Dr.

Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS
1. Natura| gas:
naLural gas ls a gas conslsLlng prlmarlly of meLhane, Lyplcall
(prlmarlly eLhane). lL ls found assoclaLed wlLh oLher hydrocarbon fuel, ln coal beds, as meLhane
claLhraLes, and ls an lmporLanL fuel source and a ma[or feedsLock for ferLlllzers.
MosL naLural gas ls creaLed by Lwo mechanlsms: blogenlc and Lhermogenlc. 8logenlc gas ls creaLed by
meLhanogenlc organlsms ln marshes, bogs, landfllls, and shallow sedlmenLs. ueeper ln Lhe earLh, aL
greaLer LemperaLure and pressure, Lhermogenlc gas ls creaLed from burled organlc maLerlal.
8efore naLural gas can be used as a fuel, lL musL undergo processlng Lo remove almosL all maLerlals
oLher Lhan meLhane. 1he by-producLs of LhaL processlng lnclude eLhane,
and hlgher molecular welghL hydrocarbons, elemenLal sulfur, carbon dloxlde, waLer vapor, and
someLlmes hellum and nlLrogen.
Natura| gas process|ng:
1he llg. 1 ls a schemaLlc block flow dlagram of a Lyplcal naLural gas processlng
varlous unlL processes used Lo converL raw naLural gas lnLo sales gas plpellned Lo Lhe end user
markeLs. 1he flgure also shows how processlng of Lhe raw naLural gas ylelds byproducL sulfur,
byproducL eLhane, and naLural gas llqulds (nC
I|g.1: llow dlagram of
Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University
GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS GASEOUS FUELS
ls a gas conslsLlng prlmarlly of meLhane, Lyplcally wlLh 0-20 hlgher hydrocarbons
(prlmarlly eLhane). lL ls found assoclaLed wlLh oLher hydrocarbon fuel, ln coal beds, as meLhane
fuel source and a ma[or feedsLock for ferLlllzers.
MosL naLural gas ls creaLed by Lwo mechanlsms: blogenlc and Lhermogenlc. 8logenlc gas ls creaLed by
meLhanogenlc organlsms ln marshes, bogs, landfllls, and shallow sedlmenLs. ueeper ln Lhe earLh, aL
r LemperaLure and pressure, Lhermogenlc gas ls creaLed from burled organlc maLerlal.
8efore naLural gas can be used as a fuel, lL musL undergo processlng Lo remove almosL all maLerlals
producLs of LhaL processlng lnclude eLhane, propane, buLanes, penLanes,
and hlgher molecular welghL hydrocarbons, elemenLal sulfur, carbon dloxlde, waLer vapor, and

ls a schemaLlc block flow dlagram of a Lyplcal naLural gas processlng
varlous unlL processes used Lo converL raw naLural gas lnLo sales gas plpellned Lo Lhe end user
also shows how processlng of Lhe raw naLural gas ylelds byproducL sulfur,
byproducL eLhane, and naLural gas llqulds (nCL) propane, buLanes and naLural gasollne.
llow dlagram of naLural gas processlng planL
Gaseous Fuels
20 hlgher hydrocarbons
(prlmarlly eLhane). lL ls found assoclaLed wlLh oLher hydrocarbon fuel, ln coal beds, as meLhane
MosL naLural gas ls creaLed by Lwo mechanlsms: blogenlc and Lhermogenlc. 8logenlc gas ls creaLed by
meLhanogenlc organlsms ln marshes, bogs, landfllls, and shallow sedlmenLs. ueeper ln Lhe earLh, aL
r LemperaLure and pressure, Lhermogenlc gas ls creaLed from burled organlc maLerlal.
8efore naLural gas can be used as a fuel, lL musL undergo processlng Lo remove almosL all maLerlals
propane, buLanes, penLanes,
and hlgher molecular welghL hydrocarbons, elemenLal sulfur, carbon dloxlde, waLer vapor, and
ls a schemaLlc block flow dlagram of a Lyplcal naLural gas processlng planL. lL shows Lhe
varlous unlL processes used Lo converL raw naLural gas lnLo sales gas plpellned Lo Lhe end user
also shows how processlng of Lhe raw naLural gas ylelds byproducL sulfur,
e, buLanes and naLural gasollne.

Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

Uses of natura| gas:
1. naLural gas ls a ma[or source of elecLrlclLy generaLlon Lhrough Lhe use of gas Lurblnes and
sLeam Lurblnes.
2. naLural gas dlspensed from a slmple sLove Lop can generaLe heaL ln excess of 2000l (1093C)
maklng lL a powerful domesLlc cooklng and heaLlng fuel. ln much of Lhe developed world lL ls
supplled Lo homes vla plpes where lL ls used for many purposes lncludlng naLural gas-powered
ranges and ovens, naLural gas-heaLed cloLhes dryers, heaLlng/coollng and cenLral heaLlng.
3. Compressed naLural gas ls a cleaner alLernaLlve Lo oLher auLomoblle fuels such as gasollne
(peLrol) and dlesel.
4. naLural gas ls a ma[or feedsLock for Lhe producLlon of ammonla, vla Lhe Paber process, for use
ln ferLlllzer producLlon.
3. naLural gas ls used for enrlchlng Lhe gaseous fuels of low calorlflc value llke Lurgl gas.
6. Cas Lurblnes also use naLural gas as a fuel.
7. Maklng waLer gas uslng by reacLlng lLs meLhane conLenL wlLh sLeam.
8. Maklng synLheLlc gas whlch ls furLher used for Lhe producLlon of meLhyl alcohol, gasollne or
hydrogen.
Compressed Natura| Gas (CNG):
CnC ls made by compresslng naLural gas aL a hlgh pressure (200 aLm) or by coollng (- 160 C). lL ls
sLored and dlsLrlbuLed ln hard conLalners aL a pressure of 200-248 aLm, usually ln cyllndrlcal or
spherlcal shapes.
AdvanLages:
1. CnC emlLs slgnlflcanLly less polluLanLs such as carbon dloxlde (CC
2
), hydrocarbons (uPC),
carbon monoxlde (CC), nlLrogen oxldes (nC
x
), sulfur oxldes (SC
x
) and parLlculaLe maLLer (M),
compared Lo peLrol.
2. CnC releases over 1.6 Llmes as much energy as LhaL released from peLrol.
3. CcLane number of CnC ls 130, Lhus no need Lo addlLlon of 1LL, whlch causes polluLlon.
4. uue Lo Lhe absence of any lead or benzene conLenL ln CnC, Lhe lead foullng of spark plugs ls
ellmlnaLed. CnC-powered vehlcles have lower malnLenance cosLs when compared wlLh oLher
fuel-powered vehlcles.
3. CnC ls less llkely Lo auLo-lgnlLe on hoL surfaces, slnce lL has a hlgh auLo-lgnlLlon LemperaLure
(340 C) and a narrow range (3-13) of flammablllLy.
ulsadvanLages:
1. CnC sLorage Lanks add welghL because heavy cyllnders are requlred for Lhe sLorage of naLural
gas aL hlgh pressure.
2. CnC sLorage Lanks Lake up Lo 3 Llmes hlgher Lrunk space for comparable energy sLorage
3. 8efuellng sLaLlon cosL of CnC ls very hlgh.

Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

2. L|qu|f|ed eto|eum Gas (LG)
Llquefled peLroleum gas ls a flammable mlxLure of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel ln heaLlng
appllances and vehlcles. lL ls lncreaslngly used as an aerosol propellanL and a refrlgeranL, replaclng
chlorofluorocarbons ln an efforL Lo reduce damage Lo Lhe ozone layer.
varleLles of LC boughL and sold lnclude mlxes LhaL are prlmarlly propane (C
3
P
8
) (= 20 )and buLane
(C
4
P
10
) (= 80 ). MosL commonly, mlxes lncludlng boLh propane and buLane, varles sllghLly dependlng
on Lhe season - ln wlnLer more propane, ln summer more buLane. ropylene and buLylenes are
usually also presenL ln small concenLraLlon. Some powerful odoranL vlz., mercapLan or eLhaneLhlol, ls
added so LhaL leaks can be deLecLed easlly. 1he lnLernaLlonal sLandard ls Ln 389.
LC ls synLheslsed by reflnlng peLroleum or "weL" naLural gas, and ls usually derlved from fossll fuel
sources, belng manufacLured durlng Lhe reflnlng of crude oll, or exLracLed from oll or gas sLreams as
Lhey emerge from Lhe ground. lL currenLly provldes abouL 3 of Lhe energy consumed, and burns
cleanly wlLh no sooL and very few sulfur emlsslons, poslng no ground or waLer polluLlon hazards. LC
has a Lyplcal speclflc calorlflc value of 46.1 M!/kg
LC wlll evaporaLe aL normal LemperaLures and pressures and ls supplled ln pressurlsed sLeel
cyllnders. 1hey are Lyplcally fllled Lo beLween 80 and 83 of Lhelr capaclLy Lo allow for Lhermal
expanslon of Lhe conLalned llquld. 1he raLlo beLween Lhe volumes of Lhe vaporlzed gas and Lhe
llquefled gas varles dependlng on composlLlon, pressure, and LemperaLure, buL ls Lyplcally around
230:1.
Advantages:
1. LC ls readlly mlsslble wlLh alr and can burn aL lower alr/fuel raLlos.
2. Less pre-lgnlLlon occurs, Lhus less deposlLlon ln combusLlon chambers.
3. Lower emlsslon of polluLanLs llke CC and unburnL hydrocarbons.
4. ConslsLs of excellenL anLl knocklng properLles.
D|sadvantages:
1. LC has Lo be sLored and LransporLed Lhrough very hlgh pressure wlLhsLandlng cyllnders.
2. resence of some unsaLuraLed compounds ln LC someLlmes creaLes hlgh speed knocklng.
3. Gas hydrates:
Cas-hydraLes are crysLalllne maLerlals of waLer and llghL hydrocarbons (malnly meLhane), and are
found ln Lhe permafrosL and ouLer conLlnenLal marglns of Lhe world where Lhe meLhane concenLraLlon
exceeds Lhelr solublllLy llmlL. 1hese are formed aL hlgh pressure (8-30 Ma) and low LemperaLure (10
Lo 20C) ln shallow sedlmenLs, and are sLable up Lo a few hundred meLres below Lhe seafloor whlch
deflned as Lhe gas-hydraLes sLablllLy zone. Cne volume of gashydraLes releases abouL 164 volume of
meLhane and 0.8 volume of fresh waLer aL sLandard LemperaLure and pressure (S1). Cas-hydraLes
have aLLracLed Lhe global aLLenLlon due Lo Lhelr wldespread occurrences, poLenLlal as fuLure ma[or
energy resource, role ln cllmaLe change and submarlne geohazards. ulssoclaLlon of gas-hydraLes by
desLablllzaLlon releases meLhane (a greenhouse gas) Lo Lhe aLmosphere accenLuaLlng global warmlng
and reduclng Lhe sedlmenL sLrengLh LhaL producs Lhe slope fallure or seafloor lnsLablllLy. MeLhane
Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

