The quest for development is an overlapping factor for all countries, as it is seen to be a means to provide a decent standard of living

for a nations people. There are various avenues to development though conventional knowledge has come to point to industrialization as the quickest means to a countrys development. Nzau (2010;147) refers to industrialization as follows, Industrialization is a term that is mostly associated with the development experience of countries in Western Europe and North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries. In this early sense it referred to a marked departure from a subsistence economy that is largely agricultural towards a more mechanized system of production that entails more efficient and highly technical exploitation of natural resources in a highly formal and commercialized economic setting. We can see from this definition that basically industrialisation refers to the movement from non-mechanised means in small quantity to mass production using machinery.

In order for any country to be successful in its quest for development, peace is a necessary factor. Peace is defined by www.wikipedia.org as, Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. In international relations, peacetime is not only the absence of war or conflict, but also the presence of cultural and economic understanding. Without a peaceful state, it would be totally unrealistic then to expect industrialization to occur. This is because it will be very hard if not impossible for entrepreneurs to raise the necessary capital to embark on ventures of an industrial nature. In fact, the lack of a peaceful and stable nation has often been pointed out as a major stumbling block not only in the process of industrialization but in the process of overall development as well for most sub Saharan African countries. Scholars such as Nzau (2010; 156) have cited this, The end of the Cold War ushered in a new era in which, incumbent forms of poor governance could not be sustained. As early as 1990 many African governments were faced with armed rebellions which lead to the deposition of long serving personal dictatorial regimes in countries like Ethiopia, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda and the former Zaire (DRC Congo). At the same time, former single-party systems were swiftly replaced by multiparty systems in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda and Malawi yet despite these regime changes and the re-adjustments in the African body politic, the African state continued to suffer a crisis of legitimacy with multi-partism failing to
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deliver the democratization dream. At the same time, armed rebellions ignited outright civil war; total destruction, wanton human suffering, genocide and regime collapse in countries like Burundi, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Somalia and more recently, the Western Darfur region of the Sudan. Those political maladies facing the African state have acted as the major impediments to industrialization on the continent. From this argument we can see that, countries that have experienced years of civil strife especially in the Western parts of Africa have continued to lag behind in the industrialization effort and continue to be perpetual producers of raw materials; this failure to industrialize can be blamed on the lack of a peaceful state.

Closely related to the above is the need for a stable political and economic environment. The need for a stable political environment is cardinal because it directly relates to the ability of a nation to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It is common sense that countries that seem to flip flop on economic policy will fail to attract significant inflows of foreign investment that could significantly aid the industrialization effort. For example, a country that shifts it orientation from capitalist to communist will notice a flight of foreign investments as the investors will be skeptical to invest their money in such an economy. Unfortunately, this is a reality for most Third World countries where it seems there is a policy shift each time there is a change of government. For example, in Zambia after the 2011 general election that saw the socialist leaning Patriotic Front emerge victorious over the capitalist leaning Movement for Multi Party Democracy, a number of foreign investors chose to withhold their funds because they were not sure how radical the changes would be in the economic sphere. It is therefore important that states that hope to improve their industrial base have a mature and predictable system of political governance to prevent from such negative shocks to the economy

Another critical factor in the quest for industrialization is the availability of adequate supply of skilled labor. This labor force should be sufficiently skilled to be able to utilize modern or new technologies but at the same time, these skills should not be too expensive to acquire. What is meant by this is that there should be an abundant supply of relatively skilled cheap labor. It is important to note here that if labor costs are too high, it will be difficult for industry owners to plow back significant amounts of capital into their organization, which is important for the growth of the enterprise. It should be pointed out here that, this does not mean the owners of industry should be allowed to pay slave wages; on the contrary, there should be a compromise between the need for capital for the industry to grow and also the
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need for the employee to enjoy a decent standard of living. This will of course vary from one country to another, because what can be termed a livable wage in South Africa may not be the same as in Botswana.

