Leah Ann A.

Diaz 1BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

Bluetooth
is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400 2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps. Bluetooth technology also uses radio waves. The biggest difference between Bluetooth technology and devices like FM radios and TV is distance. Radios and TV are meant to broadcast too many people over miles or kilometers. Bluetooth technology sends information within your own personal space, which is called your Personal Area Network or "PAN" at distances up to 50 meters (164 feet). Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification. Definitions for multiple versions of the Bluetooth specification exist including versions 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0. Although the Bluetooth standard utilizes the same 2.4 Ghz range as 802.11b and 802.11g, Bluetooth technology is not a suitable Wi-Fi replacement, because the primary goal of Bluetooth is to directly link two devices, such as a laptop and a printer. Compared to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth networking is much slower, a bit more limited in range, and supports many fewer devices. Bluetooth connections are typically limited to about 30 feet. Wi-Fi wireless hotspots, however, can have a range of about 300 feet. And Wi-Fi allows many devices to connect to one network; the technology is often used to provide access to the Internet or to a local network. Communication and connection A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone will necessarily begin as master, as initiator of the connection; but may subsequently prefer to be slave). The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the slave role in another. At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode. The master chooses which slave device to

Leah Ann A. Diaz 2BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is difficult. The specification is vague as to required behavior in scatternets. Many USB Bluetooth adapters or "dongles" are available, some of which also include an IrDA adapter. Older (pre-2003) Bluetooth dongles, however, have limited capabilities, offering only the Bluetooth Enumerator and a less-powerful Bluetooth Radio incarnation. Such devices can link computers with Bluetooth with a distance of 100 meters, but they do not offer as many services as modern adapters do. The Bluetooth Wireless Network Standard Bluetooth isnt a network standard for full-scale wireless Ethernet networking. Instead, Bluetooth was developed as a specialized wireless technology for short distances. You can use Bluetooth with cell phones, PDAs, laptops, palmtops, printers, and other external devices. Here are some Bluetooth facts: The maximum distance for a Bluetooth network is about 30 feet. Bluetooth requires very little power to use (befitting its design, which concentrates on battery-operated devices). Its painfully slow compared with the 802.11b network standard.No base station is required for Bluetooth communications between devices. For example, after your laptop gets within 30 feet of your cell phone, they can update each others telephone number directories. Eerie. Bluetooth uses the 2.4 GHz broadcasting spectrum, so it conflicts with existing 802.11b and 802.11g networks (not to mention cell phones, cordless phones, and other electronic devices). The airwaves are getting so overpopulated that tin cans and string start to look attractive again. Bluetooth Protocols

Leah Ann A. Diaz 3BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

Protocol layers are a hierarchical model of network or communication functions. The divisions of the hierarchy are referred to as layers or levels, with each layer performing a specific task. In addition, each protocol layer obtains services from the protocol layer below it and performs services for the protocol layer above it. The Bluetooth system divides communication functions into protocol layers. The Bluetooth system consists of many existing protocols that are directly used or have been adapted to the specific use of the Bluetooth system. Protocols are often divided into groups that are used for different levels of communication (a protocol stack). Lower level protocols (such as protocols that are used to manage a radio link between specific points) are only used to create, manage, and disconnect transmission between specific points. Mid-level protocols (such as transmission control protocols) are used to create, manage, and disconnect a logical connection between endpoints that may have multiple link connections between them. High level protocols (application layer protocols) are used tolaunch, control, and close end-user applications. Some of the layers associated with the Bluetooth system include the baseband layer (physical layer), link layer, host controller interface (HCI), logical link control applications protocol (L2CAP), RF Communications protocol (RFCOMM), Object Exchange (OBEX), and service discovery. This figure shows the different layers and functional parts of the Bluetooth protocol reference model. This diagram shows the Bluetooth reference model includes a baseband layer, link layer, HCI, link layer control application, serial communication (RF comm.), object transfer (OBEX), and service discovery layers. This diagram also shows that some connections (such as synchronous) do not interact with the other protocol layers and directly connect the baseband layer of the device with the upper layer application.

WIMAX

Leah Ann A. Diaz 4BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-persecond data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is a part of a fourth generation, or 4G, of wireless-communication technology. WiMax far surpasses the 30-metre wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". WiMax offers data-transfer rates that can be superior to conventional cablemodem and DSL connections, however, the bandwidth must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice.[3] WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m). With WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers. At its heart, however, WiMAX is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure that the broadband wireless radios manufactured for customer use interoperate from vendor to vendor. The primary advantages of the WiMAX standard are to enable the adoption of advanced radio features in a uniform fashion and reduce costs for all of the radios made by companies, who are part of the WiMAX Forum - a standards body formed to ensure interoperability via testing. The more recent Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard is a similar term describing a parallel technology to WiMAX that is being developed by vendors and carriers as a counterpoint to WiMAX. WIMAX Protocol WiMax provides many user applications and interfaces like Ethernet, TDM, ATM, IP, and VLAN. The IEEE 802.16 standard is versatile enough to accommodate time division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency division duplexing (FDD) deployments and also allows for both full an d half-duplex terminals. 802.16 supports three physical layers. The mandatory physical mode is 256-point FFT OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). The other modes are Single carrier (SC) and 2048 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) modes. The corresponding European standard - the ETSI Hiperman standard defines a single PHY mode identical to the 256 OFDM modes in the 802.16d standard.

