I.

OBJECTIVES To operate a Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus together with the Hydraulics Bench. To demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section. To validate Bernoullis assumptions and theorem by experimentally proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along a streamline always remains constant.

II.

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENTS Equipment/Accessories Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus Hydraulics Bench Stop Watch Graduated Cylinder Quantity 1 1 1 1 Unit piece piece piece piece

III.

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS

Bernoullis Theorem Bernoullis Theorem is the relation between the pressure, velocity, elevation in a moving fluid that can either be liquid or gas, the compressibility and viscosity that are negligible and the flow that is either steady or laminar. The principle of Bernoullis theorem is the energy conservation for ideal fluids that flows steadily. The theorem implies that there is no change in gravitational potential energy occurs if the fluid flows horizontally and that a decrease in the pressure of the fluid is associated with the increase of the fluid velocity. Fluid speeds up in constricted areas where in the pressure that the fluid exerts is less in areas that are smallest. Equation When the Eulers equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant density which is an incompressible fluid the equation for the theorem is obtained. The constant of integration is called the Bernoullis constant that varies from one streamline to another. Bernoullis equation states that the sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at any point remains constant provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible.

Where:

H = total head, m V = velocity, m/s p = pressure, N/m2 Z = elevation, m g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 = specific weight of fluid, N/m3 PROCEDURES

IV.

Apparatus Operation 1. If the apparatus outlet control valve is slightly closed, the system pressure will increase. 2. A hand pump air is used to increase air pressure in the manometer via pressure valve. If air is pumped into the manometer top chamber, air pressure in the manometer will increase and the water level will be lower and vice-versa. Bernoullis Theorem Test 1. Place the apparatus on top of the bench and connect the hydraulic benchs water outlet to the test apparatus. Open the apparatus outlet control valve so that it discharges to the bench measuring tank. 2. Start the pump of the hydraulic bench and slowly open the bench control valve to obtain a small flow such as 5 lpm. Adjust the apparatus outlet control valve and/or the top air chamber (by means of a hand air pump) such that the water levels in all tubes of the manometer can be observed. 3. Adjust the flow rate to about 5 lpm and record: Flow volume by the bench measuring tank. Time for the flow by stop watch. 4. Move the total head probe to be in line vertically with the manometer tapping point no. 1. 5. Record manometer readings for the tubes No.1 and No.7 (total head). 6. Repeat Step 4 and Step 5 for tapping No.2, 3, . . nth to the last tapping point. 7. Repeat Step 3 to Step 6 for other flow rate such as 10, 15, & 20 lpm.

V.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS The apparatus used illustrates and is designed to verify Bernoullis Theorem experimentally. The set up consists of lucid plastic venture tube with a chain of wall tapping that permit measurement of the static pressure head circulation all along the converging and diverging section. Using this apparatus the coefficient of discharge of the venturi can be determined, for the flow rate of water it is measured using a measuring tank and stop watch. Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus is operated with a Hydraulics Bench which is supplied separately.

Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus

Where: 1.) Air Relief Valve 2.) Pressuring Valve 3.) Water Manometer 4.) Pipe Inlet 5.) Venturi Tube 6.) Control Valve 7.) Discharge Pipe

VI.

DATA SHEET

Volume: 0.579L Point No.

time: 2.521s

flow rate: 0.231 lps = 13.86 lpm Theoretical static head (P/)th cm Difference Actual total head (tube No. 7) Hact cm Head Loss

Measured Static Head (P/)act cm

Theoretical diff. vel head

1 2 3 4 5 6

22.8 21.4 10.9 16.1 18.4 19.3

0 1.15 7.985 3.575 1.685 0.767

22.8 21.65 14.815 19.225 21.115 22.033

0 1.154 26.426 16.255 12.858 12.404

23.9 23.9 23.8 23.4 23.3 23.2

0 0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7

Volume: 0.5L Point No. Measured Static Head (P/)act cm 22.9 21.5 11.3 16.3 18.4 19.5

time: 2.12s Theoretical diff. vel head

flow rate: 0.236 lps = 14.15 lpm Theoretical static head (P/)th cm 22.9 21.686 14.468 19.125 21.121 22.09 Difference Actual total head (tube No. 7) Hact cm 23.85 23.85 23.8 23.5 23.4 23.3 Head Loss

1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1.214 8.432 3.775 1.779 0.81

0 0.858 21.897 14.771 12.883 11.725

0 0 0.05 0.35 0.45 0.55

VII.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section. Another objective is to validate Bernoullis assumptions and theorem by experimentally proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along a streamline always remains constant. This experiment uses the Bernoullis theorem apparatus to achieve these objectives. This instrument was combined with a venturi meter and a pad of manometer tubes. The flow rates through the venturi meter can be related to pressure measurements by using the Bernoullis equation. This experiment has two trials. The first trial involves a flow rate of 13.86 lpm while the second trial has a flow rate of 14.15 lpm. The apparatus has 7 points and it has a movable steel probe which is used in order to read the manometer in tube no. 1 and tube no. 7. Each point has different diameters. At point 1, the diameter is 28 mm. Point 2 with 21mm diameters, point 3 has 14mm diameter. Point 4, 5, 6, and 7 has a diameter of 16.8mm, 19.6mm, 22.4mm, and 25.2mm, respectively. Different calculations were made in order to achieve the objectives. The readings coming from the manometer tubes were gathered in each point and written under the column of the measured static head. Theoretical difference velocity head were also calculated for the 6 points. The actual total head is obtained at point 7. The theoretical pressure head is calculated and this is compared with the actual pressure head and this shows the percentage of pressure head difference. In this experiment, the apparatus has different operation. The apparatus has a hand pump air which is used to increase the air pressure inside the manometer. If air is pumped into the manometer top chamber, air pressure in the

manometer will increase and the water level will be lower and vice-versa. And if the outlet control valve of the apparatus is slightly closed, the pressure of the system will increase. Although the experiment is well done, there might be flaws in the experiment. This is because there is some error that might have happened during the experiment. While taking the reading of the manometer tube, there might be a possibility that the eye position of the reader is not parallel to the scale. And this error might contribute to different values obtained. But this will be prevented when the readers have patience which would help in obtaining accurate data.

VIII.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Theoretical difference velocity head:

Theoretical static head:

Difference:

Head loss:

IX.

CONCLUSION

Bernoullis Theorem experiment is done to demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section. In this experiment, we have determined the theoretical velocity head, actual total head, and theoretical pressure head using different formulas given with the data gathered. With all these computations, the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section has been determined. X. REFERENCES

1. Bernoulli's theorem. (2009). Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica 2009 Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica. 2. Darby R. Chemical Engineering Fluid Dynamics. 2nd Ed. (2009) United States: Marcel Dekker Inc.