In addition to this, it is impossible for any nation to consider engaging in efforts of industrialization if it does not have the capacity to feed its citizenry. This is because most of its surplus resources will be channeled towards importing food to feed the people. This means the countrys foreign reserves will be reduced which will in turn have an effect on local currency reserves leading to increased interest rates. It is plain to see that high interest rates will act as a barrier to borrowing for the entrepreneurs and would be entrepreneurs thereby, reducing industrial activity in the country. Furthermore, the work force involved with agriculture activity tends to be high for nations that rely on physical labor for agricultural activity. This negatively affects the availability of manpower for industries. What is being put across here is that when a sufficient amount of labor is freed from agricultural activities it will lead to most of the workforce seeking gainful employment in other areas production like the industries.

In order to hasten the industrialization process, it is of utmost importance that a good communication system is in place. Communication under here will refer to railway, road and telephone means of human communication. The need for a good communication especially road and railway is that it will enable goods to be delivered quickly to the market place. In addition, it will also reduce the cost of doing business; this is in comparison to areas that have poor or bad communication system. It is important to note that costs associated with transportation of goods are ultimately passed on to the consumers, thereby raising the costs of goods. High priced goods generally discourage consumers from buying. Therefore, if costs of goods are relatively low it leads to mass markets that translate to increased turnover for the producers and ultimately more capital for them to increase their industrial activity and reinvest the profits in other profit making ventures. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) carried out a study in Bangladesh and Indonesia, which highlights the importance of a good communication system in the quest for industrialization. Some of the findings were as follows, The reduction in costs results from three main factors. Firstly and most obviously, improved transport lowers the delivered costs of inputs to the producer. This can be important for agricultural as well as industrial production: Ahmed and Hossain, in a study of two groups of villages in Bangladesh, found
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that agricultural output was 31 to 42 per cent higher in the group with better transport access, and attributed this difference principally to the lower delivered cost of fertiliser. A second and related issue is the reliability of transport services. The importance of continuity of input supply increases rapidly as the degree of industrial sophistication increases. The absence of regular and reliable transport services operating with adequate frequency will effectively condemn remote communities to subsistence production in perpetuity. As shipping services generally use a larger unit of supply and operate at lower frequencies than land transport services serving markets of a similar scale, interruption to supply is generally a far more serious problem where the remote community is dependent on maritime transport. Finally, improved transport can broaden the labour pool to which a production facility has access. While access to unskilled labour may not be a problem in most remote island communities, access to skilled labour frequently is. This applies to both labour that is required on a temporary basis for example, to the services of specialist advisers and to skilled workers required for permanent employment. In Indonesia, the latter is likely to become increasingly important with the change in strategy in transmigration efforts which have recently focused not on moving people but on making locations more attractive and viable so that people want to move there themselves. An important component of making remote island locations more attractive to potential migrants particularly skilled workers will be a reduction in the sense of physical isolation associated with them. (http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TFS_pubs/pub_2017/pub_2017_ch3.pdf) From the above argument, we can see the positive impact that a good transport system can have in the sense that it can also help in the supply of skilled labor to remote areas. From this argument, we can see that a good transport system is cardinal to the industrialization effort.

Furthermore, it has been argued that a country that has citizenry that have a high level of education can easily adapt to changing technological advancements and can use the new technology in the industrialization effort. This has been noted in a number of Asian Counties that have industrialized rapidly in the recent past because of the ability of their citizens to rapidly adapt to new technologies. The level of education referred to here does not necessarily represent a standard set in stone, but rather, a general level of education that can at least allow the majority of the people to read and write will be vital in the industrialization effort. Education is also important because it help place well trained people in positions of decision making where they can use their skills to make decisions that can aid the industrialization effort. Marwala (2006:2) points out the following, Developmental states
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generally put strong emphasis on technical education and the development of numeracy and computer skills within the population. This technically oriented education is strategically used to capacitate government structures particularly the bureaucracy. What emerges out of this strategy is that the political and bureaucratic layers are populated by extremely educated people who have sufficient tools of analysis to be able to take leadership initiatives, based on sound scientific basis, at every level of decision making nodes within the government structure. Developmental states have been observed to be able to efficiently distribute and allocate resources and, therefore, invest optimally in critical areas that are the basis of industrialisation such as education.

