). Daz, Agustn, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Melissa Martnez, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras; Annette Medina, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras; Amanda David, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, Riviam J. Prez, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras; MitkEl B. Santiago, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras; Jorge L. Coln, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 11] Iron diimines complexes ion-exchanged in Zirconium Phosphate

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We are interested in the development of a long-lived charge separation system using layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) inorganic solids. We are using the 10.3 ZrP phase, a hydrated form of -ZrP, as host of photoactive molecules. We will present the study of the photophysical, photochemical, and electrochemical properties of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II), tris(2,2-bipyridyl)iron(II), and bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)iron(II) intercalated into 10.3 ZrP. The intercalation of the iron complexes into ZrP was achieved by direct ion-exchange using the 10.3 ZrP phase. The intercalation produces three new materials with interlayer distances up to 15.4 determined by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). All the iron complexes intercalated into ZrP retain the typical absorption spectral characteristics observed in solution but with a marked red shift in both their MLCT and * bands; in addition, contrary to their behavior in solution they exhibit luminescence. The electrochemistry of the iron complexes intercalated into ZrP shows a shift to lower reduction potentials compared to the electrochemistry in solution. The complete characterization of the materials and photoinduced electron transfer results will be presented. Enrquez, Yanira, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Chemistry 12] Designing a New Generation of Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic pathogen and is considered one of the most common bacterium found in nosocomial infections. Since it is an opportunistic pathogen infects patients that are immunocompromised, principally patients with cystic fibrosis, cancer, AIDS and severe burns. The capacity of PA to infect a tissue depends upon the production of virulence factors that damage host cells. One of the virulence factors, in fact the one we are interested in is Exotoxin A. This exotoxin inhibits the protein synthesis in a number of culture cells by catalyzing the transfer of the ADP-ribose of NAD+ to eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). Apparently this ADP-ribosylation of eEF-2 decreases the efficiency in translocation of the mRNA-tRNA complex in the ribosome and as a consequence decreases protein synthesis. We are interested in designing and constructing an electrochemical biosensor for applications directed to detect the presence of PA in hospitals and other settings. This sensor will work by detecting the ADP-ribosylation of eEF-2 in the presence of Exotoxin A and NAD+ as a co-substrate. Toward that goal we are proposing the labeling and immobilization of NAD+ and/or EF-2 on glassy carbon electrodes in order to detect the ADP-ribosylation process in solution. Our first step was the synthesis of Ferrocene Succinimide as an electrochemical label to modify NAD+. At the same time we are designing ways to modify the 175

electrode surface by generating a functional copolymer composed of two monomers: Styrene and N-hydroxysuccinimide. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FT-IR characterization has been done. This copolymer will be modified with a linker of four or six carbons to attach NAD+ to the glassy carbon electrode surface. This NAD+ will react with Exotoxin A and eEF-2 in solution and the ADP-ribosylation process will be measured. Feliciano, Ileana, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Caban, Miguel, Chemistry, UPR Rio Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos, Chemistry, UPR Rio Piedras [Chemistry 13] Electrochemical Studies of the Electron Transfer through L-cysteine Monolayer on Palladium Using a Redox Probe We investigated the structure and formation of L-cysteine self assembled monolayer on palladium electrode. Also, the effect in the electron transfer of the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox couple at the modified palladium electrode was studied at different pH values by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The cyclic voltammetry results revealed a reversible voltammograms for L-cysteine monolayer modified palladium electrode, demonstrating that the electron transfer is not blocked. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to evaluate the electrons transfer dependence on the protonation and deprotonation of the functional groups of the L-cysteine monolayer. At high pH showed the inhibition of electron transfer between the deprotonation of the adsorbed molecules and the probe which involves the electrostatic repulsion between the L-cysteine monolayer negatively charged and the probe. At low pH resulted in a current increase, because involves the electrostatic attraction between the monolayer and the probe. These techniques allow the determination of the pKa of the L-cysteine monolayer modified palladium surface. Flores, Giselle, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Pagn, Miraida, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Almenas, Mariangely, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras, Griebenow, Kai, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 14] Mechanism of Moisture-induced Solid-phase Aggregation and Stabilization of Proteins The employment of proteins as biotherapeutic agents has gained increased interest due to their chemical selectivity and catalytic efficiency when compared to small molecules. Solid protein pharmaceuticals often suffer from instability 176

problems due to moisture adsorption thus hampering their successful therapeutic application. One frequently formulated hypothesis is that partial protein hydration from moisture adsorption increases protein structural motions leading to protein unfolding and aggregation. To test the hypothesis, lyophilized -chymotrypsin powder was incubated at various relative humidities for different time intervals. Formation of buffer insoluble and soluble aggregates was monitored for these samples. To detect unfolding/refolding events occurring to the solid protein, these were analyzed by FTIR and circular dichroism spectroscopy after incubation. Results showed that the protein forms aggregates upon storage in humidity chambers. Furthermore long-term storage of the proteins at increasing levels of residual moisture increases the formation of aggregates with this effect also increasing with storage time. Moreover results showed that the protein looses its native-like structure after storage for one week. This suggests that high moisture levels cause detrimental events in the protein such as, structural perturbations. This study has showed that residual moisture plays an important role in the denaturation and aggregation of protein. Previously published results revealed that the protein structural dynamics can be decreased after surface chemical modification with polymers by reducing proteinwater contacts thus resulting in less degradation of the protein. To that effect, chemical modification with glycans (Dextran and lactose) was performed to test if glycosylation could decrease protein unfolding and aggregation. Initial results have shown a decrease in aggregation levels and an increase in residual activity in the solid-state upon the modification. Garca, Mara del Mar, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Guadalupe, Ana R., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus [Chemistry 15] Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of Organic Dyes in the Presence of Insulin Peptides Organic dyes have been used to stain different biological structures. Our research intends to study the spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior of organic dyes in presence of insulin and other peptides sequences. We report the Cyclic Voltammetry, and Square Wave Voltammetry studies of Methylene blue and Meldolas blue in presence of insulin peptides. The studies were done under acidic and alkaline conditions, using glassy carbon as the working electrode versus Ag/AgCl 3M NaCl. Methylene blue was studied at potentials of 300 mV to -400 mV and Meldolas blue was studied at potential of 800 mV to -800 mV. Potential and spectroscopic shifts were observed in presence of the peptides. Affinity studies will be done to use dyes as recognition molecules for peptides. 177

Gimenez, Lizabeth, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Chemistry [Chemistry 16]

Rivera, Adriana, UPR-Rio Piedras

Synthesis of New Acetylenic Fatty Acids and Their Alkene Analogues as Antimalarial Compounds Sponge phospholipids have been known to possess high levels of long-chain fatty acids. The n-hexane extract from the marine sponge Agelas oroides which contains many long chain fatty acids including 5,9-dienoic fatty acids ranging from 23 to 26 carbons. These long chain dienoic acids have shown promising inhibitory and antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum enzyme FabI. Since acetylenic fatty acids have shown antimicrobial and antifungal properties, we are interested in synthesizing the 5-pentacosynoic acid and 9pentacosynoic acid as well as their alkene analogues and the 5,9-dienoic acid for a comparison of their antimalarial bioactivities. Our current efforts towards the completion of these acids will be presented. Hernandez Lugo, Dionne Marie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Sri Lakshmi Katar, Department of Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras; Amairy E. Plaud, Department of Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras; Gerardo Morell, Department of Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras [Chemistry 17] Electrochemical Properties of Tin Oxide Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries The electrochemical properties of tin oxide anode material in lithium ion batteries are investigated. Tin oxide electrode is characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic cycling. X-ray diffraction results show intense peaks of micro tin oxide particles. Scanning electron micrographs reveal a homogeneous distribution and agglomerates of micro tin oxide formation. Cyclic voltammetry results show the solid electrolyte interface formation in the first cycle and the subsequent cycles show the redox characteristics of tin oxide and alloy formation between tin oxide and lithium. The first discharge capacity was found to be around 1500 mAhg-1, which is greater than the theoretical capacity of tin oxide electrode.

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Jimnez, Jos, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Lysenko, Sergiy, Physics Department, UPR-Mayaguez; Liu, Huimn, Physics Department, UPR-Mayaguez; Fachini, Esteban, Center for Nanoscale Materials, UPR-Rio Piedras, Resto, Oscar, Center for Nanoscale Materials, UPR-Rio Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos, Center for Nanoscale Materials, UPR-Rio Piedras; , [Chemistry 18] Different Approaches for the Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Optical Media The purpose of this work is to describe some approaches for the characterization of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in optical media and discuss inherent advantages and limitations. The nanocomposites studied, which consist of silver NPs embedded in a phosphate glass matrix, are prepared by melting and heat treatment (HT) processes. The several techniques employed in their characterization are optical absorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The assessment is realized for various nanocomposite samples submitted to different HT conditions resulting in spherical silver NPs of a broad size range.

Mateo, Juan J, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Y. Ishikawa, University of Puerto Rico; C. Cabrera, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 19] Hydrogen reaction over Platinum: Density Functional Theory / Molecular Dynamics theoretical study A combined direct molecular dynamics (MD)/density-functional theory (DFT) study of the electroxidation of molecular hydrogen at the Pt(111)/water, Pt(110)/water and Pt(100)/water interfaces are being carried out to provide insight into the reaction mechanism, the adsorbed deposition states of hydrogen, and the influence of applied potential in the features of those surfaces. At the Pt(111)/water interface the H2 oxidation proceeds via the HeyrovskyVolmer mechanism, forming a solvated proton H3O+ ion and an underpotentially deposited (UPD) hydrogen atom, which is described as strongly adsorbed, lying in a bridging position on the Pt(111) surface. At the Pt(110)/water interface the H2 oxidation proceeds via the Tafel-Volmer mechanism, forming two equivalent hydrogen atoms adsorbed at near-terminal sites of the Pt(110) surface with tilted axis, which are subsequently oxidized at more positive potentials. 179

At the Pt(100)/water interface the H2 oxidation reaction has not been theoretically studied yet. Previous experimental studies suggest a HeyrovskyVolmer mechanism, although the exact mechanism still unknown. Potential-dependent activation energies for the hydrogen redox reactions are being evaluated for all three surfaces and for the different H adsorption sites. Vibrational modes of the adsorbed hydrogen are also being calculated and compared with experimental results for confirmation. Morales-Garca, Flavia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Mayol-Bracero, Olga L., Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Repollet-Pedrosa, Milton, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Kasper-Giebl, Anne, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Ramrez-Santa Cruz, Carlos, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria; Puxbaum, Hans, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria [Chemistry 20] Aerosols Collected at a Tropical Marine Environment: Size-resolved Chemical Composition Using IC, TOC, and Thermal-optical Analyses Size-resolved chemical characterization was performed on aerosol samples collected at two different marine sites in the tropics: Dian Point (DP), Antigua and Cape San Juan (CSJ), Puerto Rico. A 13-stage Dekati low-pressure impactor (Dp 0.1 to 10 m), a 10-stage micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (Dp 0.054 to 18 m), and stacked-filter units (Dp < 1.7 m) were used to collect the samples. Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, acetate, formate, malonate, and oxalate were determined using ion chromatography (IC). Thermal-optical analysis (TOA) was used to determine the concentrations of aerosol total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Five-day back trajectories calculated using NOAAs HYSPLIT (HYbrid SingleParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model identified air masses coming from the North Atlantic (maritime air), Northwest Africa (desert dust), and North America (anthropogenic pollution). Size-resolved chemical characterization of aerosol samples using IC and TOA confirmed that aerosols become aged as they are transported to the Caribbean and their composition depends on the air mass origin. Gravimetric analyses showed that average fine mass concentrations for CSJ station were higher than for DP station (CSJ: 1.9 g m3; DP: 1.2 g m3). The aerosol chemical composition changed with air masses of different origin and with different pollution levels. In both locations the predominant watersoluble ions in the fine aerosol fraction were Cl-, Na+, and SO42-. Sulphate was 180

observed in higher concentrations during the polluted case and particulate organic matter concentrations were higher for the maritime case. During desert dust events an increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ of 4 and 2 times, respectively, was observed mainly in the coarse mode. Results for the size-resolved chemical composition and complete aerosol chemical apportionment including the residual mass will be presented. Nieves, Karinel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Wei, Xiaomei, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Rodriguez, Abiamel D., Chemistr, UPR-Rio Piedras; Wang, Yuehong, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Franzblau, Scott G., Institute of Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago [Chemistry 21] Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Ring B Abeo-Sterols as Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis A series of 3-hydroxy steroid analogues possessing a contracted cyclopentane B-ring were prepared based on the initial activity screening of a recently reported naturally occurring marine 5(6 7)abeo-sterol against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All of the novel ring B abeo-sterols synthesized showed goodinhibitory activity, whereas none of the starting steroids based on the common 3-hydroxy-5-cholestane nucleus, proved to be active. Therefore, the 5(67)abeo-sterol nucleus present in compounds 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 represents a novel scaffold for the development of new antitubercular agents. Otao-Vega, Myrna, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Montes-Gonzlez, Ingrid, Chemistry, UPR-RP; Guadalupe, Ana, Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 22] Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrocenyl Chalcones After more than five decades from its discovery, ferrocene still motivates a great deal of research interest from scientists because of their stability and numerous applications. Among some of its uses include their anti-tumor properties, their use in optical devices, as well as redox mediators for enzyme sensors and biofuel cells. One of the most explored applications is their unique electrochemistry. This investigation aims to synthesize ferrocene derivatives known as ferrocenyl chalcones. For this, the Claisen-Schmidt reaction was used providing the products in moderate to good yields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that some of these ferrocenyl chalcones have been synthesized, and the ones that have been previously reported, their yields were 181

improved. The synthetic methodology and characterization of these compounds will be presented. This work is supported by Pfizer Pharmaceutical Inc. Pacheco, Yamaris, UPR-RIO Department, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 23] Nanoparticulate Protein Formulations This research intents to provide a suitable new methodology to prepare stable dehydrated protein nanoparticles suitable for long-term storage of proteins. Furthermore, the nano-particulate powders will be tested in various biotechnology applications relevant to the biopharma industry (e.g., sustained release formulation). Model proteins with different stability and structure were employed, namely, the serine proteases subtilisin Carlsberg and -chymotrypsin. Protein nanoparticles were formed by co-lyophylization of the proteins with the additive methyl-cyclodextrin at a fixed 1:4 w/w ratio. The excipient was removed from the powders by suspension of the powders in ethyl acetate. The spherical protein nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light scattering, all of the techniques used to determine the particle size revealed an average diameter 114 25 nm. The proteins secondary structure was analyzed using FTIR, which as presented does not affect the reactivity of the enzymes. The activity of the two enzymes was the same prior and after the procedure within less than two percent deviation. The data show that our methodology is effective in creating protein nanoparticles without inversely affecting protein stability. Pagan, Miraida, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Flores, Giselle, Chemistry Department, UPR-RP; Almenas, Mariengely, Chemistry Department, UPR-RP; Griebenow, Kai, Chemistry Department, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 24] Chemical Glycosylation: A New Method to Prevent Solid-Phase Protein Aggregation Protein aggregation is one of the principal reasons hampering protein drug development. There are many factors that can induce protein aggregation, e.g., high temperature, pH, high protein concentration, and mechanical stress. Most proteins are formulated as lyophilized powders to minimize this protein aggregation problem during storage. However, during storage or use the protein 182 PIEDRAS; Griebenow, Kai, Chemistry

