Justication Logic

Sandeep R B
M090132CS CSED National Institute of Technology, Calicut

March 29, 2010

Outline
1

Knowledge Platos denition Gettier examples Nozicks denition Justication Logic Basics Based on Propositional Logic Based on Predicate Logic An example of derivation Analysis Some characteristics of Epistemic Modal Logic Kripkes Fake Barn Country Analysis of FBC problem Conclusion

Knowledge

Platos denition

Platos denition

Knowledge is Justied True Belief

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Knowledge

Gettier examples

Gettier example 1

Smith and Jones have applied for a certain job Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job and Jones has ten coins in his pocket So Smith believes The winner has ten coins in his pocket But smith(not Jones) got the job and unknowing to him Smith himself has ten coins in his pocket Smith has JTB but not Knowledge

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Knowledge

Gettier examples

Gettier example 2

Smith has strong evidence that Jones owns a Ford Smith does not know the whereabouts of Brown, another friend of him Smith believes Either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Boston But the fact were, Jones Ford was a hired one and Brown is actually from Boston As usual, Smith has JTB but not Knowledge

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Knowledge

Nozicks denition

Nozicks denition

Denition A proposition P is an instance of Knowledge of S when:

1 2 3 4

P is true S believes that P if P were true, S would believe that P if P were not true, S wouldnt believe that P

Note that Gettier cases are handled by this correctly

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Justication Logic

Basics

Basics

Justication assertion t:F t is a justication of F Operations

Application(.) Sum(+)

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Justication Logic

Based on Propositional Logic

The basic Justication Logic J0

The postulates are: A1. Classical propositional axioms and the rule Modus ponens A2. Application axiom. s : (F G) (t : F (s.t) : G) A3. Sum axiom. s : F (s + t) : F, s : F (t + s) : F

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Justication Logic

Based on Propositional Logic

Justication Logic J

J = J0 + R4 where R4. Axiom Internalization Rule. For each axiom A and for each justication constant c, c:A is again an axiom.

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Justication Logic

Based on Predicate Logic

The quantier-free rst-order logic qtJ0

The formal system qtJ0 has the following postulates A1. Classical axioms of quantier-free rst-order logic and Modus Ponens A2. Application axiom A3. Sum axiom E1. g = g for any individual term g(Reexivity of equality) E2. (f = g) (P (f ) P (g))(Substitutivity of equality)

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Justication Logic

Based on Predicate Logic

The quantier-free rst-order logic qtJ

qtJ can be derived from qtJ0 similar to the way J is derived from J0 . qtJ = qtJ0 + R4 where R4 is the Axiom Internalization Rule as given in the previous section.

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Justication Logic

An example of derivation

An example of derivation
Premise given: u : (f = g) Theorem to prove: s(u) : [P (f ) P (g)] Proof. 1. u : (f = g), given premise 2. c : {(f = g) (P (f ) P (g))}, from E2, R4 3. u : (f = g) (c.u) : (P (f ) P (g)), from 2, using A2 4. (c.u) : (P (f ) P (g)) from 1, 3, modus ponens Now c.u can be taken as s(u)

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Analysis

Some characteristics of Epistemic Modal Logic

Some characteristics of Epistemic Modal Logic

Modality

Necessitation rule If A is a theorem then so is KA Distributive axiom K(A B) (KA KB)

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Analysis

Kripkes Fake Barn Country

Kripkes Fake Barn Country

This is a counter-example of Nozicks denition of knowledge There is fake barn country(FBC) having brown fake barns and red real barns Smith is not aware that FBC has fake barns One day Smith went for a drive in FBC Having seen a red barn(not brown) he believes
1 2

That is a barn That is a red barn

By Nozicks denition 1 is not a case of knowledge but 2 is. Now this is a contradiction

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Analysis

Analysis of FBC problem

Analysis of FBC problem

Let the propositions B be The object is a barn R be The object is red Now we will analyse this problem using both Epistemic Modal Logic and Justication Logic

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Analysis

Analysis of FBC problem

Analysing FBC using EML

1 2 3 4 5

KB, by Nozicks denition of Knowledge K(B R), by Nozicks denition of Knowledge K(B R B), by Necessitation rule K(B R) KB, by 3 and distribution axiom KB, by 2, 4 and modus ponens

Here 1 and 5 contradict

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Analysis

Analysis of FBC problem

Analysing FBC using Justication Logic

1 2 3 4 5

u : B, by Nozicks denition of Knowledge v : (B R), by Nozicks denition of Knowledge c : (B R B), by R4 v : (B R) (c.v) : B, by 3 and A2 (c.v) : B, by 2, 4 and modus ponens

Here 1 and 5 does not contradict

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Conclusion

Conclusion

The search for Knowledge is not yet settled Justication Logic is capable of formalizing the reasoning about justication By analysing FBC problem we found out that Justication Logic provides more insight than Epistemic Modal Logic More studies have to be done in this area to explore the capabilities of Justication Logic

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Bibliography I
S. Artemov. Justication logic. Logics in Articial Intelligence, pages 14. S. Artemov. Why Do We Need Justication Logic? Technical report, Technical Report TR2008014, CUNY Ph. D. Program in Computer Science (September 2008). I.M. Copi. Symbolic logic. Macmillan New York, 1973. J. Garson. Modal logic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009.

Bibliography II

E.L. Gettier. Is justied true belief knowledge? Analysis, pages 121123, 1963. M. Steup. The analysis of knowledge. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006. Wikipedia. Gettier Problem Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2004. [Online; accessed 28-March-2010]. Wikipedia. Knowledge Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2004. [Online; accessed 23-March-2010].