Math Glossary

A
acute angle an angle whose measure is less than 90

acute triangle a triangle whose angles are all acute angles

algebraic expression a mathematical phrase involving a variable or variables, numbers, and operations example: x -3

angle two rays that have the same endpoint

area the number of square units needed to cover a surface or figure Associative Property of Addition addends can be regrouped and the sum remains the same example: 1 + (3+5) = (1 + 3) + 5

Associative Property of Multiplication factors can be regrouped and the product remains the same example: 2 X (4 X 10) = (2 X 4) X 10 average the number found by adding all the date and dividing by the number of data (also called the mean) example: 5, 4, 12, 2, 1, 6 step 1: find the sum 5+4+12+2+1+6 = 30 step 2: divide 30 by 6 answer: 30 divided by 6 is 5, so the average is 5

axis either of two lines drawn perpendicular to each other in a graph

B
bar graph a graph that uses bars to show data

base of a polygon the side of a polygon to which the height is perpendicular

base of a solid the face of a solid that is used to name the solid

benchmark fractions the fractions 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 3/4

C
capacity the amount a container will hold

center the point from which all points in a circle are equally distant

centimeter (c m) a metric unit of length (100 centimeters equal 1 meter) central angle an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle

certain (event) an event that will always happen chord a line segment that connects two points on the circle

circle a closed plane figure made up of all the points the same distance from one point called the center

circle graph a graph in the shape of a circle that shows what part of the whole each portion of the data represents

circumference the distance around a circle

common denominator a number that is the denominator of two or more fractions example: A recipe requires 1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper, 3/4 teaspoon black pepper, and 1/4 teaspoon red pepper. How much pepper does this recipe need? Choosing 4 as a common denominator 1/2 = 2/4 3/4 = 3/4 1/4 = 1/4 9/4 = 2.25 or 2 teaspoon and 1/4 of a teaspoon
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common factor a number that is a factor of two or more given numbers example: factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6 factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, and 8 so the common factors of 6 and 8 are 1,2 Commutative Property of Addition the order of addends can be changed and the sum remains the same example: 3 + 7 = 7 + 3 Commutative Property of Multiplication the order of factors can be changed and the product remains the same example: 3 x 5 = 5 x 3 compatible numbers numbers which are easy to compute with mentally example: estimate 72 x 78 and 288 x 415 (when estimating when multiplying, if you decrease a number, you should increase the other and vice versa) step 1: 70 and 80 step 2: multiply 7 x 8 and add two zeros at the end to get 5,600 step 3: 300 and 400 step 4: multiply 3 x 4 and four zeros at the end to get 120,000
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compensation adjusting one number of an operation to make computations easier and balancing the adjustment by changing the other numnber composite number a whole number greater than one that has more than two factors cone solid with one circular base, the points on the circle are joined to one point inside the base

congruent figures figures that have the same size and shape

coordinate plane a coordiante grid that extends include both positive and negative numbers

coordinates the two numbers in an ordered pair cubic unit (unit3) a cube 1 unit on each edge used to measure volume

cup (c) - a customary unit of capacity, 1 cup equals 8 fluid ounces cylinder a solid figure with two circular bases that are congruent and parallel

D
data collected information dekameter (dam) a metric unit of length equal to 10 meters decimeter (dm) a metric unit of length. 10 decimeters equal 1 meter

degree a unit of measure for angles degree Celsius (C) a unit of measusre for measuring temperature in the metric system degree Fahrenheit (F) a unit of measure for measuring temperature in the customary system denominator the number below the fraction bar in a fraction diameter any line segment through the center that connects two points on the circle
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difference the number that results from subtracting one number from another digits the symbols used to show numbers: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Distributive Property multiplying a sum (or difference) by a number is the same as multiplying eaqch number in the sum (or differency) by the number and adding (or subtracting) the products. example: 3 x (10 + 4) = (3 x 10) + (3 x 4) dividend the number to be divided

divisibility rules rules that are used to find if a number is divisible by numbers such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, or 10 divisible a number is divisible by another number if there is no remainder after dividing divisor the number used to divide another number