drug can be exposed to moisture. Exposure of proteins to moisture causes solidphase protein aggregation by a mechanism of protein unfolding and interaction between unfolded molecules leading to the formation of buffer-insoluble aggregates. Recently we started modifying proteins through chemical glycosylation. We found that chemical glycosylation represents a very useful methodology to improve protein stability. For example, Sol et al. improved the liquid formulation stability of the enzyme -chymotrypsin by chemical glycosylation. The studied showed that glycosylation thermodynamically stabilized the protein without changing the structure due to decreased conformational dynamics. Herein, we studied the potential of chemical protein glycosylation to minimize solid-phase protein aggregation. The model protein -chymotrypsin formed copious amounts of aggregates in the solid-phase when it was exposed to different degrees of humidity (e.g., 75% and 96%). We found that chemical glycosylation using lactose reduced the amount of aggregates formed. Detailed studies are on their way investigating the relationship between the amount of glycosylation and the chemical nature of the glycan with the efficiency in preventing solid-phase aggregation. Rivera-Vlez, Nelson E., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Snchez Pomales, Germarie, UPR-Ro Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos R., UPR-Ro Piedras [Chemistry 25] Study of the Ionic Strength Effect on Non-Covalent DNA-CNT Composite Formation We present the studies of the effect of ionic strength on the preparation of DNACarbon Nanotubes (CNTs) dispersions in a non-covalent way. These studies were performed at different modification times and at different concentrations of NaCl. The dispersions were first analyzed by Raman Spectroscopy and imaging was done using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In addition to this, other spectroscopic techniques allowed us to see the degree of DNA-CNT composite formation as the modification time increased. The results suggest that at higher ionic strengths the degree of functionalization of the carbon nanotubes is smaller due to the neutralization of the negative charges in the DNA phosphate backbone. TEM images suggest that DNA wraps around the carbon nanotubes in the non-covalent way, and Raman and UV-Vis corroborate the presence of the DNA-CNT composite.

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Rivero, Kennett, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Raptis, Raphael G., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras) [Chemistry 26] Heterobimetallic Clusters Containing a Redox-Active Fe4O4-Cubane Core Iron-sulfur cubane-type clusters have drawn much attention in bioinorganic chemistry due to their role in biological electron-transfer pathways, and model complexes containing Fe4S4 have been studied for a long time. Their ability to cycle between two or more oxidation states with minimal change in structure, allows for the rapid transfer of electrons between source and substrate. An ironoxygen cluster [Fe8(4-O)4(-pz)12Cl4] (pz= pyrazolato anion, C3H3N2-) containing an all-ferric FeIII4O4 cubane core, which can reversibly accept four electrons across a potential window of ~1.1 V, has been synthesized in our lab. This suggests that the oxygen based cubanes should be capable of acting as efficient electron transfer agents like their sulfur analogues. Preliminary data is consistent with a reduction process that is localized largely on the cubane core rather than on the peripheral iron centers. The site of subsequent reductions is not at all clear. Comparisons with mixed-metal complexes, where the periphery is redox inert, will be vital in establishing the site of successive redox events. The one-pot synthetic procedure of the Fe8 cluster is convenient, but leaves many mechanistic questions unanswered. This poses problems if we wish to modify the protocol to synthesize mixed-metal clusters. It is clear that octanuclear complexes cannot form in a single step, and so smaller cluster must be formed, albeit transiently. Our working mechanistic hypothesis is that butterfly tetranuclear all-ferric species are reductively coupled to form an intermediate mixed-valent Fe8(4-O)4 species, which is subsequently oxidized to the all-ferric complex. By using bulky 3,5-substituted pyrazoles, we hope to arrest the growth of a cluster at an intermediate stage, affording access to tetranuclear and possibly even dinuclear species. By using sterically demanding substituents and varying the pzH/FeCl3 ratio in the presence of base (NR3) we aim to control the concentrations of low nuclearity species present in solution and so develop a route to butterfly complexes. The body and wing-tip positions of the butterfly complexes have substantially different environments which offer the possibility of forming mixed-metal clusters. These wing-tip positions will be occupied by redox-inert metals such as Ga, Zn, or Cd. We anticipate that the reductive coupling of the butterfly complexes may produce the mixed-metal cluster containing a redox and magnetically isolated Fe4O4 cubane.

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Sanchez-Pomales, Germarie, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Santiago-Rodriguez, Lenibel, Department, of Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Pagan-Miranda, Coral, Department, of Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos R., Department, of Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 27] DNA-Carbon Nanotubes Complexes Assembled On Gold Surfaces Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess outstanding structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. Nevertheless, to achieve the full potential of the CNTs, many problems still need to be solved, including the development of an easy purification procedure, the design of functionalization chemistries that result in increased solubility of the CNTs without altering their properties, and the development of a straightforward methodology for the attachment of aligned CNTs on solid substrates. We solved these problems by functionalizing CNTs with disulfide-modified DNA by non-covalent means and by using the selfassembling technique to attach aligned DNA-CNT complexes on gold. The functionalization experiments led to the DNA-assisted solubilization and purification of CNTs, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy The purified CNTs were subsequently immobilized on gold via the formation of self-assembled monolayers, and we determined that the CNTs were attached in a perpendicular fashion to the gold electrodes, forming aggregates with varying surface coverage, as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and atomic force microscopy, among other techniques. We were able to control the surface coverage by varying the concentration, the immobilization time and the number of electrodesorption cycles. These results suggest that the non-covalent functionalization of CNTs by DNA might find applications in the development of novel purification procedures and in the design of new nanodevices. Santiago, Diana, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rodrguez-Calero, Gabriel G., Chemistry, UPR-Ro Piedras; Cabrera, Carlos R., Chemistry, UPR-Ro Piedras [Chemistry 28] Characterization of Nano-Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an attractive power source for portable power and vehicle applications. An effort to develop smaller and well disperses catalytic material at high surface area supports and to reduce the catalyst loading is required. In terms of pure metal catalysts, platinum has shown the highest activity for methanol oxidation. Also it can be alloyed with other metals, as 185

ruthenium, which exhibits catalysis considerably higher for methanol electrooxidation rates than pure platinum. In the present work, the Pt/C nano-catalysts characterized was prepared by electrodeposition at constant potential using a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode. The electrodeposition was carried out in a solution containing carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R), K2PtCl6 and 0.1M H2SO4. The Pt deposition was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), x-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical techniques. TEM analysis shown clearly the presence of platinum on the different carbon supports. The nano XRF, XPS, and XRD confirm the presence of platinum nanoparticles showing the characteristic peak of this element. XRD analysis demonstrate the polycrystalline structure of the platinum deposited with the (111), (220) and (200) peaks. The electrochemistry analysis shown the hydrogen adsorption and desorption occurred on the platinum nanoparticles surface. The use of the rotating disk-slurry electrode (RoDSE) technique was an effective method for the platinum electrodeposition at carbon powder material because we can obtain well-dispersed platinum nanoparticles. Santiago, Lenibel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Santiago-Rodrguez, Lenibel, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus; Snchez-Pomales, Germarie, Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus; Cabrera, Carlos R., Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras Campus [Chemistry 29] Single-Walled Carbon Electrochemical Sensor Nanotubes Modified Gold Surface as DNA

We report the preparation and characterization of a gold substrate selfassembled with 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (AUT) in which the amine group was used for the covalent attachment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The as described substrate was used for the DNA immobilization and detection. Cyclic voltammograms using [Fe(CN)6]-3/[Fe(CN)6]-4 demonstrated that SWNT covalently attached to gold is capable of detect the DNA hybridization. As an alternative, we used methylene blue (MB) which is an electroactive organic dye widely used to detect DNA hybridization due to it high affinity for guanine bases. We found that MB response diminish with hybridization. In summary, our results demonstrate that the modification of gold with SWNTs forming a nanoelectrode array can be used for the DNA hybridization detection. Also, the electrode has demonstrated to be stable after several cycles of hybridization, denaturalization and rehybridization.

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Silva, Diana, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; ONeill, Rosann, Chemistry, UPR-RP; Carballeira, Nstor M., Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras [Chemistry 30] Total synthesis of the novel (5Z,9Z)-2-methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid The novel compound (5Z,9Z)-2-methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid is a natural fatty acid found in the phospholipid fatty acid composition of the Caribbean sponge Erylus goffrilleri. Although the 5,9 diunsaturation is probably the most characteristic diunsaturation pattern in the fatty acids of sponges, there is only one previous report of an -methoxylated fatty acid with this type of diunsaturation. It is interesting to note that most -methoxylated fatty acids are able to improve the antifungal and antileukemic properties of their nonmethoxylated counterparts. In general diunsaturated fatty acids have been known to have biological properties. Recently, several long chain 5,9 fatty acids have been found to inhibit the enzyme enoyl-ACP reductase (FAB I) of Plasmodium falciparum. This enzyme has been the focus of new treatment for malaria. We are interested in the synthesis of (5Z,9Z)-2-methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid in order to study its inhibition properties against FAB I. The synthesis was done in seven steps. The key steps are the hydrogenation to obtain the diene from the dialkyne, and the hydrolysis of the cyanide group to obtain the -hydroxy acid, which is the precursor for the final -methoxylated fatty acid. The total synthesis of (5Z,9Z)-2methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid will be presented. This work is supported by the SCORE program of the National Institutes of Health (grant no S06GM08102) and by UPRRP-MARC Program (5T34GM07821). Vallejo, Pamela, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rivera-Hernndez, Reynaldo O., Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico; Gioda, Adriana, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro; Mayol-Bracero, Olga L., Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico [Chemistry 31] African Dust in the Caribbean: Impact on the Chemical Composition of Aerosols, Clouds and Rainwater at a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest The tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF), which are characterized by persistent cloud or fog cover, reduced solar isolation, low temperatures and nutrient availability, saturated soils, and high winds and humidity, are believed to be the most sensitive and vulnerable of the worlds ecosystems to climate change. African dust incursions frequency and intensity could impact negatively on the TMCF ecosystem given its dependency on specific highly sensitive 187

conditions. To contribute to the understanding on how African dust affects clouds and precipitation in the TMCF we will be reporting on chemical properties of aerosol, clouds, and rainwater samples collected at East Peak, PR. Results so far showed that the dominant inorganic species in aerosols, clouds, and rainwater were Na+, Cl-, and SO42-. Total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) represented about 2 and 4%, respectively, with TOC composed mainly of organic acids (40%), where as TN was dominated by inorganic species (60%). Differences in the chemical composition of aerosols, clouds, and rainwater were related to the origin of air masses. For instance, a decrease in Na+ and Cl- and an increase in TOC, TN, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Al3+ were associated with air masses from North Africa, suggesting a crustal origin for these species, where as the highest concentrations of Cl- and SO42- were measured when ashes from the Soufriere Hills volcano reached the site, due to the SO2 and HCl expelled in the eruptions. Analysis Further results regarding the complete chemical analysis mainly of the aerosol and clouds samples will be presented.

Computer Sciences
Valenzuela, Eliana, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rodriguez-Martinez, Manuel, ECE Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Computer Sciences 1] Framework for a Quality Characterization of Data Sources and Query Processing Sites in a Distributed Middelware System This paper presents a novel approach to the problem of discovering and ranking the characteristics of the data sources and query processing sites in a distributed database system. We model the network as a graph with nodes representing data sources and query processing sites, some of which might be replicated. We introduce a heuristic technique inspired in Ant Colony Theory to dynamically discover, assess and catalog each data source or query-processing site. Our goal is to find possible paths to access the computational resources or data provided by the highest quality sites and define the quality of this sites and data sources. The concept of quality could be defined in terms of performance, freshness, completeness or other metrics. We describe a simulation of the system using Java CSIM and also a performance and freshness studies designed to analyze the quality of paths found by the Ant Colony algorithm and the accurate of the freshness estimators. 188

These experiments show that our approach is promissory and could do the job than we expect offering the information that the system needs to optimize a query request.

Education
Aponte-Santini, Juan Carlos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Montes, Ingrid, Department of Chemistry, UPR-RP; Bonilla, Vctor, Department of Graduate Studies, UPRRio Piedras [Education 1] Assessment of How the Selected Topics in Chemistry Course Influences in the Students of the General Chemistry Course The Selected Topics in Chemistry course is part of the Federal Program PreMARC, which is a preparatory program for students that are starting their baccalaureate in Natural Sciences. It consists of a one hour meeting per week, where graduate students offer mentoring to the freshmen students that are enrolled in the General Chemistry course. As part of the program, tutoring in the topics identified as the most difficult ones in the course are included, as well as other activities that are promoted. This research intends to study how the Selected Topics in Chemistry course influences the freshmen students. Our study gathers information from different aspects in the course, including the use of the portfolio as an assessment instrument. Through the use of the portfolio we aim to better know the reflection and analysis of the students during the teaching and learning process. We also aim to demonstrate that the development of organization skills and teamwork help to lead learning. Furthermore, the teaching and learning process will be evaluated in a formative way and not only in a summative one. Moreover we aspire to study the importance of the development of the affective-valuing and cognitive aspects. The design, methodology and preliminary findings will be presented. This project is sponsored by the MARC Program, UPR-Rio Piedras.