A good health care system is also cardinal for industrialization to occur, as it will ensure people are healthy enough to contribute towards the industrialization effort. A lack of affordable and quality health care can deter the industrialization effort. This can be seen from the negative impact on industry when employees regularly fall sick and miss working days. The lack of an affordable health care system can in fact compromise the productivity of an enterprise because sick employees may use most of their savings to seek medical attention or even worse, they may not be able to afford the cost of medication leading to death. It is no secret that the cost associated with training of employees is very high, so to lose skilled work force to treatable diseases and those that can be managed can be a major roadblock to rapid industrialization. This is very true for most of Sub Saharan countries in the age of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which has ravaged the work force of the African continent. In reaction to this, most countries try to prolong life by providing access to life prolonging drugs for free. Though this is good initiative it should be noted that it stretches, the already thin resources of these developing countries as medication such as Anti-Retroviral are very expensive.

The need for affordable capital is also another important factor in the quest for industrialization. In order for industrial activity to be increased, there is need for affordable and easily accessible capital, which will help, would be entrepreneurs to embark on industrial activities. The lack of affordable capital and easy access to lines of credit and finance has been a big problem for most of the least developed countries. This can be said to be true for countries like Zambia where high bank interest rates continue to frustrate the industrialization effort. From a historical perspective of industrialization, we can realize the important role that banks played generating capital to fund the new industrial ventures. This is also echoed by www.preservearticles.com,It has been rightly observed by the authors of Civilization on Past
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and Present. After the Napoleonic wars, new banking houses appeared in major European cities to aid in supplying needed capital. The continental conflict had been a boon to bankers with international connections, and they were among the first to sense the great potential of the Industrial Revolution. Firms such as Hope and Baring in London, the Rothschilds in Frankfurt, Paris, Vienna and London, and the numerous Swiss bankers were representative of the private bankers who had well-placed sources of information and intelligence. In addition to this the banking system underwent a change. As the demand for money increased, investment banks were formed to meet the needs of long-range capital and new institutions were chartered to fill the need for short-term credit.

While it is true that industrialization provides a means of improving the quality of living standards for the people of any given nation, it is important to point out that industrialization comes with its own negative factors, which need to be addressed. Among the major notable drawbacks of industrialization are the environmental challenges that it presents to society and the global community. Increased industrial activity especially in the developed west has been blamed for increased global warming. Ironically, global warming has had the worst effect on the least developed countries where the majority of the population here stills relays on manual agricultural production for their survival. Most of these agricultural activities are not mechanized and are at the mercy of prevailing weather conditions. Research in the recent past has pointed to global warming for the ever-changing weather patterns, which have resulted in reduced production for the peasant farmers, as they have no mechanism for overcoming these environmental factors. Therefore, it can be argued that in actual sense industrialization has made the life of the rural dwellers worse off instead of better off as argued by proponents of industrialization. Global warming.org is an organization that works in the area of preventing global warming and presents the following as the leading causes of global warming, as said, the major cause of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide; methane, nitrous oxide etc. (sic) into the atmosphere. The major source of carbon dioxide is the power plants. These power plants emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. About twenty per cent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. This is true for most of the developed countries. Buildings, both commercial and residential represent a larger source of global warming pollution than cars and trucks. Building of these structures require a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane is more than 20 times as effectual as CO2 at
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entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is obtained from resources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation build up and the organic matter in the soil decays, releasing methane to the atmosphere. The main sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter. Another cause of global warming is deforestation that is caused by cutting and burning of forests for the purpose of residence and industrialization.