Leah Ann A. Diaz 5BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

The MAC was developed for a point-to-multipoint wireless access environment and can accommodate protocols like ATM, Ethernet and IP (Internet Protocol). The MAC frame structure dynamic uplink and downlink profiles of terminals as per the link conditions. This is to ensure a trade-off of capacity and real-time robustness. The MAC uses a protocol data unit of variable length, which increases the standards efficiency. Multiple MAC protocol data unit can be sent as a single physical stream to save overload. Also, multiple Service data units (SDU) can be sent together to save on MAC header overhead. By fragmenting, you can send large volumes of data (SDUs) across frame boundaries and can guarantee a QoS (Quality of Service) of competing services. The MAC uses a self-correcting bandwidth request scheme to avoid overhead and acknowledgement delays. This also allows better QoS handling than the traditional acknowledged schemes. The terminals have a variety of options to request for bandwidth depending on the QoS and other parameters. The signal requirement can be polled or a request can be piggybacked. The 802.16 MAC protocol performs mainly two tasks ~V Periodic and Aperiodic activities. Fast activities (periodic) like scheduling, packing, fragmentation and ARQ are hard-pr essed for time and have hard tight deadlines. They must be performed within a single frame. The slow activities, on the other hand, typically execute as per pre-fixed timers, but are not associated with any timers. They also do not have specific time frame or deadline. WiMAX Network Architecture The WiMAX network architecture defines the system after the air interface to enable a full end to end network to be achieved. In order that elements of network equipment can be used from different suppliers, it is necessary to define the WiMAX network architecture that is common to all WiMAX networks. In this way economies of scale can be gained along with robust networks that are able to perform reliably under all conditions. WiMAX network basics The basic WiMAX standard does not define the WiMAX network for end to end connectivity. However the need for a standard WiMAX network architecture is realised and the WiMAX Forum Network Working Group have developed a standard for defining the WiMAX network architecture. The standard now used is available from the WiMAX Forum as WiMAX Forum Network Architecture, document: WMF - T32-002-R010v04 and it is dated February 03, 2009.

WiMAX network architecture major entities The WiMAX architecture developed by the WiMAX form supports is a unified network architecture to support fixed, nomadic and mobile operation. The WiMAX network architecture is based upon an all-IP model.

Leah Ann A. Diaz 6BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

The WiMAX network architecture comprises three major elements or areas.

Remote or Mobile stations: These are the user equipments that may be mobile or fixed and may be located in the premises of the user. Access Service Network, ASN : This is the area of the WiMAX network that forms the radio access network at the edge and it comprises one or more base stations and one or more ASN gateways. Connectivity Service Network, CSN: This part of the WiMAX network provides the IP connectivity and all the IP core network functions. It is what may be termed the core network in cellular parlance.

WiMAX Network Reference Model The overall WiMAX network comprises a number of different entities that make up the different major areas described above. These include the following entities

Subscriber Station, SS / Mobile Station, MS : The Subscriber station, SSmay often be referred to as the Customer Premises Equipment, CPE. These take avariety of forms and these may be termed "indoor CPE" or "outdoor CPE" - the terminology is self-explanatory. The outdoor CPE has the advantage that itprovides better performance as a result of the better position of the antenna, whereas the indoor CPE can be installed by the user. Mobile Stations may also be used. These are often in the form of a dongle for a laptop, etc. Base Station, BS: The base-station forms an essential element of the WiMAX network. It is responsible for providing the air interface to the subscriber and mobile stations. It provides additional functionality in terms of micro-mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group management. ASN Gateway, ASN-GW: The ASN gateway within the WiMAX network architecture typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation point within the overall ASN. The ASN-GW may also provide additional functions that include: intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource management and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys. The ASN-GW may

Leah Ann A. Diaz 7BSICT IV-1

Network Management Mr. Rommel Ferrer

also include the AAA client functionality(see below), establishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected CSN. Home Agent, HA: The Home Agent within the WiMAX network is located within the CSN. With Mobile-IP forming a key element within WiMAX technology, the Home Agent works in conjunction with a "Foreign Agent", such as the ASN Gateway, to provide an efficient end-to-end Mobile IP solution. The Home Agent serves as an anchor point for subscribers, providing secure roaming with QOS capabilities. Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting Server, AAA: As with any communications or wireless system requiring subscription services, an Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting server is used. This is included within the CSN.

WIMAX VS BLUETOOTH Standard Frequency (GHz) Speed (Mbps) Range Advantages Bluetooth 802.15 2.45 0.72 10m Low Cost WiMAX 802.16 2 - 66 80 50km Speed, Range

SOURCES: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-bluetooth-wireless-network-standard.html http://cellphones.about.com/od/glossary/g/what_is_bluetooth.htm http://www.althos.com/tutorial/Bluetooth-tutorial-protocol-layers.html http://www.wimax.com/general/what-is-wimax#top http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/wimax/protocol.php http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/wimax/network-architecture.php