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Fajardo, Johanna, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Montes, Ingrid, Department of Chemistry, UPR-RP; Bonilla, Vctor, Department of Graduate Studies, UPR-Rio Piedras [Education 2] Are Affective Aspects of Students with Different Learning Styles Influencing their an Achievement in the Organic Chemistry Course? For many years, the Organic Chemistry course has been described as a bottleneck course for the bachelor's degree completion in Chemistry. We firmly believe that this is a direct consequence of the way in which it was traditionally taught. Different efforts have been made in order to diminish and address this problem. With the purpose to reduce the poor performance and withdrawal from the course, our Department has entailed diverse strategies combinations addressing the different learning styles. The prevailing objective for this research is to study how the affective aspects of students with different learning styles influence their achievement in the organic chemistry course. Particularly we aim to establish a correlation of the assessment of the affective aspects within three fundamental aspects of the course: mentoring, laboratory and a research proposal project. In doing so, we intend to find a possible correlation between student achievement in the course and their affective aspects. The design, methodology and preliminary results will be presented. Work supported by FIPIUPR-Ro Piedras. Vazquez, Daniel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Borrero, Michelle, PhD, Department of Biology, UPR-Ro Piedras [Education 3] A Project-based Laboratory Course in Molecular and Cellular Biology to Enhance Student Preparedness to Pursue a Scientific Career As future scientists, undergraduate biology majors need to develop analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills. Accordingly, the curriculum should provide experiences in which students develop these skills. Laboratory courses provide the ideal scenario for this purpose as they present a hands-on approach to teach scientific concepts and processes. Thus, we have designed a projectbased laboratory for the Molecular and Cellular Biology course. Our instructional objectives encompass the development of both technical and cognitive research skills (i.e., collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data). We have selected a quantitative approach within a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in student learning. Several rubrics and questionnaires were designed and validated. In the non-experimental group, there was a significant difference in the students self-evaluation of their ability to 190

perform basic research processes. Nevertheless, students felt that they still lack the necessary skills to pursue a scientific career. We expect that the projectbased curriculum will result in a significant increase in students confidence with their ability to conduct a research project and pursue a career in science. We will further this study by including a qualitative analysis to elucidate the role of this educational strategy on student learning.

Engineering
Anaya, Nelson, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hwang, Sangchul, Civil Engineer, UPRMAYAGUEZ; Padilla, Ingrid, Civil Engineer, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 1] Enhanced TCE Remediation with Polymer-aided Alcohol Flushing In situ flushing for remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) contaminated soil and groundwater is done by the injection of an aqueous solution into the zone contaminated with them. The system is followed by down gradient extraction of groundwater and elutriate (flushing solution mixed with the contaminants) and aboveground treatment. Permeability is the principal cause which the flushing solution moves through a porous medium and, therefore, determines how effective the remediation is. The objective of the research is to evaluate behavior of in situ flushing for remediation of DNAPLs in the heterogeneous subsurface setting with different permeability. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was tested as the target DNAPL. The parameters measured were the pressure developed and the time reached the flushing solution, transport extent and concentration of the DNAPLs. Preliminary studies indicated that the solutions used for in situ flushing increased the movement and/or solubility of the TCE and the rate of flushing, and that polymer injection to reverse permeability contrast by blocking a high permeable zone could enhance overall TCE remediation effectiveness.

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Arevalo, Ana Graciela, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J, Chemical Engineering Department, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 2] Nanoporous Sorbents for Spacecraft Air Ultrapurification Removal of CO2 from breathing air in spacecraft cabins is of critical importance to the NASA space exploration program. For missions lasting between 7 and 180 days, the current CO2 levels are limited to 7,000 ppm. Beyond this level, space mission personnel are susceptible to develop health problems involving usually central nervous system impairment and hyperventilation. Therefore, NASA continues to analyze the possibilities of lowering the allowable CO2 levels due to the evident results from short- and long-term effects on human physiology. The present project aims at developing a superior nanoporous strontium-based sorbent for the selective and high capacity removal of CO2 from breathing air in space cabins. After functionalization of a silicoaluminophosphate framework via multi-step liquid-phase, and advanced solid-state ion exchange techniques, respectively, the sorbent will rely on the interaction between electronic charges of extra-framework Sr+2 cations and the CO2 strong quadrupole moment. The considerable differences in the sorbates, i.e., CO2 vs. N2 and O2, quadrupole moments will be the driving force for the design and synthesis of the sorbent. Since the surface interaction is at the physisorption level, regeneration of the sorbents will be accomplished via temperature swing and/or process pressure reduction, which is feasible for long-duration space missions. In fact, the sorbent will be an option to replace materials currently used in NASAs Carbon Dioxide Removal Assemblies, which rely on weak adsorption processes. Avils, Sully Mar, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Carreras, Gretselle, Chemical Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez; Suleiman, David, Chemical Engineering, UPRMayaguez [Engineering 3] Synthesis and Characterization Nanostructured Ionomers of Poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene)

This investigation studied the resulting nanostructure of ionic membranes composed of sulfonated copolymers with thermoplastic and elastomeric blocks. Linear poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) (SIS) and branched (radial) poly(styreneisoprene) (SI), were sulfonated to various levels of ion exchange capacity (IEC) and selectivity. The sulfonation level of the polymer was controlled with the 192

stoichiometric amount of the sulfonating agent and with prior understanding of the reaction kinetics. The percentage sulfonation was obtained using Elemental Analysis (EA). The resulting membranes were then characterized with several techniques including: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). These techniques provided physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes, which allowed us to compare the resulting morphologies and selectivities. This is turn allowed us to have a better understanding of their structure-property relationship. Preliminary results show a lower IEC than sulfonated poly(styrene-isobutylenestyrene) (SIBS), although the reaction kinetics was significantly faster due to the unsaturated bonds of the isoprene block. The presence of isoprene also resulted in limited elastomeric behavior at high sulfonation levels for both linear and branched membranes. However, lower sulfonation levels and blends of sulfonated/unsulfonated linear/branched resulted in unique morphologies capable of selective separations. Some applications for these membranes include: chemical and biological protective clothing for the US military forces, fuel cells and gas sensors among others. Barrera, Carola, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Herrera, Adriana, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Nayla, Bezares, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Rinaldi, Carlos, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 4] Synthesis of Monodisperse PEG modified MNP for Biomedical Applications We studied the preparation of surface modified magnetic nanoparticles using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) covalently attached to the particle surface using silane chemistry, preventing polymer de-sorption in subsequent applications. In this method, particles are synthesized by thermal decomposition using oleic acid as surfactant that is later exchanged by PEG-silane of different molecular weights obtained in our lab. The stability of these particles in water at physiological conditions and in biological buffers was studied as a function of pH and ionic strength using Zeta Potential and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Measurements. This method produces highly stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles in water based systems with tunable hydrodynamic diameters that make them suitable for biomedical applications such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging.

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Belen, Daphne, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico; Kim, Chul, The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Hwang, Son-Jong, The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology [Engineering 5] Detemplation and Coordination Chemistry of SBE-Type Metal-Substituted Aluminophosphates Nanoporous Sorbents Hydrothermal synthesis conditions for the SBE-type Me-APOs (Me = Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) were optimized by decreasing reaction temperature and increasing aging periods. SEM micrographs of the as-synthesized Mg- and Mn-SBE samples revealed square-plates with truncated corners morphologies, grown in aggregated fashion, and contrasting with the previously reported hexagonal-plate morphology of the Co-SBE. The extent of detemplation process was studied to elucidate the materials thermal stability and framework characteristics. Vacuum treatments using low evacuation rates and a temperature of 648 K resulted in surface areas of ca. 700, 500 and 130 m2/g for Mg-, Co- and Mn-SBE, respectively. TGA and in situ high temperature XRD analyses indicate the frameworks for all the SBE variants experienced severe damage upon treatment in helium at temperatures above 700 K and subsequently formed trydimite, an aluminophosphate dense phase. Detemplation in air at all times resulted in framework collapse. Decomposition and elimination of the structure-directing agent during vacuum treatment was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. XPS spectra revealed that most of the Co atoms in vacuum treated samples are in tetrahedral coordination while the Mn atoms exhibit several coordination states. UV-vis, EPR and MAS NMR spectroscopy supported the latter result in addition to evidencing the formation of Mn extraframework species. 27Al MAS NMR spectra for vacuum detemplated Mg-SBE samples prior to and after dehydration demonstrated the reversible formation of aluminum tetrahedral sites. However, the porous nature of detemplated Mg-SBE samples was not affected as these are capable of adsorbing 19 water molecules per super cage. Keywords: metal-substituted aluminophosphate, detemplation, nanoporous sorbents. *Corresponding author e-mail: arturojh@uprm.edu SBE, organic template,

194

Cameron, Ana Raquel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 6] Electric Field Effect on the Rheology of MWCNT Dispersions in Liquid Crystalline Polymers Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used to develop multifunctional nanocomposites. Nevertheless, to achieve their potential they should be dispersed and aligned with a specific orientation. Many techniques have been proposed to achieve these requirements. In this research, we combine the selforganizing properties of liquid crystal polymers (LCP) and the fact that the CNTs are electronically polarizable to develop novel oriented LCP nanocomposites and study the effect of electric and flow fields. The electrorheological (ER) effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersion on LCP matrices was observed and quantified experimentally for the first time. A non-electric field responsive, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), was used as the polymeric matrix. The steady-state viscosity was obtained from transient experiments as a function of DC electric fields at constant ambient temperature and shear rate. The effect of particle concentration and shear rate was elucidated. Falcn, Juan C., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hwang, Sangchul, Civil Engineering, UPRMayaguez; Padilla, Ingrid, Civil Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 7] Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend of Explosives in Soil with Surface Vegetation Due mainly to the military activities, many sites have been contaminated with explosives-related compounds. In order to facilitate detection of such explosives and remediation of the sites, a need clearly exist to better understand fate and transport of explosives-related compounds. Fate, and transport and distribution of explosives within the soil and to the soil surface are influenced by intertwined biogeochemical processes that affect their spatial and temporal concentrations in soil and groundwater environments. In this regard, this study specifically aimed to understand the influence of surface vegetation on the fate, transport and subsequent detection and remediation of explosives. A small-scale field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of surface vegetation with a native tropical grass (Fimbristylis Cymosa) on the fate, transport and distribution of high explosives (TNT and DNT). Explosives concentrations in plant, soil and water, soil enzymatic changes and microbial activities were quantified. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, daylight, evapotranspiration, etc. were monitored and interpreted in conjunction to the biogeochemical results.

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Garca-Ricard, Omar, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hernndez-Maldonado, Arturo, Department of Chemical Engineering, UPR - Mayaguez Campus [Engineering 8] Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Coordination Polymer for Adsorption Applications Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) had been of great interest for scientists and engineers due to their potential use in applications such as molecular storage, heterogeneous catalysis, and gas separation via adsorption. The objective of the proposed work is to synthesize and characterize PCPs to determine their structure properties and study their capacity for the adsorption of carbon dioxide. Cu2(pzdc)2(bpy) (pzdc= 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, bpy = 4,4dipyridyl), a PCP originally developed by S. Kitagawa and co-workers, was already synthesized in our labs. Preliminary results using X-ray diffraction data confirmed the presence of the periodic multi-layered structure. However, SEM images showed evidence of two unique morphological phases and nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77 K suggest a BET surface area of ca. 40 m2/g. Future work will focus in synthesis optimization and further characterization to understand the origin of the multi-phase material. Gonzalez, Anthony, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Florin Algarn Vivian, Chemical Engineering, UPR Mayaguez; Acevedo Rullan, Aldo, Chemical Engineering, UPR Mayaguez [Engineering 9] Effect of Formulation Parameters on Gelation Temperature of Biopolymers Mixtures Gelatin, xanthan and mannitol are common structural agents and viscosity modifiers used in various areas such as pharmaceutical, food, health care, and medicine. Gelatin and xanthan gum are attractive for their ability to form physical (non-permanent) gels at room temperature. Nevertheless, the gelation temperature or final solution viscosity may be affected by the relative concentration of the components. Rheological measurements can be used to study the structural evolution and processability of physical gels in order to have better control over the resulting viscosity and gelation temperature. First, it was experimentally evaluated the gelation temperature of gelatin solutions by the method of constant-stress temperature ramp as a function of cooling rate (0.1 2.0C/min) and polymer concentration (1.0-30.0 wt %) to determine processing conditions. Optimum testing conditions were identified as 1 Pa and 1oC/min. Afterwards, mixtures at various xanthan gum (0-1.0 wt %) and mannitol (0-2.0 wt %) concentration while keeping gelatin concentration fixed at 1, 5, 10 wt% were 196

prepared. In addition, density, conductivity and pH of gelatin solutions were measured. Hernndez, Imiraily, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hwang, Sangchul, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus [Engineering 10] Plant Growth on the Land Restored with Coal Combustion Byproduct Aggregates Open pit may adversely affect health and safety of human beings if not appropriately managed or restored. Restored land can be used in many different ways depending on the purpose of restoration. Some disturbed land can be restored and used as agricultural lots. In this regard, laboratory research was conducted to assess phyto-viability on the land restored partially with coal combustion byproduct aggregates. Phyto-viability was evaluated in terms of seed germination, plant survival and the extent and rate of growth. Plants tested in the study include beans, pumpkins, papayas, and coco plumoso (palm). Coal combustion byproduct aggregates used were a solidified mixture of fly and bottom ashes with water. A series of experiments were conducted such as, but are not limited to: seed germination and growth assessment with multiple environmental factors, physical interference of aggregates, and effect of hardness. Based on the preliminary results, it can be said that coal combustion byproduct aggregates can be used as an amendment for restoration of disturbed land which will be used for agricultural purposes. Herrera, Adriana, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Barrera, Carola, Ing. Quimica; Ayala, VAnessa, Ing. Quimica; Latorre, Magda, Ing. Quimica, Torres-Lugo, Madeline, Ing. Quimica; Rinaldi, Carlos, Ing. Quimica [Engineering 11] Synthesis and Functionalization of Monodisperse Magnetic Nanoparticles with Carboxymethyl-Dextran (Cmdx) and Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) for Cancer Treatment Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4, CoFe2O4) coated with oleic acid were synthesized by the thermodecomposition method. These nanoparticles were modified via ligand exchange with amine-silane molecules, which allowed the expression of amine (NH2) end groups onto the nanoparticle surface. Carbodiimide chemistry was used to react these amine groups with carboxylic groups (-COOH) present in the carboxymethyl- dextran (CMDx) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. The colloidal stability of the functionalized nanoparticles 197

was studied by zeta potential measurements. Fluorescent nanoparticles were also obtained by incorporation of fluorescein-amine groups during the functionalization of the nanoparticles. These fluorescent nanoparticles were used to visualize the internalization in CaCo-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell monolayers through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The cytotoxic effects of these nanoparticles were also study in CaCo-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell monolayers to determine their potential application for cancer treatment. Hidalgo-Hernandez, Ruth, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Plaza, Nayomi, Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus; Suarez, Marcelo, Engineering Science and Materials [Engineering 12] Effects of Magnesium Levels in Aluminum Matrix Composites Subject to Mechanical Wear and Abrasion A series of high strength, lightweight aluminum matrix composites reinforced with AlB2 particles was developed for aerospace applications. The effect of magnesium addition on the composite wear behavior and hardness was analyzed. The composite wear strength was investigated by means of pin-ondisk experiments. SEM and EDS analyzes permitted indentify the phases present and correlate the composite microstructure with its mechanical behavior. SEM observations also allowed identifying the wear mechanisms involved during the pin-on-disks tests against a 440 martensitic stainless steel ball. Measures wear coefficients were contrasted with Brinell and Rockwell hardness values. Within the magnesium levels studied the wear rate is reduced as Mg concentration increases. Lara, Patricia, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Matilde L. Snchez, Department of Industrial Engineering University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Yarilyn CeUniversity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguezdeo-Mattei, Department of Material Science, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; scar Perales, Department of Material Science, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mauricio Cabrera-Ros, Department of Industrial Engineering University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez [Engineering 13] Experimental Optimization of Nanomagnetic Properties Optimization of material properties during synthesis and processing is a well established problem in Materials Science and Engineering. In this work, the use of experimental optimization to improve coercivity in a nano-scaled material is

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described. The use of several designs, their advantages and problems are discussed. Latorre, Isomar, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Roman, Daniel, Civil Engineering, UPRMayaguez; Hwang, Sangchul, Civil Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 14] A Statistical Approach for Restoration of Disturbed Land with Coal Combustion Byproduct Aggregates As the magnitude of civil, transportation and construction infrastructure has expanded since the industrial revolution, demands for construction-grade sand and gravel has subsequently increased. These row materials are heavily being exploited in PR today and used for concrete, general fill, and road subgrade material, bridges, airports, road surfacing, and aqueduct and sewer systems. However, these disturbed land need to be appropriately managed or restored due to potential risk and effect on health and safety of human beings. The main goal of this study is to investigate the feasibility of coal combustion byproducts aggregates-amended refill for the open pits. Feasibility was assessed in terms of quality of groundwater due to the restoration with amendment of coal combustion byproducts aggregates. A statistical design and analysis was conducted with laboratory column tests to obtain optimum engineering application variables. Rainfall was simulated according to the local weather data. Water quality parameters tested include turbidity, pH, conductivity and heavy metals. The results from the statistical design and analysis were adopted to optimize a longterm monitoring experiment which is currently ongoing.