double bar graph a bar graph that displays two different shaded bars to comnpare the two sets of data
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E
edge a line segment where two faces meet in a solid figure

elapsed time the difference between two times equally likely (outcomes) having the same chance of occurring equal ratios ratios that show the same comparison equation a number sentence that uses an equal sign to show that two expressions have the same value example: 9 + 3 = 12

equilateral triangle a triangle whose sides all have the same length

equivalent decimals decimals which name the same amount example: 0.7 = 0.70

equivalent fractions fractions that name the same part of a whole region, length, or set example: 1/3 = 2/6

estimate to give an approximate value rather than an exact answer event a collection of one or more outcomes expanded form a way to write a number that shows the place value of each digit example: 3,000 + 500 + 60 + 2
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exterior (of an angle) the points outside the rays that form an angle

F
face a flat surface of a polyhedron

factor pair a pair of numbers whose product equals a given number factors numbers that are multiplied to get a product flip (reflection) the change in the position of a figure that gives the immor image of the figure
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fluid ounce (fl oz) a customary unit of capacity equal to 2 tablespoons formula an equation that states a rule

fraction a symbol, such as 2/3, 5/1, or 8/5, used to name a part of a whole, a part of a set, a location on a number line, or a division of whole numbers frequency table a table used to show the number of times something occurs

front-end estimation a method of estimating by changing numbers to the place-value of their front digit and then finding the sum or difference example: 2354 + 1677 can be approximated by 2000 + 2000 = 4000 note: all other numbers except the leftmost digits (2 and 2) are equal to zero and we only added the leftmost digits as stated before
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With front end estimation, only round and add the numbers in the leftmost place or the very last number on the left. This means that all numbers in other places will be zeros except the number in the leftmost place after the numbers are rounded

G
gallon (gal) a unit for measuring capacity in the customary system, 1 gallon equals 4 quarts gram (g) a metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 milligrams greatest common factor (GCF) the greatest number that is a factor of two or more numbers example: what are the common factors of 15, 30 and 105? factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15 factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 factors of 105 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21, 35 and 105 The factors that are common to all three numbers are 1, 3, 5 and 15. The GCF of 15, 30, and 105
is 15

H
hectometer (hm) metric unit of length equal to 100 meters

height the length of a segment from one vertex of a polygon perpendicular to the base

hexagon a polygon with 6 sides

hundredth one part of 100 equal parts of a whole

I
Identity Properties the properties that state the sum of any number and 0 is that number, and the product of any number and 1 is that number ( The identity property for addition tells us that
zero added to any number is the number itself. Zero is called the "additive identity." The identity property for multiplication tells us that the number 1 multiplied times any number gives the number itself. The number 1 is called the "multiplicative identity." )

Addition 5y + 0 = 5y Multiplication 2c 1 = 2c impossible (event) an event that can never happen improper fraction a fraction whose numeroator is greater than or equal to its denominator example: 9/2, 7/4, and 8/3
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input/output table a table of values which shows one output value for each input value integers whole numbers and their opposites

interior (of an angle) the points between the two rays that form an angles.

intersecting lines lines that pass through the same point

interval (on a graph) the difference between adjoing numbers on an axis of a graph inverse operations operations that undo each other example: addition and subtraction 10 + 9 = 19; 19 9 = 10 multiplication and division 7 x 9 = 63; 63 9 = 7
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isosceles triangle a triangle with at least two sides of the same length

K
kilogram (kg) a metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 grams kilometer (km) a metric unit of length equal to 1,000 meters

L
leaf the part of a stem-and-leaf plot that shows the ones digit of a number example: you have the following list of values: 12, 13, 21, 27, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 40, 41 stem 1 2 3 4 2 1 3 0 leaf 3 7 4 5 7 0 1

The "stem" is the left-hand column which contains the tens digits. The "leaves" are the lists in the right-hand column, showing all the ones digits for each of the tens, twenties, thirties, and forties. As you can see, the original values can still be determined; you can tell, from that bottom leaf, that the three values in the forties were 40, 40, and 41. Note that the horizontal leaves in the stem-and-leaf plot correspond to the vertical bars in the histogram, and the leaves have lengths that equal the numbers in the frequency table.