http://www.globalwarming.org.in/

A common argument on the African continent is that the spillover effects of industrialization are rapidly eroding the culture of the continent, by forcing people to leave the land of their fore -fathers in search of jobs in bigger cities. It is no secret that the social norms and values of the most of the developed and the developing countries are at variance with each other. To have an identified cultural system in any society is a very important factor. While at the same time it is true to say no one culture is superior to the other, as culture is a very subjective factor, that a particular group of people develop over thousands of years to fit into a particular environment and value system that may change from time to time depending on prevailing environmental factors. The term culture is defined by Essential Humanities as, the distinctive features of a group that are learned rather than biological. Language, artistic traditions, and religious beliefs all fall under this definition. Language is often the primary identifying feature of a culture; in European history, for instance, the Celts were people who spoke Celtic languages, the Greeks were people who spoke Greek, and so on. http://www.essential-humanities.net. However, the social norms of most developing countries especially those in Africa have come under server attack because of industrialization. Some scholars go further to suggest that it is possible that, an entire cultural system will be wiped out and replaced by western norms of morality because of industrialization. This rapid degradation of African norms can be blamed on the aggressive calls for industrialization by not only the western world but also from a small elite group of leaders in some African countries. An example of the erosion of the African culture is from the dwindling number of children who are able to speak the language of their fathers and mothers. The family unit, which was held paramount in most African cultures where children were mostly raised by the women folk in order to install prevailing traditional values, is not seen anymore. Instead, this has been replaced by a situation where like in the industrialized world children are raised by hired folk while mother and father both have to find paying work to meet the financial
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demands of a household in a modern cities, which is higher than in the rural areas. This means these children are denied an opportunity to learn cultural norms of their parents and in some extreme cases cannot even speak the mother tongue of their parents.

Industrialization can also be blamed for rural urban drift. This refers to a trend where people leave rural areas to seek opportunities in the urban areas. Chi (2009:115) defines rural urban migration as follows, migration in general, and rural to urban migration in particular is the process of rebalancing economic resources (human and physical ones) in order to set up a new stage of economic development. Industrialization always takes place in urban areas, and as soon as it starts, the labor force in urban areas becomes scarce, and it needs to be supplemented by labor from rural areas. The negative effect of this trend is that it puts pressure on the urban areas in terms of land use. Characteristically the rural areas have vast tracks of untapped land while urban areas are characterized by smaller tracks of land and massive competition for the land because of the bigger population. This puts pressure on the land, as it has to sustain a population bigger than it was meant to hold. The experience of rural urban migration in some countries like Vietnam has not been good for the migrants as the found social services like health and education difficult to come by in the urban areas. This is mainly due to the increased population competing for these few services in the urban areas. Chi (2009:116) points this in his study of Migration in Vietnam. As a result of this fact, on the one hand, the migrants have found jobs and homes for themselves however, on the other hand are facing huge difficulties with regards to social services such as health care, education and so on which would ensure stable living conditions for themselves and their families.

Industrialization also tends to increase the wealth gap between the poor and the rich. This refers to a phenomenon where the owners of the means of production continue to accumulate more wealth while the poor continue to get poorer. On a larger scale, this can be compared to the industrialized world where producers of good and services continue to accumulate more wealth because of their dominant position on the world market, while producers from the least developed countries cannot easily gain access to these markets. This is also true in the market of food products where western farm produce continues to be cheaper than farm produce from the developing countries thereby under cutting the produce of the developing world and perpetuating the trend of the western world having a better market position than the rest of the developing countries. This too is major negative factor of industrialization.
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In conclusion, it can be said that starting from the time of the Industrial Revolution, industrialization has proved that it is a formidable too in the quest to uplift living standards of the Human population in general. Those countries that wish to embark on a path of industrialization should make sure to meet certain benchmarks such as, the availability of skilled labor and manage the transition of agricultural production from manual production to automated production in order to free up sufficient labor for industry. However, it should never be forgotten that industrialization has the capacity to also negatively affect the quality of life of humankind through some of its ills like global warming. What is important is to find a balance in the quest for industrialization.