Mera, Daniel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 15] Power Consumption in Real Time Operating Systems Power consumption is an important constraint in microcontrollers operated with batteries when running real time operating system (RTOS). In this work we propose to characterize main issues involved in RTOS memory allocation, tasks scheduling, intertasks communication and I/O in the power consumption of the system. This will allow the development of more energy efficient applications to reduce power consumption in microcontroller based systems. Our experimental design is based on design of experiments techniques (DOE) to identify the impact of these components of the RTOS on power consumption. Results are presented taking into account statistical measures for C/OS II RTOS ported on the C8051f120 Microcontroller from Silicon Laboratories. 199

Miranda, Felix Gabriel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Engineering 16] Thermal and Rheological Studies of Nematic PHBA-PET Nanocomposites Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers are anisotropic materials suitable for many industrial -applications, such as UV-protection, glare-shield, thermal insulation, and for light management systems. Addition of nanoparticles can add value-added properties to the polymers, thus, obtaining a multifunctional nanocomposites. Nevertheless, particle shape and concentration may affect the liquid crystalline order causing an unwanted detrimental effect. In this work, we studied the effect of anisotropic platelet-like clay nanoparticles on the nematic thermotropic polymer, 60:40 poly(4-benzoic acid-co-ethylene teraphthalate) (PHBA-PET). Nanocomposite films were produced by direct melt blending using a Haake MiniLab2 twin-screw extruder. The thermal and rheological properties have been studied as a function of processing conditions (i.e. temperature, screw speed, residence time) in a Reologica StressTech HR rheometer and a TA Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Velazquez, Carlos, Chemical

Obregn, Luis Guillermo, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Engineering/UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 17]

Effect of Particle Size in Mixing of Granular Materials Under Periodic shear Although the study of mixing of granular particles in the last years has shown notable advances, it continues being moderately understood. In this work, a new low shear mixing device consisting of a box with two moving walls and three static walls was developed to study granular mixing. The goal is to obtain a more in depth understanding of the internal behavior of granular material in the three dimensions when particle size is changed. Experiments at different particle size distributions and wall displacements were run. Results expose that the faster mixing is found when using particles of high diameter. Mixing in the superficial layer follows a chaotic trend whilst a triangular pattern was obtained at the bottom of the mixing chamber whose size depended on the wall displacement and the particle diameter. The phenomenon of dilation was remarked varying the expansion of the bed linearly with the particle size. Keywords: Mixing; Granular Material; Shear; Particle Size

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5 4 htr, cm 3 2 1 0 400 Filling height, H=4.45cm v/W=4.65/s, A=34.29cm, t=60s

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Padilla-Luciano, Yeira, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Bogere, Moses N., Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Ogden, Kimberly, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona [Engineering 18] Bioremediation of Copper from Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Wastewater Several studies have demonstrated that copper chemical mechanical planarization (Cu-CMP) wastes can be treated and disposed of safely according to regulations. Towards that effort, Ogden and co-workers (Stanley & Ogden, 2003) developed a biosorption/biotreatment scheme to remove copper and organics from Cu-CMP wastes. This study focuses on combining biotreatment and filtration into a filtration/biotreatment scheme to remove both nano-particle abrasives and copper from the wastes with the overall objective recycling CMP wastes. Biosorption data have elucidated upon various techniques for 5Y bacteria growth by utilizing biocarriers and through bioaccumulation. Biotreatment studies focus on the following tasks: growing Staphylococcus Soil (Y-5) bacteria in R2A media, growing bacteria in free media with biocarrier, and conducting biosorption studies and to generate adsorption isotherms for the biotreatment step. The bacteria organism Soil 5Y was obtained and isolated from wastewater ponds and soil from the site of Cyprus Sierrita Copper Mine, in Green Valley, Arizona (Ogden, et al. 2001). The bacteria maximum binding capacity for copper solution in ultra pure water (UPW) was 0.16 gram of copper per gram of dried bacteria but further studies are necessary using higher concentration rates. This value is very similar to that 201

obtained by Stanley and Ogden (2003) who reported a maximum binding capacity of copper in water using Soil 5Y immobilized on calcium alginate beads of 0.14 gram of copper per gram of dried sorbent. In the case of the actual CMP wastewater obtained from the University of Arizona tool room, the maximum binding capacity was 0.44 gram of copper per gram of dried bacteria.

Paez, Daniel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Olavarria, Jeniffer, Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Diaz, Ruben, Mechanical Engineering Department,University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; De Jesus,Marcos, Chemistry Department,University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 19] Nanofabrication of Metal-Polymer Composites for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based Biosensing Raman spectroscopy is increasingly being used in material characterization and biochemistry due to the fact that Raman spectra are, in essence, fingerprints of molecules. This is of particular interest for bio-applications where specificity of detection is important. However, spontaneous Raman scattering signal is very weak making this spectroscopic technique very difficult to be accomplished. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), a plasmonic phenomenon whereby molecules at or near a noble metal surface with nanoscale structural features experience a dramatic increase in the incident electromagnetic field, yields high Raman intensity. It is propose in this project the design and optimization of random and well-defined nanostructures with uniform geometries using Electron-Beam Lithography (EBL) to optimize the SERS effect, facilitating studies concerning the fate and transport of model pharmaceuticals in water. Perla, Torres, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rosado, Sahid, Civil Engineering, UPRMayaguez; Hwang, Sangchul, Civil Engineering, UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 20] Effect of Aquatic Structure made of Cement and Coal Ash Byproducts on Water Quality Intertwined biochemical processes occur in the aquatic environments. One of problems that we encounter most in such environments is algae nuisance and related fish death. Studies were conducted to assess feasibility of aquatic structures to enhance water quality. In line with resource recovery efforts, the aquatic structures were made of coal ash byproducts mixed with cement. Optimum portions of cement and coal ash byproducts were determined and tested in a lab-scale simulated aquatic environment for their potential role in 202

enhancing water quality. Included were water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, BOD, suspended solids, alkalinity and nitrate. Attached growth algae on the surface of aquatic structures were also quantified. Other simple methods of algae controls such as salt addition were tested in conjunction with the amendment of the aquatic structure. Reyes, Damian, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hernandez, Joany R., Chemical Engineering; Leon, Jose, Chemical Engineering; Estremera, Miguel, Chemical Engineering, Martnez, Emilio, Chemical Engineering; Cardona, Nelson, Chemical Engineering [Engineering 21] Bifunctional Materials for the Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose into Soluble Feedstocks The work presented here focuses on the development of Nanostructured Catalytic Materials with enhanced performance for applications in alternative fuel generation and production of fine chemicals from renewable resources. Specifically we are currently developing bifunctional mesoporous materials for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into sugar alcohols that can be used as a sustainable source of renewable biorefinery feedstock. The catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into intermediates that can be used to produce fuels and high-value chemicals, as well as substitutes for petroleum-based feedstocks, in an integrated biorefinery is a novel technology that can help meet the growing energy demand while dramatically reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Preliminary results including catalytic performance (activity and selectivity); changes in crystal structure and morphology as studied with XRD and SEM; and catalyst characterization including BET, XRD, SEM, and TGA will be presented. Rivera, Melissa, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Ducoudray, Gladys O., Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 22] Built-in Analog Supply Current Sensor for Analog and Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits This work presents the analysis of the integrated bonding pad and its inherent resistance. This work proposes the use of this already available structure to enable current measurements without placing a device between the power supply and the CUT. This work presents the pad experimental characterization and a preview of its use as a flag for faulty circuits. It also presents potential integrated measuring 203

solutions by a current to voltage conversion. Among these, the design of a highgain and high-bandwidth amplifier circuit will be tested. This design is capable of detecting small voltages drops (uV) caused by the pads contact resistance. The circuit proposed is a Built-In Self Test (BIST), capable of sensing the current waveform from the Vdd supply without diminishing the voltage supplied to the mission circuit. The proposed circuit uses already available integrated structures for measuring currents waveform without introducing a device in series with the CUT. Some of the challenges involved in the design of such sensor are: highgain, high-bandwidth, low-power, low-noise, and high slew rate. Circuit design, simulations, and experimental results implemented using Cadence 0.6um CMOS technology and AMI 0.6um process fabrication will be shown and correlated.

Rivera, Sindia, M., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Chemical Engineering, UPR-MAyaguez [Engineering 23]

Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J,,

NASA Sustainability: A Novel Sorbent for the Removal of PPCPs from Water It is of great relevance to NASA to develop new technologies that are appropriate for the sustainable live in space stations. During 2005, the NASA engineers at the Marshall Center engineers were responsible for designing and developing a Water Recovery System, which reclaims potable water from Space Station wastewater, including crew latent -- condensed water vapor and trace contaminants from crew perspiration and respiration -- and urine. Since Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) are usually present at ppm or ppt levels, their removal is not a trivial task. The present work studied the use of MCM-41 type silicates functionalized with a nickel complex via thermal monolayer and grafting techniques as a complexation- based nanoporous adsorbent capable of removing these compounds (i=Naproxen) at ambient conditions. In general, the grafting technique avoids metal leaching due to the anchoring of the nickel species. However, analysis of the textural properties of the resulting sorbent suggested that a considerable reduction in average pore size, and surface area, limited the ultimate uptake capacity. After normalization with respect to accessible surface area, the grafted sorbents offered capacities comparable to those exhibited by traditional activated carbon. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations for the full optimization of the structures showed that the sorbate-sorbent interactions were at the weak-chemisorption which is suitable for ultrapurification applications and sorbent regeneration via simple engineering means. In general, these sorbents could be incorporated into the traditional water treatment system facilities and be easily reactivated, which would enhance the work done by the aforementioned NASAs Water Recovery System. 204

Rivera-Ramos, Milton E., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hernndez-Maldonado, Arturo J. [Engineering 24] Separation of CO2 from Light Gas Mixtures using Ion-Exchanged The overall objective of the present work is to produce nanoporous sorbents for the deep removal of CO2 from breathing air in spacecabins. Na+-SAPO-34 sorbents were ion-exchanged with various individual metal cations to study their effect on the adsorption of similar size light gases. Measurements of pure component adsorption equilibria, with emphasis on CO2, were performed at different temperatures, 273-348 K, and pressures, <1 atm. In general, the overall adsorption performance of the exchanged materials increased as follows: Ce3+<Ti3+<Mg2+<Ca2+<Ag+<Na+<Sr2+. The strontium II exchanged materials excelled at low-pressure ranges, exhibiting very sharp isotherms slopes at all temperatures. Sr2+-SAPO-34 adsorbs approximately 2.8 wt% at an equilibrium gas phase concentration of 900 ppm CO2. This sorption amount is almost twice the observed capacity in 5A-type zeolites. The surface interactions were analyzed according to electrostatic and non-specific contributions. Due to strong ion-quadrupole interactions, many of the sorbent materials exhibited higher affinity for CO2 over the other gases tested, i.e., CH4, H2, N2 and O2. Sanchez, Matilde Luz, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Clara E. Isaza, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon; Alexandra Medina-Borja, Department of Industrial Engineering University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Jos M. Castro, Department of Industrial Welding and Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Mauricio Cabrera-Ros, Department of Industrial Engineering University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez [Engineering 25] Data Envelopment Microarray Analysis Microarrays have become an important tool in cancer research. Microarrays are used among others- to detect biomarker genes, assess treatment and drug effectivity, as well as to diagnose the presence of or the potential to develop cancer. A significant number of works in Bioinformatics have been devoted to Microarray Analysis especially when it comes to three procedures: (i) gene filtering,(ii) gene and tissue clustering and (iii) classification. In this work, the use of Data Envelopment Analysis is proposed to approach all three procedures under a multiple criteria, nonparametric point of view. Santos, Angel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Martinez Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico 205 Inesta, Maria, Chemical

[Engineering 26] Synthesis of Ni Nanostructures Using Microporous Materials The objective of our research is to synthesize Ni nanostructures using Microporous materials as templates. These nanostructures have several applications as catalysts. We used an XRD attachment called Reactor X, which allows the introduction of inert and reactive gases while heating from RT to a certain set temperature. Currently the calcination and reduction of Ni acetate impregnated into one-dimensional channels of microporous VPI-8 and MOR has been investigated using in-situ X-ray diffraction while the reaction proceeds. XRD diffraction patterns showed the appearance of NiO and metallic Ni peaks during the oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively. It has been found that the temperature needed for the reduction to occur, which has significant influence in the final metallic Ni crystal size, depends significantly on the metal loading and on the NiO crystal size. Rinaldi, Carlos, Chemical Engineering,

Soto, Denisse, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; UPR-Mayaguez [Engineering 27]

Magnetorheology Simulations of Spherical Magnetic Nanoparticles in Dilute Suspensions: A Comparison with Conventional Magnetoviscosity Equations The change of the fluids viscous behavior due to the presence of magnetic particles in an appropriate magnetic field seems to be the most prominent effect and still one of the most challenging topics of ferrofluids research. The magnetoviscosity of dilute suspensions of magnetic particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid and under applied shear and magnetic fields was studied by Brownian dynamics simulations. An intrinsic viscosity due to the magnetic field was calculated in order to study the rheological properties of the suspension. Results for spherical particles were compared with existing theoretical predictions and other numerical solutions. Good agreement was obtained with results from Brenner & Weismann, and MRSh. In addition, results do not exhibit hysteresis at high Peclet numbers as Shliomis prediction.