least common denominator (LCD) the least common multipleof the denominators of two fractions least common multiple (LCM) - the smallest of the nonzero common multiples of two numbers lines a set of points that goes on forever in two directions

linear equation an equation whose graph is a straight line

line graph a graph that connects points to show how data changes over time

line of symmetry the fold line in a symmetric figure

line plot a display of responses along a number line with x's recorded above the response to indicate the number of times the response occurred

line segment part of a line have two endpoints

liter (L) a metric unit of capacity equal to 1,000 milliliters

M
mass the amount of matter in an object mean the number found by adding all the data and dividing by the number of date (often called the average)

mean =

=5

median the middle number in an ordered set of data example: 12, 23, 8, 46, 5, 42, 19

meter (m) a metric unit of length equal to 100 centimeters midpoint - the point halfway between the endpoints of a line segment

In the above figure, length of AB is 15 cm and distance of C from both the endpoints A and B is 7.5 cm. So, C is the midpoint.
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milliglram (mg) a metric unit of mass, 1,000 milligrams equal 1 gram milliliter (mL) a metric unit of capacity equal to 0.001 liters millimeter (mm) a metric unit of length 1,000 millimeters equal 1 meter

mixed number a number that has a whole-number part and a fractional part example: 5 6/7 step 1: 41/7 step 2:

mode the date value that occurs most often in a set of data multiple the product of a given whole number and any other whole number multiple of 10 a number that has 10 as a factor

N
negative integers integers that are less than zero

the numbers on the left of zero are negative integers on the number line

net a plane figure which when folded gives the original shape of a solid

numerator the number above the fraction bar in a fraction

O
obtuse anle an angle whose measure is between 90 and 180

obtuse triangle = a triangle in which one angle is an obtuse angles.Theoctagon a polygon with 8 sides

opposites numbers that are the same distance away from zero order of operations the order in which operations are done in calculations.
PEMDAS - Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally P - Parentheses E - Exponents M - Multiplication D - Division A - Addition S - Subtraction example: 2 + (25 - 4) x 20 first do all operations inside parentheses 2 + (21) x 20 2 perform all multiplications and divisions, from left to right 2 + 420 2 2 + 210 perform all additions and subtractions from left to right 212
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ordered pair a pair of numbers used to locate a point on a graph The origin is

origin the point where the two axes of the coordinate plane intersect. represented by the orderd pair (0, 0)

ounce (oz) a customary unit of weight 16 ounces equal 1 pound outcome a result in an experiment overestimate the result of using larger numbers to estimate a sum or product. estimate is alrger than the actual answer The

P
parallel lines in a plane, lines that never cross and are the same distance apart

parallelogram a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel

partial product products found by breaking one of the factos into ones, tens, hundreds, and so on, and then multiplying each of these by the other factor pentagon a polygon with 5 sides

percent a ratio in which the first term is compared to 100 perimeter the distance around the outside of any polygon

AB + BC + CD + DA = 8 + 5 + 8 + 5 = 26 period a group of 3 digits in a number. Periods are spearated by a comma and start from the right of a number perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles

AB is perpendicular to EF to each other

pi - the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The decimal for pi is 3.141592........as approximations for pi is 3.14 and 3 1/7 are often used symbol is pictograph a chart pictures or symbols to compare data that can be counted

pint (pt) customary unit of capacity equal to 2 cups place value the position of a digit in a number that is used to determine the value fo the digit example: in 5,318 3 in is the hundred place...so the 3 has a value of 300 plane an endless fat surface

point exact location in space polygon a closed plane figure made up of line segments
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polyhedron a three-dimensional solid figure with flat surfaces

positive intergers integers greater than zero

the numbers on the right of zero are positive integers on the number line

pound (lb) a customary unit of weight equal to 16 ounces prime factorization writing a number as a product of all of its prime factors example: 48 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 x 3 prime number a whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two factors, itself and 1 prism a solid figure with two congruenet paralle bases and faces that are parallelograms

probability the ratio of the number of ways an event can occur to the total number of possible outcomes product the number that is the result of multiplying two or more factors properties of equality properties that tell what you can do to both side of an equation so the sides stay equal proportion a statement that two ratios are equal
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protractor an instrument used to measure and draw angles.

