A TERM PAPER ON

EFFECT OF TORSIONAL AND BENDING STRESSES ON MACHINE PARTS

BY

KARTIKEYA

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the bending stress, torsional stress and combined bending and torsional stress on machine parts. It is important to study effect of torsional and bending stresses on machine parts because they play an important role in design machine parts as they define the criteria for failure of machine parts. Equations for different stresses are also dealt in present paper and finally conditions for failure are determined. The prevailing theories of failure of machine parts are also concerned with the bending and torsional stress as they play important role in determining principal stresses on members.

INTRODUCTION
In countless engineering applications, the structural members are subjected a combination of loads. The propeller on a boat subjects the shaft to an axial force as it pushes the water backward, but also a torsional load as it turns through the water. Gravity subjects the Washington Monument to a distributed axial load, while the wind pressure of a storm subjects the monument to bending loads. Wind pressure on a highway sign subjects the base of the sign to both bending and torsional loads. This paper synthesizes and applies the concepts combined bending and torsion to the design of structures subjected to combined loading.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Timoshenko S, Strength of Materials, Elementary Theory and Problems(1948).Torsion and Combined Bending and Torsion, Pages 261-276 The chapter conceptualized the torsion and torsional and bending stresses combined. Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque, therefore is expressed in Nm or ftlbf. Torsion of circular shaft, torsion of hollow shaft and then combined bending and torsion in circular shaft is dealt latter in the chapter. Kurmi, RS and JK Gupta, Machine Design (2010). Effect of Torsional and Bending stress in machine parts, Pages 124-180 This chapter deals with Torsional Shear Stress, Shafts in Series and Parallel, Bending Stress in Straight Beams, Bending Stress in Curved Beams, Principal Stresses and Principal Planes, Determination of Principal Stresses for a Member Subjected to Bi-axial Stress, Application of Principal Stresses in Designing Machine Members, Theories of Failure Under Static Load, Maximum Principal or Normal Stress Theory (Rankines Theory), Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guests or Trescas Theory), Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint Venants Theory), Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Haighs Theory), Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (Hencky and Von Mises Theory), Eccentric Loading Direct and Bending Stresses Combined and Shear Stresses in Beams

PROBLEM DEFINITION
Bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. Failure in bending will occur when the bending moment is sufficient to induce tensile stresses greater than the yield stress of the material throughout the entire crosssectionWhen a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and opposite couples acting in parallel planes (or torque or twisting moment), then the machine member is said to be subjected to torsion. The stress set up by torsion is known as torsional shear stress. It is zero at the centroidal axis and maximum at the outer surface.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The stresses are induced in the shafts are Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional load), Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself, Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.The paper deal with analytical study of shafts with torsion only, bending only and combined bending and torsion.

ANALYSIS
Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only When the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment (or torque) only, then the diameter of the shaft may be obtained by using the torsion equation. We know that T/J=r/... (1) Where T = Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft, J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation, = Torsional shear stress AND r = Distance from neutral axis to the outer most fibre = d / 2; where d is the diameter of the shaft.

We know that for round solid shaft, polar moment of inertia, J = (/32) d4 The equation (1) may now be written as T = (/16) d3 ... (2)

As the formula for polar moment of inertia is substituted in (2) the value of diameter can be determined. Shafts Subjected to Bending Moment Only When the shaft is subjected to a bending moment only, then the maximum stress (tensile or compressive) is given by the bending equation. We know that M/I= b/y ...(i) Where M = Bending moment, I = Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area of the shaft about the axis of rotation, b = Bending stress, and y = Distance from neutral axis to the outer-most fibre. We know that for a round solid shaft, moment of inertia, I = (/64) d4 and y= d//2 So again from (i) diameter of shaft could be determined. Shafts Subjected to Combined Twisting Moment and Bending Moment When the shaft is subjected to combined twisting moment and bending moment, then the shaft must be designed on the basis of the two moments simultaneously. Various theories have been suggested to account for the elastic failure of the materials when they are subjected to various types of combined stresses. The following two theories are important from the subject point of view: 1. Maximum shear stress theory or Guest's theory. It is used for ductile materials such as mild steel. 2. Maximum normal stress theory or Rankines theory. It is used for brittle materials such as cast iron

The expression sqrt(M2 + T

2)

is known as equivalent twisting moment and is denoted by Te. The

equivalent twisting moment may be defined as that twisting moment, which when acting alone, produces the same shear stress () as the actual twisting moment and Equivalent bending moment equation M(eqv). = 0.5 [M + SQRT (M2 + T2)]

CONCLUSION
The equations analysed can be used to calculate the right diameter of shaft when acted upon torsion and bending and combined torsion and bending.

REFERENCES
1. MACHINE DESIGN, RS KURMI, S. CHAND PUBLISHERS 2. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, S.TIMOSHENKO 3. DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENT, VB BHANDARI