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Villalobos, Jose, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Jia, Yi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus [Engineering 28] Free Battery Wireless Pressure Sensor using Parallel Plates Nowadays there is an increasing need for industrial pressure sensors and the range of operation for pressure and temperature of these devices is higher than years ago and most of these devices are used for plant regulation and control to ambient monitoring and structural health monitoring . Most existing pressure sensor do not satisfy the needs because they require physical contacts such as wires or power supply for signal communication and their operation. This work presents a novel passive wireless pressure sensor. The proposed pressure sensor has a capacitor and an inductor coil. These two components work together as an LC resonator to realize the wireless sensing and remote power. The oscillator LC consists of an inductor and a capacitor in parallel. Its operation is based on the storage of energy in the form of electric charge in the capacitor and in the form of magnetic field in the inductor. The property which we want to sense, in this case pressure, induced the variation of sensor capacitance due to sensing parameter variation. The remote reader detected this information by monitoring resonant frequency variations due to capacitance changes in response to property sensed. In the parallel plate pressure sensor, the change of capacitance is due the deformation of the dielectric material between the conductive parallel plates. For this design a polymeric liquid material will be used and it has to be soft enough to deform over a target pressure. The inductor coil will be formed by winding an isulated wire directly on the sensor to minimize the device size. The proposed sensor will be calibrated using a commercial tactile pressure sensor.

Environmental Sciences
Bonilla-Rivera, Carmen E., TURABO UNIV; Prez-Jimnez, Jos, Biologia, Universidad del Turabo [Enviromental Sciences 1] Phylogeography of Sulfate-reducing bacteria at El Yunque Rain Forest in Puerto Rico Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been found in different anoxic environments, including mangrove sediments and elfin forest soils (El Yunque 207

Rain Forest). Five life zones in El Yunque (tabonuco, palm, elfin, dry and colorado forest) are developed in an elevation gradient subjected to natural disturbance and contrasting physicochemical conditions. Our goal is to establish the structure and distribution of sulfidogenic communities throughout life zones in the rain forest. Soil samples were collected during June and December 2005 from plots at two depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm). Total genomic DNA was extracted for amplification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsrAB) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) analysis of their NdeII digests. A diverse sulfidogenic community is comprised by 451 TRF (representing 371 sizes) among the set of samples analyzed. Only sixty-five TRF (18%) are unique among samples that could be potential endemic taxa. Heterogeneity of sulfidogenic communities, represented by unique TRF, is evident among forest: Tabonuco (2.3%), palm (35%) and elfin (18%). No amplification was achieved for the Colorado and the dry forests. A clonal library was established for the elfin forest. Clones will be assigned to dsr-TRF when completed in silico digests and double-stranded sequences assemblages. Sorensens similarity Index, demonstrated approximately 29% of similarity between palm and elfin forest sulfidogenic communities and 16% when we compare both with Tabonuco. Phylogeographic data for SRB will be couple to data (gathered by Luquillo-LTER) to asses their influence as diversity drivers. The sulfidogenic communities across the elevation gradient are rich, with diverse distributional patterns that could contribute to the natural history of the ecosystem. Burgos, Sofia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ramirez, Alonso, ITES, UPR-Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 2] The Effect of Land Use on Eukarya Diversity in Stream Benthic Biofilms Changes in stream ecosystem biodiversity can result from watershed disturbances related to land use. Disturbance is known to eliminate sensitive species from biofilm communities and increase dominance of disturbanceresistant groups in impacted sites. Understanding how land use alters benthic biofilm composition is important to understand how streams respond to land use changes. In this study, 15 tropical streams were analyzed in term of their physicochemical parameters and biofilm composition along a land use gradient. Streams formed a clear gradient in conductivity, but were not clearly related to land use as originally expected. Biofilms biodiversity was analyzed for eukaryotes using molecular techniques (e.g. TRFLP) and ranged from 50 to 205 species. Biodiversity vary greatly among streams and was not related to land use. Overall, we found high variability among streams in biofilm diversity suggesting that factors at the watershed level (e.g., land use) are not the main factors controlling them.

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Concepcion, Daniel, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Hwang, Sangchul, Civil Engineering Department, UPRM; Falcon, Juan, Civil Engineering Department, UPRMayaguez [Enviromental Sciences 3] Lessons Learned from Operation of Field-Scale Small Water Purification Systems Nearly 1.8 million people die every year due to diarrhea diseases (including cholera) in developing countries, 90% of which are children under five years. The Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) provides improved drinking water and sanitation to 97% and 55% of the population, respectively. The communities that are not with the systems of the PRASA are Non-PRASA systems. 5.6% of the PR population lives in rural areas, of which 125,130 people do not have access to improved drinking water and adequate sanitation. Generally, non-PRASA communities are in rural areas of PR. Therefore, the need clearly exists to provide adequate water supply and sanitation to small, rural communities. An experimental drum filtration and disinfection system has been installed and operated in a rural community in Puerto Rico, where gravity and solar energy are the only options to power the system. Filtration consists of 3 50-gallon drums packed with 3 different sizes of sand and backwashing. Two drums are synchronized to operate, while the third drum is in stand-by after a backwashing. Water is disinfected via pre-chlorination or post-chlorination, or both. Operating parameters such as flow rates, backwashing frequency, and operation mode (i.e., parallel or series) were tested. Biochemical characteristics of the effluent such as turbidity, pH, electric conductance, total and free residual chlorine concentrations, and indicator microorganisms were monitored. Delgado, Diana, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Restrepo Carla, Department of Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras [Enviromental Sciences 4] Fluctuating asymmetry in Puerto Rican Populations of Papilionidae Butterflies The intricate vein patterns in butterflys wings are maintained by a variety of mechanisms that prevent changes during development. Among these, developmental stability stands out because of its role in the maintenance of symmetry in bilateral traits. Perfect symmetry is expected under ideal conditions, yet small random deviations from this pattern, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) may occur when developmental stability fails due to environmental stresses. The goal of this project was to evaluate variation in FA among four Puerto Rican species of butterflies within the Papilonidae and associate this variation with the characteristics of their collection sites. The specimens were photographed with a 209

digital camera, and the images were used to collect data of homologous landmarks along the wing-cell of both the fore- and hindwings using the TPS software package. Differences between the centroid size of the set of landmarks in the right and left wings were used to estimate FA. This information was entered in a GIS as an attribute of specimens with known locations. We established that variation between right and left wings in the four species corresponded to FA. FA ranged between -37.77 to 50.89 pixel units in the forewing and -18.54 to 40.05 pixel units in the hindwing. We observed one case of extreme asymmetry in an individual with an extra vein in the left but not right forewing. This extra vein resulted in the reorganization of the vein pattern, and ultimately high levels of FA. It is possible that these extreme cases of FA may be associated with reduced fitness of the individuals.

Padilla, Luis, UPR-MAYAGUEZ [Enviromental Sciences 5] Mass Media During Natural Disasters and Vulnerability of Coastal Communities: A Case Study of the San Jose Community in Mayagez, Puerto Rico This research explore how the socio-demographic characteristic of the receiver, such as resources, gender, socioeconomic class, and education, can influence hearing, understanding, believing, personalizing, and responding during a disaster. The study is not connected to any concrete flood, but appraises the general perception of floods and related events. Interview surveys were conducted for 2 regions in Mayagez, Puerto Rico: (1) San Jose community (community in coastal floods zone) and (2) Mayagez Terrace community. We selected a sample of 20 people (N=20), 10 people in San Jose community and 10 people in Mayagez Terrace. The surveys revealed that people of higher education have greater knowledge about the risks they face that people of lower education, however, do not revealed reliable information related to income. Also the survey findings reveal that 100% of San Jose respondents and 80% of Mayagez Terrace use televisions to receive local weather information, whereas 70% (Terrace and San Jose) use Local Radio; 60% y 70% in San Jose and Terraces respectively use Cable Networks; 40% and 20% use newspapers; 10% and 60% use Internet; 10% and 40% receive information for a friend, and 60% and 70% receive information for a familiar. In terms of credibility, is importantly that whoever provides greater credibility in the community of San Jose is Roberto Cortes and in Mayagez Terrace is Ada Monzn. The surveys also highlighted that people do not understand the terms used in case of disaster. The terms such as Flashflood Warning and Flashflood Watches are continuously confused, which eventually represent confusion when deciding on a possible eviction.

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Rodriguez, Nydia J., UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Dr. Baqar R. Zaidi, Marine Sciences, UPR Mayaguez [Enviromental Sciences 6] Seasonal Variation of Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Enterococcus Species in Waters and Sediments of Barceloneta-Manat, Puerto Rico Increased use of antibiotics has resulted in increased level of antibiotic resistant among bacteria that can easily transfer antibiotic resistant to other bacteria. For this reason pattern of antibiotic resistant in Enterococcus species was studied. Samples of waters and sediments were collected from Barceloneta- Manat, Puerto Rico. The sampling areas are located near big pharmaceuticals complex as well as dairy industries. Enterococcus spp. was isolated from river, estuarine and coastal water and sediments during the dry and wet periods and used as an indicator of fecal contamination as well as antibiotic resistance. Total numbers of Enterococcus spp. were determined by using selective medium and identified by standard microbial and biochemical techniques. Minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin, tetracycline and vancomycin was determined by disc diffusion method. Utilization of multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) was determined by using microplates. The number of Enterococcus spp. in river, estuarine and coastal in 2007 was compared with the samples collected during 2006. There was significant decrease in number of Enterococcus spp. in river samples this year compared to last year. However, the number of Enterococcus spp. increased in coastal water. Enterococcus faecalis was the only species common to all sampling sites during 2007. In 2007 there is also an increase in the number of Enterococcus spp. resistant to multiple antibiotics in all sampling sites. For example only 42% were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline in 2006 compared to 90 % in 2007. In April 2007 increase in number of Enterococcus spp. resistant to three antibiotic, tetracycline, penicillin and vancomycin at high concentration was observed. This may be due to unusually high concentrations of antibiotics usage reported during this period due to outbreak of disease in dairy industry.

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Geosciences
Cuevas, David, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Sherman, Clark E., Marine Sciences, UPRMayaguez; Ramirez, Wilson, Geology, UPR-Mayaguez; Chizmadia, Lysa, Geology, UPR-Mayaguez, Hubbard, Dennis, Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA [Geosciences 1] Siltation stress in fossil reef corals of the Mid-Holocene Caada Honda reef in Southwestern Dominican Republic: environmental implications and coral response The Mid-Holocene Caada Honda (CH) fossil reef, located in southwestern Dominican Republic, provides a unique opportunity to examine a well-preserved fossil coral reef that thrived in a high-sedimentation environment prior to any anthropogenic disturbance. The CH reef is only one of several reef systems that developed between 10,000 to 5,000 years ago along the margins of the former Enriquillo Bay, which at that time was a narrow basin, 85-km long per 12-km wide, bounded to the north by the Sierra de Neiba and south by the Sierra de Bahoruco. This particular location resulted in high sedimentation from the mountains towards the basin. The sedimentation events, although severe, occurred probably seasonally, during the peak of the hurricanes season as it is typical of the region today. The proximity of the mountains allowed coarsegrained sediment (i.e. sand and larger) to reach the basin. Simultaneously, the majority of the sediment consisted of CaCO3 (>70%), the source being the Neogene limestones of the Sierra de Neiba. These characteristics, therefore, allowed relatively rapid settlement of the sediment and better light penetration which permitted coral development at depths grater than 15m. Our investigations show that the reef systems in Enriquillo, particularly the CH fossil reef, developed and adapted to such conditions by growing mostly upwards to keep-up with sedimentation and rapidly rising sea-level. The reef is characterized by the high abundance of sediment-tolerant coral species and their tendency to form almost monospecific stands. Of particular interest in this study is the occurrence of sediment within fossil coral skeletons, particularly the colonies of Montastraea faveolata. In such species, thin (mm to cm-sized) bands of sediment incorporated within their skeletons can be observed and indicate episodes where the colony was almost buried by higher than usual sedimentation rates.

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Life Sciences
Caceres, Rita, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Ortiz-Zayas, Jorge, Biology, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies; Blanco, Felipe, Instituto de Biologa, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia [Life Sciences 1] Hydrology of the Temporary Pond used for Reproduction of the Endangered Species, Peltophryne Lemur Peltophryne (Bufo) lemur, is the endemic toad of Puerto Rico. It was declared an endangered species in 1987 but after more than 20 years of ongoing research and conservation efforts the species is now considered stable. Peltophryne lemur is the first amphibian to be part of the Species Survival Program formed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Currently, the only natural breeding population is located at Tamarindo ephemeral pond in Gunica State Dry-Forest in the southwest of Puerto Rico. This study was conducted in order to asses the pond conditions after reproduction events and during the growth and development of P. lemur tadpoles. Tamarindo pond was divided into 5 study sites due to possible spatial and temporal variations. Physico-chemical parameters of the pond water were studied for a period of three months. Three reproductive events were observed during 2008s rainy season, one at the end of August and two in September. A tropical depression increased water levels to a meter deep in the deepest part of the pond and reduced salinity from 5 to 1 ppm. Water temperature ranged from 24 to 37 C. Dissolved oxygen and pH were very variable during the study period. Tadpole densities ranged from 100 to 2,000 individuals. This type of study provides important information for the conservation efforts of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad. Capo, Coral, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Lasalde-Dominicci, J.A., University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus, Department of Biology [Life Sciences 2] 7-nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors are Up-Regulated After Exposure to HIV-1 gp120: Potential Implication in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Associated Dementia Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the etiological agent that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Also, arising from this disease, a significant percentage of the affected population can develop severe neurological 213