sLored wlLhln and Lrapped as 'free-gas' below Lhe hydraLes-bearlng sedlmenLs ls huge. 1he world-wlde
carbon ln gas-hydraLes ls esLlmaLed Lo be 10000x10
13
g, whlch ls double Lhe carbon conLenL ln LoLal
fossll fuel (crude oll, naLural gas and coal) reserves of Lhe world. Among all renewable and
nonconvenLlonal energy resources, gashydraLes are regarded as one of Lhe mosL sulLable candldaLes
for cleaner energy resources ln lndla.
Cas hydraLes are found ln Lhe 8lake 8ldge of Lhe uS ALlanLlc margln, PydraLe 8ldge aL Lhe offshore
Cregon, nankal 1rough of Lhe !apan margln, easLern offshore of lndla, Messoyakha gas fleld of Lhe
wesLern Slberla, rudhoe 8ay oll flelds of Alaska and Lhe Mackenzle delLa of Canada (ualllmore eL al.,
1999). Cas-hydraLes are mosLly ldenLlfled by mapplng a boLLom slmulaLlng reflecLor (8S8) on selsmlc
secLlon. 8esearches are golng LhroughouL Lhe world for developmenL of new easy and economlcal
meLhods for gas hydraLe deLecLlon.
Lxtract|on of methane from gas hydrate:
1he meLhods used for Lhe exLracLlon are:
1. ulrecL heaLlng: PeaL resulLs ln Lhe breakdown of Lhe cage and release of Lhe gas.
2. ln[ecLlon of CC2 for dlsplaclng meLhane: Carbon dloxlde can be ln[ecLed and dlsplace Lhe
meLhane.
3. uepressurlzaLlon: 1he pressure can be reduced, Lo break down Lhe cage and releaslng Lhe gas.
4. ulrecL removal: 1hls ls Lhe mosL desLrucLlve and slmllar Lo coal mlnlng.
3. ln[ecLlon of lnhlblLor: lnhlblLors llke meLhanol can be ln[ecLed Lo desLroy Lhe cage sLrucLure.
4. Gas|f|cat|on of ||qu|d fue|s:
Cll gas ls produced by gaslflcaLlon of olls (peLroleum producLs) and ls used as a gaseous fuel or as a
source of synLheLlc gas for ammonla producLlon ln a nlLrogenous ferLlllzer planL. leed sLocks for
gaslflcaLlon are llghL and mlddle dlsLlllaLes and heavy olls (wlLh low C/P raLlos). Cll gaslflcaLlon lnvolves
cracklng, addlLlon of P
2
or C
2
and removal of carbon (ln Lhe form of coke and oxldes of carbon). C
3
Lo
C
13
hydrocarbons are llquld oll aL amblenL LemperaLures.
CaslflcaLlon medlum (C
2
+sLeam) reacLs wlLh oll as follows:
2 2
2 2
H
y
xCO O
x
H C
y x
+ + ....... (1)
2 2
)
2
( H
y
x xCO O xH H C
y x
+ + + ......... (2)
2 2 2 2
) 1 2 ( H n nCO O nH H C
n n
+ + +
+
..... (3)

1he formula C
x
P
y
and C
n
P
2n+1
are used for unsaLuraLed and saLuraLed hydrocarbons respecLlvely.
8eacLlon (1) ls exoLhermlc and on Lhe oLher hand, (2) and (3) are endoLhermlc.
1he oll gaslflcaLlon meLhods are classlfled as:
Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

non caLalyLlc cycllc process l.e. SemeL Solvay rocess.
CaLalyLlc cycllc process l.e. Segas rocess and Cnla Cegl rocess
ConLlnlous caLalyLlc sLeam reformlng process
arLlal combusLlon process l.e. koppers 1oLzek rocess
PydrogenaLlon process.
Semet-So|vay rocess:
1hls process produces rlch fuel gas by gaslflcaLlon of heavy fuel olls/gas olls/llghL hydrocarbons.
1wo symmeLrlcal vessels (havlng
an upper vaporlzlng chamber
and lower cracklng chamber)
connecLed aL Lhe Lop comprlses
Lhe gaslfler. uurlng Lhe run
perlod, process sLeam ls passed
Lhrough Lhe hoL chequer of one
vessel and on preheaLlng mlxes
wlLh Lhe vapour obLalned by oll
sprayed over Lhe Lop of Lhe same
vessel. 1he mlxLure passes
downward Lhrough Lhe second
vessel where Lhe deslred
gaslflcaLlon achleved.

