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Lourdes S. Adriano
Chair, CoP Agriculture, Rural Development and Food Security 18 July 2012
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.
Outline
Definition of food and nutrition security Context:
Food price trends: today up to 2021 Asian paradox (aplenty and hunger) Women of Asia
Message 1: Business case for increasing womens resources How Message 2: Takeaways for ADB
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preference for a healthy and active life.
Source: World food Economic summit, FAO, Rome, 1996
Source: http://fao.org
300.00
250.00
200.00
Energy
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
Lack of investments & policy constraints Resource constraints Environmental pressures Climate change
Agriculture is most vulnerable Major emitter of greenhouse gas emissions (14%)
Growing population Increasing incomes & shifting to protein-rich food; increased use of biofuels Urbanization: By 2026, more than 50% of Asians will live in cities; more will purchase rather than depend on homeproduced food
Asia, a region of paradox (aplenty and hunger) Rising and high growth rates; projected to be the global growth hub by 2050; yet today it is faced with: Poverty challenge Nutrition Security challenge
Home to 60% of the poor 40% of worlds poor reside in South Asia
Home to 62% of the worlds undernourished population 40% of worlds malnourished children and women are in South Asia Density of malnourished children under 5 years old ranges from 525 persons/km2 in most of South Asia, large parts of PRC, Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam
49
Central Asia
South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Pacific
Source: OECD-FAO 2012, 62, Table 2.5
36
45 89 68 43
64
55 11 32 57
FAO (2011): if women had the same access to productive resources, they would increase yields on their farms by 30%, raise total agriculture output by 2.5%-4%, and improve food access. Sustainable use of water & land; greening agriculture growth Reduce food and waste losses (food chain impact) Innovative measures that increase womens resources (e.g., access to credit, increase girls educational attainment, & income transfers to women) have had positive effects on child nutrition, educational outcomes of children
N.B. Land use rights are not sufficient. Need to be complemented with support addressing constraints to access to productive resources & inputs, as well mindset change of both men & women
Source: LANDESA, 2012, GCWA
Income generation: agriculture, livestock rearing, food, fisheries, processing & cleaning food
Source: IWMI, 2012, GCWA
Agenda for action: women & water access Include women in infrastructure development & management Include women in discussion of water payment schemes Regular capacity building & training on water technologies, develop water-friendly equipment Land rights both in public & private water schemes joint titling
Constraints
Need for private sector for commercialization & up- and outscaling (PPP schemes) Better extension schemes with women agri extension workers Social customs & taboos Incentives for innovators, market intelligence, policies on innovations Gender disaggregated data at local levels on ergonomical features Organizing women for technology generation, verification, adaption, adoption
AWARD Program
Began in in 2008, AWARD is a highly competitive professional development program that offers 2-year scholarships on science skills, & leadership program for African women working in agriculture R&D. Funded by Bill & Melinda gates & USAID. Problem: sustainability of funding; getting private sector involved
100
80
60
40
Bangladesh
Nepal
Male
Female
In 2009, only 10% of R&D researchers were Nepalese women scientists, & 16% for BANG. There is also need for more women extension workers.; need for certification of women skills
Cutting, handling
Manual threshing
Sun drying
Open storage
Village milling
1-5%
1-5%
3-5%
5-10%
20-30%
Small retailers
Crop
Consumption
Machine threshing
1-5%
1-5%
1-2%
1-2%
5-10%
Large retailers
Post-harvest & market links Development of agri allied activities (production of vermicompost fertilizers, value addition infrastructure (warehouses, cold storages) RUDI (rural distribution network): a multi-trading company (local procurement & sale; use of women for processing & packaging of goods)
It collects loose fruits & use special mama harvest card. From 35 at start, it now has 14,847 mamas registered., of whom 3/5s are paid thru banks.
Papa card
Mama card
GPI- measures the degree of inequality between women & men within the household
Indicators continued
Gender asset and wealth gap (H. Swaminathan) : provides incidence of asset ownership and distribution of gross asset worth by gender using 3 countries (India, Ghana, and Ecuador) OECDs Social Institutional and Gender Index (SIGI): measures social institutions that mirror societal practices and legal norms that produce inequalities between women and men. 5 subindices related to gender inequality: family code, civil liberties, physical integrity, son preference, and ownership rights
Toward a more gender-empowered ADB Operational Plan for Sustainable Food Security (2013-2020)
Thank you.