impairments of the central nervous system (CNS) that lead to dementia and peripheral neuropathy. One of these neurological diseases is know as HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD). The neurophathogenesis of this illness is yet to be characterized since the number of cells that are productively infected is relatively small and consist primarily of macrophages and microglia. However, HAD causes neuronal loss and injury. Various mechanisms have been proposed and implicate the HIV-1 coat protein, gp120 as an important factor mediating neuronal injury in the brain. It has also been shown that 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (7-nAChRs) might have an involvement in mechanisms preceding neuronal injury. To examine the potential role of 7-nAChRs in the development of HAD, we are using a transgenic mice model expressing the gp120 gene, thereby mimicking the patients condition. Using the gp120transgenic mice line, our laboratory has shown that 7-nAChRs, labeled with the specific 7-nAChRs antagonist -bungarotoxin, are upregulated in vivo on macrophages and at a central level, as shown by confocal microscopy imaging. The upregulation of the 7 nAChR in vivo could have serious implications in HIV/AIDS ranging from neurodegeneration to inflammation in HIV-infected patients. The results from these experiments could lead to novel therapeutic strategies that would increase life expectancy and also enhance cognitive deficit and overall quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS. Conde-Costas, Carlos, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Conde-Costas, Carlos, Natural Sciences/Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras; Ortiz-Zayas, Jorge, Natural Sciences,/Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 3] Nitrogen Dynamics in a Tropical Cave Sream The ongoing global change in the amount of nitrogen cycling in the biosphere forecast serious impacts to the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Excessive inputs of nitrogen can eutrophy freshwater ecosystems and represents a major threat to estuaries and coastal waters, where nitrogen is usually the limiting nutrient to algae growth. Karst landscapes occupy about 20 percent of the earths land surface and are characterized by subsurface drainage where linkages between groundwater, cave and surface streams are very strong. The way that nitrogen is transported and transformed along cave streams will have a direct and significant influence in the quality of karst surface streams and basin ecological processes. Nitrogen dynamics along a tropical cave stream that receives a constant input of nitrogen-rich organic material in the form of bat guano is currently investigated at El Convento Cave-Spring System, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico. Preliminary findings suggests an efficient removal of nitrogen from the water column in the surveyed cave stream, while the documented relative composition of nitrogen forms suggests an optimum and efficient nitrification and 214

denitrification process. The detected relative stability between nitrate inputs and outputs suggest that nitrogen export is favored over retention and that nitrogen cycling is sustained at a near equilibrium condition. Dvila, Catalina, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Bonilla, Natasha, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales; Cuevas, Janice, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales; Marcos, Patricia, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales, Rosado, Jorge, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales; Dvila, Catalina, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales; Toranzos, Gary Antonio, Biologa/Ciencias Naturales [Life Sciences 4] Prevalence of Enterophagues as Indicators of Fecal Pollution in Tropical Waters Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis have been used as indicators of fecal contamination as well as the possible presence of enteric pathogens in different types of water. High concentrations of E. coli and E. faecalis have been detected in recreational waters, sands and flies on tropical beaches in the absence of contamination, suggesting that these microorganisms are part of the normal microbiota, negating their role as indicators of pollution. The use of bacteriophages (virus that infect bacterias) and specifically coliphages (virus that infects E.coli) has been proposed as alternate indicators. However, previous studies were not successful in the detection of viruses that infect E. faecalis. Our laboratory has developed methods for the detection and characterization of what we have called enterophages. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of these enterophages in different types of water and sands in Puerto Rico and Montserrat to determine if they can be used as alternate indicators of water pollution. Enterophages were detected in untreated and treated sewage in Montserrat and Puerto Rico at concentrations of 4.0 to 660 PFU/100mL. Some beaches in Puerto Rico were positive for the presence of these viruses at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 521 PFU/100mL. Enterophages were not found in flies, suggesting that they dont replicate at ambient temperatures. Sewage treatment plants were shown to remove between 76% to 100% of the influent concentrations. We concluded that enterophages are good candidates as indicators of fecal contamination because they do not seem to be part of the environmental microbiota. They can be detected by simple, cheap and faster methods than those used for current bacterial or viral indicators. We are also proposing them as model viruses to study the behavior of human enteric viruses in the environment.

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Delgado, Manuel, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Carrasquillo, Onelys, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras; Emmanuelli, Lilliana, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras; Madera, Bismark, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras, Gomez, Christopher, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago; Lasalde-Dominicci, Jose, Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 5] Alcohol Promotes Kinetic Alterations on Acetylcholine Receptors in a Model of Slow-Channel Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome The slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndromes (SCCMS) are heterogeneous disorders arising from presynaptic, synaptic or postsynaptic mutations that alter synaptic neuromuscular transmission. This syndrome is characterized by delayed closure of the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) ion channel and degeneration in the neuromuscular junction. Genetic and structural studies revealed mutations in AChR subunit genes that alter its kinetic properties by increasing or decreasing the response to acetylcholine. In vitro studies, demonstrate that the V249F exhibit increased channel openings in the absence of acetylcholine, prolonged openings in its presence and enhanced steady-state desensitization. Peripheral nicotinic AChR, like ligand gated ion channels found in the central nervous system, are sensitive to alcohols. Anecdotic evidence suggests that CMS patients consumed alcohol frequently. To investigate the role of alcohol in V249F, we used in vivo models of SCCMS exposed acutely or chronically to ethanol (EtOH), and assess them by extracellular recordings and fluorescent imaging. After EtOH treatment, miniature end-plate current (MEPC) analysis reveals that acute exposure prolongs decay time and peak amplitude whereas chronic decrease it. Moreover, rise time increase was observed after acute and chronic EtOH treatment while frequency decrement was only observed acutely. Finally, confocal imaging studies of neural end-plates demonstrated that EtOH (0.1%) treatment provokes no changes in volume or end-plate number, but a significant decrease in intensity. These results suggest that EtOH provokes dose-dependent kinetic alterations in terms of decay time and peak amplitude that may affect V249F function. The intensity reduction implies that the neuromuscular junction is loosing functional receptors.

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Daz, Madeline, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Santana, Dianichia, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus; Ortiz, Jos, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus; Rosado, Arelys, of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus, del Pilar, Joselyn, of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus; Vega, Esther Z., of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus; Guadalupe, Ana R., of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 6] Development of a Nucleic Acid Biosensor for the Electrochemical Detection of Salmonella Waterborne and foodborne diseases are one of the principal public health problem worldwide. Our particular interest is the development of nucleic acid biosensors (NAB) for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food and water samples. In a NAB, a ss-nucleic acid sequence is used as a probe to identify a complementary target sequence (the analyte). The probe sequence is attached to an electrode surface and the hybridization event is then signaled using an electroactive label. In this research, we report on the development of a NAB prototype using a polymer modified electrode surface together with electroactive ferrocene (Fc) derivative. To test this prototype, we are using a 158 bp PCR product of the OmpC gene from Salmonella as our probe. This PCR product has been modified to anchor it in a polystyrene-modified carbon surface as an electrode. The hybridization step is detected by looking at the Fc redox process. We have been able to synthesize several PS films and to anchor nucleic acid sequences with different lengths at gold and carbon surfaces. The hybridization event has been detected electrochemically by the conventional method, which is modifying the target with Fc-CCOH and with the Fc-PEG conjugate. We observed a small current at the potential for the Fc oxidation without signal amplification. We hypothesize that a Glucose Oxidase-Glucose enzyme system will augment the electrochemical signal. Once the best conditions are found, we will concentrate our efforts to build the sensor and to determine its analytical characteristics and potential for real-world applications.

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Figuerola, Cielo, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Rivera-Melndez, Jos A., Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras; Yu, Mei, Biology-ITES, UPR-Rio Piedras; Govender, Yogani, Biology-CATEC, UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 7] A Multidisciplinary Approach Towards Understanding the Distribution and Abundance of the Land Crab (Cardisoma Guanhumi) in Puerto Rico The blue land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi, is commonly found in coastal areas in the tropics and sub-tropics. The population size of C. guanhumi in Puerto Rico has never been estimated but it is believed it has been decreasing due to excessive harvesting and habitat loss. The objectives proposed for this project included 1) developing a map showing the distribution of the burrows of the blue land crab in the San Juan Bay Estuary area (SJBE), 2) evaluating the relationship between the distribution and location of C. guanhumi with the habitat vegetation type at a landscape level and 3) evaluating the relationship between the distance of the burrows that C. guanhumi inhabits and the coastline. Using coordinates obtained by Govender (2007) from the population established in the SJBE, maps were constructed using ArcGIS 9.2 to show the spatial distribution of the land crab, to classify the vegetation and land cover type per burrow and to construct distance buffer zones from the coastline. Urban and barren land cover types contained the majority of the burrows (25 %). This suggested that blue land crabs posses a resilient adaptation to disturbed areas where vegetation cover is limited or inexistent. The majority of the burrows (48 %) were constructed within a distance of 1,000 m from the coast. This observation suggested that factors such as the shallow water table level, larvae saltwater requirements and a reduction in their reproductive cost, influence the distance and location of the burrows. Melndez-Ackermean, Elvia, ITES,

Fumero, Jose J., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 8]

Reproductive Phenology of Guaiacum Sanctum The phenology of tropical dry forest plants is very complex due to the fact that the observed phonological pattern is the interplay between the climate (i.e., seasonality), micro-site variation in water availability and plant adaptation to manage water stress. Dry forest plants show different phenological strategies to deal with the seasonality in water availability. The study species is Guaiacum sanctum (locally known as Guayacn Blanco) is a slow growing but important timber tree species of the dry forests in the neotropics. It is considered a threatened species and is listed in Appendix II of CITES. The study sites are the 218

Gunica Dry Forest and Mona Island Reserve. We performed observations to document the phenological behavior of this tree species by scoring the changes we observed on the crowns on year 2008. We found the species behaved as a leaf interchanger. The species drop senescent leaf, flush new leaf and flower simultaneously in the dry season. Observed flowering peaks were in February and April and fruits take almost four months to develop. Fruit ripe and seeds are dispersed by birds at the beginning of the wet season on late August. Knowledge on reproductive phenology is important to understand the reproduction and pollination ecology of this endangered tree species from the dry forest. Ballantine, David L., Marine

Lozada-Troche, Chad, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Sciences, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 9]

Two New Red Algal Species (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Puerto Rico Within the last ten years approximately ten new Rhodymeniales species have been described from Puerto Rico. The newly described species belong to the genera Botryocladia, Champia, Chrysymenia and Halichrysis, all classified in the family Rhodymeniaceae within the order Rhodymeniales. Continuing study of the marine algal flora of Puerto Rico has resulted in recognition of a new genus, initially considered to be Chrysymenia on the basis of morphological characters. In addition a new Chamaebotrys species has also been recognized which represents the first occurrence of the genus in the Atlantic Ocean. Molecular data from the 18s gene provided evidence for inclusion of both the new genus and the new Chamaebotrys species as members of the Erythrocolon group within the Family Rhodymeniaceae.

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Malave, Josue, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Rios Velazquez, Carlos, Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Toro Ramos, Alana, Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Fry, Rebecca, Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Samson, Leona, 2Biological Engineering Division and Center for Environmental Health Sciences-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge [Life Sciences 10] Development of a High-Throughput System to Monitor the Global Dynamics of Sub-cellular Localization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteome Upon Exposure to an Alkylating Agent Exposure to a variety of toxic agents can cause serious damage to DNA and to the cellular machinery required to ensure cellular recovery and survival. In order to understand how cells deals with environmental disturbances such as DNA damage agents, data from transcriptional profiling, sub-cellular localization, interactome mapping and genomic phenotyping approaches have been collected, merged, and analyzed computationally. However a more detailed approach is needed for complete description and prediction of whole cell modulation in response to stimuli. Here we describe a high-throughput system using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome gfp fusion library to analyze global proteome dynamics after treatment with the DNA damaging agent Methyl Methane Sulfonate (MMS) to accomplish two major goals: (1) to monitor subcellular localization and (2) to monitor protein abundance. Two GFP tagged mutants were chosen as controls to validate the monitoring system: (1) Rnr2GFP, (Ribonucleotide Reductase) previously reported to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after treatment with a DNA damaging agents and (2) Gtt2-GFP, (Glutathione transferase) Growth curves and cell counts were performed to determine the optimum physiological phase and inoculum size in which MMS-induced changes could be detected. The localization of the gfp tagged proteins was analyzed (before and after fixing with formaldehyde) using the compartment-specific fluorochrome dye Hoechst and several microscopy approaches including fluorescent and high resolution microscopy (Delta Vision). Quantification of the entire S. cerevisiae gfp library to such changes in a 96 well plate arrangement is being completed using a Bio-imaging Cellomics microscope.

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Ocasio Torres, Mara, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Lori Hosaka LaPlante, Saint Anselm College, New Hampshire; Brian Penney, Saint Anselm College, New Hampshire; Jason R. Friedman, Shoals Marine Laboratory, Cornell University [Life Sciences 11] The Relative Role of Nematocysts in Nudibranch Defense Aeolid nudibranchs shell-less marine snails can sequester and maintain functional nematocysts from their cnidarian prey. Such kleptocnidae are often described as being a potent defense; however, there is little direct evidence for this function. A major problem in testing the defensive efficacy of kleptocnidae is separating their contribution from those of other potential defenses, especially given that the dorsal structures housing kleptocnidae, the cerata, also host numerous chemical secretory glands which may have defensive functions. The objective of our investigation was to test which of these tactics (nematocysts or chemical secretions) aeolid nudibranchs use to scare predators away. We used Flabellina verrucosa and a fish predator, cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) as the subjects of this experiment. Cunner is a visual predator known for its opportunistic behaviors (Mills et al., 2003). As part of this project, we also tested the feeding behavior of cunner and their learning ability to the nudibranchs defenses. For each cunner, we videotaped two trials in which we fed the cunner either a mussel in both trials (n=5) or a nudibranch in both trials (n=). If F. verrucosa was unpalatable to fish, we expected the fish to take fewer bites than against control food. If learning occurred, we expected the amount of time from discovery to first attack on prey to increase in the experimental group. Only one fish ate a nudibranch in the second trial (p=0.024) and, on average, the fish took longer to bite the nudibranchs than the mussels (p=0.0060). To test the effect of kleptocnidae on palatability, we offered cunner either a stripped nudibranch (n=5), or a control nudibranch (n=3). All nudibranchs were attacked and sampled, and stripped nudibranchs were sampled significantly more times than control slugs (p=0.031). No nudibranchs were actually consumed in either treatment, indicating that nudibranchs lacking kleptocnidae have other effective defenses. To test for potential chemical defense, we offered cunner artificial food treated with either F, verrucosa extract (n=5) or a control with solvent alone (n=5). All but one cunner rejected the treated food while all ate the control food (p=0.024), suggesting that this nudibranch species possesses an effective chemical deterrent. These combined observations demonstrate that F. verrucosa uses a combination of defense mechanisms against fish such as cunner.