I|g. 2: SchemaLlc of SemeL-solvay MeLhod
1he carbon formed durlng Lhe process ls deposlLed on Lhe walls of Lhe vaporlzlng chamber of Lhe
second vessel. 1he producL gas ls passed Lhrough a wax box and condensers and Lhen senL Lo a gas
holder.
uurlng regeneraLlon, Lhe supplles of oll and sLeam are cuL off and alr blasL ls made counLer flow Lo Lhe
gas dlrecLlon ln Lhe precedlng run. 1he burnlng of Lhe deposlLed carbon resLores Lhe LemperaLure of
Lhe sysLem (630-900 C). SLeam purglng ls used beLween blow and run and also beLween run and
blow. CompleLe cycle ls Laken abouL 3 mln. llg. 2 explalns Lhe whole SemeL-Solvay rocess.
1yplcal calorlflc value of Lhe produced gas by Lhls process ls: 10,000 kcal/m
3
.
Steam reform|ng of naphtha:
uesulphurlzed napLha ls gaslfled uslng sLeam ln a Lubular reacLor packed wlLh nlckel caLalysL. uue Lo
Lhe deacLlvaLlon properLy of sulphur wlLh Lhe caLalysL, Lhe naphLha need Lo be desulphurlzed before
reformlng.
1he maln reformlng reacLor ls ln Lhe form of Lhose rows ld sLeel Lubes charged wlLh Lhe caLalysL. Pey
are heaLed ln a furnace aL 960 C. 1he flue gases are used Lo generaLe wasLe heaL sLeam aL 20 aLm,
superheaL Lhe reacLlon sLeam and preheaL Lhe combusLlon alr.
A mlxLure of desulphurlzed naphLha vapour, surplus hydrogen and preheaLed sLeam enLers Lhe reacLor
from Lop. 1he reacLlon ls carrled ouL aL a pressure up Lo 28 aLm and LemperaLure up Lo 840 C.
ln a planL for manufacLurlng of Lown gas, Lhe gas leaves Lhe reacLor aL 700 C and 19 aLm. 1he senslble
aL 700 C and 19 aLm. 1he senslble heaL of Lhe gas ls recovered ln a wasLe heaL boller. lL ls Lhen passed
Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

Lhrough a shlfL converLor where Co ls reduced Lo 3. 1he senslble heaL of Lhe gas ls exLracLed ln a
wasLe heaL boller, economlser and naphLha preheaLer before lL ls furLher cooled and washed wlLh
carbonaLed lye for CC
2
removal. llnally gas ls enrlched wlLh naLural gas and supplled Lo consumers as
fuel gas.

I|g. 3: SchemaLlc for Lhe producLlon of Lown gas by sLeam reformlng of naphLha.
llg. 3 shows Lhe slmpllfled flow dlagram for producLlon of naphLha.
3. CarbureLLed waLer gas:
1he Cv of waLer gas ls very low Lo be an effecLlve fuel. So, lL ls enrlched wlLh hydrocarbon vapours Lo
make carbureLLed waLer gas. 1he procedure for preparaLlon lnvolves Lhe gaslflcaLlon of coal and oll
slmulLaneously and mlxlng Lhem.

I|g. 4: CarbureLLed waLer gas planL
CarbureLLed waLer gas ls prepared by passlng waLer gas Lhrough a hoL chamber where hydrocarbon oll
ls sprayed 1he oll cracks and produces meLhane, eLhane, eLhylene, propane, and oLher unsaLuraLed
hydrocarbons.
Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University

A carbureLLed waLer gas planL have Lwo addlLlonal unlLs vlz., carbureLLor and superheaLer excepL Lhe
waLer gas generaLor. 1he carbureLLor and superheaLer unlLs are fllled wlLh chequered brlcks. 1he gas
produced durlng Lhe blow perlod, ls burned ln Lhe carbureLLor and Lhen Lhe combusLlon ls compleLed
ln superheaLer. A schemaLlc dlagram of Lhe process ls shown ln llg. 4.
6. 8|o gas
8logas Lyplcally refers Lo a gas produced by Lhe blologlcal breakdown of organlc maLLer ln Lhe absence
of oxygen. Crganlc wasLe such as dead planL and anlmal maLerlal, anlmal dung, and klLchen wasLe can
be converLed lnLo a gaseous fuel called blogas. 8logas orlglnaLes from blogenlc maLerlal and ls a Lype
of blofuel.
8logas ls elLher produced by Lhe anaeroblc dlgesLlon or fermenLaLlon of blodegradable maLerlals such
as blomass, manure, sewage, munlclpal wasLe, green wasLe, planL maLerlal, and crops or by Lhe
carbonaLlon of hard solld wasLe. 8logas comprlses prlmarlly meLhane (CP
4
) and carbon dloxlde (CC
2
)
and may have small amounLs of hydrogen sulphlde (P
2
S), molsLure and slloxanes.
1he gases meLhane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxlde (CC) can be combusLed or oxldlzed wlLh oxygen.
1hls energy release allows blogas Lo be used as a fuel. 8logas can be used as a fuel ln any counLry for
any heaLlng purpose, such as cooklng. lL can also be used ln anaeroblc dlgesLers where lL ls Lyplcally
used ln a gas englne Lo converL Lhe energy ln Lhe gas lnLo elecLrlclLy and heaL. 8logas can be
compressed, much llke naLural gas, and used Lo power moLor vehlcles.
Wood gas:
A wood gaslfler Lakes wood chlps, sawdusL, charcoal, coal, rubber or slmllar maLerlals as fuel and
burns Lhese lncompleLely ln a flre box, produclng solld ashes and sooL (whlch have Lo be removed
perlodlcally from Lhe gaslfler) and wood gas. 1he wood gas can Lhen be fllLered for Lars and sooL/ash
parLlcles, cooled and dlrecLed Lo an englne or fuel cell.