pyramid a solid figure with a base that is a polygon and whose faces are triangles with a

common vertex

Q
quadrilateral a polygon with 4 sides quart (qt) a customary unit of capacity equal to 2 pints quotient the number other than the remainder that is the result of dividing

R
radius any line segment that connects the center of a circle to a point on the cirlce range the difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a data list rate a ratio that compares unlike units ratio a pair of numbers that shows a comparison of two quantities and can be written as 9:4, 9/4, or 0 to 4 ray part of a line that has one endpoint and extends forever in only one direction

rectangle a parallelogram with four right angles.

rectangular array an arrangement of objects in rows and columns so that each row has the same number of objects and each column has the same number of objects

regualr polygon a polygon which has sides of equal length and angles of equal measure

remainder the number less than the divisor that remains after the division is complete

rhombus a parallelogram with all sides the same length

right angle an angle whose measure is 90

right triangle a trianle in which one angle is a right angle

rounding a process that tells which multiple of 10, 100, 1,000, etc. a number is closest to

S
sample a representative part of a larger group sample space the set of all possibloe outcomes scale (in a drawing) a ratio that shows the relationship between lengths in a drawing and the actual object scale (in a bar graph) a series of numbers at equal distances along an axis on a graph scale drawing a drawing using relationships between lengths in the drawing and the actual object scalene triangle a triangle in which no sides have the same length

sides (of an angle) the two rays that form the angles similar figures figures thast have the same shape, they may or may not have the same size

simplest form a fraciton in which the greatest common factor of the numerator and denominator is one slide (translation) the change in the position of a figure that moves it up, down, or sideways

solid figure (also solid) a figure that has three dimensions and volume

soluction the value of the variable that makes an equation true sphere a solid figure with all points the same distance from the center point

square a rectangle with all sides the same length

standard form a number written with commas separating groups of three digits starting from the right example: 3,456 stem the part of a stem-and-leaf plot that shows all but the last digit of a number stem-and-leaf plot a graph for organizing data that, with 2-digit data, groups together all data with the same number of tens example: you have the following list of values: 12, 13, 21, 27, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 40, 41 stem 1 2 3 4 leaf 2 3 1 7 3 4 5 7 0 0 1

straight angle an angle whose measure is 180

sum the number that is the result of adding two or more addends surface area (SA) the sum of the areas of all faces of a polyhedron

survey a way to collect data to answer a question symmetric figure a figure that can be folded into two congruent parts that fit on top of each other

T
table of values a table used to show how one quantity is related to another tablespoon (tbsp) a customary unit of capacity equal to 3 teaspoons teaspoon (tsp) a customary unit of capacity equal to 1/3 tablespoon tenth one out of ten equal parts of a whole terms the two numbers being compared in a ratio thousandth one out of 1,000 equal parts of a whole ton (T) a customary unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds transformation a move such as a slide, flip, or turn that does not change the size or shape of a figure trapezoid a quadrilateral that has exactly one pair of parallel sides

tree diagram a diagram used to organize outcomes of an experient

trend the general direction in a data set triangle a polygon with 3 sides

turn (rotation) the change in the position of a figure that moves it around a point

U
underestimate the resulot of using smaller numbers to estimate a sumr or product....the estimate is smaller than the actual answer unit rate a rate where the comparison is to 1 unit

V
variable a letter, such as n, that stands for a number in an expression or an equation vertex (plural, vertices) (in an angle) the common endpoint in an angle vertex (in a polyhedron) a point where edges meet in a polyhedron

volume the number of cubic units that fit inside a solid figure

W
weight a measure of how light or how heavy something is word form a number written words using place value

x
x-value the first number in an ordered pair

Y
y-value the second number in an ordered pair

z
Zero Property of Multiplication in multiplication, the product of a number and 0 is 0 example: 8 x 0 = 0