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Olivera, Lening, Ponce School of Medicine; Devin Mueller, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413; Daniel S. Pine, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA 208172670; Gregory J. Quirk, Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine [Life Sciences 12] The Effects of Yohimbine and Amphetamine on Fear Expression and Extinction in Rats Rationale: Psychostimulants, such as yohimbine and amphetamine, can enhance learning and memory. Extinction of conditioned fear involves new learning, so we asked whether psychostimulants could enhance this learning. Previous work suggests that yohimbine facilitates extinction, using freezing as a fear measure. However, psychostimulant-induced alterations in locomotion can confound freezing measurements. Furthermore, the effects of amphetamine on fear extinction have never been examined. Objective: We evaluated the effectiveness of yohimbine and amphetamine in enhancing fear extinction. In addition to freezing, we measured bar-press suppression, which is less sensitive to changes in locomotion. We asked: Do psychostimulants reduce fear during extinction training, when drug is present? Does learning extinction with psychostimulants result in better extinction retention? Methods: Rats received fear conditioning on day 1 followed by partial extinction training on days 2 and 3. Yohimbine (1.0, 2.0 or 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle were injected prior to extinction on day 2. Results: Yohimbine dose-dependently reduced freezing during extinction training on day 2, whereas bar-press suppression was reduced at the highest dose only. When tested drug-free, yohimbine-treated rats showed equivalent levels of freezing and suppression to controls. Amphetamine also decreased freezing during extinction, but did not decrease suppression. During the drug-free test, there was no difference between amphetamine-treated rats and controls in either measure. Conclusions: Although yohimbine and amphetamine are capable of decreasing freezing, neither drug strengthens retention of fear extinction. Based on these findings, psychostimulants may not be suitable adjuncts to extinction-based therapies for treatment of anxiety disorders.

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Pantoja-Feliciano, Ida Gisela, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Dominguez-Bello, Maria Gloria, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Ro Piedras Campus [Life Sciences 13] Detecting Vertical Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Absence of Antibiotics Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics and hosts can carry a reservoir of resistant bacteria in their microbiome, even not consuming antibiotics. It is unclear if resistant bacteria can colonize new hosts that have never consumed antibiotics. The objective of this study is to investigate whether tetracycline resistance genes can, in the absence of antibiotics, be vertically transferred from mothers to the young mice. FVB mice stool samples were collected from mothers before pregnancy and after giving birth, and feces were also collected from the offspring from day 3 (intestines resected) to day 21 after birth. Preliminary results confirmed presence of Tet(W), Tet(O) and Tet(Q), but not of Tet(M), in the intestine of the mothers and of the offspring of 21 days. We are controlling for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the mice feed, so far negative. These preliminarily results strongly suggests vertical transfer of tetracycline resistance genes from the mother. We are currently examining the samples from the offspring mice of at ages 3 and 9 days in order to determine how early occurs this transmission. Rodriguez, Carlos A., UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Alberto Lopez Torres, Asuntos Ambientales, UMET; Hector J. Claudio, Escuelo de Derechos, UPR-RP; Rafael L. Joglar, Department of Biology, UPR-Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 14] Nesting Site Manipulations, and Population Densities of the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) Non-indigenous species have been recognized as a threat to global biodiversity, after habitat destruction and fragmentation. Green Iguanas are native to Central and South America, and were introduced to Puerto Rico through the pet trade in the 70s. In Puerto Rico, population densities are at 223 individuals per hectare. The purpose of this project was to determine the population densities of green iguanas and to test the usefulness of egg extraction or management. To determine population densities we surveyed two 1 km transects, (1)El Parque Lineal (PL) in San Juan, and (2) at Las Cabezas de San Juan (CSJ) in Fajardo, From Dec 2007- Dec 2008. The excavations were from April-May 2008, when we remove eggs and use them for compost. Population densities increased at PL, with 80 individuals per hectare on December 2007, and 110 individuals per hectare on December 2008. On the other hand population densities for CSJ 223

appear to have decreased with 86 individuals on December 2007 and 63 individual per hectare for December 2008. A total of 1010 eggs were excavated from CSJ. Even though population densities at CSJ decreased, we do not believe it was a consequence egg removal, since juveniles reintegrate into the population two years after hatching. Observed decreases in population densities were probably consequences of other population dynamics (ex. intra-specific competition) not measured with this methodology. Removal of eggs seems to be a sound management practice; nevertheless it is technique that requires longterm application and funding. Ruiz, Francheska, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Life Sciences 15] How to mark small frogs? A new take on a previously used technique. Marking animals in general is an important tool to be able to study and understand their populations. Small animals present s a challenge as most techniques are either designed for large animals or are way too expensive to make a study cost efficient. For frogs the challenge is even greater as no technique that involves the surface of the skin can be applied as frogs breathe and absorbs water from the environment through their skin. Techniques exits that involve using color polymers that are inserted under the skin. The problem with this technique is that the polymers have only a life of an hour which makes it field application complicated. The new take on this technique involves inserting fluorescent tattoo dye in the hind limbs of the frogs on the ventral and dorsal side with a small insulin needle for a total of 10 combinations per color and 12 combinations when applying two colors. During a six month study the marking technique does not seem to affect growth rates or weight gain of individuals from all age classes and sexes. Individuals have been found with the marks up to five months after its application. This new application will allow for the application of mark-recapture studies of small animals which allows for better and more complete populations studies.

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Santiago, Tasha, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Bonilla, Natasha, Environmental Microbiology, UPR Rio Piedras; Urdaneta, Miguel, Microbiology, UPR Rio Piedras, Toranzos, Gary, Environmental Microbiology, UPR Rio Piedras [Life Sciences 16] Developing Detection Methods for the Characterization of Enterophages as Microbial Indicators of Water Contamination One way of introducing infectious microorganisms into recreational waters and other water sources is through the discharge of animal feces. Microbial indicators are used to detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial indicators are commonly used, yet the use of bacteriophages as viral indicators is attractive because of their morphological and biochemical similarities to enteric viral pathogens. The aim of the present study is to develop methods to characterize a viral indicator of water contamination which can provide a faster and easier way for detecting risks concerning public health. The presence of bacteriophages that infect Enterococcus faecalis has been detected in local and international recreational waters. In contrast to proposed viral indicators, enterophages have been isolated, purified, characterized using less expensive media and detected 4-6 hours after incubation, making risk management easier if accepted as a microbial indicator. The protocols for enterophage characterization included the determination of the optimum concentration of cationic components for the absorption of the phage by the host. The preeminent concentrations of NaNO3 and ClCa2 for enterophage growth were 2.09 g / 10mL and 2.6 mg / 10mL, respectively. These salts facilitate the absorption of the enterophage and inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Viral plaques were visible at concentrations of 1.5% agar and at 37 but notably clearer at concentrations of C, 0.75% agar and at 41 As part of the characterization, burst sizes of each C. isolate were determined to range from 100-100,000 phages per bacterial cell. Transmission Electron Microscopy was used to morphologically characterize the enterophages. Characterization results show that enterophages vary in shapes (some are icosahedral and others posses tail) and sizes (20-30nm to 80-100nm). Future experiments need to be done to determine biochemical and other characteristics of enterophages.

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Seda Mir, Jasmine, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Govind, Nadathur S., Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez [Life Sciences 17] Genetic heterogeneity of iron transport gene FET3 in Debaryomyces hansenii strains Phenotypic differences among strains of Debaryomyces hansenii, a marine yeast with significant biotechnological applications, may be an indication of genetic heterogeneity. However, current studies lack knowledge on the extent of the genetic divergence among strains and its possible role on a functional level. Genetic variations between D. hansenii strains CBS767T and J26 were compared using DNA sequences of 18S rDNA and FET3, an important gene associated with iron transport and riboflavin production. We also report heterogeneity of the FET3 gene in other strains of D. hansenii as compared to CBS767T and J26 using RFLP analysis. These genetic differences may have a role to play in the responses of this organism to environmental stress. Soto, Kristina, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Visscher, Pieter, Marine Science, University of Connecticut; Ros- Velzquez, Carlos, Biology, University of Puerto RicoMayaguez [Life Sciences 18] Isolation and Characterization of Purple Non-Sulfur Anoxyphototrophs Bacteria from Tropical Hypersaline Microbial Mats in the Cabo Rojo Salterns of Puerto Rico Purple non-sulfur anoxyphototrophic bacteria (PNSA) are a diverse group of microbes with versatile physiological traits. As part of the microbial community present in tropical Hypersaline Microbial Mats (THMMs), they are exposed to seasonal changes, such as pluvial precipitation, as well as oxygen and sulfur variations. We are interested in studying the diversity of this group in THMMs. This research seeks to isolate and characterize the PNSA present in young and mature mats from two sites at the Cabo Rojo Saltern THMMs during the dry season and rainy season. To identify PNSA, mats were dissected and the three layers were separated, the pink layer was cultured in liquid and solid media. All samples were incubated anaerobically in the presence of light and colonies showed the characteristic reddish bloom. The colonies were characterized microscopically, biochemically and molecularly. During the two seasons, 23 PNSA were isolated; 15 and 8 from mature and young mats, respectively. All the isolates were gram-negative straight and spiral rods of variable sizes. Spectral and molecular analysis suggests the presence of characteristic bacteriochlorophylls peaks (800 and 850nm). The presence of a photosynthetic 226

apparatus was also confirmed molecularly by amplifying and sequencing the pufM gene. Sequencing of 16S rDNA and further in silico analysis suggests the presence of the genus Rhodospirillum, as well as various unidentified members of the Rhodospirillaceae family, including several unidentified APB similar to Vibrio sp. Torres, Irimar, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Adel Gonzlez, Biology, UPR-Mayaguez; Christian Castro, Biology, UPR-Mayaguez; Lynn Williamson, Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Heather K. Green,, Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Lylliam Casillas, Biology, UPR-Humacao; Carlos Rios Velzquez, Biology, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 19] Generation of High Molecular Weight Metagenomic Libraries from a Young Tropical Hypersaline Microbial Mat on the Dry and Rainy Seasons Metagenomics is the culture-independent study of microbial genomes present in any environment or organism using a sequence-based or function-based analysis. The generation of metagenomic libraries (the direct cloning of total DNA) is the key tool to access microorganisms' genetic traits and their screening for desired biological activities has led to the discovery of genes and gene products with potential biotechnological and industrial applications. Seawater and soil were the first environments subjected to metagenomics; however extreme environments have also been studied with this technique. Our research is focused on generating the first large-insert metagenomic libraries from a young tropical hypersaline microbial mat (Fraternidad) on the dry and rainy seasons. This type of ecosystems harbors high biological diversity for which they are valuable sources of novel activities. To generate the metagenomic libraries, high molecular weight environmental DNA was indirectly obtained by the isolation of microbial cells and their subsequent lysis within agarose plugs. The DNA was electrophoresed from the plugs and electroeluted for subsequent cloning. Inserts of more than 25 Kbp were purified, cloned into the fosmid pCC1FOS and packed in vitro by lambda particles which transfected the appropriate strain. Two metagenomic libraries were generated one from dry and rainy seasons with 30,000 and 1,400 clones, respectively. The inserts sizes ranged from 25-50 Kbp. Our future directions include the screening of the libraries for heavy metal resistance and protease activity.

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Torres_Pratts, Hernn, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Schizas, Nikolaos, Marine Science, UPR-Mayaguez [Life Sciences 20] Phylogeny of the Mithrax-Mithraculus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majidae) crab complex Since the erection of the genus Mithraculus from species of the genus Mithrax by White (1847), Mithraculus has been inconsistently regarded as a different genus or as a subgenus or even a synonym of Mithrax. Recently, the morphological work of Wagner (1990) suggested that Mithrax and Mithraculus should be addressed as two distinct genera. He stated that the group of species that comprise Mithraculus was distinctive enough from Mithrax to segregate them in the different genus. Our study aims to clarify phylogenetically if Mithraculus is distinct enough to form a genus or is a synonym or a subgenus of Mithrax. Here we present the phylogeny of western Atlantic species of both genera based on sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Our preliminary results of the mitochondrial genes support the traditional morphological subdivision of Mithrax and Mithraculus as different genera. Nuclear genes contain less resolution to differentiate species relationships of the two genera. The molecular findings support previous morphological work by White (1847) and Wagner (1990) who stated that Mithrax and Mithraculus should be addressed as two separated genera.

Mathematics
Almodvar, Edgard, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Piedras [Mathematics 1] Exploratory Data Analysis on the Hawksbill Turtle The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, is a species of marine turtles of the family Cheloniidae which is critically endangered, borderline of becoming extinct as declared by the World Conservation Union. It is the only species in its genus, with great migratory patterns, with its spatial-localization distribution focused in the tropical reefs in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic ocean. Data has been collected for many individual hawksbill turtles, focused on the subspecies Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata which can be found in the Atlantic ocean and the Caribbean. The data retrieved is a frame concentrating on anatomical and physical aspects, such as shell curvature length, age, and eclosion. Survival 228 Prez, Mara Egle, UPR-Rio

analysis depends on many factors, and since this is frontier work, little prior information known about this species. Therefore, exploratory data analysis has been done to introduce hypotheses that may be of interest to study and facilitate future examination of survival analysis. Guzman, Haydee, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Dr. Janwa, Heeralal, Mathematics Department, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras [Mathematics 2] Edwards Curve Over Finite Fields Of Characteristic 2^m And Their Zeta Functions. Edwards curve over a finite field K of characteristic 2 is called the Binary Edwards Curve and is defined as the affine curve satisfying the equation: d1(x+y)+d2(x2+y2)=xy+xy(x+y)+x2y2 where d1, d2 are elements of the field K with d10 and d2d12+d1. Ordinary elliptic curves over finite fields of characteristic 2m are birationally equivalent to Edwards curves over finite fields of characteristic 2m, see [1]. In this poster will be described what Edwards curves over finite fields of characteristic 2m are, present some of their properties and calculate their zeta functions. Hernandez, Mariely, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS [Mathematics 3] Bayesian Analysis of Movement After Release for Headstarted Mona Island Iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri) The endemic Mona Island iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri), is an endangered species that exhibits low density, low relative abundance of young iguanas and an skewed age distribution. Since 1999, a headstarting program has been implemented to increase the effective population size of this species. As part of the evaluation of this program, Bayesian models are used for analyzing trajectories of released individuals. These models incorporate releasing sites sex and body mass at release time as explanatory variables. We expect that the outcome of this analysis will help to determine if future modifications in release strategies are needed in order to improve success rates of current conservation programs.