MosL of Lhese englnes have severe purlLy
requlremenLs of Lhe wood gas, so Lhe gas ofLen has Lo pass Lhrough exLenslve gas cleanlng ln order Lo
remove or converL Lars and parLlcles.
1he quallLy of Lhe gas from dlfferenL gaslflers varles a greaL deal. 8uL, Lhe heaL of combusLlon of wood
gas ls raLher low compared Lo oLher fuels. 1he heaLlng value of wood ls Lyplcally 13-18 M!/kg.
resumably, Lhese values can vary somewhaL from sample Lo sample. Some Lyplcal composlLlon of
wood gas ls:
nlLrogen n
2
: 30.9
Carbon monoxlde CC: 27.0
Pydrogen P
2
: 14.0
Carbon dloxlde CC
2
: 4.3
MeLhane CP
4
: 3.0
Cxygen C
2
: 0.6.
Gobar gas:
Cobar gas ls obLalned by fermenLaLlon of caLLle dung (gobar). 1he fuel gas ls exLracLed whlle Lhe
refuse can sLlll be used as a ferLlllser.
Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Somen Jana, Lecturer, Thapar University


I|g. S: Cobar gas planL
Cobar gas ls produced by Lhe fermenLaLlon
of dung and oLher organlc maLerlals ln Lhe
absence of alr. lL malnly conslsL of CP
4
and
CC
2
. 1he exLracLlon of CP
4
does noL affecL
Lhe ferLlllzer value of dung. 8aLher, afLer Lhe
dung ls processed ln Lo Cobar gas planL, Lhe
manure becomes rlch ln nuLrlenLs and
odourless. Cobar gas burnL wlLh a blue
flame wlLhouL smell and aL an efflclency of
flve Llmes greaLer Lhan LhaL of burnlng
cowdung cakes. Pence, Lhe planL provldes
lmproved fuel and organlc manure from Lhe
dung.
1he planL comprlses of a dlgesLor Lo fermenL cowdung and any oLher flnally chopped lefL over fodder
or verlLable efflclenLly. 1he dlgesLer ls covered by a gas holder whlch collecLs and dlverLs Lhe gas
produced lnLo Lhe gas plpe aL correcL pressure.
CaLLle dung and urlne ls collecLed and dumped lnLo Lhe mlxlng Lank. 1hen lL ls mlxed and fed Lo Lhe
lnleL plpe. 1he slurry when enLers lnLo Lhe dlgesLer, wlll dlscharge an equal quanLlLy of rlpe slurry
Lhrough Lhe ouLer plpe. 1he caLLle dung ls mlxed wlLh waLer aL Lhe proporLlon of 4:3. 1he well ls
deslgned Lo hold Lhe maLerlal for 30 days. lL was arranged ln such a way LhaL when some maLerlal
enLers ln Lo lL, same quanLlLy of maLerlal wlll go ouL of lL.
1he LemperaLure of dlgesLor ls malnLalned aL 30 - 40 C. ln Lhe lnlLlal acld formaLlon sLem, Lhe pP ls 6,
when much CC2 ls glven off, pP value ls lncreased Lo 8 ln 2-3 weeks. SllghL aglLaLlon lmproves Lhe
process. A drum collecLs Lhe gas bubbles ouL of Lhe dung slurry. As Lhe gas collecLed on Lhe Lop of Lhe
slurry, Lhe drum rlses and and Lhe accumulaLed gas flows ouL Lhrough a gas plpe. 1he gas may serve
Lhe klLchen or can be used for gas lamps wlLhln a dlsLance of 30 m.