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Molina, Sandro, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Guihua Gong (Advisor) [Mathematics 4] Torsion on the K_0-Group of a Recursive Subhomogeneous Algebra In this work we show that the K_0-group of a recursive subhomogeneous algebra with local spectrum consisting of 1-dimensional simplicial complexes is torsion free. As a corollary we get the corresponding result for subhomogeneous algebras with the same type of local spectra. Nadal, Mnica, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Marcano, Mariano, Department of Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras Campus [Mathematics 5] Parameter Estimation in Mathematical Models of Renal Na-K-2Cl Cotransporters Nonlinear optimization approaches were used to compute rate constants for mathematical models of renal sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters. The optimization consisted of minimizing the distance between model unidirectional fluxes and experimental fluxes published for three different forms of this cotransporter. These forms of cotransporter, or isoforms, differ in their physical and chemical properties and in their location within the renal system. Taking into consideration some symmetry assumptions, a model with six unknown parameters was fitted to experimental data for each isoform. Because the used optimization method is locally convergent, an exploration of the parameter space was performed by generating a uniformly distributed set of initial iterates. Different parameter sets with almost similar residual values were found in this exploration, suggesting that the set that best fits the experimental data is not necessarily unique. For the optimal parameters, the model half-maximal effective concentrations for the three isoforms were found to be within the ranges of reported experimental values. These models can be significantly important for future research related to the function, regulation, and pathophysiology of Na-K2Cl cotransporters within the renal system. Keywords: Nonlinear optimization; Na-K-2Cl cotransporter; Thick ascending limb of Henle; Mathematical models Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by NIH grant number SC1GM084744.

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Ruiz, Claudia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Toledo-Hernandez Carlos, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Marcano Mariano, Department of Computer Sciencie,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus; Sabat Alberto, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Bayman Paul, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus [Mathematics 6] A Mathematical Model for the Interaction Between a Sea Fan Colony, Its Immune System, and a Potential Pathogen We present a mathematical model to study the interaction between a sea fan colony and its immune system. We assume that there is an invading agent who can turn into pathogen. The model assumes that: (1) the polyps are the main unit of the coral; (2) the population of polyps is homogonously distributed through the colony, and thus we consider a single compartment of the colony; (3) there is only one pathogen; and (4) the immune system is activated by a signal. When polyps detect a signal representing an insult or attack, stem cell precursors differentiate into humoral cells and amoebocyte cells, both of which are involved in defense against the pathogen. The interaction between the considered populations is described by a system of ordinary differential equations. The model presents a stable free-infection solution when the birth rate of polyps is greater than its rate of mortality and the amount of stem cells is greater than its rate of natural mortality. Keywords: sea fan, immune system, invading agent, pathogen.

Physics
Asmat, Martin, UPR-MAYAGUEZ; Singh, Surinder, Engineering Science and Materials, UPR-Mayaguez; Tomar, Maharaj, Physics, UPR-Mayaguez; Perales, Oscar, Engineering Science and Materials, UPR-Mayaguez [Physics 1] Synthesis and Characterization of P-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides Recently, delafossite materials with ABO2 structure where, A is monovalent cation and B is trivalent cation, have attracted a great deal of interest as p-type transparent conductors, thermoelectric materials and also as dilute magnetic semiconductors. These transparent semiconductors have wide applications in optoelectronic devices such as transparent diodes, transparent electrodes, functional windows and solar cells. We report preliminary studies on structural 231

and optical properties of AgCoO2 thin films deposited using RF Magnetron Sputtering technique with varying argon pressure and temperature. X-rays diffraction studies reveals the delafossite structure with well defined (006), (012) and (104) diffraction planes. The band gap of these films has been found to 3.9 eV with a 60% transmission in visible region using Uv-Visible spectroscopy. The electrical transport properties for conductivity and carrier concentration are in progress and will be discussed during the presentation. Burgos, Juan, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Velev, Julian [Physics 2] Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Ferroelectric Barriers Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), composed of two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by a thin insulating barrier layer, are currently used in spintronic devices, such as magnetic sensors and magnetic random access memories. Recently, driven by demonstrations of ferroelectricity at the nanoscale, thin-film ferroelectric barriers were proposed to extend the functionality of MTJs. Due to the sensitivity of conductance to the magnetization alignment of the electrodes (tunneling magnetoresistance) and the polarization orientation in the ferroelectric barrier (tunneling electroresistance), these multiferroic tunnel junctions (MFTJs) may serve as four-state resistance devices. On the basis of first-principles calculations, four resistance states in SrRuO3/BaTiO3/SrRuO3 MFTJs with asymmetric interfaces are demostrated. It is found that the resistance of such a MFTJ is significantly changed when the electric polarization of the barrier is reversed and/or when the magnetizations of the electrodes are switched from parallel to antiparallel. These results reveal the exciting prospects of MFTJs for application as multifunctional spintronic devices. Carpena, Jennifer, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Fonseca, Luis F., Physics Department, University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras; Resto, Oscar, Physics Department, University of Puerto Rico Ro Piedras [Physics 3] Development of a Field Emission Measurement Setup for Future and Further Studies of Nano-Field Emitters Electron field emission mechanisms are currently used in many technologies. It is of my interest, in the future, to synthesize nanostructures of greater stability and higher efficiency on field emission applications, to determine relevant physical properties of these materials such as electrical transport properties, thermal

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conductivity and mechanical stability and to test them for their field emission response. For such goal, I intend to leverage on the expertise previously developed in my research laboratory on two materials: multibranched carbon nanostructures and Chromium silicide. The development of methods for the growth by e-beam irradiation of multi-branched nanoscale materials (carbon nanotrees) and the growth of highly conductive CrSi2 wires has been started by three other NaSLab students. It is my job to follow previous studies on these materials, as well as to exploit other possible materials, such as cobalt and iron silicide. However, for this goal to be accomplished, it is my first task to develop a field emission measurement setup, which will enable us to conduct field emission measurements of the materials in 2-D. We are currently under the stage of developing this setup for further and future usage. Karan, Naba, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Saavedra-Arias Jose, Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico; Thomas Reji, Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico; Katiyar Ram, Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico [Physics 4] Structural and Electrochemical Performance of Layered Li(Mn0.5-xCr2xNi0.5x)O2 Cathode Materials In the present work, we describe the synthesis of layered Li[Mn0.5-xCr2xNi0.5-x]O2 (0< 2x <0.2), (Mn/Ni = 1) by a solution route. The morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characterization of these oxides was conducted in coin. The structures were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the redox behavior of the various electrochemically active species was studied by X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), which provides information on the electronic structure (oxidation states) and site symmetries. All major diffraction peaks in the XRD patterns of LiMn0.5-xCr2xNi0.5-xO2 were indexed based on a hexagonal unit cell with space group R3 m . SEM micrographs showed that with increasing chromium substitution, the particle size increased. Electrochemical data at 30o C in the 3 to 4.3 V range vs. Li/Li+ shows that charge capacity increases with increasing Cr content. The discharge capacity, however, showed a maximum value for the 2x = 0.05 oxide. Both charge and discharge capacity decreased with increasing chromium concentration when the cells were cycled in the voltage range 3 - 4.8 V at both 30 and 55o C. Nevertheless, there was considerable amount of irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle in both voltage ranges. The composition with 2x = 0.05 delivered higher capacity for all cycles than other compositions. 233

The XANES data showed that nickel, chromium and manganese are present predominantly in the divalent, trivalent and tetravalent states, respectively in the as-prepared samples. On electrochemical delithiation (~ 145 mAhg-1 capacity), the charge compensation is accomplished by simultaneous oxidation of Ni+2 and Cr+3 ions - ~ 15% of total Cr3+ oxidizes to Cr6+ and the remaining capacity comes from nickel center (presumably by Ni2+/Ni3+ and Ni3+/Ni4+ redox couples); while the oxidation state of manganese remained unchanged.

Ortega, Nora Patricia, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Kumar Ashok, Physics, University of PUerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus; Katiyar ram, Physics, University of PUerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus; Rinaldi Carlos, Chemical Engineering-University of PUerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus [Physics 5] Dynamic Temperature Dependent Magneto-Electric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/CoFe2O4 layered nanostructure Coupling in

The temperature dependent dielectric constant and polarization were lower, and the magnetization was enhanced for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/CoFe2O4 (PZT/CFO) layered nanostructure as temperature decreased from 400 K to 100 K. The temperature dependent real part of the dielectric constant illustrated step like behavior, whereas the imaginary part gave a relaxation peak near the step maxima temperature. We observed a slow decrease in the polarization from 300 K to 200 K, complete collapse of polarization at ~ 100 K, and complete recovery of polarization during heating, which was repeatable over hundreds of different experiments. Remanent magnetization of the layered nanostructure was three times higher at 100 K than at room temperature. A slow enhancement in remanent (internal) magnetization on lowering the temperature switched the polarization slowly until it collapsed. Similar phenomena has been observed in magnetite TbMnO3 (T. Kimura et al. Nature 426, 55 (2003)) and MnWO4 (B. Kundys et al. Physical Review B 77, 172402 (2008)) single crystals but, unlike the present case, in these systems the process was abrupt and limited to small temperature regions. The temperature dependent polarization and magnetization were different from the parent layer, indicating the improper ferroelectric-like nature of the layered nanostructures. The fatigue test displayed almost 0-20 % deterioration in polarization for 108 cycles, similar to PZT thin films.

234

Saavedra, Jose Javier, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Karan, Naba, Department of Physics, UPR-Rio Piedras; Torres, Loraine, Department of Physics, UPR-Rio Piedras; Thomas, Reji, Department of Physics, UPR-Rio Piedras, Ishikawa, Yasuyuki, Department of Chemistry, UPR-Rio Piedras; Katiyar, Ram, Department of Physics, UPR-Rio Piedras [Physics 6] First Principles Computational Studies and Structural Behavior on Layered Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries. Li-ion battery industry is searching for cathode materials alternative to currently used LiCoO2. LiCoO2 is structurally stable but is expensive, and it is not environmental friendly. Some of the candidates to replace this material are LiNiO2, LMnO2, LiMn2O4, and LiFePO4. In our study we select combinations of Ni, Co and Mn to form a layered Li-based cathode material. Synthesis of LiNi1-xyCoxMnyO2 cathode material and its structural changes at different stages of electrochemical process, and also the study of the structure by first principles calculations, will be presented. Stoichiometric LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 (0.0 x 0.2, 0 y 0.2) compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction. Calcination conditions (time, ambient and temperature) were optimized for the single-phase formation of the layered structure. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy. Electrochemical testing was done on the coin cells (cathode/LiPF6 electrolyte/Li-foil anode) with Cyclic Voltametry, and the galvanostatic charge-discharge methods. The first-principles theoretical calculations were performed in the local density aproximation (LDA) to density-functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package (VASP). The optimized Li12Ni12O24 was used to simulate LiNiO2 as starting point for Co and Mn substitutions. After optimization we found that the free energy is 304.96356 eV, cell volume is 382.17, and the lattice parameters are, a = 4.905869 , b = 5.66647 , and c = 13.74754 . More results will be presented and discussed. Acknowledgement: Financial Financial support from DoE (Grant #DE-FG02-01ER45868) and NASAEPSCoR (Grant #NNX08AB12A), are acknowledged. We gratefully thank the High Performance Computing Facility (HPCF) at University of Puerto Rico for providing us with computing resources. J. J. Saavedra-Arias is grateful to the IFN for the graduate fellowship. Fruitful discussion with, S.B. Majumder, W. Perez and continual support from UPR materials characterization center (MCC) are also acknowledged. 235

Samanta, Kousik, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Samanta Kousik, Physics, University of Puerto Rico; Bhattacharya Pijush, Physics, Fisk University; Katiyar Ram, Physics, University of Puerto Rico [Physics 7] Photoluminescence and Ferromagnetic Properties of Zn1-xCuxO thin films High electronic conductivity, optical transparency, and direct band gap (3.37 eV) energy with stable free excitonic binding energy (60 meV) of ZnO make it the most promising material for the optoelectronics and spintronics devices application. Moreover, the 3d transition metal (Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, etc.) doped ZnO can be the most promising ferromagnetic semiconductor at room temperature for spintronic applications. Thin films of Cu substituted ZnO were grown on Al2O3 (0001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The Raman scattering studies of Zn1-xCuxO (x = 1, 3, and 5%) thin films shows only ZnO related non-polar optical modes, no secondary phase related Raman modes were detected. The HRTEM shows the very good crystalline quality of ZnCuO thin films with negligible lattice dislocation. Low temperature photo luminescence studies shows the neutral acceptor bound exciton (A0X) emission appears in Cu doped ZnO thin film. Temperature dependent PL spectrum confirms the existence of donor acceptor pair (DAP) band at 3.309 eV in Zn1-xCuxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) thin film. The strong blue emission at 2.97 eV was observed in the PL spectrum of Cu substituted ZnO thin films. The ferromagnetic properties of Cu doped ZnO thin films were carried out using SQUID magnetometer measurement. We have obtained room temperature ferromagnetism with saturation magnetization Ms = 0.48 B/Cu in 1% Cu doped ZnO thin film. The temperature dependence of magnetization at 100 Oe confirms the ferromagnetic nature and transition temperature above 300 K in our Zn1-xCuxO thin films.

236

Sola, Francisco, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Biaggi-Labiosa, Azlin, Physics. UPR-Rio Piedras; Fonseca, Luis F., Physics. UPR-Rio Piedras; Resto, Oscar, Physics. UPR-Rio Piedras, Lebron-Colon, Marisabel, Materials and Structures DivisionPolymeric Materials Branch, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGlenn Research Cent; Meador, Michael, Materials and Structures DivisionPolymeric Materials Branch, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGlenn Research Cent [Physics 8] Field Emission and Radial Distribution Function Studies of Fractal Like Amorphous Carbon Nanotips The short range order of individual fractal like amorphous carbon nanotips was investigated by means of energy filtered electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The nanostructures were grown in porous silicon substrates in situ within the TEM by the electron beam induced deposition method. The structure factor S(k) and the reduced radial distribution function G(r) were calculated. From these calculations a bond angle of 1240 was obtained which suggests a distorted graphitic structure. Field emission was obtained from individual nanostructures using two micromanipulators with subnanometer positioning resolution. A theoretical three stage model that accounts for the geometry of the nanostructures provides a value for the field enhancement factor close to the one obtained experimentally from the FowlerNordheim law.

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Yang, Boqian, UPR-RIO PIEDRAS; Feng, Peterxian, Physics, UPR.Rio Piedras [Physics 9] Controlled-density Regular Arrays of ZnO Nanoparticle/ nano-rods Formed on Si (100) via Radio-frequency Sputtering We report on the formation of various-density regular arrays of ZnO nanoparticles/ nanorods on Si (100) substrates by using radio frequency sputtering deposition techniques. The synthesis process involves two main steps. First, one-dimensional ZnO nanorods arrays were uniformly deposited on the Si wafers. Second, aligned nanocrystalline ZnO particles arrays were grown on top of the tips of ZnO nanorod arrays. The ZnO nanorods have uniform shape and length, align vertically on the substrate, and the average diameter is about 300 nm. Different densities of regular arrays as shown in figure below are synthesized on Si (100) via controlling the gradient temperature of substrates. The optical and electronic properties of those regular arrays are investigated by photoluminescence spectra and electronic emission measurements.

1 m

1 m

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